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Objective:
General discussion:
Penetration test:
This test is an automated test used for measuring the liquid limit, where
Cone Pentrometer is used. This test uses a standard cone with 30º apex
angle and a total mass of 80 g, and a standard dish of 55 mm diameter
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and 40 mm deep is filled with soil and stuck flush.
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The basic of this test is that it measures the penetration of the cone in the
soil sample for 5 s; this time is determined by electric timer which
switches of automatically after 5 s of operating. The penetration scale
consists of two arrows; a small one that measures mille meters and the
large one which measures mille meters * 10-2.
Many trials should be done and a graph on semi-log scale is drawn to
relate the water content in each trial (the Abscissa representing the
penetration in mm and the ordinate representing the water content).
The graph will be linear and the two quantities will be directly related,
that is the more penetration in the sample the more water it contains.
Liquid limit is defined as the water content that meets a penetration of
20 mm on the graph.
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A H M 531 Shrinkage limit and liquid limit By: Ahmed Essam Mansour
2. Drying:
As the soil dries, the pores start to empty from water , during this
empting process surface tension develop and the grains gets closer
to each other.
The test is simply held by placing the soil sample in the shrinkage dish
and stuck flush, and then dried gradually, so that no cracking for the soil
sample will occur, for 48 hours where the first 24 hours will be air drying.
The volumes in Equation 1 can be approached by two methods:
• Wax method
• Mercury method
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A H M 531 Shrinkage limit and liquid limit By: Ahmed Essam Mansour
In our test, the mercury method was used where the volume of empty dish
is obtained by filling it with mercury and stuck it flush, weighing the
mass of mercury contained in the dish and then the volume of the
container will be obtained by:
*
Where:
Md: Mass of dish
Mdm: Mass of mercury + dish
ρm: The mass density of mercury, which equals 13.53 g/cm3
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Where:
Ms: Mass of dry sample
Mdis: Mass of displaced mercury
ρm: The mass density of mercury, which equals
13.53 g/cm3
Volumetric shrinkage:
*
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A H M 531 Shrinkage limit and liquid limit By: Ahmed Essam Mansour
Linear shrinkage:
B.S. 1377 specifies a method for measuring the linear shrinkage, where
standardized mold takes the shape of half cylinder of 12.5 mm diameter
and 140 mm length. The mold is fill with soil sample and then dried in
the same manner the shrinkage sample was dried, and then the final
length of the specimen was measured.
Using the following formula the Linear shrinkage is measured:
*
Where:
Lo: Initial length (the length of the mold)
Lf: Final length of the specimen
For purposes of accuracy several readings are taken for each length and
then the average for each reading is calculated and used in the formula.
The length of dried sample is measured by using a string and a ruler as
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the specimen will be buckled and its length can’t be measured by using a
ruler only.
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An approximate value of linear shrinkage can be obtained form
volumetric shrinkage using the formula:
*
This equation assumes that the reduction in soil volume is both linear and
uniform.
Sample identification:
Light brown clay sample, which was mix thoroughly with water so that
the sample was homogenous.
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A H M 531 Shrinkage limit and liquid limit By: Ahmed Essam Mansour
Equipments:
• Cone Pentrometer, for the liquid limit measurement.
• Grease
• Mercury
• Sensitive balance
Procedures:
2. The container of the cone Pentrometer device was filled with soil
specimen on three times, and were stroke on the bench to prevent
air voids from taking place in the container, and it was stuck flush.
3. The container containing the specimen was placed under the cone
of the Pentrometer, and the cone is then released for 5 seconds,
and the reading of the penetration was taken.
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A H M 531 Shrinkage limit and liquid limit By: Ahmed Essam Mansour
4. Small portion of the tested soil was taken into one of the
identified cans and its weight was recorded.
Shrinkage limit:
1. The dish was greased before starting the lab so that the soil won’t
stick on its walls.
The weight of coated dish was obtained Md.
2. The shrinkage dish was filled then with soil sample on layers and
tapped gently on the table to remove any entrapped air. The soil
shall be stuck flush in the dish and the outer wall of the dish was
carefully cleaned.
The weight of dish + wet soil was obtained Mdw.
3. The shrinkage dish filled with wet soil was then air dried for 24
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hours and then place in the oven for more 24 hours.
4. TheThe Civil
dish was Engineering
taken out Center
of the oven and the weight of dish + dry
soil was obtained Ms.
5. The empty dish then was filled with mercury and stuck it flush in
the dish.
The weight of the dish + mercury was obtained Mdm.
6. The dry soil was placed in a cup containing mercury the surface
and pushed into it, the displaced mercury was gathered into a
container and it weight was obtained Mdis.
Linear Shrinkage:
1. The standardized mold was filled with soil sample to the top and
the surface was leveled.
2. The mold containing the sample was then placed into the oven and
dried gradually to avoid cracking of the soil sample.
3. After 48 hours, the mould was removed from the oven and the
length of the mold was measured two times and the length of the
specimen was measured 3 times.
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A H M 531 Shrinkage limit and liquid limit By: Ahmed Essam Mansour
Calculations:
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Sample of calculations:
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A H M 531 Shrinkage limit and liquid limit By: Ahmed Essam Mansour
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