9/10/2018

BITS Pilani
Pilani Campus

CE G616 : Bridge Engineering

Prof. Manoj Kumar
Department of Civil Engineering
Pilani Campus, BITS Pilani Design of Culverts
BITS Pilani Box-Culverts
Pilani Campus

DESIGN OF BOX-CULVERTS DESIGN OF BOX-CULVERTS

• Consists two horizontal and two vertical slabs built

monolithically
• RCC box used up to span 4m
• Shape of the Box openings: rectangular or square
• Height of box generally not greater than 3 m
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BOX-CULVERTS
• Economical as compared to slab culverts due to
monolithic connections
• No need of separate foundation, bottom slab rests
directly on ground, behaves as raft
• For small discharge – single box, for large discharge –
multi-cells

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BOX-CULVERTS
• Top of the box can be used directly for traffic or there
may be some earth filling over the top slab
• Length of the box (barrel) = carriage way width + width
of kerbs
• Wing walls are splayed at 450 to retain the
embankments and also to guide the flow of water into
and out of box

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Loads Considered in Design of Box-Culverts Load Case-1:Concentrated load due to wheel

• Concentrated load due to wheel
P
• uniform vertical load
• weight of walls
• Water Pressure inside the box
w kN/m width
• Lateral Earth Pressure e
P. I
• Live load surcharge pressure, w  kN / m width
e
(Per meter width to be measured along the carriageway of culvert)
where, I = Impact Factor
e = effective width of dispersion
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Load Case 2: Uniform vertical load Load Case 3: weight of walls

vertical load may be due to distributed Load (w)

– Weight of deck slab, and W W

w
– weight of wearing coat

• Total Upward soil reaction (pressure) to Total pressure = 2W

box Weight of walls  uniform pressure
= applied downward pressure Total Upward soil reaction (upward Pressure) to box
pressure = w
= w = Total weight of walls
= 2W
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Load Case 4: Water Pressure inside the box Load Case 5: Lateral Earth Pressure

p p p p
• Triangular pressure as per Coulomb’s theory
• Water pressure on walls  Triangular profile
• Soil pressure on walls  Triangular profile
• If height of box (inside) = h
• If height of box (outside) = H
• Then total lateral force acting on box
• Then total lateral force acting on box
= (1/2)h2 p = (1/2)KaH2
This force will act at distance (h/3) from Base • This force will act at distance (H/3) from Base
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Load Case 6: Live load surcharge Analysis of Box-Culverts

p
• Box-section: An indeterminate Structure,
• analyzed as a rigid frame with all corner connections
considered rigid with No Side-sway
p p
• Moment Distribution Method is generally used to determine
design moments and shear forces
• For the Moment distribution we need Fixed End Moments
• Surcharge is produced due to live load on approach
• Fixed end moments for various load cases may be determined
slabs
using the appropriate formulas
• Since, this load is similar to active earth pressure,
• Centerlines dimensions are used for computing section
Surcharge load may be merged with the active earth properties and for 2-D analysis.
pressure. • Standard fillets which are not required for moment or shear or
• In presence the Live Load Surcharge, lateral pressure both shall not be considered in computing section properties.
diagram becomes trapezoidal
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Coefficients for Moment, Shear & Coefficients for Moment, Shear &
Thrust for box having aspect ratios 1:1 Thrust for box having aspect ratios 1.5:1

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Load Combinations for Design of Box-Culvert Fixed End Moments (FEM) For Box-Culverts
l
The following load combinations are considered for Considering 1 m width (along
carriage way)
the analysis of box-culverts and worst is considered Moment of Inertia of Slabs and
for design. webs may be determined as
b 1. t s3 I t3
• Live load, dead load and earth pressure acting , Is   Ks  s  s
12 L 12 L
with no water pressure from inside. b 1. tw3 I t3
Iw   Kw  w  w
• Live and dead load on top and earth pressure 12 H 12 H
Stiffnessratio at corners,
acting from out side, and water pressure acting 3
K s  H  ts 
from inside with no live load on sides K    
K w  L  tw 
• Dead load and earth pressure acting from out side
and water pressure from in side.
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FEM For Load Case-1:Concentrated wheel load

W

Analysis of Box-Culvert
Using Moment Distribution
Total pressure = W
WL  4k  9 
MA = MA =  Where,
24  k  3k  1 k  I L  of members meeting at corner


WL  k 6 

1 t 3

12  L

H  ts 
 
3

M D = M D =
24  k  3k  1 1 t 12  H
s
3
w L  tw 

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FEM For Load Case 2: Uniform vertical load FEM For Load Case 3: weight of walls
w

W W

Total pressure = q1
pressure = q
q1 L  k  Where,
MA = MA = 
6  k  3k  1
Where,
 qL2 
MA = MA =  k  I L  of members meeting at corner

12k  1 k  I L  of members meeting at corner 3
q L  3  2k  H  ts 
 
3
 qL2  H  ts   1  
M D = M D = L  t w 
6  k  3k  1
M D = M D =    
 L  t w 
12k  1

