EBB 428 – Occupational Safety &

Health

Lecture 6

OCCUPATIONAL
SAFETY AND HEALTH
(who responsibilities)
1
Safe Environment to work in

2
Who do you think is responsible for making the
workplace safe ?

3
Safe Machine and Material

Safety guard Chemicals stored

Safety equipment Safety signs

4
Types of Chemical

 Acids (sulfuric acid, hydrofluoric acids).

 Alkalies (all hydroxides, bases, caustic Soda).
 Poison (cyanides)
 Carcinogens (Benzene, Toluene).
 Solvents (acetone, IPA, methanol).
 Oxidizers (hydrogen peroxide, sodium bisulfate).
 Toxic (phenol, methanol).
 Cryogenic (liquid nitrogen, liquid oxygen).
 Asphyxiant (carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide).

5
Malaysian Environmental and Safety Regulations

Safety & Health Environmental

 OSH (Prohibition of Use of  EQ (Clean Air) Regulations
Substance) Order 1999 1978
 OSH (Classification, Packaging  EQ (Sewage and Industrial
and Labelling of Hazardous
Effluents) Regulations 1979
Chemicals) Regulations 1997.
 EQ (Scheduled Wastes)
 OSH (Use and Standards of
Regulations 1989
Exposure of Chemicals
Hazardous to Health)
Regulations 2000
Use and Standards of Exposure of Chemicals
Hazardous to Health Regulations (USECHH)
2000;

 Provide a legal framework to control exposure of chemical

hazardous to health at workplace.
 This regulations is to set a standard of exposure of chemical
hazardous to health to the worker at workplace.
 If chemical is not listed in schedule I or II but was classified as
hazardous under CLASS Regulations, this chemical will cover
under USECHH Regulations if it is used at workplace.
 CHRA – Chemical Health Risk Analysis
Health Risks arising from the use of Hazardous Chemicals
in the Workplace
Skin Contact 3. Chemical Awareness (cont.)
Specific Toxic Effects: Carcinogensis
3. Chemical Awareness (cont.)

 induction of cancer Example: Tobacco smoke,

asbestos, crystalline silica
 Eg. Benzene  leukemia
asbestos  lung cancer

tobacco smoke  lung cancer

Specific Toxic Effects: Teratogenesis
3. Chemical Awareness (cont.)

 Process that induces the formation of developmental abnormalities in a

fetus

 Eg. Drug thalidomide, Ethyl glycol, Dimethylformamide, Heavy metals (lead,

mercury)
RoHS – Restriction of Hazardous Substances

Restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic

equipment, was adopted in February 2003 by the European Union.

 Lead (Pb): < 1000 ppm

 Mercury (Hg): < 100 ppm
 Cadmium (Cd): < 100 ppm
 Hexavalent Chromium: (Cr VI) < 1000 ppm
 Polybrominated Biphenyls (PBB): < 1000 ppm
 Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDE): < 1000
ppm

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Facilities For Workers

FMA (Safety, Health & Welfare) Reg. 1970.

OSHA Part IV, Section 17 (1) (2).

which says that providing a safe working environment
is the duty of the Employer.

Toilet and
Wash Canteen/Pantry
basins

First Aid Equipment

12
Safe Work Practices

Job Rotation Standard Operating

Procedures

13
Who are you…The workers

• Responsible for ? OSHA Part VI, Section 24 (1)

which says that every worker
• What do you need to do while at work to comply with
to make the workplace any instruction and take care
safe ? himself and other persons…

14
Safety Sign

• The signs and symbols that you see in

the workplace are to help remind you or
tell you about something…
• Do you recognize any of these signs?

15
Why safety sign are different colours ?

THE RED SIGNS

PROHIBITION
• (Red circle sign with a diagonal
line through it) You must Not

THE YELLOW SIGNS

CAUTION
• (Yellow triangle, black line)
Be Careful
16
Why safety sign are different colours ?

