Several Issues related to

Foamed Plastics

26 Mar, 2013
Sao Paulo CD
i

Tokyo University of Science

Shinichi Sugahara
sugasuga@beige.ocn.ne.jp
Flat Fire at Moto-machi, Hiroshima 28 Oct,1996

PMMA barrier
plate at balcony （photo: Hiroshima FD
 CCTV----TVCC Fire
in Beijing, midnight 9 Feb 2009

cause of fire:
fire works
cladding:
Zn-Titan panel
cored by XPS foam
outlook of burning
behavior
melting down of
XPS
reaction of panel
with metallic
colored flame
 damaged
curtain wall
composeded
by PSWP
 Meeting of Global COE Program, Tokyo University of Science, 7 December 2010
SWP （Al+PEcore）
Component: fluororesin coated aluminum plate cored with
low density poly- ethylene foam
・Characteristics: smooth surface, lightweight, easy cutting, anti-
condensation, thermal insulation, sound absorption, high
durability by adopting Al and fluororesin coating
・Hazardous: melting point of Al 658℃、pilot ignition point of
polyvinylidene fluoride 240℃、much toxic gasses and dense
smoke, long flame travelling upwards, extinguishing water
rebounded by metal panel W

clear coat protection film

fluorin coat
primer
aluminum sheet

polyethylene
service coating
aluminum sheet
primer (note from Prof. Ohmiya)
 11:20 ? Fire outbreak
11:30 119 recognition
11:36 Arrival of Fire Engine
11:44 Rescue and lead evac-
uation
12:10 10 survived by snorkel
13:00 9 on roof survived by
helicopter.
13:02 Fire suppressed at the
room of fire origin
18:48 All fire suppressed

Golden Sweet Fire 1st Oct,2010,Pusan

no death (photo by Prof. Ohmiya)
Glass Windows Located in a Curtain Wall

7
Glass Windows Located in a Curtain Wall

8
 Fire Stop between the Stories

Bushindhara Fire in Dhaka, Bangladesh

No fire stop between two floors
9
 Windows and Spandrels Located
in a Bearing Wall
Usual design in Japan

90 cm spandrel of Fire-resistive
Performance between the
windows located in different
floors.

Additionally,
Opening Protective Assembly:
Wired Glass.

Turkish Building Regulation

Facades
ARTICLE 27- (1) Facades shall be made of hardly
combustible materials in high-rise buildings, minimum
100 cm height in vertical axis, other buildings, they shall be
10
made from minimum hardly flammable materials.
 A young guy(23) made a successful free-solo
Take a risk climb at Yosemite Half Dome only 2hr 50min,
besides 83 persons have died since 1955
 objective of activities ･･･adoption of PSWP

Structure of safety, security, comfort

present situation
risk without
residual risk protective measureas
tolerable risk
Use of SWP ?
safety side risky side
（low risk） （high risk）
stable challengable
society for environment, efficiency, money,
low birth rate innovative design
safety regulation（FSL,BSL, etc.)
(unsafe situation: financial crisis, jobless, cutting safety）

Risk consideration
 Definition of Terms around Risk
• harm: direct or indirect health damage to person
• hazard: potential of danger
• hazardous situation: exposed to hazard
• hazardous event: situation continuing to danger
• risk: combination of probability with severity
• residual risk: risk after taking protective measures
• protective measures: various mitigating activities
aimed to minimizing tolerable risk
• tolerable risk: socially accepted risk
• safety: situation free from unacceptable risk
• intended use: usage following makers’ guidance
• reasonably foreseeable misuse: unforeseen use of
ＮＢＫ person Ｓｈｉｎｉｃｈｉ Ｓｕｇａｈａｒａ 13
 Impact
Risk Potential
Heavy Explosion of Nuclear
of disasters Power Plant
Building Fire by SWP
Little accidents
Car Accidents
Middle Daily Accidents

Slight
Frequency
Middle
Slight
Slight Heavy
Middle
Heavy
Amount of Damage
Vector of Hazard Map
 Level of Standard
fundamental wide-ranging individual
ISO 6241, CPD ISO2394, ENV1991-1 BSL

Area of Adoption
global
regional

legal national special

use municipal trial
organizational
individual
company

Authorized Standard
performance together prescriptive
(ISO 2394) (BSL) (FSL)

Contents and Allocation of Standard

 By whom is the material selected such as PSWP ?

