13/11/2018, Report N°11

REPORT 11
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
LABORATORY OF FLUIDS, SOLIDS AND HEAT TRANSFER
Universidad Nacional de Colombia – Bogotá D.C
Facultad de Ingeniería Química y Ambiental
November 6th, 2018

Jully Paola Arias Reyes, 1010220544, jupariasre@unal.edu.co

Andrés Felipe Fajardo Vélez, 1026283047, anffajardove@unal.edu.co
Andrés Felipe Sánchez Caro, 1233888415, afsanchezca@unal.edu.co
Team B

1. INTRODUCTION.
To carry out most industrial processes it is necessary to transport solids, liquids and gases. This
transport of matter in general is not spontaneous, unless it is due to a gradient of pressure or
height, so it is necessary to impart energy to fluids to flow through the pipes of a plant and
equipment of the same. In the case of liquids, the equipment that delivers the necessary energy
is the pumps. In the market there is a large number and variety of pumps of different kinds and
with different sizes and dimensions, so it is necessary to choose the pump suitable for the
process that is going to be carried out, by characterizing the pumps and the analysis of these
characteristics. Generally, this characterization is made by the manufacturer in which it reports
characteristic curves that allow to find desired operation points that fit the desired process. This
practice had the purpose to characterize a centrifugal pump obtaining its characteristic curves.
For this point, throughout the practice, the pressures were measured at the suction and
discharge of the pump, the force of the impeller using a dynamometer, and finally the height
of the weir, with which it was possible to determine the flow rate in each test. To determine
the range of flows to be handled, the maximum was measured, and a minimum flow was
established to divide the interval into equal segments. This experiment was performed at two
different angular velocities (800 RPM and 900 RPM) to develop the curves of total dynamic
head and calculating brake horsepower, efficiency, and net positive Suction head.

______________________________________________________________________________
2. OBJECTIVES Specific objectives:
Overall objective: • Develop characteristic curves of a
Characterize and analyze the operation of a centrifugal pump for a defined
radial centrifugal pump from the operating speed condition.
development of characteristic graphs. • Calculate the Net Positive Suction
Head for different flow rates.
• Calculate the pump’s specific speed
for a condition of maximum
efficiency.
• Determine the total pump load and the
effect on it by changing its
revolutions per minute and the flow
that manages
measured as the height of an equivalent
column of water or fluid that manages.
This can be determined by using a Pitot
tube at the entrance and at the exit of the
pump as we can see in figure 2, or with
any other instrument of flow or pressure
measurement in those two points. [1]

3. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

• Pump

The pump is the oldest fluid-energy-

transfer device known. At least two
designs date before Christ: (1) the
undershot-bucket waterwheels, or norias,
used in Asia and Africa (1000 B.C.) and
(2) Archimedes’ screw pump (250 B.C.),
still being manufactured today to handle
solid-liquid mixtures. Paddlewheel
turbines were used by the Romans in 70
B.C., and Babylonian windmills date
back to 700 B.C. [1]. Machines which
deliver liquids are simply called pumps, Figure 2. Measurement of the total load of a
but if gases are involved, three different pump, using a pitot tube
terms are in use, depending upon the
pressure rise achieved.
- Classification of Pumps [2]
The purpose of a pump is to add energy
to a fluid, resulting in an increase in fluid There are two basic types of pumps:
pressure, not necessarily an increase of positive-displacement and dynamic or
fluid speed across the pump. momentum change pumps. There are
several billion of each type in use in the
world today. Positive-displacement
pumps (PDPs) force the fluid along by
volume changes. A cavity opens, and the
fluid is admitted through an inlet. The
cavity then closes, and the fluid is
squeezed through an outlet.
Figure 1. General scheme of a pump.
A. Reciprocating
The hydrostatic head of a pump is the 1. Piston or plunger
change in the total load, between the inlet 2. Diaphragm
and the discharge of the pump is usually B. Rotary
 1. Single rotor
a. Sliding vane
b. Flexible tube or
lining
c. Screw
d. Peristaltic (wave
contraction)
2. Multiple rotors
a. Gear
b. Lobe
c. Screw
d. Circumferential
piston
All PDPs deliver a pulsating or periodic
flow as the cavity volume opens, traps,
and squeezes the fluid. Their great
advantage is the delivery of any fluid
regardless of its viscosity.
Since PDPs compress mechanically
against a cavity filled with liquid, a
common is that they develop immense
pressures if the outlet is shut down for any
reason. Sturdy construction is required,
and complete shutoff would cause damage
if pressure-relief valves were not used.
2. Electromagnetic pumps for
liquid metals
3. Fluid-actuated: gas-lift or
hydraulic-ram
Dynamic pumps generally provide a
higher flow rate than PDPs and a much
steadier discharge but are ineffective in
handling high-viscosity liquids. Dynamic
pumps also generally need priming; i.e., if
they are filled with gas, they cannot suck
up a liquid from below into their inlet. The
PDP, on the other hand, is self-priming for
most applications. A dynamic pump can
provide very high flow rates (up to
300,000 gal/min) but usually with
moderate pressure rises (a few
atmospheres). In contrast, a PDP can
operate up to very high pressures (300
atm) but typically produces low flow rates
(100 gal/min).

