M 170M SPECIFICATIONS FOR MATERIALS

Standard Specification for

Reinforced Concrete Culvert, Storm Drain, and Sewer Pipe [Metric]

AASHTO DESIGNATION: M 170M-941

(ASTM DESIGNATION: C 76M-90a)

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M 170M
1. SCOPE1
1.1 This specification covers reinforced
concrete pipe intended to be used for the
conveyance of sewage, industrial wastes,
and storm water, and for the construction
of culverts.
1.2 This specification is the metric
counterpart of AASHTO M 170.
NOTE 1-This specification is a manufacturing
and purchase specification only, and does not
include requirements for bedding, backfill, or
the relationship between field load condition
and the strength classification of pipe.
However, experience has shown that the
successful performance of this product
depends upon the proper selection of the class
of pipe, type of bedding and backfill,
controlled manufacture in the plant, and care
that installation conforms to the construction
specifications. The purchaser of the reinforced
concrete pipe specified herein is cautioned that
the field requirements must be correlated with
the class of pipe specified and provide
inspection at the construction site.
NOTE 2-Attention is called to the
specification for reinforced concrete D-load
culvert, storm drain, and sewer pipe
(AASHTO M 242M).
2. REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
2.1 AASHTO Standards:
M6 Fine Aggregate for Portland
Cement Concrete
M 31M Deformed and Plain Billet-
Steel Bars for Concrete
Reinforcement [Metric]
M 32 Cold Drawn Steel Wire for
Concrete Reinforcement
M 55 Welded Steel Wire Fabric for
Concrete Reinforcement
M 80 Coarse Aggregate for
Portland Cement Concrete
M 85 Portland Cement
M 86M Concrete Sewer, Storm Dra-
in, and Culvert Pipe (Metric)
M 148 Liquid Membrance Forming
Compounds for Curing
Concrete
M 221 Welded Deformed Steel Wire
Fabric for Concrete
Reinforcement
M 225 Deformed Steel Wire for
Concrete Reinforcement
M 240 Blended Hydraulic Cements
M 242M Reinforced Concrete D-
Load Culvert, Storm Drain,
and Sewer Pipe (Metric)
1 be determined by the results of such
Agrees with ASTM C 76M-90a, except for limiting
absorption testing to the 5-hr. boil method and the
method for retest of absorption specimen in case of
failure.
SPECIFICATIONS FOR MATERIALS
M 262 Terms Relating to Concrete
Pipe and Related Products
M 295 Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined
Natural Pozzolan for Use as a
Mineral Admixture in
Portland Cement Concrete
T 22 Compressive Strength of Cy-
lindrical Concrete Specimens
T 280 Testing Concrete Pipe,
Sections, or Tile
3. TERMINOLOGY
3.1 Definitions-For definitions of terms
relating to concrete pipe, see AASHTO
M 262.
4. CLASSIFICATION
4.1 Pipe manufactured in accordance
with this specification shall be of five
classes identified as Class I, Class II,
Class III, Class IV, and Class V. The
corresponding strength requirements are
prescribed in Tables I to 5.
5. BASIS OF ACCEPTANCE
5.1 Unless otherwise designated by the
purchaser at the time of, or before placing
an order, two separate and alternative
bases of acceptance are permitted as
follows:
5.1.1 Acceptance on the Basis of Plant
Load-Bearing Tests, Material Tests, and
Inspection of Manufactured Pipe for
Visual Defects and Imperfections-
Acceptability of the pipe in all diameters
and classes produced in accordance with
Sections 7.1 or 7.2 shall be determined
by the results of the threeedge bearing
tests for either the load to produce a 0.3-
mm crack, or at the option of the
purchaser, the load to produce a 0.3-mm
crack and the ultimate stength of the
pipe; by such material tests as are
required in Sections 6.1, 6.2, and 6.4; by
absorption tests on selected samples of
concrete from the wall of the pipe; and by
visual inspection of the finished pipe to
determine its conformance with the
accepted design and its freedom from
defects.
5.1.2 Acceptance on the Basis of
Material Tests and Inspection of
Manufactured Pipe for Defects and
Imperfections-Acceptability of the pipe in
all diameters and classes produced in
accordance with Section 7.1 or 7.2 shall
material tests as are required in Sections
6.1, 6.2, and 6.4; by crushing tests on
concrete cores or cured concrete
cylinders; by absorption tests on selected
samples from the wall of the pipe; and by
inspection of the finished pipe including
amount and placement of reinforcement
to determine its conformance with the
accepted design and its freedom from
defects.
5.1.3 When agreed upon between the
purchaser and manufacturer, any portion
or any combination of the tests itemized
in Section 5.1.1 or 5.1.2 may form the
basis of acceptance.
5.2 Age for Acceptance-Pipe shall be
considered ready for acceptance when it
conforms to the requirements as indicated
by the specified tests.
6. MATERIALS
6.1 Reinforced Concrete-The reinforced
cement shall consist of cementitious
materials, mineral aggregates, and water,
in which steel has been embedded in such
a manner that the steel and concrete act
together.
6.2 Cementitious Materials:
6.2.1 Cement-Cement shall conform to
the requirements for portland cement of
AASHTO M 85, or shall be portland
blast-furnace slag cement or portland-
pozzolan cement conforming to the
requirements of AASHTO M 240, except
that the pozzolan constituent in the Type
IP portland pozzolan cement shall be fly
ash and shall not exceed 25 percent by
weight.
6.2.2 Fly Ash-Fly ash shall conform to
the requirements of Class F or Class C of
AASHTO M 295.
6.2.3 Allowable Combinations of
Cementitious Materials-The combination
of cementitious materials used in the
concrete shall be one of the following:
6.2.3.1 Portland cement only,
6.2.3.2 Portland blast furnace slag
cement only,
6.2.2 Fly Ash-Fly ash shall conform to
the requirements of Class F or Class C of
AASHTO M 295.
6.2.3.3 Portland pozzolan cement only,
or
6.2.3.4 A combination of portland
cement and fly ash wherein the
proportion of fly ash is between 5 and 25
percent by weight of total cementitious
material (portland cement plus fly ash).
6.3 Aggregates-Aggregates shall conform
to AASHTO M 6 and M 80, except that
the requirement for gradation shall not
apply.
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M 170M SPECIFICATIONS FOR MATERIALS