metal siding

ceramic siding

insulation
fire covering
metal siding

花あかり 東山魁夷
 Performance design for SWP

objective ：（protection against rain leakage）

required function：preparation for rain, water protection

performance：raindroplets density, severity of rain

guideline：certification, agreement

verification: calculation, experiment, deemed to

Hierarchy of performance standard

Shinichi Sugahara
 non-
combustibility
standard fire fire resistive
structure
----------------------
ISO834curve length of escape
rout
Cone calorie width of exit etc. performance
(50KW/㎡) requirement
ISO 1182

fire severity
descriptive -------------------

response
(750℃) etc. non-combustibility
fire safety
quasi-non-comb.
bldg.
fire retardant
rate of damage
design fire verification
of anti-heat transfer
escape safety anti-flame leakage
Fire growth rate etc.
Efficiency of （fire compartment）
exhaustion fire resistivity
Fire endurance etc.
time etc. performance

performance or prescriptive design

Ｓｈｉｎｉｃｈｉ Ｓｕｇａｈａｒａ
上階延焼危険性････横長窓ほど大
Apartment Fire at Motomachi Hirosima
Acryric plate used on veranda････
residents are elderly, but no deaths⇒open co

ＮＢＫ Ｓｈｉｎｉｃｈｉ Ｓｕｇａｈａｒａ 20

 Z

H”

(横長窓） neutral zon

x

n=w / (H/2)
w 窓幅、H 窓高

Relationship
COE
between opening figure and flame
Shinichi SUGAHARA 21
tr
 Windows and Spandrels Located
in a Bearing Wall
Effectiveness of stopping upward fire spread
i
length of spandrel X1 = length of eve 0.5X1

22
 Fire Protection for Curtain Wall
1. Fire Stop between the Stories
Non-combustible material should
be installed between curtain
wall and floor.

2. Glass Windows Located in a

Curtain Wall
Opening Protective Assembly
(usually wired glass) should be
installed at opening in order to
maintain 20 minutes integrity.

3. Spandrels
90 cm or more
Fire-resistive Performance

（社）カーテンウォール・防火開口部協会
カーテンウォール耐火設計指針

23
Fire Protection for Curtain Wall

2009-4-14 Nikkei
Architecture
24
 Opening Protective Assembly
（Fire Door）
Integrity：20 minutes

Opening Protective
Assembly
Wired Glass

Integrity：60 minutes

Specified Opening
Protective Assembly

Steel Door

25
Opening Protective Assembly
（防火設備）

26
Facarde test apparatus
and
wood exterior cladding
subway in Osaka
Remodeled school fire
test
2012/11/25Mikuriya
Gero city
1F⇒2F（80min）
3F(89min)

Full 木造校舎実大火災実験
scale fire test of
wooden school つくば市国総
2012/2/22 bldg by Mlit
2012/2/22
研
1:15collapse
1:15中央部崩落、2hr全焼
of central part、
Modernization of UA, Dubai, Abudabi
 New Test Methodology
Under Development (BRI)

31
 Metal Façade cored by Plastics
joint work of TUS with Middle
East countries

④ ⑤

① ② ③ ⑥
photo１ full scale exterior fire test No.1 photo２ full scale exterior fire test No.2
(sandwich panel cored by combustible ） （sandwich panel cored by fire retardant ）
（at Dubai Exova） （at Dubai Exova）

photo３ attending inspection by Dubai, photo 4 seminar on exterior fire protection

Kingdom of Saudi Arabian CD （at Dubai Exova）
（at Dubai Exova)
photo５ discussion at Istanbul Metropolitan photo６ meeting with Consulate General Mr
Municipality Fukuda at Istanbul Japan consulate office
 BS 8414-1, 2002 : Test method for non-load bearing external
cladding system applied to the face of the building

min 1500 min 2600mm

Opening 2000 + min 6000 mm = Total min 8000 mm

Wing

Opening
2000 x 2000 mm

Fire source: wooden crib or gas burner, THR 4500 MJ – 30 min, peak rate
3+-0.5 MW
Proposed by EXOVA MIDDLE EAST (Fire test body)
Warrington Fire Exova, Dubai
Fuel for testing
Wood Crib:5MW
recent fire accidents developed
by plastic cored SWP
where when Suppression Main damage
Time
Ichon, Jan, About 8 hours Death 40, injured
Korea 2008 10, burnout 30・103 m2
Aomor, Aug, About 6 hours Burnout 11 ・103 m2
Japan 2008
Inazawa, May, About 9 hours Death 1, injured 4,
Japan 2009 Burnout 5,300m2
Kobe, June, About 14 Death 1(fire fighter),
Japan 2009 hours Burnout 3,500m2
PSWP Fire in Tokyo, May 13, 1977
• place: 1-7-5 Tatsumi, kouto-ku, Tokyo
• company: shinkoh kairiku Transport, Tatsumi
branch
• fire outbreak: about 14:20
• FD recognition: 14:22 by 119
• suppression: 15:47
• put out: 17:08
• burnout: 337m2(1st fl.), 63m2 / 337m2 (2nd fl.)
• building: quasi-fire resistive, storage with rice
damaged 220t / 650t
• injured: fire fighter 16, clerk 5
• phenomena: deflagration with dull sound “bo,
bo” during a few seconds
before fire occurrence, an insulation door was under
installation by welding works. heated particles by
welding touched and burn spray-up polyurethane
foam through deep inside its own body.

