CHAPTER 11

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 PROBLEM 11.1
A snowboarder starts from rest at the top of a double black diamond hill. As he rides down the slope, GPS
coordinates are used to determine his displacement as a function of time: x= 0.5t3 + t2 + 2t where x and t are
expressed in ft and seconds, respectively. Determine the position, velocity, and acceleration of the boarder
when t = 5 seconds.

SOLUTION

Position: x  0.5t 3  t 2  2t
dx
Velocity: v  1.5t 2  2t  2
dt
dv
Acceleration: a  3t  2
dt

x  0.5  5  52  2  5
3
At t  5 s, x  97.5 ft 

v  1.5 5  2  5  2
2
v  49.5 ft/s 

a  3  5  2  a  17 ft/s 2 

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 PROBLEM 11.2

The motion of a particle is defined by the relation x  2t 3  9t 2  12t  10, where x and t are expressed in feet
and seconds, respectively. Determine the time, the position, and the acceleration of the particle when v  0.

SOLUTION

x  2t 3  9t 2  12t  10
dx
Differentiating, v  6t 2  18t  12  6(t 2  3t  2)
dt
 6(t  2)(t  1)
dv
a  12t  18
dt
So v  0 at t  1 s and t  2 s.

At t  1 s, x1  2  9  12  10  15 t  1.000 s 

a1  12  18  6 x1  15.00 ft 

a1  6.00 ft/s2 
At t  2 s,

x2  2(2)3  9(2)2  12(2)  10  14 t  2.00 s 

x2  14.00 ft 

a2  (12)(2)  18  6 a2  6.00 ft/s 2 

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 PROBLEM 11.3

The vertical motion of mass A is defined by the relation x  10 sin 2t  15cos 2t  100,
where x and t are expressed in mm and seconds, respectively. Determine (a) the position,
velocity and acceleration of A when t  1 s, (b) the maximum velocity and acceleration of A.

SOLUTION

x  10sin 2t  15cos 2t  100

dx
v  20 cos 2t  30sin 2t
dt
dv
a  40sin 2t  60cos 2t
dt
For trigonometric functions set calculator to radians:
(a) At t  1 s. x1  10sin 2  15cos 2  100  102.9 x1  102.9 mm 

v1  20 cos 2  30sin 2  35.6 v1  35.6 mm/s 

a1  40sin 2  60cos 2  11.40 a1  11.40 mm/s2 

(b) Maximum velocity occurs when a  0.
40sin 2t  60 cos 2t  0
60
tan 2t    1.5
40

2t  tan 1 (1.5)  0.9828 and 0.9828  

Reject the negative value. 2t  2.1588
t  1.0794 s
t  1.0794 s for vmax

so vmax  20cos(2.1588)  30sin(2.1588)

 36.056 vmax  36.1 mm/s 
Note that we could have also used

vmax  202  302  36.056

by combining the sine and cosine terms.
For amax we can take the derivative and set equal to zero or just combine the sine and cosine terms.

amax  402  602  72.1 mm/s 2 amax  72.1 mm/s2 

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 PROBLEM 11.4

A loaded railroad car is rolling at a constant velocity

when it couples with a spring and dashpot bumper
system. After the coupling, the motion of the car is
defined by the relation x  60e4.8t sin16t where x and t
are expressed in mm and seconds, respectively.
Determine the position, the velocity and the
acceleration of the railroad car when (a) t  0,
(b) t  0.3 s.