TABLE 1 Design Requirements for Class I Reinforced Concrete Pipe'

NOTE-See Section 5 for basis of acceptance specified by the purchaser.
The strength test requirements in newtons per linear meter of pipe under the three-edge-bearing method shall be either the D-load (test load expressed in newtons per linear meter per millimeter of
diameter) to produce the 0.03-mm crack, or the D-loads to produce the 0.03-mm crack and the ultimate load as specified below, multiplied by the internal diameter of the pipe in millimeter.
D-load to produce a 0.03-mm crack 40.0
D-load to produce the ultimate load' 60.0
Reinforcement, cm.2/linear ft of Pipe Wall
Internal Wall A Wall B
Designated Concrete Strength, 27.6 MPa Concrete Strength, 27.6 MPa
Diameter, mm Circular Reinforcement C
Circular ReinforcementC
Wall Thickness, in. Elliptical ReinforcementD Wall Thickness, in. Elliptical ReinforcementD
Inner Cage Outer Cage Inner Cage Outer Cage
1500 125 5.3 3.2 5.9 150 4.4 2.6 4.9
1650 138 6.4 3.8 7.0 163 5.3 3.2 5.9
1800 150 7.4 4.4 8.3 175 6.1 3.7 6.8
1950 163 8.5 5.1 9.3 188 6.8 4.1 7.6
2100 175 9.5 5.7 10.6 200 7.8 4.7 8.7
2250 188 10.4 6.2 11.4 213 8.7 5.2 9.7
2400 200 11.4 6.8 12.7 225 9.7 5.8 10.8
Concrete Strength, 5000 psi
2250 213 13.3 8.0 Inner Circular 5.3 238 11.4 6.8 Inner Circular 4.6
Plus Elliptical 8.0 Plus Elliptical 6.8
2700 225 14.4 8.6 Inner Circular 5.8 250 12.9 7.7 Inner Circular 5..2
Plus Elliptical 8.6 Plus Elliptical 7.7
A A
2850 - - - - - - - -
A A
3000 - - - - - - - -
A A
3150 - - - - - - - -
A A
3300 - - - - - - - -
A A
3450 - - - - - - - -
A A
3600 - - - - - - - -
A
For modified or special designs, see Section 7.2 or with the permission of the purchaser utilize the provisions of AASHTO M 242. Steel areas may be interpolated between those shown for variations
in diameter, loading, or wall thickness. Pipe over 96 in. in diameter shall have two circular cages or an inner circular plus one elliptical cage.
B
Three-edge-bearing test to ultimate load is not required for any class of pipe 60-in. or less in diameter provided all other requirements of this specification are met.
C
As an alternative to designs requiring both inner and outer circular cages the reinforcement may be positioned and proportioned in either of the following manners:
An inner circular cage plus an elliptical cage such that the area of the elliptical cage shall not be less than that specified for the outer cage in the table and the total area of the inner circular cage plus
the elliptical cage shall not be less than that specified for the inner cage in the table. An inner and outer cage plus quadrant mats in accordance with Figure 1, or
An inner and outer cage plus an elliptical cage in accordance with Figure 2.
D
Elliptical and quadrant steel must be held in place by means of holding rods, chairs, or other positive means throughout the entire casting operation.

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M 170M SPECIFICATIONS FOR MATERIALS

6.4 Admixtures and Blends-Admixtures

and blends may be used with the
approval of the purchaser.
6.5 Steel Reinforcement-Reinforcement
shall consist of wire conforming to
AASHTO M 32 or M 225, or of wire
fabric conforming to AASHTO M 55 or
M 221, or of bars of minimum Grade 300
steel conforming to AASHTO M 31M.

7. DESIGN

7.1 Design Tables-The diameter, wall

thickness, compressive strength of the
concrete, and the area of the
circumferential reinforcement shall be as
prescribed for Class I to V in Tables 1 to
5, except as provided in Section 7.2.
7.1.1 Footnotes to the tables herein are
intended to be amplifications of tabulated
requirements and are to be considered
applicable and binding as if they were
contained in the body of the
specification.
7.2 Modified and Special Designs:
7.2.1 If permitted by the purchaser the
manufacturer may request approval by
the purchaser of modified designs that
differ from the designs in Section 7.1; or
special designs for sizes and loads