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FEM For Load Case 4: Water Pressure inside box FEM For Load Case 5: Lateral Earth Pressure

qi qi qe qe

qi H  k 2k  7 
2
qe H  k 2k  7  
2
 MA = MA =  Where,
60  k  3k  1 60  k  3k  1
MA = MA = Where,
k  I L  of members meeting at corner k  I L  of members meeting at corner
qe H 2  k 3k  8 
q H 2  k 3k  8 
3 3
H  ts  MD = MD =  H  ts 
60  k  3k  1
 i      
60  k  3k  1
M D = M D = L  tw  L  tw 

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FEM For Load Case 6: Live load surcharge Fixed End Moments for All Load Case
Load Load Load due Fixed End Moments
Case due to to MA = MA’ MD = MD’
1 Concentrated load W WL  4k  9  WL  k  6 
 
(W) 24  k  3k  1 24  k  3k  1
qs qs 2 Uniform vertical  qL2   qL2 
   
12k  1 12k  1
load (q)

3 Weight of wall (W) q1L  k  q1L  3  2k 

 
6  k  3k  1 6  k  3k  1
q1=2W/(l+hw) W W

 q kH 2  4 Water pressure qi H 2  k 2k  7  qi H 2  k 3k  8 

MA = MA =  s  Where,  
12k  1 60  k  3k  1 60  k  3k  1
(qi)
k  I L  of members meeting at corner
qi qi
5 Lateral soil (qe) qe H 2  k 2k  7   qe H 2  k 3k  8 
 
60  k  3k  1 60  k  3k  1
3
H  ts  qe
 q kH 2   
qe
M D = M D = 
 s  L  tw  6 Surcharge  q kH 2   q kH 2 
12k  1  s  s
qs qs
 
12k  1 12k  1
pressure (qs)

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Box culvert frame ABCD along with

Limitations of Moment Distribution Method external loads,
W=W slab+wsoil
• In the box-culverts, generally the haunches are ph2 ph2
provided at the corners due to high stresses.
A E B
• In the moment distribution the effect of haunches
is neglected ph1a
h L
• The bending moment , shear force and axial (ph1b/H)h
Wweb

force may be determined at salient points using

the coefficients tabulated in book.
D F C
ph1 ph1a
ph1b
w
Due to symmetry, half of frame (i.e. EADF) of box culvert
is considered for moment distribution.
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MOMENT DISTRIBUTION USING

SYMMETRY
Joint D A
Member DF DA AD AE
Distribution
factor MA
MA
E
EXAMPLE ON BOX-CULVERT
Fix end
moment
A
ME ANALYSIS USING MOMENT
H/2
Balance
Final A E DISTRIBUTION METHOD AND
moment
MG G
COMPARISION WITH RESULTS
H/2
MF
USING COEFFICIENTS
D
MD F
MD
D F
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Case 1:DL & LL from outside of Box

Example and no water inside
• In side dimensions = 3.5 x 3.5 m • Self weight of top slab
• Super imposed load = 12000 N/m2 = 0.301125000= 7500 N/m2
• Live load = 45000 N/m2 • Live load including superimposed dead load
• Weight of soil = 18000 N/m3 = 45000 + 12000 = 57000 N/m2
• Angle of repose = 30o • (DL+LL) on top slab = 7500+57000=64500 N/m2
• Assumptions: • Weight of each side wall
– Thickness of Horizontal slab, ts = 300 mm = 0.3 m = 3.80.325000 = 28500 N/m
– Vertical wall thickness, tw = 300 mm = 0.30 m • Upward soil reaction at base (per m length)
• Effective span of slab, H = 3.5 + 0.30 = 3.80 m = Total Load/width
• Effective Height of wall, L = 3.5 + 0.30 = 3.80 m = [(645003.8)+(228500)]/3.80 = 79500 N/m2

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Box culvert frame ABCD along with

external loads,
w= 64500 N/m2
• Ka = (1-sin30)/(1+sin30)
=(1-0.5)/(1+0.5)= 0.5/1.5= 1/3 19000 19000
• Lateral pressure due to dead load and live load (i.e. A E B
surcharge on approach road) = Pv  Ka
p = 57000  0.3333 = 19000 N/m2
19000 h 3.8
W = 28500
• Latral Active pressure due to soil 6000h 3.8
= Ka  w h = 0.333318000h = 6000 h
• Total lateral pressure with = 19000 + 6000 h D F C
• Total pressure at base = 19000+60003.8 41800 19000 22800
= 19000 + 22800 =41800 w = 79500 N/m2
• Total pressure at top = 19000+60000 Due to symmetry, half of frame (i.e. EADF) of box culvert
= 19000 is considered for moment distribution.
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Fixed End Moments A E Distribution Factors