SOLUTION

x  60e4.8t sin16t
dx
v  60(4.8)e 4.8t sin16t  60(16)e 4.8t cos16t
dt
v  288e 4.8t sin16t  960e 4.8t cos16t
dv
a  1382.4e4.8t sin16t  4608e4.8t cos16t
dt
 4608e4.8t cos16t  15360e4.8t sin16t
a  13977.6e4.8t sin16t  9216e4.8 cos16t
(a) At t  0, x0  0 x0  0 mm 

v0  960 mm/s v0  960 mm/s 

a0  9216 mm/s 2 a0  9220 mm/s2 

(b) At t  0.3 s, e 4.8t  e 1.44  0.23692

sin16t  sin 4.8  0.99616
cos16t  cos 4.8  0.08750
x0.3  (60)(0.23692)(0.99616)  14.16 x0.3  14.16 mm 

v0.3  (288)(0.23692)(0.99616)
 (960)(0.23692)(0.08750)  87.9 v0.3  87.9 mm/s 

a0.3  (13977.6)(0.23692)(0.99616)
 (9216)(0.23692)(0.08750)  3108 a0.3  3110 mm/s 2 

or 3.11 m/s 2 

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 PROBLEM 11.5

The motion of a particle is defined by the relation x  6t 4  2t 3  12t 2  3t  3, where x and t are expressed in
meters and seconds, respectively. Determine the time, the position, and the velocity when a  0.

SOLUTION

We have x  6t 4  2t 3  12t 2  3t  3
dx
Then v  24t 3  6t 2  24t  3
dt
dv
and a  72t 2  12t  24
dt

When a  0: 72t 2  12t  24  12(6t 2  t  2)  0

or (3t  2)(2t  1)  0

2 1
or t s and t   s (Reject) t  0.667 s 
3 2
4 3 2
2 2 2 2 2
At t  s: x2/3  6    2    12    3    3 or x2/3  0.259 m 
3 3 3 3 3
3 2
2 2 2
v2/3  24    6    24    3 or v2/3  8.56 m/s 
3 3 3

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 PROBLEM 11.6

The motion of a particle is defined by the relation x  t 3  9t 2  24t  8, where x and t are expressed in inches
and seconds, respectively. Determine (a) when the velocity is zero, (b) the position and the total distance
traveled when the acceleration is zero.

SOLUTION

We have x  t 3  9t 2  24t  8
dx
Then v  3t 2  18t  24
dt
dv
and a  6 t  18
dt

(a) When v  0: 3 t 2  18t  24  3(t 2  6t  8)  0

(t  2)(t  4)  0
t  2.00 s and t  4.00 s 
(b) When a  0: 6t  18  0 or t  3 s

At t  3 s: x3  (3)3  9(3)2  24(3)  8 or x3  10.00 in. 

First observe that 0  t  2 s: v0

2 s  t  3 s: v0
Now
At t  0: x0  8 in.

At t  2 s: x2  (2)3  9(2)2  24(2)  8  12 in.

Then x2  x0  12  (8)  20 in.

| x3  x2 |  |10  12|  2 in.
Total distance traveled  (20  2) in. Total distance  22.0 in. 

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 PROBLEM 11.7

A girl operates a radio-controlled model car in a vacant

parking lot. The girl’s position is at the origin of the xy
coordinate axes, and the surface of the parking lot lies in the
x-y plane. She drives the car in a straight line so that the x
coordinate is defined by the relation x(t) = 0.5t3 - 3t2 + 3t +
2, where x and t are expressed in meters and seconds,
respectively. Determine (a) when the velocity is zero, (b)
the position and total distance travelled when the
acceleration is zero.

SOLUTION

Position: x  t   0.5t 3  3t 2  3t  2
dx
Velocity: v t  
dt

v  t   1.5t 2  6t  3

(a) Time when v=0 0  1.5t 2  6t  3

6  62  4 1.5  3
t t  0.586 s and t  3.414 s 
2  1.5
dv
Acceleration: a t  
dt
a  t   3t  6

Time when a=0 0  3t  6

t2s

x  2   0.5  2   3  2   3  2  2
3 2
(b) Position at t=2 s
x  2  0 m 
To find total distance note that car changes direction at t=0.586 s

x  0   0.5  0   3  0   3  0  2
3 2
Position at t=0 s

x  0  2
x  0.586   0.5  0.586   3  0.586   3  0.586  2
3 2
Position at t=0.586 s
x  0.586  2.828 m
Distances traveled:
From t=0 to t=0.586 s: x  0.586   x  0   0.828 m
From t=0.586 to t=2 s: x  2   x  0.586   2.828 m
Total distance traveled  0.828 m  2.828 m Total distance  3.656 m 

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 PROBLEM 11.8

The motion of a particle is defined by the relation x  t   t  2 , where x and t are expressed in feet and
2 3

seconds, respectively. Determine (a) the two positions at which the velocity is zero, (b) the total distance
traveled by the particle from t  0 to t  4 s..