159
M 170M
beyond those shown in Tables 1 to 5,
Section 7.1, or special designs for pipe
sizes that do not have steel reinforcement
areas shown in Tables 1 to 5 of Section
7.1.
7.2.2 Such modified or special designs
shall be based on rational or empirical
evaluations of the ultimate strength and
cracking behavior of the pipe and shall
fully describe to the purchaser any
deviations from the requirements of
Section 7.1. The descriptions of modified
or special designs shall include the wall
thickness, the concrete strength, and the
area, type, placement, number of layers,
and strength of the steel reinforcement.
7.2.3 The manufacturer shall submit to
the purchaser proof of the adequacy of
the proposed modified or special design.
Such proof may comprise the submission
of certified three-edge-bearing tests
already made, which are acceptable to the
purchaser or, if such three-edge-bearing
tests are not available or acceptable, the
manufacturer may be required to perform
proof tests on sizes and classes selected
by the purchaser to demonstrate to the
adequacy of the proposed design.
7.2.4 Such pipe must meet all of the
test and performance requirements
specified by the purchaser in accordance
with Section 5.
7.3 Area-In this specification, when the
word area is not described by adjectives,
such as cross-section or single wire, it
shall be understood to be the cross-
sectional area of reinforcement per unit
lengths of pipe.
8. REINFORCEMENT
8.1 Circumferential Reinforcement-A
line of circumferential reinforcement for
any given total area may be composed of
two layers for pipe with wall thicknesses
of less than 180 mm or three layers for
pipe with wall thicknesses of 180 mm or
greater. The layers shall not be separated
by more than the thickness of one
longitudinal plus 6 mm. The multiple
layers shall be fastened together to form a
single rigid cage. All other specification
requirements such as laps, welds, and
tolerances of placement in the wall of the
pipe, etc. shall apply to this method of
fabricating a line of reinforcement.
8.1.1 Where one line of circular
reinforcement is used, it shall be placed
from 35 to 50 percent of the wall
thickness from the inner surface of the
pipe, except that for wall thicknesses less
than 63 mm, the protective cover of the
concrete over the circumferential
reinforcement in the wall of the pipe shall
be 19 mm.
SPECIFICATIONS FOR MATERIALS
8.1.2 In pipe having two lines of
circular reinforcement, each line shall be
so placed that the protective covering of
concrete over the circumferential
reinforcement in the wall of the pipe shall
be 25 mm.
8.1.3 In pipe having elliptical
reinforcement with wall thicknesses 63
mm or greater, the reinforcement in the
wall of the pipe shall be so placed that
the protective covering of concrete over
the circumferential reinforcement shall be
25 mm from the inner surface of the pipe
at the vertical diameter and 25 mm from
the outer surface of the pipe at the
horizontal diameter. In pipe having
elliptical reinforcement with wall
thicknesses less than 63 mm, the
protective covering of the concrete shall
be 19 mm at the vertical and horizontal
diameters.
8.1.4 The location of the reinforcement
shall be subject to the permissible
variations in dimensions given in Section
12.5.
8.1.5 The spacing center to center of
circumferential reinforcement in a cage
shall not exceed 100 mm for pipe up to
and including pipe having a 100 mm wall
thickness nor exceed the wall thickness
for larger pipe, and shall in no case
exceed 150 mm.
8.1.6 Where the wall reinforcement
does not extend into the joint, the
maximum longitudinal distance to the
last circumferential from the inside
shoulder of the bell or the shoulder of the
spigot shall be 75 mm, except that if this
distance exceeds one-half the wall
thickness, the pipe wall shall contain at
least a total reinforcement area of the
minimum specified area per linear meter
times the laying length of the pipe
section. The minimum cover on the last
circumferential near the spigot shoulder
shall be 13 mm.
8.1.6.1 Where reinforcement is in the
bell or spigot the minimum end cover on
the last circumferential shall be 13 mm in
the bell or 6 mm in the spigot.
8.1.7 The continuity of the
circumferential reinforcing steel shall not
be destroyed during the manufacture of
the pipe, except that when agreed upon
by the purchaser, lift eyes or holes may
be provided in each pipe for the purpose
of handling.
8.1.8 If splices are not welded, the
reinforcement shall be lapped not less
than 20 diameters for deformed bars and
deformed cold-worked wire, and 40
diameters for plain bars and cold-drawn
wire. In addition, where lapped cages of
weldedwire fabric are used without
welding, the lap shall contain a
longitudinal wire.
8.1.8.1 When splices are welded and are
not lapped to the minimum requirements
above, pull tests of representative
specimens shall develop at least 50
percent of the minimum specified
strength of the steel, and there shall be a
minimum lap of 50 mm. For butt-welded
splices in bars or wire, permitted only
with helically wound cages, pull tests of
representative specimens shall develop at
least 75 percent of the minimum
specified strength of the steel.
8.2 Longitudinal Reinforcement-Each
line of circumferential reinforcement
shall be assembled into a cage that shall
contain sufficient longitudinal bars or
members, to maintain the reinforcement
in shape and in position within the form
to comply with permissible variations in
Section 8.1. The exposure of the ends of
longitudinals, stirrups, or spacers that
have been used to position the cages
during the placement of the concrete shall
not be a cause for rejection.
8.3 Joint Reinforcement-The length of
the joint as used herein means the inside
length of the bell or the outside length of
the spigot from the shoulder to the end of
the pipe section. The end distances or
cover on the end circumferential shall
apply to any point on the circumference
of the pipe or joint. When convoluted
reinforcement is used, these distances and
reinforcement areas shall be taken from
the points on the convolutions closest to
the end of the pipe section. Unless
otherwise permitted by the purchaser, the
following requirements for joint
reinforcement shall apply.
8.3.1 Joint Reinforcement for
NonRubber Gasket Joints:
8.3.1.1 For pipe 900 mm and larger in
diameter, either the bell or spigot shall
contain circumferential reinforcement.
This reinforcement shall be an extension
of a wall cage, or may be a separate cage
of at least the area per meter of that
specified for the outer cage or one-half of
that specified for single cage wall
reinforcement, whichever is less.
8.3.1.2 Where bells or spigots require
reinforcement, the maximum end cover
on the last circumferential shall be one-
half the length of the joint or 75 mm,
whichever is les
8.3.2 Joint Reinforcement for Rubber
Gasket Joints:
8.3.2.1 For pipe 300 mm and larger in
diameter, the bell ends shall contain
circumferential reinforcement. This
reinforcement shall be an extension of the
outer cage or a single wall cage,
whichever is less, or may be a separate
cage of at least the same area per meter
with longitudinals as required in Section
8.2. If a separate cage is used, the cage
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M 170M SPECIFICATIONS FOR MATERIALS