Dynamic pumps simply add momentum to

the fluid by means of fast-moving blades
or vanes or certain special designs. There
is no closed volume: The fluid increases
momentum while moving through open
passages and then converts its high
velocity to a pressure increase by exiting
into a diffuser section. Dynamic pumps
can be classified as follows:
Figure 3. Comparison of performance
A. Rotary
curves of typical dynamic and positive-
1. Centrifugal or radial exit
displacement pumps at constant speed.
flow
2. Axial flow
• Centrifugal pump
3. Mixed flow (between radial
and axial)
B. Special designs This pump consists of an impeller
1. Jet pump or ejector rotating within a casing. Fluid enters
axially through the eye of the casing, is
 caught up in the impeller blades, and is 𝑃 𝑉2
whirled tangentially and radially outward 𝐻=( + + 𝑧)
𝜌 ∗ 𝑔 2𝑔 𝑜𝑢𝑡
until it leaves through all circumferential
𝑃 𝑉2
parts of the impeller into the diffuser part −( + + 𝑧)
of the casing. The fluid gains both 𝜌 ∗ 𝑔 2𝑔 𝑖𝑛
velocity and pressure while passing = ℎ𝑠 − ℎ𝑓 (1)
through the impeller. The doughnut-
shaped diffuser, or scroll, section of the where hs is the pump head supplied and
casing decelerates the flow and further hf the losses.
increases the pressure.
When talking about losses one can refer
The impeller blades are usually to losses due to friction or losses by form;
backward-curved, but there are also In general, these losses can be calculated
radial and forward-curved blade designs, as:
which slightly change the output
pressure. The blades may be open, i.e., 𝐿 𝑉2
separated from the front casing only by a ℎ𝐿,𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = (𝑓 + ∑ 𝐾𝐿 ) (2)
𝐷 𝑖 2𝑔
narrow clearance, or closed, i.e.,
shrouded from the casing on both sides by Where 𝑓 is the friction factor, 𝐿 being the
an impeller wall. The diffuser may be length of the pipe, 𝐷 diameter of the pipe,
vaneless or fitted with fixed vanes to help 𝐾𝐿 Loss coefficients of various pipe
guide the flow toward the exit. [2] fittings.

If the flow is incompressible, the inlet and

outlet diameters of the pump are they can
reduce the expression of the hydrostatic
head to:

𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑃𝑖𝑛
𝐻=( + ℎ𝐿,𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 + ∆𝑧) (3)
𝜌∗𝑔 𝑖

This net hydrostatic load is proportional

to the useful power (𝑊useful power) which is
Figure 4. Cutaway schematic of a typical delivered to the fluid and expressed as
centrifugal pump. follows:

• Basic Output Parameters [2] 𝑃𝑤 = 𝑚̇𝑔𝐻 = 𝜌𝑔𝑄𝐻 (4)

Assuming steady flow, the pump
basically increases the Bernoulli head of
the flow between point 1, the eye, and
point 2, the exit. Neglecting viscous work
and heat transfer, this change is denoted
by H (Net hydrostatic head):
Being 𝑚̇̇ the mass flow and 𝑄 the
corresponding flow. Also, this is known
as water horsepower
Another fundamental element to describe
a pump and its influence on the flow is the
relationship between the work that is
provided to the fluid (𝑊useful power) and the
 work that is it is supplied to work (ω) the
external power that is provides the pump
(bhp, as brake horsepower) and is
represented as:
𝑏𝑝ℎ = 𝑃𝜔 = 𝜔 ∗ 𝑇 (5)
Where ω is the rotational speed in rad/s
and T is the shaft torque provided by the
impeller. The bhp can also be defined as:
bph as a function of the volumetric flow
are called pump performance curves. The
point of operation of a pipe system is
found when the demand of the system is
matched with the performance of the
pump. That is, when Hrequired = Havailable
matching in the same flow, we would find
the point of operation of the pump. [2]

𝑏ℎ𝑝 (𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑠) = 0.4971 · 𝐹 · 𝑅𝑃𝑀 (6)

Where F is the force in kilograms and

RPM, revolutions per minute. If there
were no losses, Pw and brake horsepower
would be equal, but of course Pw is less,
and the efficiency of the pump is defined
as

𝑃𝑤 𝑃𝑤 𝜌𝑔𝑄𝐻
𝜂= = = (7)
𝑃𝜔 𝑏ℎ𝑝 𝜔𝑇

• Pump Performance Curves

performance curves at constant impeller-
The maximum flow of a pump is when
the hydrostatic head reaches the value 0,
this flow is called free discharge. There
the efficiency is equal to zero because no
useful work is being done. At the other
end, the load to the closure is net
hydrostatic pressure that occurs when the
volumetric flow is zero, this is obtained
when the outlet of the pump is clogged.
At this point the efficiency is also equal
to zero. Between those extreme points,
from closing to free discharge, H
decreases to zero as the volumetric flow
increases to the free discharge value. The
efficiency of the pump reaches its
maximum value between the closing and
free discharge conditions, this maximum
efficiency operating point is referred to as
the design point. The curves of n, H and
Figure 5. Typical centrifugal pump
rotation speed.
• Net Positive-Suction Head
The NPSH is defined as the difference
between the pressure of stagnation
pressure in the pump inlet and load of
steam pressure. (NPSH), which is the
head required at the pump inlet to keep
the liquid from cavitating or boiling. The
pump inlet or suction side is the low-
pressure point where cavitation will first
occur. The NPSH is defined as [2]
𝑃𝑖 𝑉𝑖2 𝑃𝑣
𝑁𝑃𝑆𝐻 = ( + + ) (8)
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔 𝑖
where pi and Vi are the pressure and
velocity at the pump inlet and Pv is the
vapor pressure of the liquid. Given the
 left-hand side, NPSH, from the pump
performance curve, we must ensure that
the right-hand side is equal or greater in
the actual system to avoid cavitation.
Figure 6. Example of a manufacturer’s
performance plot for a family of centrifugal
pumps. Each pump has the same casing, but
a different impeller diameter. [1]
• Cavitation
Cavitation is a phenomenon that occurs
due to the presence of bubbles inside the
pump which causes damage to the blades
of the motor, this leads to the pump
significantly reducing its life. It is because
at low pressures the air that is dissolved in
the water forms these bubbles that transfer
heat to the water and it evaporates forming
cavitation. These steam bubbles produced
reduce the space occupied by the fluid by
reducing the flow and performance, and
when the vapor formed is transformed into
liquid again it does so abruptly, produces
noises and vibrations, cavitation must be
avoided since it can also cause damage to
the parts due to vibrations and beating. [2]
4. MATERIALS AND
EQUIMPMENT:
The equipment listed in the Unit Operations
Practice Manual (Gooding Garavito, 2009)
used during the practice are presented below.
• Centrifugal pump (type: radial).
• Triangular weir (90º).
• Valve and manometer (suction).
• Valve and pressure gauge
(discharge).
• Suction and discharge pipes.
• Feeding and discharge tanks.
• Motor and dynamometer.
• Tachometer.
Material needed to report measures of interest
is shown below
• Test tube.
• Chronometer
• Thermometer
5. PROCESS AND DIGRAMS OF
PROCESSES
At the beginning the passage of fluid
through the system is allowed, for this the
inlet valve is opened to a reception tank,
ensuring its filling up to a specific height
throughout the experiment, once the
desired level is reached the opening of the
outlet valve is allowed reaching the
centrifugal pump system.
Once the fluid has been driven, the
activation of the motor-dynamometer
arrangement will take place, it will
transmit the movement through an axis
coupled to the cavities of the pump
allowing the suction and subsequent
discharge of the fluid.
The speed of work that will promote the
pumping of the fluid throughout the
 system must be defined, it is also pump depending on the pressure head
necessary to regulate the opening (%, provided at different flow rates, allowing
turns) of the discharge valve, thereby to develop representative curves of the
generating variations in the flow rate system .
received in the secondary receiving
section (triangular weir), the control in
the variables such as pressure, flow,
defined force in the motor-dynamometer
arrangement and fluid height in tanks,
will allow the characterization of the

DIAGRAMS OF FLOW OF THE PROCEDURE

• Centrifugal Pump:

Figure 7. Flow diagram for the centrifugal pump. Made by the authors.

6. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
For the development of the practice was made the division of the runs for each of the speeds by
the two groups that make up the laboratory, because the experimental part is carried out separately,
it is important to note that the possible errors associated with the execution, in the first place they
can be approached from the handling of the experimental assembly, and the considerations that
could be defined for the start of the process, such as the stabilization of the equipment, the
maximum opening and definition of the minimum flow.
The following tables show the experimental values obtained during the practice for 800RPM
Table 1. Experimental values obtained with digital instruments for 800RPM
Flow h sensor (cm) Torque (Kg) Psuction (mmHg) Pdischarge (mmHg)
1. Minimum 5,5 0,6 85,8 647,5
2. 12,3 1 67 543,2
3. 14,5 1,45 53,4 511,2
4. 16,7 1,9 29,3 455,9
Digital 5. 18,7 2,2 0,5 393,4
6. 19,5 2,45 22,7 353,3
7. 20,6 2,75 56,1 293,6
8. 21,4 2,9 84,4 241,6
9. 21,9 2,95 107 201,3
10. Maximum 22,9 2,8 129,2 148,8

Table 2. Experimental values obtained with analogous instruments for 800RPM

Flow h ruler (cm) Torque (Kg) Psuction (mmHg) Pdischarge (mmHg)
1. Minimum 18,4 0,6 50 645
2. 24,9 1 40 530
3. 27,1 1,45 20 500
4. 29,2 1,9 0 440
Analogous 5. 31,9 2,2 30 385
6. 32,1 2,45 50 345
7. 33,2 2,75 90 290
8. 34 2,9 110 240
9. 34,4 2,95 140 195
10. Maximum 35,2 2,8 150 145

The following tables show the experimental values obtained during the practice for 900RPM
Table 3. Experimental values obtained with digital instruments for 900RPM
Flow h sensor (cm) Torque (Kg) Psuction (mmHg) Pdischarge (mmHg)
1. Minimum 5,3 0,85 87,4 752,2
Digital
2. 10,9 1,2 70,5 706,2
3. 12 1,3 67,1 635,2
 4. 16,2 2,1 36,8 563,7
5. 18,4 2,6 33,6 493,3
6. 20 3 31,8 420,8
7. 21,1 3,25 65,1 360
8. 22,1 3,4 100,7 297,1
9. 23,2 3,6 138,6 230,1
10. Maximum 23,6 3,9 171,2 177,8

Table 4. Experimental values obtained with analogous instruments for 900RPM

Flow h ruler (cm) Torque (Kg) Psuction (mmHg) Pdischarge (mmHg)
1. Minimum 18,2 0,85 50 740
2. 23,5 1,2 40 680
3. 24,6 1,3 30,5 615
4. 29 2,1 10 550
Analogous 5. 31 2,6 10 485
6. 32,5 3 50 420
7. 33,7 3,25 90 360
8. 34,6 3,4 120 300
9. 35,4 3,6 160 230
10. Maximum 36,2 3,9 210 175

It is important to note that for the manual measurement or of the analogous instruments associated
to experiential errors of measurement or reading thereof, it is necessary to read the height line in
order to perform a final weir height calibration. a magnitude of 13.82 cm higher than the value
used, that is why, in the calculations, the values reported in the previous tables are not available,
but the value is used, subtracting previously 13.82 cm.
7. CALCULATION SAMPLE
Then, a step-by-step guide will be given of the calculations made for the experimental results. For
this case they will be presented based on the minimum flow according to the opening of the valve
ready to 900RPM:
According to the equation provided for the weir, the flow is obtained:
𝑄 = 1,651 ∗ 10−5 (∆𝑍)^2,45
For digital meters For analogue meters
𝑄 = 1,651 ∗ 10−5 (5,3)^2,45 𝑄 = 1,651 ∗ 10−5 (18,2 − 13,82)^2,45
𝑚̇3 𝑚̇3
𝑄 = 0,0009822 𝑄 = 0,0006157
𝑠 𝑠
We proceed to calculate the number of Reynolds considering the properties of the fluid, according
to its temperature (23 ° C) and the properties of the pipe (Diameter=0.1016 (m)):
𝐾𝑔
𝜌23°𝐶 = 997,62
𝑚̇3
𝐾𝑔
𝜇23°𝐶 = 0,000933
𝑚̇ ∗ 𝑠
𝜌∗𝑄∗4
𝑅𝑒 =
𝜋∗𝐷∗𝜇
For digital meters For analogue meters
𝐾𝑔 𝑚̇3 𝐾𝑔 𝑚̇3
997,62 3 ∗ 0,0009822 𝑠 ∗ 4 997,62 3 ∗ 0,0006157 𝑠 ∗ 4
𝑅𝑒 = 𝑚̇ 𝑅𝑒 = 𝑚̇
𝐾𝑔 𝐾𝑔
𝜋 ∗ 0.1016m ∗ 0,000933 𝜋 ∗ 0.1016m ∗ 0,000933
𝑚̇ ∗ 𝑠 𝑚̇ ∗ 𝑠
𝑅𝑒 = 13162,03 𝑅𝑒 = 8250,09

Having calculated the number of Reynolds, it is sought to calculate the fanning friction factor, for
this we use the Colebrook equation for turbulent flow and we consider the value of the roughness
of the pipe, whose material is galvanized steel (ε=0,00015). Additionally, the respective sum of
the lengths of the pipes is made and a count of the present accessories to calculate the minor losses.
Below is a table with the accessories and lengths of pipes present in the equipment:
Accessories and quantity KL
90 ° flanged elbow (3) 0,3
Gate valve (3) 0,2