SOLUTION

x  t   t 2   t  2
3
Position:

dx
Velocity: v t  
dt

v  t   2t  3  t  2 
2


v  t   2t  3 t 2  4t  4 
 3t 2  14t  12

Time when v(t)=0 0  3t 2  14t  12

14  142  4  3 12 
t
2  3
t  1.131 s and t  3.535 s
x 1.131  1.131  1.1.31  2 
2 3
(a) Position at t=1.131 s

x 1.131  1.935 ft. 

x  3.535    3.535    3.535  2 
2 3
Position at t=3.535 s
x  3.531  8.879 ft. 
To find total distance traveled note that the particle changes direction at t=1.131 s and again at t=3.535 s.

x 0  0  0  2
2 3
Position at t=0 s
x  0  8 ft
x  4   4   4  2
2 3
Position at t=4 s
x  4  8 ft
(b) Distances traveled:
From t=0 to t=1.131 s: x 1.131  x  0   6.065 ft.
From t=1.131 to t=3.531 s: x  3.535   x 1.131  6.944 ft.
From t=3.531 to t=4 s: x  4   x  3.535   0.879 ft.

Total distance traveled  6.065 ft  6.944 ft  0.879 ft Total distance  13.888 ft. 

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 PROBLEM 11.9

The brakes of a car are applied, causing it to slow down at a rate

of 10 ft/s2. Knowing that the car stops in 100 ft, determine
(a) how fast the car was traveling immediately before the brakes
were applied, (b) the time required for the car to stop.

SOLUTION

a  10 ft/s 2
(a) Velocity at x  0.
dv
v  a  10
dx
0 xf
 v0
vdv    0
(10)dx

v02
0  10 x f  (10)(300)
2
v02  6000 v0  77.5 ft/s 
(b) Time to stop.
dv
 a  10
dx
0 tf
 v0
dv    0
10dt

0  v0  10t f
v0 77.5
tf   t f  7.75 s 
10 10

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 PROBLEM 11.10

The acceleration of a particle is defined by the relation a  3e  0.2 t , where a and t are expressed in ft/s 2 and
seconds, respectively. Knowing that x 0 and v 0 at t 0, determine the velocity and position of the
particle when t 0.5 s.

SOLUTION

Acceleration: a  3e0.2t ft/s2

Given : v0  0 ft/s, x0  0 ft

dv
Velocity: a  dv  adt
dt
v t

 dv   adt
v0 0
t
t
v  vo  
0
3e 0.2t dt  v  0=  15 e0.2t
0


v  15 1  e0.2t ft/s 
dx
Position: v  dx  vdt
dt
x t


x0

dx  vdt
0
t

    
t
x  xo  15 1  e 0.2t dt  x  0=15 t  5 e 0.2t
0
0


x  15 t  5 e 0.2t  75 ft 
Velocity at t=0.5 s v  15 1  e 0.20.5
 ft/s
v  0.5  1.427 ft/s 
Position at t=0.5 s 
x  15 0.5  5 e 0.20.5  75 ft 
x  0.5  0.363 ft. 

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 PROBLEM 11.11

The acceleration of a particle is directly proportional to the square of the time t. When t  0, the particle is
at x  24 m. Knowing that at t  6 s, x  96 m and v  18 m/s, express x and v in terms of t.