THE GREEN SIGNS

EMERGENCY
• (Green Square with a white sign)
Notice

THE BLUE SIGNS

MANDATORY
• (Blue circle with a picture inside)
You must wear this
17
Safety sign

EVERY WORKERS NEEDS TO UNDERSTAND THEM

Safety signs can be different types
Can be Can be words
pictures only only
Can be
both
pictures
and words

18
Safety sign

High voltage

19
PERSONAL PROTECTION
EQUIPMENT (PPE)
What Is Personal Protective Equipment?

Devices and garments to protect workers from

injuries

Designed to protect:
• Eye, Face, Head, Ears, Feet, Hands and Arm,
Respiratory System and Whole Body

PPE includes :
• Goggles, Face shields, Safety Glasses, Hard hats, Safety
shoes, Gloves, Vests, Respirators, Earplug and Earmuffs.
PPE

Should be last resort protections from injuries

 Not to be used permanently as a substitute for

maintaining a safe and healty work environment

 Use only when the work environment cannot be safer

Problem With PPE

Risk to workers if PPE fails and failure not detected

Cause employees to believe they are “safe” and may
take higher risks
Result in worse consequences if people fail or forget to
wear equipment
Will shift the responsibility or safe working condition
from the employer to the employee
What To Protect From ?

Impact (flying & falling objects, knocks & bumps)

Chemicals hazardous to health (gases & liquid)

Radiation

Dust (mineral dust)

Wet (slip)

Sharp objects

Falling from heights

Consideration in selection PPE

 Dependent on hazard identification, risk assessment

and control measures implemented

 PPE is used to complement/combination of other

control measure

 PPE must be certified products to ensure acceptable

level of protection from hazards
Ensuring Employee Compliance

 Make it easy for employee to comply

 Factors to consider :
• Understand the necessity to wear the PPE
• Easy and comfortable with minimum interference to
work
• Incentives and disincentives on wearing the PPE
• Psychological : employee vanity, virility
Training on PPE
 Hazard recognition in the work environment

 What control measures can be taken

 The type of PPE suitable for use

 The limitation of PPE

 Demonstration of correct use

 Practicing using PPE

 Cleaning, maintaining and repairing

 Use PPE in dealing with emergencies

Legal Requirements

Factory and Machinery (Safety, Health And Welfare

Regulation, 1970)
• Regulation 32
 Clothing
 Safety helmets
 Gloves
 Eye Protection

OSHA 1994 : USECHH Regulation 2000

• Part V – Action To Control Exposure
 Reg. 16 (1) Approved personal protective equipment
shall be used
Face & Eye Protection

 Goggles, spectacles, face mask and face shields

• Physical (flying or falling objects)
• Chemical agents
• Radiation
 Face and Eye Protection

Safety Glass Goggle

Face mask

Face sheild Respirator

Head Protection

 Helmets and Bump Caps

• Protect the head from the force of impact of falling
objects
• Shield the head and hair from entanglement in
machinery or exposure to environment
Head Protection
 Hands & Arms

 Protect from :
• Cuts and punctures, impact, chemicals,
contamination, temperatures, extremes
 Hand and Arms

Hand Glove Hand Glove

(clothes type) (rubber type)

Antistatic Hand Glove Finger cot

glove (leather type)
Protective Clothes

 Selection factors

 Materials :
• Imprevious clothing
• Protecting against heat, flame and hot metal
 Protective clothes

Apron Antistatic Overall

Lab coat
smock smock
Hearing Protection

 Protect from :
•Machining, grinding, pneumatic equipment, rock drilling
hammering, ventilation fans, motors, brake presses

 Selection of hearing protection:

•The characteristics of the noise
• Frequency of exposure
• Comfort of the user
• Communication needs
• Medical condition
 Hearing Protection

Ear Muff Cap Mount Muff

Ear Plugs
Foot Protection

 Protect from :
• Wet , electrostatic build up, cuts and puntures, falling
objects, heavy loads, metal and chemical spalash
 Foot protection
• Steel Toe
• Rubber or Chemical
Common PPE Sign
Introducing of PPE to Workplace

 If PPE is to be used, then:

• Write in the OSH policy on usage of PPE and communicate it
to employees and visitors
• Select the proper type of PPE
• Implement a thorough training programme
• Make certain the employees know the correct use and
maintenance of the equipment
• Enforce its use.