• MFAB = -wL2/12 • Since all the members have uniform thickness, and
=-645003.82/12= -77615 N-m uniform dimensions, I will be same for all the
• MFDC = +wL2/12
members meeting at a joint.
= 795003.82/12 = 95665 N - m F
A E
D
• MFAD =+pL2/12+ WL/15 (Where W is the total triangular earth pressure) • LAB = 3.8 m; LAD = 3.8 m, IAE = IAD = I
= +190003.82/12+[(228003.8)/2]3.8/15 • For member AD (far end D fixed),
= 22863 + 10974 = 33837 N-m
Stiffness KAD = 4EIAE/LAE = 4EI/3.8
• MFDA = - pL2 /12 - WL/10
= (-190003.82)/12– [(228003.8)/2]3.8/10 • For member AB, (far end B fixed) D F

= -22863 – 16462 = -39325 Stiffness KAB = 4EIAB/LAB = 4EI/3.8

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A Note on Stiffness of Symmetric structures

Since the top slab as well as bottom is symmetric and loaded A E
symmetrically, for simplicity, the use of symmetry may be made. Making the use of symmetry, the stiffness of member
In this case, the boundary conditions at mid point will be guided AE is determined as
fixed support which will allow vertical deflection but no rotation.
Due to symmetry moments at both the ends of the slab will be
KAE = (1/2)KAB = 2EIAB/LAB = 2EI/3.8
equal. If the moments at ‘A’ and ‘B’ are M, M/EI diagram will be Thus, if, KAD = 2K
as follows:
M/EI D F KAE = K
Conjugate beam for slab AB with (M/EI) Loading Distribution factor at joint A
In conjugate beam, rotation at A (or at B in this case) will be equal to slope at A (or B in
the conjugate beam) DFAE = KAE /(KAE + KAD) = K/(K+2K)=1/3
Rotation at A (or B) A = B = = SF at A (or B) = [(M/EI)L]/2 = ML/(2EI)
Or Moment required at A (or B) to produce rotation  will be (2EI/L) DFAD = KAD /(KAE + KAD) = 2K/(K+2K)=2/3
Stiffness at A (or B) = Moment required to produce unit rotation = (2EI/L)
Thus stiffness of the slab at A becomes half as compared to conventional stiffness (i.e. 4EI/L)

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The moment distribution carried out as per table 1 for case 1

Joint D A • For top slab AB, UDL = 4500N/m2.

Member DF DA AD AE
Distribution • Vertical reaction at A and B = 64500 x 3.8/2
0.33 0.67 0.67 0.33
factor
Fix end = 122550 N/m2
95665 -39325 33837 -77615
moment
Balance -18780 -37560 29185 14592 54164 54164
64500
Carry over 14593 -18780
balance -4864 -9729 12520 6260
Carry over 6260 -4865
balance -2087 -4174 3243 1622
Carry over 1622 -2087 122550 122550
balance -541 -1081 1391 696
Carry over 696 -541 For Bottom slab DC, UDL = 79500 N/m2
balance -232 -464 361 180
Carry over 180 -232
Vertical reaction at D and C = 795003.8/2 = 151050 N
balance -60 -120 155 77 151050 151050
Carry over 77 -60
balance -26 -51 40 20
Final
69072 -69072 54164 -54164 69072
moment 69072 79500
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• For the vertical member AD, 54164 54164

64500
54164
19000 46617
horizontal reaction at A is found by A
46617
122550
equating moment at D to zero as
19000 A
(-ha3.8) + 54164 - 69072 54164
46617 122550 122550

+190003.8(3.8/2)
+ 1/222800 x 3.8(3.8/3) = 0
D
 ha = 46617 22800
68903
41800 69072
69072
22800
68903
Hence , 41800
D 151050

hd = [(19000+41800)/2]3.8-46617 = 68903 N 151050

68903 69072

79500
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• Free B.M. at mid span of top slab, E

54164
= [645003.82]/8 = 116422 N-m 54164 E

• Net B.M. at E A
62258
=116422 – 54164 = 62258 N-m 1.9

• Free B.M. at mid span of bottom slab, F

= [795003.82]/8 = 143497 N-m 6748 G
• Net B.M. at F
1.9
= 143497 - 69072 = 74425 N-m
74425
D
• Free BM at mid height of wall, G 69072 F
= [190003.82]/8+[22803.82]/16 = 54870 69072
• Net BM at G = (69072 + 54164)/2 – 54870 =6748 Nm

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Box culvert frame ABCD along with

external loads,

w= 64500 N/m2
19000 19000
A E B

19000 h 3.8
W = 28500
6000h 3.8

D F C
41800 19000 22800
w = 79500 N/m2

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Net BM at A2 (in Example point A)

= (0.042wL2 + 0.021WL) – 0.019pL2 – 0.042pL2
= – 0.042 645003.82 + 0.021285003.8
– 0.019(41800-19000)3.82
– 0.04219000 3.82
= – 39118 + 2275 – 6255 – 11523
= – 54621 Nm
Moment at point A calculated from Moment Distribution
Method = -54164 Nm
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PIPE CULVERTS
Net BM at B1 (in Example point E)
= (0.083wL2 + 0.021WL)-0.019pL2 - 0.042pL2
= 0.083645003.82 + 0.021285003.8
- 0.019(41800-19000)3.82
- 0.04219000 3.82
= 77305 + 2275 – 6255 - 11523
= 61802 Nm
Moment at point E calculated from Moment
Distribution Method = 62258 Nm
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Components of Pipe Culvert