Pipe Section Length (m)

1 2,2
2 0,305
3 0,26
4 0,405
5 0,86
6 0,86
7 0,405
8 0,86
Total (m) 6,155

Colebrook equation:
1 𝜀/𝐷 2,51
= −2 ∗ 𝐿𝑜𝑔 [ + ]
√𝑓 3,71 𝑅𝑒√𝑓
To solve the friction factor based on the previous equation, the Solver tool is used in Excel which
provides the following results for this case:
For digital meters For analogue meters
𝑓 = 0,0312 𝑓 = 0,0345

Minor losses are defined according to the following equation, where KL is predetermined
according to the type of accessory:
𝑣2
ℎ𝐿 = ∗ ∑ 𝐾𝐿
2∗𝑔
For digital meters For analogue meters
3
𝑚̇ 𝑚̇3
𝑄 0,0009822 𝑠 𝑄 0,0006157 𝑠
𝑣= = 𝑣= =
𝐷 2 0,1016𝑚̇ 2 𝐷 2 0,1016𝑚̇ 2
𝜋 ∗ (2) 𝜋∗( ) 𝜋 ∗ (2) 𝜋∗( )
2 2
= 0,1211𝑚̇/𝑠 = 0,0759𝑚̇/𝑠
(0,1211𝑚̇/𝑠)2 (0,0759𝑚̇/𝑠)2
ℎ𝐿 = ∗ (0,3 ∗ 3 + 0,2 ∗ 3) ℎ𝐿 = ∗ (0,3 ∗ 3 + 0,2 ∗ 3)
2 ∗ 9,81𝑚̇/𝑠 2 2 ∗ 9,81𝑚̇/𝑠 2
ℎ𝐿 = 0,001122𝑚̇ ℎ𝐿 = 0,00044𝑚̇

Friction losses are defined according to the following equation:

𝑣2 𝐿
ℎ𝑓 = 𝑓 ∗ ∗
2∗𝑔 𝐷
For digital meters For analogue meters
(0,1211𝑚̇/𝑠)2 6,155𝑚̇ (0,0759𝑚̇/𝑠)2 6,155𝑚̇
ℎ𝑓 = 0,0312 ∗ ∗ ℎ𝑓 = 0,0345 ∗ ∗
2 ∗ 9,81𝑚̇/𝑠 2 0,1016𝑚̇ 2 ∗ 9,81𝑚̇/𝑠 2 0,1016𝑚̇
ℎ𝑓 = 0,001414𝑚̇ ℎ𝑓 = 0,000615𝑚̇

The total losses are assumed as the sum of the minor losses and friction losses:
ℎ𝑇 = ℎ𝐿 + ℎ𝑓

For digital meters For analogue meters

ℎ𝑇 = 0,001122𝑚̇ + 0,001414𝑚̇ ℎ𝑇 = 0,00044𝑚̇ + 0,000615𝑚̇
ℎ𝑇 = 0,002537𝑚̇ ℎ𝑇 = 0,001056𝑚̇

With the total losses, the suction and discharge pressures, the distance between suction and
discharge (0,6m) and the density of the water, the total head is finally obtained:
 𝑃𝑑 − 𝑃𝑠
𝐻= + ∆𝑍 + ℎ𝑇
𝑔∗𝜌
For digital meters For analogue meters
(100284,81 − 11652,34)𝑃𝑎 (98658,28 − 6666,1)𝑃𝑎
𝐻= + 0,6𝑚̇ 𝐻= + 0,6𝑚̇
𝐾𝑔 𝐾𝑔
9,81𝑚̇/𝑠 2 ∗ 997,62 3 9,81𝑚̇/𝑠 2 ∗ 997,62 3
𝑚̇ 𝑚̇
+ 0,002537𝑚̇ + 0,001056𝑚̇
𝐻 = 9,659𝑚̇ 𝐻 = 10,0008𝑚̇

To calculate the efficiency of the pump, we proceed to calculate the brake power and the power
delivered to the fluid, then divide these values to obtain the efficiency of the process at a given
flow rate:
𝑊𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑘𝑒 (𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠) = 0,4971 ∗ 𝑅𝑃𝑀 ∗ 𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒(𝐾𝑔)
For digital meters For analogue meters
𝑊𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑘𝑒 = 0,4971 ∗ 900𝑅𝑃𝑀 ∗ 0,85𝐾𝑔 𝑊𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑘𝑒 = 0,4971 ∗ 900𝑅𝑃𝑀 ∗ 0,85𝐾𝑔
𝑊𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑘𝑒 (𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠) = 380,28 𝑊𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑘𝑒 (𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠) = 380,28

𝑊𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 (𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠) = 𝑔 ∗ 𝐻 ∗ 𝑄 ∗ 𝜌

For digital meters For analogue meters

𝑊𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 = 9,81𝑚̇/𝑠 2 ∗ 9,659𝑚̇ 𝑊𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 = 9,81𝑚̇/𝑠 2 ∗ 10,0008𝑚̇
𝑚̇3 𝑚̇3
∗ 0,0009822 ∗ 0,0006157
𝑠 𝑠
𝐾𝑔 𝐾𝑔
∗ 997,62 3 ∗ 997,62 3
𝑚̇ 𝑚̇
𝑊𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 (𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠) = 92,852 𝑊𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 (𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠) = 60,2598

𝑊𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑
𝜂=
𝑊𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑘𝑒
For digital meters For analogue meters
92,852 60,2598
𝜂= 𝜂=
380,28 380,28
𝜂 = 0,2441 𝜂 = 0,1584

For the calculation of the positive net head of suction (NPSH), proceed with the equation, with the
vapor pressure according to the Antoine equation and the constants for water:
𝑃𝑠 − 𝑃𝑣 𝑣2
𝑁𝑃𝑆𝐻 = +
𝑔∗𝜌 2∗𝑔
 𝑃𝑣 = 2818,4619𝑃𝑎
For digital meters For analogue meters
(11652,343 − 2818,46)𝑃𝑎 (6666,1 − 2818,46)𝑃𝑎
𝑁𝑃𝑆𝐻 = 𝑁𝑃𝑆𝐻 =
𝐾𝑔 𝐾𝑔
9,81𝑚̇/𝑠 2 ∗ 997,62 3 9,81𝑚̇/𝑠 2 ∗ 997,62 3
𝑚̇ 𝑚̇
(0,1211𝑚̇/𝑠)2 (0,0759𝑚̇/𝑠)2
+ +
2 ∗ 9,81𝑚̇/𝑠 2 2 ∗ 9,81𝑚̇/𝑠 2
𝑁𝑃𝑆𝐻 = 0,9033𝑚̇ 𝑁𝑃𝑆𝐻 = 0,3934𝑚̇