Tatsumi storage
 vertical distance
upward from lintel
horizontal distance
from window to
exterior direction
height from neutral
zone to upside of
window
in case of free space
above the window
b-h: in case of existing
wall upper side from
window lintel as shown
below

(square window)

where,
n=2xwidth/height

Insulated
cladding
How to be
heated

relationship between window figure and heated air

current
ISO 13785-2：2002
a large scale test for façades
during and after
the test
HUNGARY
MSZ 14800-6:1980
*Fire source: Heavy wood crib at
ground floor room
*Test time: 45 min.

*Pas/fail criteria:
1) No ignition of window curtain at the
2nd floor,
2) Maximum allowable room
temperature at the 2nd floor: 180OC,
3) No further upward flame spread from
the 2nd floor,
4) No lateral flame spread than 1.5m
and
5) Panel shall not fail/fall.
Testing Facility for evaluating upward fire spread on Façade
Hungary
Méretek cm-ben
Méretek cm-ben

+ 285

20

210
90
Megfigyelõ tér

265
Megfigyelõ tér

480
460
130

+ 627
400

140 120 140

20
24 24 24 24 24

10
10

20
20

50
100
100 100
10 50 50
24 24 24 24 24

100
322
50 1-4 Megfigyelõ tér
5-8
120

10
9-12 50 50
13-16
VI V + 285
± 0,00

90
50

IV III
130

20
20
50

210
90
II I
50

3 5 2,4
Tûztér
130

200
120

50 50
1
265

480
2 4
1,50
Tûztér
50 1,50 5

150

150
 0,00
100

1,50
1 3

120
120
50

50

50
30

100
20 180 20 400 20 180 20
30 840
480 90

100
Jelölés:
- a hõelemek jele
- a kiegészítõ sugárzásmérõk jele 50 50

I...VI - a homlokzat elõtti hõelemsorok számozása Jelölés:

1...5 - a tûztéri hõmérsékletmérõ helyek sorszáma - a hõelemek jele
1-16 - a megfigyelõtéri hõmérsékletmérõ panelben elhelyezett hõelemek sorszáma 1...5
- a kiegészítõ sugárzásmérõk jele
- a tûztéri hõmérsékletmérõ helyek sorszáma
- a tûzhatást szolgáltató famáglya kontúrvonala (vetülete)

2. ábra: A vizsgálóberendezés /modellépület/ (függõleges metszet) 1. ábra: A vizsgálóberendezés /modellépület/ (vízszintes metszetek)

Test rig (vertical cross-section) Test rig (horizontal cross-section)

 conditions on deflagration
of foam plastics
• combustible gases heated and filled up in a
room
• ignition heat source remaining in a room
• not yet burning area heated further and
emerging fresh combustible gases continuously
• flame resistivity of foamed plastics might be
effective to deflagrate, because of its moderate
burning rate
• temperature of occurrence of deflagration would
be around 330℃ and just after deflagration was
about 400℃
Full scale
experiment
(Switzerland
1977)

Insulated
panel test
(The Univ. of insulated cladding(mortal+PS) 15min after
Tokyo,1980)

insulated cladding model polyurethane foam polystyrene foam

fire protection by insulating materials

PS melting
fire-cut by
by flaming
insulation

insulation works

after loading production

 Burning Characteristics of
Foamed Plastics
experiment on
deflagration

fire source
3-3 cribs(2x3cm)
by 20ml alcohol 5 sec 10 sec

18 sec 23 sec 25 sec

rapid increase of thin yellow smoke deflagration
 deflagration of foamed polyurethane
thickness of spray-up polyurethane 5cm
flame resistivity: by ASTM D 1692 59T
ρ＝０．０３６

90cm hole for

exhaust
90cm
try 1, 2, 3,4, 5
room tmp： 300℃, color
of emerging smoke plywood @10
becoming yellow 10cm
shut/open plate

30cm

opening (10x30cm)
Fire Test
of
Foam
Plastics

1984
at Fuji
by K.K
Lab.