Pipe Culvert Resting on Earthen Bedding Pipe Culvert Resting on Concrete Bedding
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Components of Pipe Culvert : Head Wall Pipe Culverts

• Pipe culverts are designed to provide the
conveyance of pedestrians or vehicles using the pre-
cast pipes laid end to end and connected with
suitable joint materials.
• Normally proposed at locations where a canal with a
Wing wall
discharge of 1 cumec to 1.5 cumec crosses the
village/rural roads
• Pipes are the cheapest and quickest form of the
culvert
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Location s where Pipe culverts are preferred Types of Pipes

• Pipe culverts are provided where, Pipes are classified into two types:
– The passage is provided over deep trench.
• Non-pressure pipes (NP-1 to NP-4),
– Span is very small say 2 to 3 m, in this case it is • Pressure Pipes (P-1 to P-3)
difficult to construct the abutments
– In case number of rows of pipe is more than two For the pipe-culverts only non-pressure pipes are
used
• pipe culvert may not be economical
• In such cases the slab culvert may be
economical.

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Description of Non-pressure pipes Design of Pipe Culverts

Pipe Pipe Description Application
Desig. Design involves the determination of following
Un-reinforced For drainage and irrigation parameters:
NP-1 Concrete Non- use, above ground or in • Depth of pipe beadding
pressure pipe shallow trenches
For drainage and irrigation • Diameter and thickness of pipe,
RC Light duty Non-
NP-2 use, for culverts carrying light
pressure pipe
traffic
• No. of pipes,

RC heavy duty Non-

For drainage and irrigation • Support conditions
NP-3 use, for culverts carrying
pressure pipe
heavy traffic
For drainage and irrigation
RC heavy duty Non-
NP-4 use, for culverts carrying very
pressure pipe
heavy traffic
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Selection of Depth of pipe bedding Selection of Depth to pipe

• In pipe culverts traffic can not ply directly over the
pipe (as in box/slab culverts)
• Pipe must be at sufficient depth in order to protect
the pipe from impact of live loads.
• As the depth of pipe increases, better protection to
pipe by direct loads due to better distribution of loads
• However, as depth of pipe increases, dead load on
pipe due to filling material also increases
• Total depth of material shall be sufficient to satisfy
minimum as well as maximum heights of fill
necessary for load support
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• Minimum or maximum height of pipe fill material is
placed in accordance with specifications supplied by
pipe manufacturer.
• Mini. depth of cover for entrance pipes is 300 mm.
• A earth cushion of Minimum 450 mm must be
provided at the top of the pipe
• At both ends of pipe culvert, it is preferable to
provide masonry head walls with arch at top when
depth of filling is small.
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Selection of Depth to pipe

• Head walls at the ends of the road formation,
assists to retain the and prevents the stream water
to damage the embankment

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Selection of Depth to pipe

• More depth better distribution of load ( less load) In both the cases splayed wing walls may be provided
• But More depth of filling not economical along with head walls
• More depth , more height of head wall
• Embankment with its natural side slope may be
accommodated beneficial without high haed walls
• But more slope needs more depth more length of
pipe

Minimum Earth cushion:

Minimum earth cushion over
the pipes shall be 600 mm.
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Selection of Pipe Diameter Maximum & Minimum diameter of pipe (Corrected)

Diameter of pipe is selected in such a way that: • Minimum diameter of pipe 600 mm
• It should provide sufficient conveyance of flow
• However, it is desirable to use minimum
without creating adverse drainage impacts
(erosion of pipe material etc.) diameter as follows to facilitate occasional
• structurally the pipe should be capable of resisting cleaning and to avoid blocking of vent by debris
loads (i.e. earth-fill, pedestrian load and live load) – 1200 mm for fills up to 3.5 m and
– 1800 mm for fills over 3.5 m

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Number of Pipes Required Determination of Operation Head, ‘H’

• Total Discharge at the culvert site is found Pipe Culvert flows full when inlet is submerged
• Assume the diameter of pipe and calculate the There may be two possibilities:
discharge capacity of one pipe
(a) tail race water surface is below the crown of the exit
• Calculate the no. of pipes required as
(b) tail race water surface is above the crown of the exit
No. of pipes = Total discharge in river/Flow carrying
capacity of one pipe

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Determination of Operation Head, ‘H’ Determination of Velocity Flow through Pipes

Operating Head ‘H’ Energy produced by Operating head "H“ is used in
= Height of the upstream water level measured from (i) supplying the energy required to generate the
the surface level in the tail race or from the crown velocity of flow through the culvert (V2/2g)
of the exit of the culvert whichever level is higher (ii) Forcing water through the inlet of culvert, (KeV2/2g)
(iii) overcoming the frictional resistance offered by the
inside wetted surface of the culvert (KfV2/2g)
V2 V2 V2
Operation Head , H   Ke Kf
2g 2g 2g

H  1  K e  K f 
V2
2g
Where, Ke and Kf are the coefficients which depend on entry
mouth shape and length and diameter of pipe
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Values of Ke and Kf