For the specific speed calculation of the pump, proceed with the equation for flow according to
the graph in the equipment:
𝑛 ∗ 𝑄 0,5
𝑁𝑠 =
𝐻 0,75
𝑄(𝑙𝑝𝑠) = 0,0165 ∗ 𝐻 2,45
For digital meters For analogue meters
𝐻(𝑓𝑡) = ℎ ∗ 0,032808 = 0,01738 𝐻(𝑓𝑡) = ℎ ∗ 0,032808 = 0,5971
𝑄(𝑙𝑝𝑠) = 0,0165 ∗ 0,17382,45 𝑄(𝑙𝑝𝑠) = 0,0165 ∗ 0,59712,45
= 0,000227 = 0,004664
900𝑅𝑃𝑀 ∗ 0,0036𝑔𝑝𝑚̇0,5 900𝑅𝑃𝑀 ∗ 0,0740𝑔𝑝𝑚̇0,5
𝑁𝑠 = 𝑁𝑠 =
0,017380,75 0,59710,75
𝑁𝑠 = 200,648𝑅𝑃𝑀 𝑁𝑠 = 360,527𝑅𝑃𝑀

8. ANALYSIS AND RESULTS

The tables and figures presented below show the experimental results calculated for the radial type
centrifugal pump found in the hydraulics’ laboratory.
• Total head

Table 5. Experimental total head’s values calculated for two velocities with analogous and
digital instruments.
Q (m3/s) H Q (m3/s) H
0,0011 8,255 0,0010 9,659
0,0077 7,223 0,0057 9,336
0,0116 7,137 0,0073 8,460
0,0163 7,006 0,0152 8,291
800RPM Digital 0,0216 6,983 900RPM Digital 0,0207 7,815
0,0239 6,367 0,0254 7,328
0,0273 5,485 0,0290 6,472
0,0300 4,728 0,0325 5,599
0,0318 4,107 0,0366 4,791
0,0354 3,630 0,0381 3,890
 Q (m3/s) H Q (m3/s) H
0,0007 8,707 0,0006 10,001
0,0060 7,357 0,0043 9,362
0,0093 7,335 0,0056 8,635
0,0134 6,993 0,0129 8,331
Analogous 0,0199 6,311 Analogous 0,0175 7,753
0,0204 5,541 0,0215 6,665
0,0235 4,550 0,0251 5,666
0,0260 3,863 0,0279 4,773
0,0273 2,991 0,0306 3,623
0,0299 2,509 0,0335 2,594

H(m H2O) vs Flow(m3/s)

11

10

8
H (m H2O)

7 Digital 800RPM

6 Analogous 800RPM
Digital 900RPM
5
Analogous 900RPM
4

2
0 0,01 0,02 0,03 0,04
Flow (m3/s)

Graphic 1. Experimental total head for two velocities vs Flow. The two speeds worked 800 and 900
RPM are plotted separately according to the instrument used, analog or digital as appropriate.

First, the total head of fluid is obtained, graphic 1 shows a characteristic decreasing behavior, in
lower flow conditions there is a greater amount of energy provided from the pump to the fluid, so
that it exerts a higher pressure representing with it the range of maximum values of the property
in terms of the height of an equivalent water column.
To the extent that the volumetric fluid requirements in the process are increased, the energetic
quantities used by the fluid must be lower, since this must be distributed in a larger quantity of the
fluid to be displaced, having an impact on the total head obtained by the fluid
Evaluating the relation between the flow and the total head at 800 RPM, the affinity between the
analog and digital measuring instruments stands out, being that in a range between 0.0007 and
0.0013 m3 / s there are no differences greater than 5.47% among the estimated values of the total
head, higher values of the flow indicate differences in the value of the property that oscillate
between 9.6% and 30.9%, the analogue instruments underestimate the pressures giving inferior
values of the property with less precision in the measurements increasing the uncertainty of the
same in high flow conditions.
Contemplating the behavior of the variables at 900 RPM, a phenomenon like low flow conditions
is observed (0.0006 and 0.0013 m3 / s) the percentage difference between the estimates of the total
head does not exceed 3.5%, while with high flow the differences reach up to 33.3%.
Comparing the effect of the rotation speed of the pump with the total head and the flow rate, it is
observed that the higher the number of rotations per minute (RPM), the higher the energy
transferred to the fluid, the higher its pressure and its water column equivalent. Likewise, superior
scopes of the volumetric capacity displaced by the equipment will have to be evidenced, by rotating
faster, the pump cavity will be able to accommodate higher fluid volumes in a shorter time.
Taking as a reference the estimations established for the digital equipment, it is determined that at
900 RPM, 0.0027 m3/s are reached above the established flow at 800 RPM (0.0354 m3/s),
coupling the comparison between the minimum and maximum total heads are determined
percentages of difference of 17% and 31%, which are representative of the higher value between
the previously defined dimensions, supporting in the same way the direct relation of the speed of
rotation and the volumetric capacity coupled by the fluid and the total heads of fluid reached by it.
• Power delivered to the fluid