SOLUTION

We have a  kt 2 k  constant
dv
Now  a  kt 2
dt
v t
At t  6 s, v  18 m/s:  18
dv   6
kt 2 dt

1
or v  18  k (t 3  216)
3
1
or v  18  k (t 3  216)(m/s)
3
dx 1
Also  v  18  k (t 3  216)
dt 3
x t 1 
At t  0, x  24 m:  24
dx   0

18  k (t 3  216)  dt
3 
1 1 
or x  24  18t  k  t 4  216t 
3 4 
Now
1 1 
At t  6 s, x  96 m: 96  24  18(6)  k  (6) 4  216(6) 
3 4 
1
or k m/s 4
9
1  1  1 
Then x  24  18t    t 4  216t 
3  9  4 
1 4
or x(t )  t  10t  24 
108
11
and v  18    (t 3  216)
3 9 

1 3
or v(t )  t  10 
27

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 PROBLEM 11.12

The acceleration of a particle is defined by the relation a  kt 2 . (a) Knowing that v  8 m/s when t  0
and that v  8 m/s when t  2 s, determine the constant k. (b) Write the equations of motion, knowing also
that x  0 when t  2 s.

SOLUTION

a  kt 2 (1)
dv
 a  kt 2
dt
t  0, v  8 m/s and t  2 s, v  8 ft/s
8 2
(a)  8
dv   0
kt 2 dt

1
8  (8)  k (2)3 k  6.00 m/s 4 
3

(b) Substituting k  6 m/s4 into (1)

dv
 a  6t 2 a  6t 2 
dt
v t
t  0, v  8 m/s:  8
dv   0
6t 2 dt

1
v  (8)  6(t )3 v  2t 3  8 
3
dx
 v  2t 3  8
dt
t
x t 1 4
t  2 s, x  0:  0
dx   2
(2t 3  8) dt; x 
2
t  8t
2

1  1 
x   t 4  8t    (2)4  8(2) 
2  2 
1 1 4
x  t 4  8t  8  16 x t  8t  8 
2 2

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 PROBLEM 11.13

A Scotch yoke is a mechanism that transforms the circular motion of a

crank into the reciprocating motion of a shaft (or vice versa). It has been
used in a number of different internal combustion engines and in control
valves. In the Scotch yoke shown, the acceleration of Point A is defined by
the relation a 1.8sin kt, where a and t are expressed in m/s2 and seconds,
respectively, and k 3 rad/s. Knowing that x 0 and v 0.6 m/s when t 0,
determine the velocity and position of Point A when t 0.5 s.

SOLUTION

Acceleration: a  1.8sin kt m/s2

Given : v0  0.6 m/s, x0  0, k  3 rad/s

v t
dv
Velocity: a
dt
 dv  adt   dv   adt
v0 0

t t 1.8 t
v  v0   0 a dt  1.8  0 sin kt dt  k cos kt 0

1.8
v  0.6  (cos kt  1)  0.6 cos kt  0.6
3
v  0.6cos kt m/s
x t
dx
Position: v
dt
 dx  vdt  
x0

dx  vdt
0

t t 0.6 t
x  x0   0 v dt  0.6  0 cos kt dt  sin kt
k 0

0.6
x0 (sin kt  0)  0.2sin kt
3
x  0.2sin kt m
When t =0.5 s, kt  (3)(0.5)  1.5 rad

v  0.6cos1.5  0.0424 m/s v  42.4 mm/s 

x  0.2sin1.5  0.1995 m x  199.5 mm 

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 PROBLEM 11.14

For the scotch yoke mechanism shown, the acceleration of Point A is defined by the
relation a  1.08sin kt  1.44 cos kt , where a and t are expressed in m/s2 and
seconds, respectively, and k = 3 rad/s. Knowing that x = 0.16 m and v = 0.36 m/s
when t = 0, determine the velocity and position of Point A when t = 0.5 s.