H  1  K e  K f 
V 2 Ke depends on the shape of the inlet
2g Ke = 0.08 for bevelled or Bell - mouthed entry
12 = 0.505 for sharp edged entry
2 gh  H 
V  4.43  
1  K e  K f  1 K  K
 e f


• Thus, for the preliminarily assumed diameter of pipe, For cement concrete circular pipes or cement
flow carrying capacity may be determined as plastered masonry culverts of rectangular section, Kf
1/ 2
 H  may be calculated as
Q  A  4.43  0.00334 L 0.00334 L
1  K e  K f  Kf  
R1.33  A P 1.33
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Example
• Design a culvert consisting of cement concrete circular pipes
• Number of pipes required to be provided can be with bevelled entry and flowing full, given:
found as Discharge 10 m3 /sec
R.L. of ground 100.00 m
No. of Pipes Required
H.F.L of tail race 100.80 m
Total Discharge Permissible heading up at inlet R.L. 101.80 m

Flow carrying capacity of one pipe Length of culvert 10 m

10 m

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Check for Strength of Pipe

Let us try pipe diameters (> 0.8 m, see Fig.) (1) 1m and (2) 1.5 m
Trail No. : (1) (2) • Once, the diameter and no. of pipes is decided,
Assumed int. Diameter, d : (1) 1 m; (2) 1.5 m; now there is need to check for strength
Head at Exit, H=1.8-D : (1)H=0.8 m; (2) H=0.3 m; • Permissible Strength of pipe is calculated as
For bevelled entry, : (1) Ke = 0.08, (2) Ke = 0.08 Ultimate failure strength
Hyd. Rad., R (= A/P=D/4) : (1) R= 0.2 (2) R= 0.375 Permissibl e Strength of Pipe 
Factor of Safety
Kf = 0.0334L/R1.33 : (1) Kf = 0.08397 (2) Kf = 0.04897
Velocity, v : (1) v= 3.67 m/s; (2) v= 1.94 m/s
• Factor of safety depends on type of support
Discharge, Q(= Av) : (1) Q=2.88 m3/s (2) Q=4.03 m3/s
conditions
No. of pipes, n(=10/Q) : (1) n = 3.47; (2) n = 2.48
• More stiffer is support  More chances of
Say 4 Say 3 damage  More Factor of Safety is needed
Hence, 4 pipes of 1 m diameter (trial 1) will be a suitable choice
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Types of Support Conditions First class Bedding

Ordinary Bedding

Bedding Condition Factor of safety

Ordinary Less than 2.3 Bedding Condition Factor of safety
First Class 2.3 to 3.7
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Concrete Cradle Loads acting on Pipe Culverts

• Pipe culverts, due to the fact that they are installed
underground, are subject to ‘dead’ and ‘live’ loads.
• Based on the pipe’s ability to carry loads, suitable
type of pipe is adopted to bear the loads coming
over it.

Bedding Condition Factor of safety

Concrete Crtadle More than 3.7

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Check for Strength of pipe

 Three  Edge Bearing Capacity per m run  W Due to filling material (kN / m) 

 Factor of Saftey    correspond ing strength Factor 
  
Three  Edge Bearing Capacity per m run

 W Due to surface load (kN / m)  W Due to filling material (kN / m) 

 correspond ing strength Factor   correspond ing strength Factor 
Strength factor for dead loads vary from 2.3 to 3.7  
 W Due to surface load (kN / m) 
  correspond ing strength Factor (1.5) 
depending on type of support conditions as
Bedding Condition Factor of safety  
Ordinary Less than 2.3
 Factor of Saftey (1.5)
First Class 2.3 to 3.7
Concrete Crtadle More than 3.7
Factor of safety for Three-edge bearing capacity = 1.5
Factor of safety for Surface loads = 1.5
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Determination of W due to Soil

Embankment over the culvert (Ref. PP 7 IRC 783) Negative projecting conduit

Pipes embedded into soil are classified in to two types: • A negative projecting conduit is a Top of Embankment
(Road level)

(a)Positive Projection Conduit conduit installed in a relatively Compacted soil

(b)Negative projection Conduit narrow and shallow ditch with the Natural Ground
top of the conduit below the natural
Positive projecting conduit Top of Embankment
ground surface; the ditch is then Loose soil
(Road level)
• A positive projecting conduit is a backfilled with looses soil and an
conduit or pipe installed in shallow
bedding with the top of the pipe embankment is constructed.
H
cross-section projecting above the • Effective in reducing the load on the conduit,
natural ground surface. especially if the backfill above conduit is loose soil.
Natural
• Highway and rail road culverts Ground
• Generally not used in culverts
are often installed in this way.
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Marston load theory (Embankment conditions) Positive projecting conduit

