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Intelligence Techniques to
Estimate the Static Poisson’s
Ratio Based on Wireline
Log Data
Salaheldin Elkatatny Static Poisson’s ratio ( static) is a key factor in determine the in-situ stresses in the reser-
Department of Petroleum Engineering, voir section. static is used to calculate the minimum horizontal stress which will affect
King Fahd University of the design of the optimum mud widow and the density of cement slurry while drilling. In
Petroleum and Minerals, addition, it also affects the design of the casing setting depth. static is very important for
Post Box No. 5049, field development and the incorrect estimation of it may lead to heavy investment deci-
Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia; sions. static can be measured in the lab using a real reservoir cores. The laboratory
Petroleum Department, measurements of static will take long time and also will increase the overall cost. The
Cairo University, goal of this study is to develop accurate models for predicting static for carbonate reser-
Cairo 12613, Egypt voirs based on wireline log data using artificial intelligence (AI) techniques. More than
e-mail: elkatatny@kfupm.edu.sa 610 core and log data points from carbonate reservoirs were used to train and validate
the AI models. The more accurate AI model will be used to generate a new correlation
for calculating the static. The developed artificial neural network (ANN) model yielded
more accurate results for estimating static based on log data; sonic travel times and bulk
density compared to adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and support vector
machine (SVM) methods. The developed empirical equation for static gave a coefficient
of determination (R2) of 0.97 and an average absolute percentage error (AAPE) of
1.13%. The developed technique will help geomechanical engineers to estimate a com-
plete trend of static without the need for coring and laboratory work and hence will
reduce the overall cost of the well. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4039613]
Keywords: static Poisson’s ratio, artificial intelligence, well logs, minimum horizontal
stress, neural network, support vector machine, adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system
Statistical RHOB, DTC, DTS, Poisson’s Statistical RHOB, DTC, DTS, Poisson’s
parameter g/cm3 ls/ft ls/ft ratio parameter g/cm3 ls/ft ls/ft ratio
Minimum 2.22 44.34 73.19 0.21 Minimum 2.28 44.34 73.66 0.24
Maximum 2.98 91.42 151.51 0.45 Maximum 2.98 82.37 150.42 0.44
Range 0.76 47.08 78.33 0.24 Range 0.70 38.03 76.76 0.20
Mean 2.67 52.15 96.50 0.37 Mean 2.68 51.65 96.17 0.37
Standard deviation 0.13 6.71 10.97 0.04 Standard deviation 0.12 6.09 10.10 0.04
Kurtosis 1.26 7.01 5.48 2.17 Kurtosis 0.90 6.91 6.06 1.33
Skewness 0.43 2.27 1.71 1.00 Skewness 0.28 2.20 1.54 0.94
3 Building Artificial Neural Network Model 3.1 Neural Network Architecture. The static ANN model
To build the artificial inteillegce model, the input and output consists of three input parameters; bulk density, sonic times, one
data should be normalized, [41]. Seventy percent of the data (427 hidden layer, and static as the only output. The ANN model was
data points) was used to train the ANN models. Table 2 lists the generated using the back propagation neural network algorithm.
statistical parameters of the training data. It is clear that the range The number of neuron was changed from 5 to 50 neurons and the
of the training data covered the range of the available data, which optimization process yielded that the lowest APPE and the heights
should be insured to build a strong ANN model. R between the actual and estimated values of static was obtained
Figure 1 shows the high accuracy of predicting static using when using 20 neurons.
ANN model and the R was 0.94 and AAPE was 2%. ANFIS pre- The best transfer function between the input and the hidden
dicts static with R of 0.88 and AAPE of 2.92%. Figure 1 shows layer was Tan-sigmoidal, while the linear function was used
Fig. 1 Estimation of Poisson’s ratio using AI models for training data (427 data points)
Number of inputs 3
Number of outputs 1
Number of neurons 20
Number of hidden layer(s) 1
Training algorithm Levenberg Marquadt
Learning rate 0.12
Hidden layer transfer function Tan-sigmoidal
Outer layer transfer function Pure linear
Training ratio 0.70
Testing ratio 0.30
weights between input layer and hidden layer and w2 is the opti-
mized weights between the hidden and the outer layer. Table 5
lists the values for w1 and w2.
Fig. 3 Architecture of static Poisson’s ratio model The denormalized values of static Poisson’s ratio (staticn Þ can
be determined using Eq. (2) and normal values can be determined
using Eq. (3)
between the hidden layer and the output layer. Figure 3 illustrates 2 !3
X N
2
the architecture of the static ANN model. Table 4 lists the variable staticn ¼ 4 w2i 5 þ b2
1 þ e ð 1i;1 n 1i;2 Cn 1i;3 Sn 1i Þ
parameters of the static ANN model. 2 w q þw Dt þw Dt þb
i¼1
Levenberg–Marquardt back propagation algorithm was used as
a training algorithm in order to obtain the weights and the biases. (2)
When the model achieved the lowest APPE and the highest R
between the actual and estimated values, the weights and the static ¼ 0:11 staticn þ 0:34 (3)
biases are extracted to generate the best model.
The ANN black box was converted to a white box by develop-
ing Eq. (3). No need for the ANN model anymore. Engineers can
4 Development of the First Empirical Correlation for use Eq. (3) and the data available in Table 5 to estimate static
Poisson’s Ratio Based on Artificial Neural Network from the log data. This is the first empirical equation to determine
static form the well log data.
Model Applying Eqs. (2) and (3) on the unseen data (183 data points)
A new static empirical correlation was developed based on the yielded R2 of 0.97 and AAPE of 1.13% when plotting the actual
optimized values of weights and biases. w1 is the optimized static data versus the predicted static data, Fig. 4.
Hidden layer Weights between input and Weights between hidden and Hidden layer Output layer
neurons (N) hidden layer (W1) output layer (W2) bias (b1) bias (b2)