SOLUTION

Acceleration: a  1.08sin kt  1.44cos kt m/s2

Given : v0  0.36 m/s, x0  0.16, k  3 rad/s

v t
dv
Velocity: a
dt
 dv  adt   dv   adt
v0 0

t t
Integrate: v  v0  1.08  0 sin kt dt  1.44  0 cos kt dt
1.08 t 1.44 t
v  0.36  cos kt  sin kt
k 0 k 0

1.08 1.44
 (cos 3t  1)  (sin 3t  0)
3 3
 0.36 cos 3t  0.36  0.48sin 3t

v  0.36 cos 3t  0.48sin 3t m/s

Evaluate at t  0.5 s  0.36 cos1.5  0.36  0.48sin1.5 v  453 mm/s 

x t
dx
Position: v
dt
 dx  vdt  
x0

dx  vdt
0

t t t
x  x0   0 v dt  0.36  0 cos kt dt  0.48  0 sin kt dt

0.36 t 0.48 t
x  0.16  sin kt  cos kt
k 0 k 0

Evaluate at t  0.5 s
0.36 0.48
 (sin 3t  0)  (cos 3t  1)
3 3
 0.12sin 3t  0.16 cos 3t  0.16
x  0.12sin 3t  0.16 cos 3t m
x  0.12sin1.5  0.16 cos1.5  0.1310 m x  131.0 mm 

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 PROBLEM 11.15

A piece of electronic equipment that is surrounded by

packing material is dropped so that it hits the ground with a
speed of 4 m/s. After contact the equipment experiences an
acceleration of a   kx, where k is a constant and x is the
compression of the packing material. If the packing material
experiences a maximum compression of 20 mm, determine
the maximum acceleration of the equipment.

SOLUTION

vdv
a  k x
dx
Separate and integrate.
vf xf
 v0
vdv    0
k x dx
xf
1 2 1 2 1 1
v f  v0   kx 2   k x 2f
2 2 2 2
0

Use v0  4 m/s, x f  0.02 m, and v f  0. Solve for k.

1 1
0  (4)2   k (0.02)2 k  40, 000 s 2
2 2
Maximum acceleration.

amax  kxmax : (40,000)(0.02)  800 m/s 2

a  800 m/s 2 

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 PROBLEM 11.16

A projectile enters a resisting medium at x  0 with an initial velocity

v0  900 ft/s and travels 4 in. before coming to rest. Assuming that the
velocity of the projectile is defined by the relation v  v0  kx, where v is
expressed in ft/s and x is in feet, determine (a) the initial acceleration of the
projectile, (b) the time required for the projectile to penetrate 3.9 in. into the
resisting medium.

SOLUTION

First note
4  4 
When x  ft, v  0: 0  (900 ft/s)  k  ft 
12  12 
1
or k  2700
s
(a) We have v  v0  kx

dv d
Then a  (v0  kx)   kv
dt dt
or a   k (v0  kx)

1
At t  0: a  2700 (900 ft/s  0)
s

or a0  2.43  106 ft/s 2 

dx
(b) We have  v  v0  kx
dt
x dx t
At t  0, x  0: 0 v0  kx
  dt
0

1
or  [ln(v0  kx)]0x  t
k

1  v0  1  1 
or t ln    ln  
k  v0  kx  k  1  vk x 
 0 

1  1 
When x  3.9 in.: t ln  
2700 1s 1  900 ft/s  12 ft  
2700 1/s 3.9

or t  1.366  103 s 

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 PROBLEM 11.17

The acceleration of a particle is defined by the relation a  k/x. It has been experimentally determined that
v  15 ft/s when x  0.6 ft and that v  9 ft/s when x  1.2 ft. Determine (a) the velocity of the particle
when x  1.5 ft, (b) the position of the particle at which its velocity is zero.

SOLUTION

vdv  k
a 
dx x
Separate and integrate using x  0.6 ft, v  15 ft/s.
v x dx
 15
vdv   k 
0.6 x
v x
1 2
v   k ln x
2 15 0.6
1 2 1  x 
v  (15) 2   k ln   (1)
2 2  0.6 
When v  9 ft/s, x  1.2 ft

1 2 1  1.2 
(9)  (15) 2  k ln  
2 2  0.6 
Solve for k.

k  103.874 ft 2 /s 2
(a) Velocity when x  65 ft.

