r;akisß wrx.

,
arangala@sjp.ac.lk
fcHaIaG uydpd¾h
isxy, yd ck ikaksfõok wOHhkdxYh
Y%S chj¾Okmqr úYAjúoHd,h
 isxy,h
fN!f.da,sl l,dmh ( bkaÈhdkq id.rfhys W;a;r
wlaIdxY 5Ÿ 55Z- 9Ÿ 51Z iy kefÕkysß foaYdxY 79Ÿ
42Z-81Ÿ 52Z
foaYmd,k tallh ( zY%S ,xld m%cd;dka;%sl iudcjdoS
ckrchZ
m%Odk;u idys;ahsl iy jHjydr NdIdj
rdcH NdIdj iy cd;sl NdIdjla jifhka - 1972
iy 1978 wdKavql%u jHjia:d uÕska iïu; h'
 NdId j¾.SlrKh
• ^w& jdlH úkHdih yd molfhda.h wkqj (syntactically
and morphologically) fyj;a úúO NdId w;r mj;akd
jHQyd;aul iudk;d wkqj fyda
• ^wd& jxY mrïmrd;a u l iïnka O h ( genealogically )
fyj;a m%Njd;aul iïnkaOh (genetically) wkqj
• ^we& f,dal jHdma; NdId N+f.da,Sh l,dm wkqj
tkï mDÓúfha f.dvìï m%foaY tajdfha úia;drKh wkqj j¾.
lr tajdys jHdma; j we;s NdId ;ks tallhl hgf;aa ie,lSu
• fï wkqj Y%S ,xldj hqf¾ishdkq N+f.da,Sh l,dmfhys
ol=Kq wdishdkq fldgig wh;a fõ' bkaÈhdj" nx.a,d
foa Y h iy mls i a : dkh we*a > ks i a : dkh" fka m d,h"
N+ ; dkh hkq f jka ye¢ka f jk ixúys ; foa Y md,k
ta l l yh we;= < ;a iuia ; bka ÿ Wmuydoa ù mh o
Y% S ,xldj yd ud,os j hs k a hk oQ m ;a rdcHh oa j h o
ol= K q wdis h d N+ f .da , S h l,dmhg wh;a m% O dk rdcH
jk w;r ksfldnd¾" wkaouka yd ,laIoaùma ^,lÈõ
yd ñks f ldhs & hk mßê.; ¥m;a o ol= K q wdis h d
N+f.da,Sh l,dmhg wh;a fjhs'
 ol=Kq wdishdkq l,dmfha NdId jHdma;sh -
jxY mrïmrd;aul iïnkaO;d wkqj
• 1' bkaÿ-hqfrdamSh NdId mjq,g (Indo-European Language family) wh;a
bkaÿ-brdŒh (Indo-Iranian), wkqYdLdfõ ^w& bkaÿ-wd¾h (Aryan)$bkaÈl
(Indic) ^wd& ftrdŒh (Iranian)" ^we& od¾Èl (Dardic) z.KZ (groups)
• 2' ødúv (Dravidian) NdId mjq,
• 3' Ök-;sín; (Sino-Tibetan) NdId mjqf,a ;sín;-nqreu .Kh
• 4' TiaÜfrd-taYshdála (Austro-Asiatic) NdId mjqf,a uqKavd .Kh
vTiaÜfrdkSYshka (Austronesian) NdId mjq, uev.ialrfha isg Biag¾
whs,kaâia f;la ol=Kq wdishd l,dmhg kqÿßka mD:q, N+f.da,Sh l,dmhl
jHdma; ù mj;S'
q óg wu;r j fï olajd yß yeá j¾. fkd flreKq NdId lsysmhla o fï
l,dmfhys Ndú; flf¾'
ol=Kq wdishdkq l,dmfha NdId jHdma;sh
ol=Kq wdishdkq l,dmfha bkaÿ-wd¾h NdId jHdma;sh