Table 6. Experimental Power to the fluid and the Power to the brake’s values calculated for
two velocities with analogous and digital instruments.
Q Wbrake Wfluid Q Wbrake Wfluid
(m3/s) (Watts) (Watts) (m3/s) (Watts) (Watts)
0,0011 238,608 86,89 0,0010 380,28 92,85
0,0077 397,68 546,20 0,0057 536,86 525,09
0,0116 576,636 807,64 0,0073 581,60 602,17
0,0163 755,592 1120,78 0,0152 939,51 1231,13
Digital 0,0216 874,896 1473,71 Digital 0,0207 1163,21 1585,26
0,0239 974,316 1488,97 0,0254 1342,17 1823,42
0,0273 1093,62 1467,40 0,0290 1454,01 1836,04
0,0300 1153,272 1388,49 0,0325 1521,12 1779,31
800 900
0,0318 1173,156 1276,54 0,0366 1610,60 1714,87
RPM RPM
0,0354 1113,504 1258,67 0,0381 1744,82 1452,06
Q Wbrake Wfluid Q Wbrake Wfluid
(m3/s) (Watts) (Watts) (m3/s) (Watts) (Watts)
0,0007 238,608 58,52 0,0006 380,28 60,25
0,0060 397,68 430,74 0,0043 536,86 393,66
Analogous 0,0093 576,636 669,31 Analogous 0,0056 581,60 472,64
0,0134 755,592 914,31 0,0129 939,51 1054,83
0,0199 874,896 1226,28 0,0175 1163,21 1329,45
0,0204 974,316 1106,20 0,0215 1342,17 1403,06
0,0235 1093,62 1048,18 0,0251 1454,01 1389,14
 0,0260 1153,272 982,66 0,0279 1521,12 1304,46
0,0273 1173,156 798,33 0,0306 1610,6 1085,97
0,0299 1113,504 735,22 0,0335 1744,82 850,08

The power to the brake is contemplated as being the energy coupled to the shaft of the pump,
because its value depends on the measured torque, there are no differences between the analog and
digital measurements, however, it can be seen that at low speeds of rotation (800 RPM) lower
estimates of power are reached (1113.5 W), while in higher speeds (900 RPM) there is an increase
of 36.2% (1744.8 W), highlighting the direct relationship between variables, because the axis of
the engine transmits the rotation movement as the work revolutions increase, the previously
described behavior must be presented, with respect to the flow, more energy will be required to
drive greater quantities of fluid and therefore the energy investment to replace mechanical and
hydraulic friction losses as well as slight system leaks.

Wbrake vs Flow (m3/s)

1800

1600

1400
Wbrake (Watts)

1200
Digital 800RPM
1000
Analogous 800RPM
800 Digital 900RPM
Analogous 900RPM
600

400

200
0 0,01 0,02 0,03 0,04
Flow (m3/s)

Graphic 2. Experimental Power delivered to the brake for two velocities vs Flow. The two speeds
worked 800 and 900 RPM are plotted separately according to the instrument used, analog or digital as
appropriate.

This increase in the torque force can be translated into an increase in the power supplied to the
pump, because this pump needs a higher energy supply to drive a greater amount of fluid per unit
area, in addition friction losses must be compensated (also increasing) and possible leaks that
become more evident along with the increase in flow. Also, it is evident that, at a lower engine
speed, the power to the brake decreases with respect to the high ones and therefore the energy
expenditure is reduced as the speed of rotation of the pump does.
However, the power delivered to the fluid is quantified as a function of the total head and the fluid
flow rate, due to the increase in the number of revolutions during the experimentation, greater
energy is found in the system.
Since greater force is required to promote the pump operation, this energy which is delivered to
the water during pumping presents a primary linear and incremental trend until reaching a
maximum inflection point, in which there is a deflection that decreases the value of the variable,
the change of slope and therefore, the decreasing value refers to the increase of the pumped fluid,
due to the fact that an energy waste is generated by spending more energy to promote the rotation
of the shaft that promotes pumping than that received by the fluid in the process.

Wfluid vs Flow
2000
1800
1600
1400
Wfluid (Watts)

1200
Digital 800RPM
1000
Analogous 800RPM
800
Digital 900RPM
600 Analogous 900RPM
400
200
0
0 0,01 0,02 0,03 0,04
Flow (m3/s)

Graphic 3. Experimental Power delivered to the fluid for two velocities vs Flow. The two speeds
worked 800 and 900 RPM are plotted separately according to the instrument used, analog or digital as
appropriate.

The previous statement is based on the evaluation of the efficiency, it means the relation between
the energy delivered by the pump with respect to that provided by the engine, theoretically it is not
expected that its value exceeds the unit, however, the nature of the correlation used in the
determination of the braking power as well as the precepts involved is unknown, the pump motor
contemplates a set of moving parts inside the motor, it is assumed that the correlation considers
the losses by mechanical friction generating lower values which generate higher estimates of
efficiency.
Unlike previous trends, the graph 4 shows that at a lower number of revolutions the pump has
higher efficiency values, so that the mechanical energy transmission is more effective at 800 RPM
than at 900 RPM consider the limitation in the capacity of the fluid as well, that a maximum is
reached and from there the declination of the values resembles the one previously presented for
the power delivered to the fluid.
 • Efficiency

Table 7. Experimental efficiency’s values calculated for two velocities with analogous and
digital instruments.
Q (m3/s) η Q (m3/s) η
0,0011 0,364 0,0010 0,244
0,0077 1,373 0,0057 0,978
0,0116 1,401 0,0073 1,035
0,0163 1,483 0,0152 1,310
Digital 0,0216 1,684 Digital 0,0207 1,363
0,0239 1,528 0,0254 1,359
0,0273 1,342 0,0290 1,263
0,0300 1,204 0,0325 1,170
0,0318 1,088 0,0366 1,065
0,0354 1,130 0,0381 0,832
800RPM 900RPM
Q (m3/s) η Q (m3/s) η
0,0007 0,245 0,0006 0,158
0,0060 1,083 0,0043 0,733
0,0093 1,161 0,0056 0,813
0,0134 1,210 0,0129 1,123
Analogous 0,0199 1,402 Analogous 0,0175 1,143
0,0204 1,135 0,0215 1,045
0,0235 0,958 0,0251 0,955
0,0260 0,852 0,0279 0,858
0,0273 0,680 0,0306 0,674
0,0299 0,660 0,0335 0,487

Unlike previous trends, graph 4 shows that at a lower number of revolutions the pump has higher
efficiency values, so that the mechanical energy transmission is more effective at 800 RPM than
at 900 RPM. It is also necessary to consider the limitation in the capacity of the fluid a maximum
is reached and from there the declination of the values resembles the one previously presented for
the power delivered (Wfluid) to the fluid.
The efficiency curves, although they are not the expected ones, because they do not present a form
totally describing a bell, tend to show this behavior, especially in the case of the speed of rotation
of 900 rpm. In these curves for measurements with both instruments, it is clearly observed the
point of greatest efficiency around each of the parabolas in which it relates a flow and an available
load, to give a better functioning of the pump in each one of the cases.
 η vs Flow (m3/s)
1,8

1,6

1,4

1,2

1 Digital 800RPM
η

0,8 Analogous 800RPM

Digital 900RPM
0,6
Analogous 900RPM
0,4

0,2

0
0 0,01 0,02 0,03 0,04
Flow (m3/s)

Graphic 4. Experimental Efficiencies for two velocities vs Flow. The two speeds worked 800 and
900 RPM are plotted separately according to the instrument used, analog or digital as appropriate.

