Review of Related Literature and Studies

This chapter contains the literature and studies, both local and foreign, reviewed by the

researcher which are related to this research.

Foreign Literature

From a global perspective, major health problems cause death among children. However, the

health of children in European countries is better than ever before, although new health threats are

emerging concerning their psychosocial health (Barnekow & Muijen, 2009). The leading causes

of death among children under five years of age in the European Region are neonatal conditions

and infectious disease. Unintentional injuries such as traffic accidents, drowning and poisoning

are the leading cause of death among children aged five to19 years. Children are also at risk of

malnutrition, hazardous environments, obesity and unhealthy lifestyles. Ample evidence shows

that children living in poorer circumstances are more likely to be at risk of unintentional injuries

and physical inactivity than are those from more affluent families. In industrialized countries,

children’s needs are moving from predominantly physical to psychosocial ones. The WHO

/Europe helps countries reform their health systems and focus policy on social and economic

determinants. One of the main tasks, along with this policy focus, is to deliver effective care along

a continuum. Children’s health is influenced by the educational level of their caregivers, mainly

that of the mother (World Health Organization, 2011). Countries with more even income

distribution also have better public health than countries with irregularly distributed resources.

Children's health and life habits during their maturation influence how their health will develop as

they reach adulthood (Fåhraeus et al., in press; Hayman et al., 2007).

Stahl, Ylva (2012), Documentation in Child and School Health Services, School of health Sciences

Jonkoping University, pg. 18

Local Literature

According to Arnao, et al., ( ), Everyone desires to be in the best health to perform their duties

and responsibilities to the best of their abilities to achieve their goals in life. The health of every

individual is very important to the stability and progress of the community and the society as well.

School health services are needed by the students to sustain and ensure their peak performance in

all the activities they need to do to achieve excellence in all the aspects of their school life. There

is always a need to assess the health of the students for their welfare and safety. School health

resources are utilized for this purpose.

Maintaining good health depends on factors that affects the wellness of every individual. The

health services of the school play an important role of the overall health of the students. The

services provided by the school should be obtained by the students. Having good services in school

can help attain the overall well-being of the students particularly in performing such activities.

Health affects the performance of the students, school should sustain adequate services and

maintenance.

Arnao, L., et al., (2 ), Keeping in Touch with MAPEH,

Foreign Studies

According to Schools ang Health (2018), health policies in schools, including skills-based health

education and the provision of some health services, can help promote the overall health, hygiene

and nutrition of children. But good school health policies should go beyond this to ensure a safe

and secure physical environment and a positive psychosocial environment. Such policies, should
address issues of abuse of students, sexual harassment, health-related practices of teachers and

students, school violence, bullying, and guaranteeing the further education of pregnant schoolgirls

and young mothers, to help promote inclusion and equity in the school environment. Policies that

help to prevent and reduce harassment by other students and even by teachers, also help to fight

against the reasons that girls withdraw or are withdrawn from schools. Policies regarding the

health-related practices of teachers and students can reinforce health education: teachers can act

as positive role models for their students, for example by not smoking in school. The process of

developing and agreeing upon policies draw attention to these issues. The policies are best

developed by involving many levels, including the national level, regional and district level, and

the school level – including the teachers, children, parents and the wider community.

In this article, implementing health policies in school can help promote good health status to the

students. School health policies addresses the overall health and wellbeing of the students. Good

school health policies can help promote healthy life and safety to the students. Teachers should be

the beginning of positive deeds to their students. Parents should be also aware in health policies.

The researcher agreed with the author particularly in the levels of how policy should be developed.

It is not only in the school but also in the home. There are instances that they give more importance

to the physical health of their children, however they tend to lose focus on the mental and emotional

health of their children.

Schools and Health (2018), Health related School policies, www.schoolsandhealth.org

Local Studies