Substitute k  103.874 ft 2 /s 2 and x  1.5 ft into (1).

1 2 1  1.5 
v  (15) 2  103.874 ln  
2 2  0.6 
v  5.89 ft/s 
(b) Position when for v  0,

1  x 
0  (15) 2  103.874 ln  
2  0.6 
 x 
ln    1.083
 0.6 
   x  1.772 ft 

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 PROBLEM 11.18

A brass (nonmagnetic) block A and a steel magnet B are in equilibrium in a brass

tube under the magnetic repelling force of another steel magnet C located at a
distance x  0.004 m from B. The force is inversely proportional to the square of
the distance between B and C. If block A is suddenly removed, the acceleration
of block B is a  9.81  k /x 2 , where a and x are expressed in m/s2 and m,
respectively, and k  4  104 m3 /s 2 . Determine the maximum velocity and
acceleration of B.

SOLUTION

k
The maximum velocity occurs when a  0. 0  9.81 
xm2

k 4  104
xm2    40.775  106 m 2 xm  0.0063855 m
9.81 9.81
The acceleration is given as a function of x.
dv k
v  a  9.81  2
dx x
Separate variables and integrate:
k dx
vdv  9.81dx 
x2
v x x dx
 0
vdv  9.81  x0
dx  k  x0 x2
1 2 1 1 
v  9.81( x  x0 )  k   
2  x x0 

1 2  1 1 
vm  9.81( xm  x0 )  k   
2  xm x0 
 1 1 
 9.81(0.0063855  0.004)  (4  104 )   
 0.0063855 0.004 
 0.023402  0.037358  0.013956 m 2 /s 2

Maximum velocity: vm  0.1671 m/s vm  167.1 mm/s 

The maximum acceleration occurs when x is smallest, that is, x  0.004 m.

4  104
am  9.81  am  15.19 m/s 2 
(0.004)2

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 PROBLEM 11.19

Based on experimental observations, the acceleration of a particle is defined by the relation a  (0.1  sin x/b),
where a and x are expressed in m/s2 and meters, respectively. Knowing that b  0.8 m and that v  1 m/s
when x  0, determine (a) the velocity of the particle when x  1 m, (b) the position where the velocity is
maximum, (c) the maximum velocity.

SOLUTION

dv  x 
We have v  a    0.1  sin 
dx  0.8 
v x  x 
When x  0, v  1 m/s:  1
vdv     0.1  sin
0 
 dx
0.8 
x
1 2  x 
or (v  1)   0.1x  0.8 cos
2  0.8  0

1 2 x
or v  0.1x  0.8 cos  0.3
2 0.8
1 2 1
(a) When x  1 m: v  0.1(1)  0.8 cos  0.3
2 0.8
or v   0.323 m/s 

 x 
(b) When v  vmax, a  0:   0.1  sin 0
 0.8 
or x  0.080 134 m x  0.0801 m 

(c) When x  0.080 134 m:

1 2 0.080 134
vmax  0.1(0.080 134)  0.8 cos  0.3
2 0.8
 0.504 m 2 /s 2
or vmax  1.004 m/s 

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 PROBLEM 11.20

A spring AB is attached to a support at A and to a collar. The

unstretched length of the spring is l. Knowing that the collar is
released from rest at x  x0 and has an acceleration defined by
the relation a  100( x  lx / l 2  x 2 ) , determine the velocity of
the collar as it passes through Point C.

