Professional Documents
Culture Documents
A Research Proposal
College of Engineering
Requirements
In
By
Maireen G. Uno
First Semester
SY 2018-2019
CHAPTER I
Introduction
Theoritical/Conceptual Framework
Variable
There will be a two sets of variables that can be used in this study,
independent, and dependent.
The independent variable is the volume of human urine needed to produce a
sufficient solid fuel. The dependent variable is the location to do the evaporation
method and the temperature.
Assumptions
Null Hypothesis
For The Students. This study aims to provide sufficient knowledge about
evaporation urine utilizing can be more effective for the developing world, and the
environmental effect of the said method will be considered. It will give them
knowledge about a lot of methods available in urine utilizing technologies.
For The Society. This study awakens the next generation for the other possibilities
in producing more energy which is affordable and available all the time.
For the Government. This study encourages the government to support simple but
efficient way in producing more energy, for it could be a great help for the
country especially in the urban areas.
For The Engineering Society. This study is more helpful especially for
environmental engineering. This study shows the innovative use of human urine
and more possible things could do with human urine. It is not just a simple waste
of a human but an important waste of human that just need to utilize and put focus
for a lot of nutrients is in human urine which can be recovered through a lot
methods available.
CHAPTER 2
Urine
Urine is a liquid byproduct of the body secreted by the kidneys through a process
called urination and excreted through the urethra. The normal chemical
composition of urine is mainly water content, but it also includes nitrogenous
molecules, such as urea, as well as creatinine and other metabolic waste
components. Other substances may be excreted in urine due to injury
or infection of the glomeruli of the kidneys, which can alter the ability of
the nephron to reabsorb or filter the different components of blood plasma.
Urine is an aqueous solution of greater than 95% water, with a minimum of these
remaining constituents, in order of decreasing concentration:
Urine is sterile until it reaches the urethra, where epithelial cells lining the urethra
are colonized by facultatively anaerobic gram-negative rods and cocci. Urea is
essentially a processed form of ammonia that is non-toxic to mammals, unlike
ammonia, which can be highly toxic. It is processed from ammonia and carbon
dioxide in the liver.
(https://chem.libretexts.org/Textbook_Maps/Introductory_Chemistry/Map%3A_Fu
ndamentals_of_General_Organic_and_Biological_Chemistry_(McMurry_et_al.)/2
9%3A_Body_Fluids/29.8%3A_Urine_Composition_and_Function)
Lesser amounts of other ions and compounds are present, including hippuric acid,
phosphorus, citric acid, glucuronic acid, ammonia, uric acid, and many others.
Total solids in urine add up to around 59 grams per person. Note compounds you
ordinarily do not find in human urine in appreciable amounts, at least compared
with blood plasma, include protein and glucose (typical normal range 0.03 g/l to
0.20 g/l). The presence of significant levels of protein or sugar in urine indicates
potential health concerns.
The pH of human urine ranges from 5.5 to 7, averaging around 6.2. The specific
gravity ranges from 1.003 to 1.035.
(https://www.thoughtco.com/the-chemical-composition-of-urine-603883)
Everyone is different, but most people need to empty their bladders up to eight
times a day. That can change depending on how much you eat and drink,
especially caffeine and alcohol. It could be a side effect of medications, too.
Pregnant women and older people usually have to go more often than others.
If you notice you suddenly have to pee more often than usual, though, it could be
a sign of a health problem such as a UTI, kidney disease, diabetes, an enlarged
prostate in men, vaginitis in women, or a problem with the wall of your bladder
called interstitial cystitis.
If you often feel that you suddenly “gotta go” and sometimes can’t get to the
bathroom in time, you may have overactive bladder. It’s a common condition for
older men and women, though it’s not a normal part of aging. Your doctor can tell
you how to treat it with lifestyle changes and medications.
The element abundance depends on diet, health, and hydration level, but human
urine consists of approximately:
CHAPTER III
Research Method
1. Put the urine in the container and exposed it to the heat of the sun until the
water evaporates
2. Wait for the moment that the other composition of the urine are in concentrated
3. Add the bamboo powder to the concentrated urine until it gets dry
4. Gather all the bamboo powder with concentrated urine and
5. Test if there is any changes in adding concentrated urine to the basic fuel.