In the case of the results of 800 rpm, the point is clear for both speeds but does not describe a
homogeneous behavior in the treatment of each of the curves that in this case may be associated
with experimental problems of adjustment of the equipment, as well as each of the measurements
made in the stabilization process, for these cases you can work each of the peaks as maximums of
each of the measurements. The variations and deviations of the expected ideal behavior can be an
error in the measurement of all the variables, since this value of the efficiency depends on each
measured value (whether it is used for the calculation of BHP or the useful power) and, therefore,
the error is spread further in each of the parts.
Comparing both curves, it is seen that the pump presents a greater efficiency for each flow (within
the studied range) when decreasing the revolutions per minute. This means that, although the
energy supplied to the pump is greater when the speed of the rotation is increased, the energy that
is supplied to the fluid is not; therefore, it is seen that although the work delivered to the pump is
less than 800 rpm, it takes advantage of a better way, thus giving better efficiencies.
• Positive net head of suction (NPSH)

Table 8. Experimental NPSH’s values calculated for two velocities with analogous and
digital instruments.
Q (m3/s) NPSH Q (m3/s) NPSH
0,0011 0,882 0,0010 0,903
800RPM Digital 0,0077 0,671 900RPM Digital 0,0057 0,698
0,0116 0,543 0,0073 0,667
0,0163 0,318 0,0152 0,392
 0,0216 0,079 0,0207 0,503
0,0239 0,464 0,0254 0,647
0,0273 1,056 0,0290 1,251
0,0300 1,560 0,0325 1,901
0,0318 1,952 0,0366 2,638
0,0354 2,445 0,0381 3,172
Q (m3/s) NPSH Q (m3/s) NPSH
0,0007 0,394 0,0006 0,393
0,0060 0,285 0,0043 0,271
0,0093 0,052 0,0056 0,152
0,0134 0,150 0,0129 0,022
Analogous 0,0199 0,426 Analogous 0,0175 0,086
0,0204 0,716 0,0215 0,752
0,0235 1,368 0,0251 1,425
0,0260 1,734 0,0279 1,951
0,0273 2,196 0,0306 2,619
0,0299 2,451 0,0335 3,442

As can be seen in figure 5, it is shown that the highest NPSH were obtained with the maximum
speed, which clearly agrees with the theoretical basis due to its direct relationship with the flow
velocity, in addition to the pressure that the fluid in the loading and unloading section.
The minimum in most points is seen close to 0 of the coordinated axes, but the highest minimum
value is obtained for the speed of 900RPM digitally that is not only associated with the pressures
that are marked in the digital manometers, but also to the flow characteristic that was presented in
each of the cases. It is important to perform an analysis regarding the shape of the curve that in
this case has a smoothness in the experimental development of the velocity of 900RPM while in
the minimum speed there are lower peaks that describe sudden changes in the measurement process
or possible Errors in the measurement of values due to lack of stability within the system.
 NPSH vs Flow (m3/s)
3,5

2,5
NPSH (m)

2
Digital 800RPM
Analogous 800RPM
1,5
Digital 900RPM
1 Analogous 900RPM

0,5

0
0 0,01 0,02 0,03 0,04
Flow (m3/s)

Graphic 5. Experimental NPSHs for two velocities vs Flow. The two speeds worked 800 and 900
RPM are plotted separately according to the instrument used, analog or digital as appropriate

• Specific speed of the pump

Table 9. Experimental Ns’s values calculated for two velocities with analogous and digital
instruments.
Q (m3/s) Ns Q (m3/s) Ns
0,0011 181,52 0,0010 200,65
0,0077 266,05 0,0057 282,61
0,0116 287,67 0,0073 295,81
0,0163 307,64 0,0152 341,13
Digital 0,0216 324,62 Digital 0,0207 362,40
0,0239 331,15 0,0254 377,05
0,0273 339,89 0,0290 386,76
0,0300 346,10 0,0325 395,36
0,0318 349,92 0,0366 404,59
0,0354 357,42 0,0381 407,89
800RPM 900RPM
Q (m3/s) Ns Q (m3/s) Ns
0,0007 322,14 0,0006 360,53
0,0060 371,92 0,0043 407,06
0,0093 387,18 0,0056 416,01
0,0134 401,15 0,0129 449,83
Analogous 0,0199 418,36 Analogous 0,0175 464,30
0,0204 419,61 0,0215 474,84
0,0235 426,38 0,0251 483,09
0,0260 431,23 0,0279 489,18
0,0273 433,63 0,0306 494,52
0,0299 438,39 0,0335 499,79
 Ns vs Flow
520

470

420
Ns (RPM)

370
Digital 800RPM
Analogous 800RPM
320
Digital 900RPM
270 Analogous 900RPM

220

170
0 0,01 0,02 0,03 0,04
Flow (m3/s)

Graphic 6. Experimental Ns for two velocities vs Flow. The two speeds worked 800 and 900 RPM
are plotted separately according to the instrument used, analog or digital as appropriate