• In conjunction with positive projecting conduits, Marston
determined the existence of a horizontal plane above the pipe
where the shearing forces are zero. This plane is called the
plane of equal settlement.
• Above this plane, the interior and exterior prisms of soil settle
equally.
• The condition where the plane of equal settlement is real (it is
located within the embankment) is called an incomplete
projection or an incomplete ditch condition. (Case I)
• If the plane of equal settlement is imaginary (the shear forces
extend all the way to the top of the embankment), it is called a
complete projection or complete ditch condition. (Case II)
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• In Case I, the ground at the sides of the pipe settles more
than the top of the pipe.
• In Case II, the top of the pipe settles more than the soil at
the sides of the pipe.
• Case I was called the projection condition by Marston
and is characterized by a positive settlement ratio rsd
• The shear forces are downward and cause a greater load
on the buried pipe for Case I.
• Case II is called the ditch condition and is characterized
by a negative settlement ratio rsd. The shear forces are
directed upward in this case and result in a reduced load
on the pipe.
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Types of Positive Projection

Complete Projection Incomplete Projection condition complete Projection condition
If the embankment is not of
sufficient height, the plane of equal
Case I H > He Case I H < He
settlement does not fall within the
embankment i.e. Hc > H, this
condition is known as complete
projection.
Incomplete Projection
If the embankment is of sufficient Sf+dc< Sm+Sg Sf+dc> Sm+Sg
height, the plane of equal
Sf+dc Sm+Sg Sf+dc Sm+Sg
settlement may fall within the
embankment i.e. Hc < H, this
condition is known as Incomplete
projection. Sg
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Settlement Ratio Pipe Culvert with Positive Projection Ref. PP 7 IRC 783

Pipe Culvert with Positive Projection embankment condition is

Critical plane settlement installed as shown in Fig.
=Sm (settlement in side soil) + Sg (ground settlement) Top of Embankment (Road level)

Settlement of the top of the pipe

= Sf (conduit settlement)+dc (vertical pipe deflection).
Natural Ground

Settlement ratio is calculated as

(Ref. Fig. 15 PP 31 IRC 783)

Here, p is known as projection ratio

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Projection Ratio
Load on Pipe due to soil
• Projection ratio ‘p’ is calculated as: For embankment condition with positive projection, the
p= (h/D) load due to soil may be calculated as
Where, We  Ce w D 2
h = vertical distance from the top of the pipe down to The value of Ce depends on
the level of the undisturbed ground surface at the – Projection ratio, p (=h/D), and
– Settlement Ratio, rs
sides of the pipes,
D = external diameter of the pipe Settlement Ratio( rs)
For the culverts (positive projection condition for earth
foundation),the Settlement ratio, rs is taken between
0.7 to 1.0 (pp 48 IRC 783)

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Determination of W due to Soil Determination of W due to Soil

Embankment over the culvert Embankment over the culvert
Note: W due to soil in embankment may alternatively be
• These curves
are drawn for determined using following table supplied by
K = 0.1924
which is
applicable for
manufactures (for NP3) [ Minimum Depth = 300 mm]
granular soils
with cohesion.
and earth fill density = 18 kN/m3.
• The value is d D Embankment Loading on NP-3 Pipe in kN/m for various depths in meters
slightly (mm) (mm) 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0
conservative for
other materials.
500 650 16.8 34.9 54.0 65.3 99.0 118.5 150.0 171.0 191.0 212.0
600 760 18.7 42.6 62.4 75.5 103.0 133.0 160.5 186.0 197.0 230.0
700 860 20.0 48.0 68.0 86.5 118.5 154.5 174.0 209.0 228.0 246.0
800 980 24.2 55.3 79.5 107.0 136.5 163.0 202.0 230.0 260.0 288.0
900 1100 28.3 58.7 91.5 122.0 150.0 185.0 209.0 257.0 297.0 338.0
1000 1200 28.6 59.5 101.0 132.0 163.0 202.0 228.0 259.0 324.0 357.0
1200 1430 33.4 74.0 115.0 159.0 200.0 226.0 274.0 315.0 352.0 427.0

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Determination of W due to
Concentrated Highway Loads
As per IS 783:1985
The distributed load on culvert (in kN/m) due to Vertical
concentrated wheel load is calculated as
Wc  C p
PI
in kN / m  ( IRC :83 pp 17)
Where, l
P = concentrated wheel load (kN);
I = impact factor
Cp = Influence coefficient, depends on (D/2H) & (l/2H);
D = diameter of pipe
l = Length of Pipe
Cp is calculated from Fig. 3 of IS:783 (shown next slide)
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Concentrated Load Transmitted to Underground Pipe