ødúv NdId mjqf,a jHdma;sh
 ol=Kq wdishdkq l,dmfha
;sín;-nqreu .Kfha jHdma;sh
 ol=Kq wdishdkq l,dmfha
TiaÜfrd-taYshdála mjqf,a jHdma;sh
TiaÜfrdkSYshka NdId mjq, uev.ialrfha isg Biag¾ whs,kaâia f;la
ol=K wdishd l,dmhg kqÿßka mD:q, N+f.da,Sh l,dmhl jHdma; ù mj;S'
• fï wkqj Y%S ,xldj ;=< jHjyD; m%Odk NdIdj jk
isxy,h ;oSh N+f.da,Sh l,dmfhys ^fyda ;odikakfhys
fyda& jHjyD; NdId mjq,a fyda NdId .K fyda w;=ßka
lsisjlg wh;a úh hq;= hehs ks.ukh lsÍug isÿ fjhs'
• fN!;sl msysàu wkqj bkaÈhdj ,xldfõ ióm;u
foaYdka;rh ùu;a tys foaYmd,ksl iy ixialD;sl
b;sydih bkaÿ n,mEïj,g yd iïm¾lj,g wkqj
yev .eiqKla ùu;a hk idOl ie,ls,a,g ,la l<
l, ,laÈj jHjyD; NdIdj bkaÿ foaYSh NdIdjla u
úh hq;= h hk ks.ukhg t<öu hqla;s hqla; h'
• bkaÈhdfõ Ndú; flfrk NdId m%Odk NdId mjq,a follg wh;a h(
• W;=re bkaÈhdfõ jHjydr flfrkqfha bkaÿ-hqfrdamSh mjqf,a bkaÿ-
brdŒh wkqYdLdfõ bkaÿ-wd¾h fyj;a bkaÈl .Khg wh;a NdId
h¦
• ol=Kq bkaÈhdfõ jHjydr NdId ødúv NdId mjq,g wh;a h'

•ta wkqj - isxy,h

•tla f lda bka ÿ -wd¾h .Khg wh;a úh
hq ; = h¦ ke; fyd;a ødúv NdId mjq , g
wh;a úh hq;= h'
 isxy,h ljr NdId mjq,lg wh;a o hk újdoh
• ,laÈj mqrd;k n%dyaó fi,a ,sms" wfYdal fi,a ,sms" ixialD;" md,s"
w¾O ud.ë" jx. iy kQ;k isxy, mdG ii|ñka isxy,h wd¾h
NdIdjla h hk m%jdoh iu¾:kh lsÍug NdId{hka iu;a ù ;sfís'
• isxy, NdIdfõ uQ,drïNl wjia:dfõ h:d iajrEmh jgyd .ekSu
i|yd jy,a fldg .; yels m%Odk;u uQ,dY%hh kï ,laÈj wdÈ;u
wNsf,aLk hs' fïjd ,shd we;af;a" j¾;udk W.;=ka úiska n%dyaó kñka
ye¢kafjk wlaIr ud,dfjks' fï wlaIr ud,dj l%s'mQ' i;a jk
Y;lfha muK isg bkaÈhdfõ jHjydr flßKehs ie,fla'
• ,laÈj n%dyaó f,ka ,sms l%sia;= mQ¾j f;jk ishjfia wfYdal wêrdchdf.a
md,kh hgf;a mej;s Ndr; foaYh iu`. jQ foaYmd,k yd wd.ñl
iïnkaO;dj, m%;sM,hla fia ie,flhs'
• zkQ;k isxy,hZ zisxy, m%dlD;hZ kñka ye¢kafjk wdÈ u
jHjydrfha l%u úldifhys m%;sM,hls'
• kQ;k bkaÿ-wd¾h NdIdjkays idys;ahsl jHjydr l%s'j' 10 - 12
ishjiaj,ska wE;g fkd Èfjk kuqÿ isxy,fha idys;ahsl
jHjydr iïnkaO wúkIAg idOl ijk ishji ;rï wE;g
f.k hd yels h'
• jxi l:d yd jD;a;dka;j,ska wkqfïh jk mßÈ isxy,