urethane interior view 2min 4.5min just before FO

sofa, cei-
ling

cribs for
origin

phenol
foam
effective
6min 9.5min phenol foam
Fire protection of curtain
wall
・External wall composed with
spandrel and existing within
catch fire area should be 1 hour,
not existing catch fire area 30
minutes
・External wall would be different
from curtain wall, but should be
fire protective.
Curtain wall with 60mm slim sash by using face measure method
outside
outside curtain wall
view
view *spandrel should be
fire resistance spandrel
structure

opening
glass

mullion
mullion
spandrel

transom

fire resistive
board
inside mullion
view supporting
angle

rock-wool
fire resistive
spray
board

pad for intercalation

floor

fire resistive
board
 New intermediate scale façade test
--- being developed in Japan as JIS
1820

2,730
Façade Specimen
⑤ 2,500

④ 2,000

③ 1,500
Fire Chamber
② 900

4095
① 500

910
Opening

455
455 910 455
Fire source : 600kW- 20min
 cladding

lightning

ellipse ling
opening
wall
inner skin
floor panel

opening

stairwell
basement
wall and
cross section floor

FRP house by masaki endoh, architect

FRP House

Glass fiber
reinforced
unsaturated
polyester plate
is flammable,
which might be
necessary to
be fire retardant.

However, if
possible to check !
attain fire safety
fire safety
by performance-
based design. *********
This is the case. ･quick escape
･not burn
adjacent
bldg.
 不燃材料：20分、8MJ/m2、200kW/m2(10秒以上継続）
発熱量・速度の測定 準不燃 ：10分、以下同じ
難燃材料： 5分、以下同じ
＊ｶﾞｽ有害性試験必要：基材（不燃200g/m2,準不燃･
難燃100,石膏ﾎﾞｰﾄﾞ等400を超える場合）

COE Shinichi SUGAHARA 60

燃焼性試験方法（1）

COE Shinichi SUGAHARA 61

COE Shinichi SUGAHARA 62
 Test Methods for Fire Performance
Evaluation of Building Materials Japan
May 1, 2002
rank per- test methods A.C or B.C
formance A C B
heat gas toxicity non-com model
release organic ratio on bustibility. box
ISO substrate decoration ISO ISO
5660 1182 17431
non- not burn,
combu melt, ○ 400g/m2 200g/m2 ○ ○
stibility crack, 20min ○ ○
deform,
quasi ○ 400g/m2 100g/m2
non- toxic gas 10min ○ ○ ○ ○
comb smoke
○ 400g/m2 100g/m2
flame 5min ○ ○ ○ ○
COE
retard Shinichi Sugahara 63
Reduced model
box test and
SBI test

Specimen
Sandwich Metal
Panel cored by
Urethane Foam
or Phenol Foam
flame retardant
plywood

Results
all specimens
would not
available in a
condition of
enclosed space
 composite materials
matrix and reinforcement

cement mixing type aggregate

paste (concrete) coarse, fine

un-saturated reinforced type fiber

polyester (PFRP) glass wool

foamed laminar type metal plate

poly urethane (PSWP) Zn-Ti alloy

classification of composite materials

 fire resistive structure standard fire （sf） inside sf
stable no-ignition at rear no flaming
element storey rating （hr）
Partition from top
2-4 1 1
bearing 5-14, 2 1
15- 2 1
non-bearing non 1 1
Exterior wall
bearing same as bearing partition 1
non-bearing distance within non 1 1
＊if use reach of
authorized RC, catching fire
any claddings without reach non 0.5 0.5
free
Colum, Beam 2-4 1
5-14 2 1
15- 3
Floor 2-4 1
15-14, 15- 2
Staircase 0.5
Roof 0.5 0.5
●Fire resistive structure （Japan Building Standard Law）

BSL 2.7 fire resistive structure—wall, column, floor, beam, roof,

staircase requirements: to keep anti-collapse and enclosing fire
during standard time -temperature fire（ISO 834） which are
regulated （*1）or recognized by Minister of MLIT.
*1：notification No.1399 settled May 30, 2000
【Technical standard】
1. fire protection performance from inside and/or outside fire
2. no collapse by reducing resistivity
3. to secure escape route
4. to be able to re-use by repairing after fire

Enforcement 107
No.1 fire endurance time to prevent deformation, melting, broken
No.2 wall, floor
No.3 exterior wall, roof
 investigation ・ perception・
analysis discovery

inherent intuitive

Ｐ
traditional prescription Ｄ performance innovative
Ｓ
popular
Ａ individual

succession challenge

systematic concept for designing

Thank you for your attention

May 16, 2011

Shinichi Sugahara