shall extend into the pipe with the last
circumferential wire at least 25 mm past
the inside shoulder where the pipe barrel
meets the bell of the joint.
8.3.2.2 Where bells require reinforce-
ment, the maximum end cover on the last
circumferential shall be 38 mm.
9. JOINTS
9.1 The joints shall be of such design and
the ends of the concrete pipe sections so
formed that the pipe can be laid together
they will make a continuous line of pipe
compatible with the permissible
variations given in Section 12.
10. MANUFACTURE
10.1 Mixture-The aggregates shall be
sized, graded, proportioned, and mixed
with such proportions of cementitious
materials and water as will produce a
homogeneous concrete mixture of such
quality that the pipe will conform to the
test and design requirements of this
specification. All concrete shall have a
water-cementitious materials ratio not
exceeding 0.53 by weight. Cementitious
materials shall be as specified in Section
6.2 and shall be added to the mix in a
proportion not less than 280 kg/m3 unless
mix designs with a lower cementitious
materials content demonstrate that the
quality and performance of the pipe meet
the requirements of this specification.
10.2 Curing-Pipe shall be subjected to
any one of the methods of curing
described in Sections 10.2.1 to 10.2.4 or
to any other method or combination of
methods approved by the purchaser, that
will give satisfactory results. The pipe
shall be cured for a sufficient length of
time so that the specified D-load is
obtained when acceptance is based on
Section 5.1.1 or so that the concrete will
develop the specified compressive
strength at 28 days or less when
acceptance is based on Section 5.1.2.
10.2.1 Steam Curing-Pipe may be
placed in a curing chamber, free of
outside drafts, and cured in a moist
atmosphere maintained by the injection
of steam for such time and such
temperature as may be needed to enable
the pipe to meet the strength require-
ments. The curing chamber shall be so
constructed as to allow full circulation of
steam around the entire pipe.
10.2.2 Water Curing-Concrete pipe may
be water-cured by covering with water
saturated material or by a system of
perforated pipes, mechanical sprinklers,
porous hose, or by any other approved
method that will keep the pipe moist
during the specified curing period.
10.2.3 The manufacturer may, at his
option, combine the methods described in
Sections 10.2.1 to 10.2.4 provided the
required concrete compressive strength is
attained.
10.2.4 A sealing membrane conforming
to the requirements of AASHTO M 148
may be applied and should be left intact
until the required strength requirements
are met. The concrete at the time of
application shall be within 6°C of the
atmospheric temperature. All surfaces
shall be kept moist prior to the
application of the compounds and shall
be damp when the compound is applied.

TABLE 2 Design Requirements for Class H Reinforced Concrete Pipe'

NOTE-See Section 5 for basis of acceptance specified by the purchaser.
The strength test requirements in pounds-force per linear foot of pipe under the three-edge-bearing method shall be either the D-load (test load expressed in pounds-force per linear foot per foot of
diameter) to produce a 0.01-in. crack, or the D-loads to produce the 0.01-in. crack and the ultimate load as specified below, multiplied by the internal diameter of the pipe in feet.
D-load to produce a 0.3-mm crack 50.0
D-load to produce the ultimate loadB 75.0
Reinforcement, in2/linear ft of Pipe Wall
Wall A Wall B Wall C
Internal
Concrete Strength, 27.6MPa Concrete Strength, 27.6 MPa Concrete Strength, 27.6 MPa
Designated C C
Diameter, in. Wall Circular Reinforcement Wall Circular Reinforcement Wall Circular ReinforcementC
Elliptical Elliptical Elliptical
Thickness, Thickness, Thickness,
Inner Cage Outer Cage ReinforcementD Inner Cage Outer Cage ReinforcementD Inner Cage Outer Cage ReinforcementD
in. in. in.
300 44 1.5E - - 50 1.5E - - 69 1.5E - -
375 47 1.5E - - 57 1.5E - - 75 1.5E - -
E E E E E
450 50 1.5 - 1.5 63 1.5 - 1.5 82 1.5 - 1.5E
525 57 2.5 - 2.1 69 1.5E - 1.5E 88 1.5E - 1.5E
600 63 2.8 - 2.3 75 1.5E - 1.5E 94 1.5E - 1.5E
675 66 3.2 - 2.8 82 2.8 - 2.3 100 1.5E - 1.5E
750 69 3.2 - 3.0 88 3.0 - 2.5 106 1.5E - 1.5E
825 72 3.4 - 3.2 94 3.2 - 2.8 113 1.5E - 1.5E
F F
900 75 3.0 1.8 3.2 100 2.5 1.5 2.8 119 1.5 1.5 1.7
1050 88 3.4 2.0 3.8 113 3.2 1.9 3.6 132 2.1 1.5 2.3
1200 100 4.5 2.7 4.9 125 3.8 2.3 4.2 144 3.0 1.8 3.2
1350 113 5.3 3.2 5.9 138 4.7 2.8 5.1 157 3.6 2.2 4.0
1500 125 6.4 3.8 7.0 150 5.3 3.2 5.9 169 4.7 2.8 5.1
1650 138 7.4 4.4 8.3 163 6.6 4.0 7.2 182 5.3 3.2 5.9
1800 150 8.7 5.2 9.5 175 7.4 4.4 8.3 194 6.4 3.8 7.0
1950 163 9.7 5.8 10.8 188 8.5 5.1 9.3 207 7.4 4.4 8.3
2100 175 10.8 6.5 12.1 200 9.7 5.8 10.8 219 8.7 5.2 9.7
2250 188 12.1 7.3 13.3 213 10.8 6.5 12.1 232 10.2 6.1 11.2
2400 200 13.1 7.9 14.6 225 12.1 7.3 13.3 244 11.6 7.0 12.9
Concrete Strength, 5000 psi
2250 213 16.1 9.7 Inner 6.4 238 14.4 8.6 Inner 5.8 257 13.1 7.9 Inner 5.2
Circular Circular Circular
Plus Plus 8.6 Plus 7.9
Elliptical Elliptical Elliptical
2700 225 18.0 10.8 Inner 7.2 250 16.1 9.7 Inner 6.4 269 14.8 8.9 Inner 5.9
Circular Circular Circular
Plus 10.8 Plus 9.7 Plus 8.9
Elliptical Elliptical Elliptical
A A A
2850 - - - - - - - - - - - -
A A A
3000 - - - - - - - - - - - -
A A A
3150 - - - - - - - - - - - -
A A A
3300 - - - - - - - - - - - -
A A A
3450 - - - - - - - - - - - -
A A A
3600 - - - - - - - - - - - -
A
For modified or special designs, see Section 7.2 or with the permission of the purchaser utilize the provisions of AASHTO M 242. Steel areas may be interpolated between those shown for variations
in diameter, loading, or wall thickness. Pipe over 96 in. in diameter shall have two circular cages or an inner circular plus one elliptical cage.
B
Three-edge-bearing test to ultimate load is not required for any class of pipe 60 in. or less in diameter provided all other requirements of this specification are met.
C
As an alternative to designs requiring both inner and outer circular cages the reinforcement may be positioned and proportioned in either of the following manners:
An inner circular cage plus an elliptical cage such that the area of the elliptical cage shall not be less than that specified for the outer cage in the table and the total area of the inner circular cage plus
the elliptical cage shall not be less than that specified for the inner cage in the table.
An inner and outer cage plus quadrant mats in accordance with Figure I, or
An inner and outer cage plus an elliptical cage in accordance with Figure 2.
D
Elliptical and quadrant steel must be held in place by means of holding rods, chairs, or other positive means throughout the entire casting operation.
E
For these classes and sizes, the minimum practical steel reinforcement is specified. The actual ultimate strength is greater than the minimum strength specified for nonreinforced pipe of equivalent
diameters in AASHTO M 86.
F
As an alternative, single cage reinforcement may be used. The reinforcement area in square in. per linear foot shall be 0.20 for wall B and 0.16 for wall C.