SOLUTION

dv  lx 
Since a is function of x, av  100  x  
dx  l 2  x2 
 
Separate variables and integrate:
vf 0  lx 
 v0
vdv  100  x
x0 
 l  x2
2
 dx


0
1 2 1 2  x2 
v f  v0  100   l l 2  x2 
2 2  2  x0

1 2  x2 
v f  0  100   0  l 2  l l 2  x02 
2  2
 
1 2 100 2
vf  (l  x02  l 2  2l l 2  x02 )
2 2
100
 ( l 2  x02  l ) 2
2

v f  10( l 2  x02  l ) 

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 PROBLEM 11.21

 
The acceleration of a particle is defined by the relation a  k 1  e  x , where k is a constant. Knowing that
the velocity of the particle is v   9 m/s when x   3 m and that the particle comes to rest at the origin,
determine (a) the value of k, (b) the velocity of the particle when x   2 m.

SOLUTION

Acceleration: 
a  k 1  e x 
Given : at x   3 m, v  9 m/s

at x  0 m, v  0 m/s
adx  vdv

k 1 e x
 dx  vdv
Integrate using x=-3 m and v=9 m/s as the lower limits of the integrals
x v

 k 1  e  dx   vdv
x

3 9
x v


k x  e x  
1 2
v
2 9
3

Velocity:  
k x  e  x  3  e3   12 v 2 1
 (9) 2
2
(1)

(a) Now substitute v=0 m/s and x=0 m into (1) and solve for k


k 0  e 0  3  e3   12 0 2 1
 (9)2
2

k  2.52 m 2 /s 2 
(b) Find velocity when x= -2 m using the equation (1) and the value of k


2.518 2  e 2  3  e3    12 v 2 1
 (9) 2
2
v  4.70 m/s

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 PROBLEM 11.22
2
Starting from x  0 with no initial velocity, a particle is given an acceleration a  0.1 v  16, where a
2
and v are expressed in ft/s and ft/s, respectively. Determine (a) the position of the particle when v 
3ft/s, (b) the speed and acceleration of the particle when x  4 ft.

SOLUTION

vdv
a  0.1(v 2  16)1/2 (1)
dx
Separate and integrate.
v vdv x
 0
v 2  16
  0
0.1 dx

v
(v 2  16)1/2  0.1 x
0
2 1/2
(v  16)  4  0.1 x
x  10[(v 2  16)1/2  4] (2)
(a) v  3 ft/s.

x  10[(32  16)1/2  4] x  10.00 ft 

(b) x  4 ft.

From (2), (v 2  16)1/2  4  0.1x  4  (0.1)(4)  4.4

v 2  16  19.36
v 2  3.36ft 2 /s2 v  1.833 ft/s 

From (1), a  0.1(1.8332  16)1/2 a  0.440 ft/s 2 

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 PROBLEM 11.23

A ball is dropped from a boat so that it strikes the surface of a

lake with a speed of 16.5 ft/s. While in the water the ball
experiences an acceleration of a  10  0.8v, where a and v
are expressed in ft/s2 and ft/s, respectively. Knowing the
ball takes 3 s to reach the bottom of the lake, determine (a) the
depth of the lake, (b) the speed of the ball when it hits the
bottom of the lake.

SOLUTION

dv
a  10  0.8v
dt
Separate and integrate:
v dv t
 v0 10  0.8v
  0
dt

v
1
 ln(10  0.8v)  t
0.8 v0

 10  0.8v 
ln    0.8t
 10  0.8v0 

10  0.8v  (10  0.8v0 )e0.8t

or 0.8v  10  (10  0.8v0 )e0.8t

v  12.5  (12.5  v0 )e0.8t

With v0  16.5ft/s v  12.5  4e0.8t

Integrate to determine x as a function of t.
dx
v  12.5  4e0.8t
dt
x t
 0
dx   0
(12.5  4e 0.8t )dt

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 PROBLEM 11.23 (Continued)
t
x  12.5t  5e0.8t  12.5t  5e0.8t  5
0

(a) At t  35 s,

x  12.5(3)  5e2.4  5  42.046 ft x  42.0 ft 

(b) v  12.5  4e2.4  12.863 ft/s v  12.86 ft/s 

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 PROBLEM 11.24

The acceleration of a particle is defined by the relation a  k v , where k is a constant. Knowing that x  0
and v  81 m/s at t  0 and that v  36 m/s when x  18 m, determine (a) the velocity of the particle when
x  20 m, (b) the time required for the particle to come to rest.