The loaded area on pipe is divided
into four parts (rectangles)
The load transferred at the corner of
an rectangle may be calculated as
W 1 = Coeff. Corner  p  (X  Y)
Where, p = pressure
= P/(area)
= P/(LBe)
Where
L = Length of Pipe measured along
the carriageway (per. To span)
Be = Effective width of dispersion of
Load at top surface of pipe
Ref.: Foundation Engg by G A Leonards
For a rectangular loaded area, load transferred at corner
W 1 = CCorner  p (X  Y)
We have, p = P/(BeL); X = Be/2; and Y = L/2
W 1 = CCorner  [P/(BeL)]  [(Be/2)  (L/2))
= CCorner (P/4)
L = Effective Length Including Impact Factor, I
W 1 = CCorner  (P/4)I
The value of CCorner is determined corresponding to value of
m = (X/H)
n = (Y/H)
Length of Pipe
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Determination of W due to
Concentrated Highway Loads (as per Text book) Determination of CS for concentrated Surface Load
The above equation is re-written as
W 1 = (CCorner / 4)  PI = CS  PI
CS for concentrated Surface Load for Highways
Total load acting on Pipe = 4W 1 = 4  CS P I d D CS for various depths in meters (above pipe)
Where, Cs is to determined from Table corresponding to H and D (mm) (mm) 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
values 500 650 0.246 0.228 0.198 0.169 0.117 0.083 0.060 0.017 0.008 0.005
The distributed load on culvert (in kN/m) due to Vertical 600 760 0.247 0.234 0.210 0.182 0.131 0.094 0.068 0.022 0.010 0.006
700 860 0.247 0.236 0.215 0.186 0.140 0.102 0.075 0.024 0.010 0.006
concentrated wheel load is calculated using the simplified
800 980 0.249 0.240 0.220 0.196 0.149 0.110 0.083 0.027 0.013 0.007
expression as
W  4 Cs I P in kN / m 900
1000
1100
1200
0.249
0.249
0.241
0.242
0.225 0.202 0.156 0.117 0.089 0.029
0.228 0.205 0.162 0.123 0.095 0.032
0.014
0.015
0.008
0.010
Where, 1200 1430 0.249 0.242 0.230 0.209 0.171 0.131 0.104 0.036 0.020 0.011
P = concentrated wheel load (kN);
I = Impact Factor (1.5 for highways)
CS = Influence coefficient depends on D and H both;
CS is calculated from following Table
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Determination of Impact Factor for Determination of impact factor for

Highway Loads on smooth surfaces Highway Loads on Rough surfaces
• Impact Factor which depends on
• Where a rough pavement surface is anticipated
• depth of cover measured from the top of the pipe to the
(that is, due to settlement of the fill material), and
top of the pavement above the pipe, and
the depth of cover is 900mm or less, the impact
• smoothness of the pavement surface.
factors shall be increased by at least 20 percent.
As per IS 783 (page 18), for a smooth pavement surface
impact factors for different depths may be taken : • Generally, on safer side the Impact
Depth of Cover Impact Factor I for smooth pavement factor for Highway is taken as 1.5
Surface
0 1.3
300 mm 1.2
600 mm 1.1
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Determination of W due to Railway Loads Uniformly distributed load

Load on pipe W (in kN/m) due to Railway (Uniformly Uniformly distributed load in kN/m2 on the surface
Distributed) Loads is calculated as directly is calculated as

W  4 Cs U D  PI 
U   2Wt . B
Where,  4 A B 
W= Load on pipe in kN/m P = axel load in kN (= 229 kN for broad gauge)
CS = Influence coefficient depends on length of A = half of the length of sleeper in m ( = 1.35 m for
broad gauge)
sleeper, distance between two axels, depth of top of B = half of the distance between two driving axels in m
pipe below surface (= 0.92 m for broad gauge)
U = Uniformly distributed load in kN/m2 on the surface W t = wt. of track structure in kN/m (generally 3 kN/m)
directly above the pipe D = outside diameter of the pipe in m
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In the above expression, I = impact factor which is For broad gauge the above equation becomes
calculated as per IS 783 as follows W  339 Cs D
Depth of Cover Impact Factor I for Railway Loading For broad gauge, the value of Cs may be read from
600 mm 1.7 Table which depends on H only
900 mm 1.5 H (m) Cs H (m) Cs H (m) Cs H (m) Cs
3.0 m and above 1.0 0.1 0.250 0.6 0.224 2.0 0.094 7.0 0.011
On safer side, the value of I may be taken as 1.7 0.2 0.249 0.7 0.218 3.0 0.052 8.0 0.009
0.3 0.245 0.8 0.205 4.0 0.032 9.0 0.007
0.4 0.240 0.9 0.193 5.0 0.021 10.0 0.005
0.5 0.233 1.0 0.183 6.0 0.015 --- ---
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The three-edge Bearing Capacity

Three-edge Bearing Capacity of Pipes for various size of Pipes
Int. Barre Reinforcements Three-edge Bearing
Dia. l Wall Capacity (kN per m)
(mm) Thick Longitudinal Spira Load to Ultima
ness l produce 0.25 te
Mini. Kg
No. per m kg/m mm crack Load
300 50 8 0.78 1.53 15.50 23.25
350 55 8 0.78 1.58 16.77 25.16
400 60 8 0.78 1.60 19.16 28.74
450 65 8 0.78 1.90 21.56 32.34
500 70 8 0.78 2.00 23.95 35.83
600 75 8 or 1.18 2.20 28.74 43.11
6+6
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The three-edge Bearing Capacity The three-edge Bearing Capacity