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TABLE 3 Design Requirements for Class III Reinforced Concrete PipA

NOTE-See Section 5 for the basis of acceptance specified by the purchaser.
The strength test requirements in pounds-force per linear foot of pipe under the three-edge-bearing method shall be either the D-load (test load expressed in pounds-force per linear foot per foot of
diameter) to produce a 0.3-mm crack, or the D-loads to produce the 0.3-mm crack and the ultimate load as specified below, multiplied by the internal diameter of the pipe in feet.
D-load to produce a 0.3-mm crack 65.0
D-load to produce the ultimate loadB 100.0
Reinforcement, in2/linear ft of Pipe Wall
Internal Wall A Wall B Wall C
Designated Concrete Strength, 27.6 MPa Concrete Strength, 27.6 Mpa Concrete Strength, 27.6 MPa
Diameter, in. Wall Thickness, Circular Reinforcement C
Elliptical Wall Circular Reinforcement C
Elliptical Wall Circular ReinforcementC Elliptical
in. Inner Cage Outer Cage ReinforcementD Thickness, in. Inner Cage Outer Cage ReinforcementD Thickness, in. Inner Cage Outer Cage ReinforcementD
300 44 1.5E - - 50 1.5E - - 69 1.5E - -
375 47 1.5E - - 57 1.5E - - 75 1.5E - -
E E E E E
450 50 1.5 - 1.5 63 1.5 - 1.5 82 1.5 - 1.5E
E E E
525 57 3.0 - 2.3 69 1.5 - 1.5 88 1.5 - 1.5E
600 63 3.6 - 3.0 75 1.5E - 1.5E 94 1.5 - 1.5E
675 66 3.8 - 3.4 82 3.4 - 3.0 100 1.7 - 1.5E
750 69 4.0 - 3.8 88 3.8 - 3.2 107 2.1 - 1.7
825 72 4.4 - 4.2 94 4.2 - 3.6 113 2.5 - 2.1
900 75 4.4 2.6 4.7 100F 3.6 2.2 4.0 119F 1.7 1.5 1.9
1050 88 5.3 3.2 5.9 113 4.4 2.6 4.9 132 2.5 1.5 2.8
1200 100 6.8 4.1 7.4 125 5.1 3.1 5.7 144 3.4 2.0 3.8
1350 113 8.0 4.8 8.9 138 6.1 3.7 6.8 157 4.4 2.6 4.9
1500 125 9.3 5.6 10.4 150 7.2 4.3 8.0 169 5.3 3.2 5.9
1650 138 10.6 6.4 11.6 163 9.1 5.5 9.7 182 6.6 4.0 7.2
1800 150 12.1 7.3 13.3 175 10.4 6.2 11.4 194 7.6 4.6 8.5
Concrete Stregth, 34.5 MPa
1950 163 13.5 8.1 15.0 188 12.1 7.3 13.3 207 8.9 5.3 9.9
2100 175 15.2 9.1 16.9 200 13.5 8.1 15.0 219 10.6 6.4 11.9
Concrete Stregth, 34.5 MPa Concrete Stregth, 34.5 MPa
2250 188 17.1 10.3 19.1 213 14.6 8.8 16.3 232 12.5 7.5 14.0
2400 200 19.7 11.8 21.8 225 16.1 9.7 17.8 244 14.8 8.9 Inner Circular 5.9
Plus Elliptical 8.9
2550 213 21.8 13.1 Inner Circular 8.7 238 19.1 11.5 Inner Circular 7.6 257 17.6 10.6 Inner Circular 7.0
Plus Elliptical 13.1 Plus Elliptical 11.5 Plus Elliptical 10.6
2700 225 25.8 15.5 Inner Circular 10.3 250 22.9 13.7 Inner Circular 9.2 269 21.0 12.6 Inner Circular 8.4
Plus Elliptical 15.5 Plus Elliptical 13.7 Plus Elliptical 12.6
A A A
2850 - - - - - - - - - - - -
A A A
3000 - - - - - - - - - - - -
A A A
3150 - - - - - - - - - - - -
A A A
3300 - - - - - - - - - - - -
A A A
3450 - - - - - - - - - - - -
A A A
3600 - - - - - - - - - - - -
A
For modified or special designs, see Section 7.2 or with the permission of the purchaser utilize the provisions of AASHTO M 242. Steel areas may be interpolated between those shown for variations
in diameter, loading, or wall thickness. Pipe over 240 mm in diameter shall have two circular cages or an inner circular plus one elliptical cage.
B
Three-edge-bearing test to ultimate load is not required for any class of pipe 1500 mm or less in diameter provided all other requirements of this specification are met. As an alternative to designs
requiring both inner and outer circular cages the reinforcement may be positioned and proportioned in either of the following manners:
C
An inner circular cage plus an elliptical cage such that the area of the elliptical cage shall not be less than that specified for the outer cage in the table and the total area of the inner circular cage plus
the elliptical cage shall not be Less than that specified for the inner cage in the table.
An inner and outer cage plus quadrant mats in accordance with Figure 1. or
An inner and outer cage plus an elliptical cage in accordance with Figure 2.
D
Elliptical and quadrant steel must be held in place by means of holding rods, chairs, or other positive means throughout the entire casting operation.
E
For these classes and sizes, the minimum practical steel reinforcement is specified. The actual ultimate strength is greater than the minimum strength specified for non reinforced pipe of equivalent
diameters in Specification M 86M.
F
As an alternative, single cage reinforcement nary be used. The reinforcement area in square in. per linear foot shall be 6.4 for wall B and 4.0 for wall C.

11. PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS
11.1 Test Specimens-The specified
number of pipe required for the tests shall
be furnished without charge by the
manufacturer and shall be selected at
random by the purchaser, and shall be
pipe that would not otherwise be rejected
under this specification. The selection
shall be made at the point or points
designated by the purchaser when placing
the order.
11.2 Number and Type of Test
Required for Various Delivery Schedules:
11.2.1 Preliminary Tests for Extended
Delivery Schedules-A purchaser of pipe,
whose needs require shipments at-
intervals over extended periods of time,
shall be entitled to such tests, preliminary
to delivery of pipe, as are required by the
type of basis of acceptance specified by
the purchaser in Section 5, of not more
than three sections of pipe covering each
size in which he is interested.
11.2.2 Additional Tests for Extended
Delivery Schedules-After the preliminary
tests described in Section 11.2.1, a
purchaser shall be entitled to additional
tests in such numbers and at such times
as he may deem necessary, provided that
the total number of pipe tested (including
preliminary tests) shall not exceed 1
percent of the pipe delivered.
11.2.3 Tests for Occasional Orders-A
purchaser who places occasional orders
shall be entitled to test a number of pipe
not to exceed 2 percent of an order, and
not to exceed five pieces of any one size;
otherwise the number of pipe desired for
testing shall be included in the order.
11.3 External Load Crushing Strength:
11.3.1 The load to produce a 0.3 mm-
crack or the ultimate load, as determined
by the three-edge-bearing method as
described in AASHTO T 280 shall be not
less than that prescribed in Tables 1 to 5
for each respective class of pipe. Pipe
that have been tested only to the
formation of a 0.3-mm crack and that
meet the 0.3-mm test load requirements
shall be accepted for use.
NOTE 3-As used in this specification, the 0.3-
min crack is a test criterion for pipe tested in
the three-edge-bearing test and is not intended
as an indication of overstressed or failed pipe
under installed conditions.
11.3.2 Retests of Pipe Not Meeting the
External Load Crushing Strength Test
Requirements-Pipe shall be considered as
meeting the strength test requirements
when all test specimens conform to the
test requirements. Should any of the test
specimens fail to meet the test
requirements, the manufacturer shall be
allowed a retest on two additional
specimens for each specimen that failed,
and the pipe shall be acceptable only
when all of the retest specimens meet the
strength requirements.
11.4 Concrete Test Requirements:
11.4.1 Compressive Strength-
Compression tests for satisfying the
design concrete strength may be made on
either standard rodded concrete cylinders
or cylinders compacted and cured in like
manner as the pipe, or on cores drilled.
from the wall of the pipe. If cylinders are
tested, they shall be tested in accordance
with AASHTO T 22. The average
compressive strength of all cylinders
tested shall be equal to or greater than the
design strength. Not more than 10 percent

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M 170M SPECIFICATIONS FOR MATERIALS

of the cylinders tested shall fall below the design strength. In no case percent of the
design strength. If cores
TABLE 4 Design Requirements for Class IV Reinforced Concrete Pipe4
NOTE-See Section 5 for the basis of acceptance specified by the purchaser.
The strength test requirements in pounds-force per linear foot of pipe under the three-edge-bearing method shall be either the D-load (test load expressed in newtons per linear meter per millimeter of
diameter) to produce the 0.3-mm crack, or the D-loads to produce the 0.3-mm crack and the ultimate load as specified below, multiplied by the internal diameter of the pipe in feet.
D-load to produce a 0.3-mm crack 100
D-load to produce the ultimate loadB 150.0
Reinforcement, cm2/linear m of Pipe Wall
Internal Wall A Wall B Wall C
Designated Concrete Strength, 34.5 MPa Concrete Strength, 27.6 MPa Concrete Strength, 27.6 MPa
Diameter, mm Wall Thickness, Circular ReinforcementC Elliptical Wall Circular Reinforcement C
Elliptical Wall Thickness, Circular ReinforcementC Elliptical
mm. Inner Cage Outer Cage ReinforcementD Thickness, mm. Inner Cage Outer Cage ReinforcementD mm. Inner Cage Outer Cage ReinforcementD
300 44 3.2 - - 50 1.5 - - 69 1.5E - -
375 47 3.4 - - 57 2.1 - - 75 1.5E - -
E
450 50 3.6 - 3.2 63 3.0 - 2.3 82 1.5 - 1.5E
525 57 4.9 - 4.4 69 4.2 - 3.6 88 1.5E - 1.5E
600 63 6.1 - 5.7 75 5.7 - 4.9 94 1.5 1.5 1.7
675 66 7.0 - 6.6 82 6.6 - 5.3 100 1.7 1.5 1.9
750 69 8.0 - 7.4 88 7.4 - 5.9 107 1.9 1.5 2.1
A
825 - - - 94 5.7 3.4 6.3 113 2.3 1.5 2.5
A
900 - - - 100 6.3 3.8 7.0 119 3.0 1.8 3.2
A
1050 - - - 113 7.4 4.4 8.3 132 4.2 2.5 4.7
A
1200 - - - 125 8.9 5.3 9.9 144 5.5 3.3 6.1
A
1350 - - - 138 10.6 6.4 11.6 157 7.2 4.3 8.0
Concrete Strength, 34.5 MPa
A
1500 - - - 150 12.5 7.5 14.0 169 8.7 5.2 9.7
A
1650 - - - 163 14.6 8.8 16.3 182 10.8 6.5 12.1
Concrete Strength, 34.5 MPa
A
1800 - - - 175 16.7 10.0 18.6 194 12.9 7.7 14.4
A A
1950 - - - - - - 207 15.0 9.0 16.7
A A
2100 - - - - - - 219 18.0 10.8 19.9
A A A
2250 - - - - - - - - -
A A A
2400 - - - - - - - - -
A A A
2550 - - - - - - - - -
A A A
2700 - - - - - - - - -
A A A
2850 - - - - - - - - -
A A A
3000 - - - - - - - - -
A A A
3150 - - - - - - - - -
A A A
3300 - - - - - - - - -
A A A
3450 - - - - - - - - -
A A A
3600 - - - - - - - - -
A
For modified or special designs, see Section 7.2 or with the permission of the purchaser utilize the provisions of AASHTO M 242. Steel areas may be interpolated between those shown for variations
in diameter, loading, or wall thickness. Pipe over 2400-mm diameter shall have two circular cages or an inner circular plus one elliptical cage.
B
Three-edge-bearing test to ultimate load is not required for any class of pipe 1500 mm or less in diameter provided all other requirements of this specification are met.
C
As an alternative to designs requiring both inner and outer circular cages the reinforcement may be positioned and proportioned in either of the following manners:
An inner circular cage plus an elliptical cage such that the area of the elliptical cage shall not be less than that specified for the outer cage in the table and the total area of the inner circular cage
plus the elliptical cage shall not be less than that specified for the inner cage in the table,
An inner and outer cage plus quadrant mats in accordance with Figure 1, or
An inner and outer cage plus an elliptical cage in accordance with Figure 2.
For Wall C, in sizes 600 to 825 mm, a single circular cage with an area not less than the sum of the specified inner and outer circular reinforcement areas.
D
Elliptical and quadrant steel must be held in place by means of holding rods, chairs, or other positive means throughout the entire casting operation.
E
For these classes and sizes, the minimum practical steel reinforcement is specified.

