01/14/19

Summary of Key Notions in Chapter 1

 Heat, work, and chemical energy forms are empirically equivalent [J].
o Energy is conserved (like charge, spin, mass, etc.)
 System is a collection of a large (>> 10) number of particles.
o Closed systems prevent exchange and open systems allow exchange.
 Heat (adiabatic)
 Work (e.g. isochoric, if V is constant)
 Particles (e.g. number of each species is constant)
o Systems in contact may exchange any of the above as specified.
 A system’s state is specified by its thermodynamic functions.
 TD functions
o Can be either extensive or intensive, but not both.
o Are analytic.

Def: Equilibrium
System properties do not change by more than a specified tolerance over a specified observation
time.
 Subjective
 The state is independent of how it is reached.

 Equations of state are empirical thermodynamic functional relationships.

Def: 0th Law of Thermodynamics (Empirical transitive property of the equilibrium state)
 If two different systems, A and B, are each in equilibrium with a third, C, then, they are in
equilibrium with each other.
 Consequence: there exists a new state function, the empirical temperature, defined for each
system which depends on the thermodynamic state functions of only that system, whose
value is identical for each of the systems A, B, and C.

D: diode
Systems can undergo processes involving external sources of heat, force, particles.
 Reversible process (perturbation) (ideal): system recovers its equilibrium when the source of
the process is removed.
o Frictionless movement
o Superconductive currents (R, resistance = 0)
o Mixing identical particles (water – water)
o Restrained compression extension
o Restrained chemical reaction (isomers)
 Irreversible process: (real) equilibrium is permanently changed.
o Friction
o Joule heating
o Different (water – alcohol)
o Unrestrained (deformation), leak
o Spontaneous reaction (2H2+O2)

U is extensive, T is intensive, or CV is an extensive property

V is extensive, P is intensive, but because of the normalization with 1/V, the compressibility or K is
an intensive property.