for various size of Pipes Cont… for various size of Pipes Cont…
Int. Barre Reinforcements Three-edge Int. Barre Reinforcements Three-edge
Dia. l Wall Bearing Capacity Dia. l Wall Bearing Capacity
(mm) Thick (kN per m)
(mm) Thick (kN per m)
ness Longitudinal Spiral Load to Ultimat ness Longitudinal
kg/m produce e Load Spiral Load to Ult.
Mini. Kg Mini. Kg kg/m produce Load
No. per 0.25 mm 0.25 mm
crack No. per
m m crack
700 85 8 or 6+6 1.18 4.87 33.53 50.30 1400 140 8+8 3.55 30.00 67.06 100.60
800 95 8 or 6+6 2.66 6.87 38.32 57.48
1600 165 8+8 3.55 50.63 76.64 114.96
900 100 6+6 2.66 11.55 43.11 64.67 1800 180 12 + 12 9.36 64.19 86.82 129.33
1000 115 6+6 2.66 15.70 47.90 71.85 2000 190 12 + 12 9.36 83.12 95.80 143.70
1100 120 6+6 2.66 19.61 52.69 79.00 2200 210 12 + 12 9.36 105.53 105.4 158.07
1200 125 8+8 3.55 21.25 57.48 86.22
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Example on Pipe Culverts

• Design a culvert consisting of cement concrete circular • Design a pipe culvert for the following Data :
pipes with bevelled entry and flowing full, given: • Width of the road (Carriage way) = 7.5m
Discharge 10 m3 /sec
• Width of formation (width of culvert) = 10m
R.L. of ground 100.00 m
H.F.L of tail race 100.80 m • Side slope of the embankment :1.5:1
Perm. heading up at inlet R.L. 101.80 m • Height of Road embankment above pipe base = 3 m
Width of culvert 10 m Maximum discharge = 10 m3/sec
• Safe velocity = 3 m/sec
• Live load to be considered : class AA
• Assume bell mouth entry.
• Take unit weight of soil as 18 kN/m3.
10 m

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Hydraulic Design
L = Length of pipe Ht. of water level at upstream from ground = 101.8 -100.0 = 1.8m
Let us try internal diameter of pipe (> 0.8 m, see Fig.) (1) 1m and (2) 1.5 m
= Base width of embankment
= 10 + 21.53 = 19 m Trail No. (1) (2)
Assumed Int. Dia. of pipe, d : (1) 1 m; (2) 1.5 m;
Operational Head ,H= 1.8 -d : (1) 0.8 m; (2) 0.3 m;
For bevelled entry, Ke : (1) 0.08, (2) 0.08
Bridge Deck
Hydraulic Radius (A/P) = D/4 : (1) D/4 = 0.2 (2) D/4= 0.375
RL = 101.80 m
Soil Embankment Kf = 0.00334L/R1.33 : (1) 0.5396 (2) 0.2334
H
RL = 100.80 m Velocity, v : (1) 3.11 m/s; (2) 2.12 m/s
1.8
D d 3m Discharge Q= Av : (1) 2.88 m3/s (2) 3.74 m3/s
RL = 100.00 m No. of pipes =10/Q : (1) 4.09; (2) 2.67
19 m No. of pipes required : (1) Say 5 (2) Say 3

Hence, 3 pipes of 1.5 m diameter (trial 2) will be a suitable choice

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Determination of W due to soil

Determination of W due to soil embankment
embankment using the IS 783 Curves
using the IS 783 Curves Cont……
Since, in the given problem, pipe is kept such that
Also for pipe culverts, rs = 0.8
embedded depth is 0.3D as shown in Fig.
 rsp = 0.80.7 = 0.56 0.6
 In this example, H/D may be calculated as
H (3  1.2)
 1.5
Thus the value of p becomes as 0.7 i.e. p = 0.7 D 1.2
Corresponding to H/D = 1.5
and rsp = 0.6, we get Ce = 1.8
W  Ce w D 2
1.8 18 1.22  46.7 kN / m
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Determination of W due to soil embankment

using the Table given in Text book
Alternatively, the value of W may be determined as • Load on pipe due to wheel load (as per Text book)
Assuming barrel thickness (t) 100 mm,
Outer diameter of pipe , D = d+ 2t W  4 Cs IP  4  0.0151.5 700  63 kN / m length
= 1000 + 2100=1200 mm Three edge Bearing capacity strength for NP3 pipe of
Corresponding to D = 1200 mm, 1000 mm internal diameter = 72 kN/m
For 1 m soil embankment above pipe, load due to  Three  Edge Bearing Capacity per m run  W Due to filling material (kN / m) 
soil embankment = 28.5 kN/m     correspond ing strength Factor 
 Factor of Saftey (1.5)   
for 1 m soil embankment above pipe, load due to soil  W Due to surface load (kN / m) 
72 40.0 63  
embankment = 59.6 kN/m    SF  6.0  correspond ing strength Factor (1.5) 
For 1.5 m soil embankment above pipe, load due to 1.5 SF 1.5
soil embankment = (28.5+59.6)/2 = 44.05 kN/m Since, Factor of Safety required is 6.0 which is more
Which is approximately equal to calculated using the than 3.7, hence, concrete cradle is to be provided.
curve. BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

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