are cut from the wall of the pipe and
tested they shall be cut and tested in
accordance with the requirements of
AASHTO T 280. The compressive of
each core tested shall be equal to or
greater than the design strength of the
concrete. If a core does not meet the
required strength, another core from the
same pipe may be tested. If this core does
not meet the required strength, that pipe
shall be rejected. Additional tests shall be
made on other pipe to determine the
acceptability of the lot. When the cores
cut from a section of pipe successfully
meet the strength test requirement, the
core holes shall be plugged and sealed by
the manufacturer in a manner such that
the pipe section will meet all of the
requirements of this specification. Pipe
sections so sealed shall be considered as
satisfactory for use.
11.4.2 Absorption Test Requirements of
Concrete-The absorption of a sample
from the wall of the pipe, as determined
in accordance with AASHTO T 280 shall
not exceed 9 percent of the dry mass.
Each sample shall be a piece broken from
the wall or a core drilled from the wall,
shall have a minimum area of 58 cm'- as
measured on one surface of the pipe wall
and a thickness equal to the pipe wall and
shall be free of visible cracks. When the
initial absorption sample from a pipe fails
to conform to this specification, the
manufacturer shall be allowed to retest on
two additional samples from the same
pipe for each sample that failed. The pipe
shall be acceptable only when all of the
retest samples meet the absorption
requirements.
11.4.3 Retests of Pipe-When not more
than 20 percent of the concrete test
specimens fail to pass the requirements of
the specification, the manufacturer may
cull his stock and may eliminate
whatever quantity of pipe he desires and
must so mark those pipe that they will not
be shipped. The required tests shall be
made on the balance of the order and the
pipe shall be accepted if they conform to
the test requirements of this specification.
11.5 Test Equipment-Every
manufacturer furnishing pipe under this
specification shall furnish all facilities
and personnel necessary to carry out the
test described in AASHTO T 280.
12. PERMISSIBLE VARIATIONS
12.1 Internal Diameter-Permissible
variations utilizing SI units are as
prescribed in Table 6.
12.2 Wall Thickness-The wall
thickness shall not vary more than shown
in the design or specified wall by more
than ± 5 percent or 5 mm, whichever is
greater. A specified wall thickness more
than required in the design is not cause
for rejection. Pipe having localized
variations in wall thickness exceeding
those specified above shall be accepted if
the three-edge-bearing strength and
minimum steel cover requirements are
met.
12.3 Length of Two Opposite Sides-
Variations in the laying length of two
opposite sides of the pipe shall not be
more than 16 mm for all sizes through
600mm internal diameter, and not more
than 10 mm/m of internal diameter for all
sizes larger with a maximum of 16 mm in
any length of pipe through 2100-mm
internal diameter, and a maximum of 19
mm for 2250-mm internal diameter or
larger, except where beveled end pipe for
laying on curves is specified by the
purchaser.
12.4 Length of Pipe-The under-run in
length of a section of pipe shall not be
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M 170M SPECIFICATIONS FOR MATERIALS

more than 10 mm/m with a maximum of of the under-run or overrun in any section of pipe, the end cover requirements of
13 mm in any length of pipe. Regardless Sections 8 and 12 shall apply.
TABLE 5 Design Requirements for Class V Reinforced Concrete PipeA
NOTE-See Section 5 for the basis of acceptance specified by the purchaser.
The strength test requirements in pounds-force per linear foot of pipe under the three-edge-bearing method shall be either the D-load (test load expressed in newtons per linear meter per millimeter of
diameter) to produce the 0.3-mm crack, or the D-loads to produce the 0.3-mm crack and the ultimate load as specified below, multiplied by the internal diameter of the pipe in feet.
D-load to produce a 0.3-mm crack 140.0
D-load to produce the ultimate loadB 175.0
Reinforcement, cm2/linear m of Pipe Wall
Wall A Wall B Wall C
Internal
Concrete Strength, 41.4 MPa Concrete Strength, 41.4 MPa Concrete Strength, 41.4 MPa
Designated C C
Diameter, mm Wall Circular Reinforcement Wall Circular Reinforcement Wall Circular ReinforcementC
Elliptical Elliptical Elliptical
Thickness, Thickness, Thickness,
Inner Cage Outer Cage ReinforcementD Inner Cage Outer Cage ReinforcementD Inner Cage Outer Cage ReinforcementD
mm mm mm
A
300 - - - 50 2.1 - - 69 1.5E - -
A
375 - - - 57 3.0 - - 75 1.5E - -
A
450 - - - 63 4.0 - 3.4 82 2.1 - -
A
525 - - - 69 5.1 - 4.4 88 2.1 - -
A
600 - - - 75 6.4 - 5.1 94 2.5 1.5 2.8
A
675 - - - 82 8.0 4.8 8.9 100 3.0 1.8 3.4
A
750 - - - 88 8.7 5.2 9.7 107 3.8 2.3 4.2
A
825 - - - 94 9.7 5.8 10.8 113 4.9 2.9 5.3
A
900 - - - 100 10.6 6.4 11.9 119 5.7 3.4 6.3
A
1050 - - - 113 12.7 7.6 14.2 132 7.6 4.6 8.5
A
1200 - - - 125 15.5 9.3 17.1 144 9.9 5.9 11.0
A A
1350 - - - - - - 157 12.3 7.4 13.5
A A
1500 - - - - - - 169 14.8 8.9 16.5
A A
1650 - - - - - - 182 17.8 10.7 19.7
A A
1800 - - - - - - 194 21.0 12.6 23.3
A A A
1950 - - - - - - - - -
A A A
2100 - - - - - - - - -
A A A
2250 - - - - - - - - -
A A A
2400 - - - - - - - - -
A A A
2550 - - - - - - - - -
A A A
2700 - - - - - - - - -
A A A
2850 - - - - - - - - -
A A A
3000 - - - - - - - - -
A A A
3150 - - - - - - - - -
A A A
3300 - - - - - - - - -
A A A
3450 - - - - - - - - -
A A A
3600 - - - - - - - - -
A
For modified or special designs, see Section 7.2 or with the permission of the purchaser utilize the provisions of AASHTO M 242. Steel areas may be interpolated between those shown for variations
in diameter, loading, or wall thickness. Pipe over 96 in. in diameter shall have two circular cages or an inner circular plus one elliptical cage.
B
Three-edge-bearing test to ultimate load is not required for any class of pipe 1500 mm or less in diameter provided all other requirements of this specification are met.
C
As an alternative to designs requiring both inner and outer circular cages the reinforcement may be positioned and proportioned in either of the following manners:
An inner circular cage plus an elliptical cage such that the area of the elliptical cage shall not be less than that specified for the outer cage in the table and the total area of the inner circular cage
plus the elliptical cage shall not be less than that specified for the inner cage in the table. An inner and outer cage plus quadrant mats in accordance with Figure 1, or An inner and outer cage plus
an elliptical cage in accordance with Figure 2.
D
Elliptical and quadrant steel must be held in place by means of holding rods, chairs, or other positive means throughout the entire casting operation.
E
For these classes and sizes, the minimum practical steel reinforcement is specified.