SOLUTION

dv
(a) We have v  a  k v
dx

so that v dv  k dx
v x
When x  0, v  81 m/s:  81
v dv   0
k dx

2 3/2 v
or [v ]81  kx
3
2 3/2
or [v  729]  kx
3
2
When x  18 m, v  36 m/s: (363/2  729)  k (18)
3

or k  19 m/s 2
Finally
2 3/2
When x  20 m: (v  729)  19(20)
3

or v3/2  159 v  29.3 m/s 

dv
(b) We have  a  19 v
dt
v dv t
At t  0, v  81 m/s:  81 v
  0
19dt

or v
2[ v ]81  19t

or 2( v  9)  19t
When v  0: 2(9)  19t
or t  0.947 s 

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 PROBLEM 11.25

The acceleration of a particle is defined by the relation a  kv2.5, where k is a constant. The particle starts at
x  0 with a velocity of 16 mm/s, and when x  6 mm the velocity is observed to be 4 mm/s. Determine
(a) the velocity of the particle when x  5 mm, (b) the time at which the velocity of the particle is 9 mm/s.

SOLUTION

Acceleration: a  kv 2.5

Given : at t=0, x  0 mm, v  16 mm/s
at x  6 mm, v  4 mm/s

adx  vdv
2.5
kv dx  vdv

Separate variables  kdx  v  3 2 dv

Integrate using x=-0 m and v=16 mm/s as the lower limits of the integrals
x v


0

-kdx  v 3 2 dv
16
x
v
 kx  2v 1 2
16
0

1
Velocity and position: kx  2v 1 2  (1)
2
Now substitute v=4 mm/s and x=6 mm into (1) and solve for k
1
k  6   41 2 
2
k  0.0833 mm 3 2 s1 2

(a) Find velocity when x= 5 mm using the equation (1) and the value of k
1
k  5   2v 1 2 
2
v  4.76 mm/s
dv
(b) a or adt  dv
dt
dv
a or adt  dv
dt
Separate variables  kdt  v 2.5 dv

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 PROBLEM 11.25 (Continued)

Integrate using t=0 and v=16 mm/s as the lower limits of the integrals
t v

 -kdt   v
5 2
dv
0 16
t v
2
kt   v 3 2
0 3 16

2 3 2 1
Velocity and time: kt  v  (2)
3 96
Find time when v= 9 mm/s using the equation (2) and the value of k
2 3 2 1
kt   9 
3 96
t  0.171 s

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 Problem 11.26

A human powered vehicle (HPV) team wants to model the

acceleration during the 260 m sprint race (the first 60 m is called a
flying start) using a = A – Cv2, where a is acceleration in m/s2 and v
is the velocity in m/s. From wind tunnel testing, they found that
C = 0.0012 m-1. Knowing that the cyclist is going 100 km/h at the
260 meter mark, what is the value of A?

SOLUTION

Acceleration: a  A  Cv2 m/s2

Given : C  0.0012 m 1 , v f  100 km/hr when x f  260 m

Note: 100 km/hr = 27.78 m/s

adx  vdv
 A  Cv  dx  vdv
2

vdv
Separate variables dx 
A  Cv 2
Integrate starting from rest and traveling a distance xf with a final velocity vf.
xf vf
vdv
 dx   A  Cv
0 0
2

vf
x
x 0f  
1
2C
ln A  Cv 2  0

xf  
1
2C

ln A  v 2f   21C ln  A
1  A 
xf  ln  
2C  A  Cv 2f 

2 Cx f
Cv 2f e
Next solve for A A 2 Cx f
1 e

Now substitute values of C, xf and vf and solve for A A  1.995 m/s 2 

Full file at https://testbanku.eu/Solution-Manual-for-Vector-Mechanics-for-Engineers-Dynamics-11th-Edition-by-Beer