Ultimately the specific speed of the pump is presented, this has a growing and direct tendency with
respect to the pumping capacity, the higher the number of RPM the higher the value of the variable,
it is considered that the analogue instruments overestimate the value of speed. Finally, the
maximum efficiency conditions for the digital instruments have values of 324.6 RPM and 362.4
RPM for the pump speeds of 800 and 900 RPM respectively
Table 10. Experimental Fluid properties and Pipe losses’ values calculated for two velocities
Q (m3/s) Re f hL hf hT H(m)
0,0011 14412,4 0,031 0,001 0,002 0,003 8,255
0,0077 103541,5 0,024 0,069 0,066 0,136 7,223
0,0116 154952,5 0,023 0,156 0,144 0,300 7,137
0,0163 219029,4 0,023 0,311 0,284 0,595 7,006
Digital 0,0216 288974,1 0,022 0,541 0,489 1,030 6,983
0,0239 320207,7 0,022 0,664 0,599 1,263 6,367
800RPM
0,0273 366287,1 0,022 0,869 0,781 1,650 5,485
0,0300 402124,7 0,022 1,048 0,939 1,986 4,728
0,0318 425534,8 0,022 1,173 1,050 2,223 4,107
0,0354 474727,0 0,022 1,460 1,303 2,763 3,630
Q (m3/s) Re f hL hf hT H(m)
Analogous 0,0007 9203,8 0,034 0,001 0,001 0,001 8,707
0,0060 80162,2 0,024 0,042 0,041 0,082 7,357
 0,0093 124934,5 0,023 0,101 0,095 0,196 7,335
0,0134 179015,2 0,023 0,208 0,191 0,399 6,993
0,0199 266062,2 0,022 0,459 0,416 0,875 6,311
0,0204 273330,9 0,022 0,484 0,439 0,923 5,541
0,0235 315401,5 0,022 0,644 0,581 1,226 4,550
0,0260 348260,2 0,022 0,786 0,707 1,492 3,863
0,0273 365416,5 0,022 0,865 0,777 1,642 2,991
0,0299 401204,6 0,022 1,043 0,934 1,977 2,509
Q (m3/s) Re f hL hf hT H(m)
0,0010 13162,0 0,031 0,001 0,001 0,003 9,659
0,0057 77009,1 0,024 0,038 0,037 0,076 9,336
0,0073 97463,3 0,024 0,062 0,059 0,120 8,460
0,0152 203310,0 0,023 0,268 0,245 0,513 8,291
Digital 0,0207 277747,8 0,022 0,500 0,453 0,952 7,815
0,0254 340698,7 0,022 0,752 0,677 1,429 7,328
0,0290 388453,5 0,022 0,977 0,877 1,854 6,472
0,0325 435119,0 0,022 1,226 1,097 2,323 5,599
0,0366 490108,9 0,022 1,556 1,388 2,944 4,791
0,0381 511071,2 0,022 1,692 1,508 3,200 3,890
900RPM
Q (m3/s) Re f hL hf hT H(m)
0,0006 8250,1 0,035 0,000 0,001 0,001 10,001
0,0043 57576,0 0,025 0,021 0,022 0,043 9,362
0,0056 74948,5 0,024 0,036 0,036 0,072 8,635
0,0129 173365,6 0,023 0,195 0,180 0,375 8,331
Analogous 0,0175 234776,0 0,023 0,357 0,325 0,682 7,753
0,0215 288217,5 0,022 0,538 0,487 1,025 6,665
0,0251 335712,2 0,022 0,730 0,657 1,387 5,666
0,0279 374178,3 0,022 0,907 0,814 1,721 4,773
0,0306 410462,1 0,022 1,091 0,978 2,069 3,623
0,0335 448749,7 0,022 1,305 1,166 2,471 2,594

Table 10 shows the values resulting from the calculations for the intrinsic properties of the fluid
and the flow at the time of practice. On the part of the characteristics of flow and fluid Reynolds
calculated, in order to determine the regime within the pipeline with which it can be seen that for
all cases Re is greater than 4000 and therefore is classified in regime turbulent, for which the
calculation of the friction factor of the water with the pipeline was made with the Colebrook
correlation, by iterative method to avoid propagation of errors and in the same way avoid an
erroneous calculation in other definitions.
Regarding the major and minor losses obtained in the experimental part, considerations of aspects
of the assembly such as length, height change, pipe diameter, accessories that have been assembled
with their respective KL coefficients had to be made. Finally, these losses are reported in terms of
heads of height, which could give way to the calculation of work delivered by the fluid.

9. CONCLUSIONS

• The higher the rotation speed, the higher the pumping capacity of the pump, and the lower
the value of the latter, the higher the total head reached by the fluid.
• There is a direct relationship between the rotation speed of the pump and the brake power.
The trend presents an increase in the fluid’s work to a point of inflection associated with
the efficiency in the transfer of energy to the fluid.
• The maximum efficiency conditions for the digital instruments have values of 324.6 RPM
and 362.4 RPM for the pump’s specific speed at 800 and 900 RPM respectively.
• The characteristic curves of the pumps have a behavior that, in general, depends on the
speed at which they operate and the flow they handle. The total available load decreases as
the flow increases, due to the increase in friction losses and the flow to be handled. Also,
there is a greater load available when working with a higher rotation speed. In turn, the
BHP value increases both with the speed of rotation and with the flow rate, because it needs
more power to handle a greater flow.
• On the other hand, the efficiency of the pump tends to present an optimum value in which
there is the highest efficiency for a flow and its respective available load. The behavior of
this curve, unlike the others, is to present a higher efficiency for a lower rotation speed,
showing that, although the energy supplied is less, it is better used.

10. SUGGESTIONS

• Longer stabilization times are required in order to obtain more stable measures in the digital
instruments.
• It is necessary to evaluate the pump at different speeds of rotation in order to determine the
optimal condition for its operation and to demonstrate the effects on the properties
evaluated in the present written work.
• Introducing a heat exchange equipment would allow to appreciate the effect of the
temperature on the performance of the equipment and the effect on the graphics evaluated
in advance.
• Special care must be taken in the handling of the valves, since the supply valve to the pump
and the discharge valve to the tank are not coordinated, there is a risk that the supply tank
will overflow. Besides that, it is important to have flow stabilization processes, therefore,
when each of the valves is operated in a severe manner, alterations of the system can occur,
which has dead times for its evidence in the analogous instruments.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
[1] Y. Cengel, J. Cimbala. “Turbomachinery”. Fluid Mechanics. Fundamentals and applications,
P.E. Roig. McGraw-Hill: Mexico, 2006, pp. Chapter 14.
[2] F. White. “Turbomachinery”. Fluid Mechanics. 5th edition. McGraw-Hill: México, 2007, pp.
Chapter 11.
[3] Gooding Garavito, N. (2009). Unit operations: practice manual. 2009: National University of
Colombia.
 ANNEXES.
1. Shows a generalized diagram of the assembly of the centrifugal pump at the hydraulic
laboratory.

Figure A. Centrifugal pump setup. Source: Authors.