12.5 Position or Area of
Reinforcement:
12.5.1 Position The maximum variation
in the position of the reinforcement shall
be ± 10 percent of the wall thickness or ±
13 mm, whichever is greater. Pipe having
variations in the position of the
reinforcement exceeding those specified
above shall be accepted if the three-edge-
bearing strength requirements obtained
on a representative specimen are met. In
no case, however, shall the cover over the
circumferential reinforcement be less
than 6 mm as measured to the end of the
spigot or 13 mm as measured to any other
surface. The preceding minimum cover
limitations do not apply to mating
surfaces of non-rubber gasket joints or
gasket grooves in rubber gasket joints. If
convoluted reinforcement is used, the
convoluted circumferential end wire may
be at the end surface of the joint
providing the alternate convolutions have
at least 25 mm cover from the end
surface of the joint.
12.5.2 Area of Reinforcement-
Reinforcement will be considered as
meeting the design requirements if the
area, computed on the basis of nominal
area of the wire or bars used, equals or
exceeds the requirements of Section 7.1
or 7.2. Actual area of the reinforcing used
may vary from the nominal area approval by an inspector employed by the
according to permissible variations of the purchaser.
standard specifications for the
reinforcing. When inner cage and outer
cage rein forcing is used, the inner cage
design area may vary to the lower limit of 15. REJECTION
85 percent of the elliptical design area
and the outer cage design area may vary
15.1 Pipe shall be subject to rejection
to the lower limit of 51 percent of the
on account of failure to conform to any of
elliptical design area provided that the
the specification requirements. Individual
total design area of the inner cage plus
sections of pipe may be rejected because
the outer cage shall not vary beyond the
of any of the following:
lower limit of 140 percent of the elliptical
design area. 15.1.1 Fractures or cracks passing
through the wall, except for a single end
crack that does not exceed the depth of
13. REPAIRS the joint.
15.1.2 Defects that indicate
13.1 Pipe may be repaired, if proportioning, mixing, and molding not
necessary, because of imperfections in in compliance with Section 10.1 or
manufacture or damage during handling surface defects indicating honey-combed
and will be acceptable if, in the opinion or open texture that would adversely
of the purchaser, the repaired pipe affect the function of the pipe.
conforms to the requirements of this 15.1.3 The ends of the pipe are not
specification. normal to the walls and center line of the
pipe, within the limits of variations given
14. INSPECTION in Sections 12.3 and 12.4.
15.1.4 Damaged or cracked ends where
such damage would prevent making a
14.1 The quality of materials, the satisfactory joint.
process of manufacture, and the finished
pipe shall be subject to inspection and

164
M 170M SPECIFICATIONS FOR MATERIALS

15.1.5 Any continuous crack having a
surface width of 0.3 mm or more and
extending for a length of 300 mm or
more, regardless of position in the wall of
the pipe.
16. PRODUCT MARKING
16.1 The following information shall
be clearly marked on each section of
pipe:
16.1.1 The pipe class and specification
designation,
16.1.2 The date of manufacture,
16.1.3 The name or trademark of the
manufacturer, and
16.1.4 Identification of plant.
16.2 One end of each section of pipe
with elliptical or quadrant reinforcement
shall be clearly marked during the
process of manufacturing or immediately
thereafter, on the inside and the outside of
opposite walls along the minor axis of the
elliptical reinforcing or along the vertical
axis for quadrant reinforcing.
16.3 Markings shall be indented on the
pipe section or painted thereon with
water-proof paint.

TABLE 6 Permissible Variation in Internal Diameter

Permissible Variation, Internal Diameter of Pipe
Designated Diameter of Pipe, mm
Minimum, mm Maximum, mm
300 300 310
375 375 390
450 450 465
525 525 545
600 600 620
675 675 695
750 750 775
825 825 850
900 900 925
1050 1050 1080
1200 1200 1230
1350 1350 1385
1500 1500 1540
1650 1650 1695
1800 1800 1850
1950 1950 2000
2100 2100 2155
2250 2250 2310
2400 2400 2465
2550 2550 2620
2700 2700 2770
2850 2850 2925
3000 3000 3080
3150 3150 3235
3300 3300 3390
3450 3450 3540
3600 3600 3695

165