idys;Hfha wdrïNh ;j;a ishjia fol ;=kla ;rï wE;g
f.k hd yels w;r th fiiq m%dlD; idys;Hhkag jvd
iajdëk ,laIK iys; nj fmkakqï flf¾'
• isxy, NdIdfõ fï iaj,laIKj,g ;=`vq ÿka fya;= ljf¾ oehs
• zuOH bkaÿ-wd¾h NdIdZ ^m%dlD; NdId& ixialD;h jHjydr jQ
m%foaYhkays u NdIK jHjydr jifhka mej;s w;r isxy,hg
moku jegqfKa uq,a N+ñfhka yqfol,d jqKq m%dlD;hlsks'
• zuOH bkaÿ-wd¾h NdIdZ ixialD;h iu`. fuka u tlsfkl zuOH
bkaÿ-wd¾h NdIdZ iu`. ixiam¾Yhg ,la úh'
• isxy,hg uq,a jQ m%dlD;h ødúv mjq,g wh;a m%Odk NdIdjla jk
fou<h iu`. È.= l,l mgka ixiam¾Yhg ,la úh'
• ta iu`. u fï Èjhsfkys wdÈjdiSkaf.a NdIdj$ NdId iu`. o tys
iïm¾lhla isÿ ù ;sfí'
• fï fya;= ksid isxy,hg uq,a jQ m%dlD; NdIdj fiiq zuOH bkaÿ-
wd¾h NdIdZ úfYaIhkag fjkia mßKdóh ud¾.hlg wj;S¾K
ù ;sfí'
• tfia fyhs k a th fiiq zuOH bka ÿ -wd¾h NdIdZ fuka
mßKdufha B <`. wjêh jifhka zkQ;k bkaÿ-wd¾h
NdIdjlaZ njg m;a úKehs ks.ukh lsÍu wmyiq h'
• isxy,fha ft;sydisl;ajh yd wkkH;dj iïnkaOfhka
wmg t<ôh yels ks.ukh jkafka th fnx.d,S" yskaoS"
mxcdì" .=crdá wdÈ zkQ;k bkaÿ-wd¾hZ NdIdjlg jvd
mqrd;k NdIdjla fia ie,lsh hq;= nj hs'
• ld,dkq l % u Kh wkq j " is x y,fha zÿys ; D NdIdjZ fia
ie,flk zÈfjys niZ hg lS zkQ;k bkaÿ-wd¾hZ NdId
yd iu ia:dk .kS'
 tfia kï isxy,h ia:dk.; l< hq;af;a fld;ekl o'
• tla w;lska isxy,h md,s NdIdj yd ium%Nj yd iuld,sl fia
ks.ukh lsÍu wiSre fkd fõ'
• md,s NdIdj ud.ë m%dlD;h fyda w¾O ud.êh fyda wjka;s m%dld;h
fyda mokï fldg .ksñka fn!oaO O¾uh jdfpdaoa.; lsÍu i|yd
ixialrKh lr .;a NdIdjla h hk u;h
• wfYdal ,sms w;r md,sfhka ,shjqKq ,sms olakg fkd ,eîu
ie,ls,a,g .ksñka th ck jHjydr.; m%dlD;hla fkd j idys;ahsl
m%dlD;hla h hk u;h
• m<uq O¾u ix.dhkdfõ oS nqÿka jykafiaf.a b.ekaùï yd ;oSh
w¾:l:k md,sfhka bÈßm;a fkd lrk ,oafoa kï th f;jk
ix.dhkdfõ oS O¾u m%pdrl wjYH;d i,lñka ilia
lr .kakd ,oaola h hk u;h
• fï wkqj md,s NdIdj yd isxy,h iuld,sl yd ium%Nj fia
ie,lsh yels h'
• wúkIag wdÈ u f,aLk idOlj,ska m%lg jk mßÈ l%s'mQ' f;jk
ishji mgka u isxy,h ^isxy, m%dlD;h& fiiq m%dlD;j,ska
fjkia ,laIK iys; j j¾Okh wdrïN fldg ;sì‚'
• th kj uqyqKqjr .ekSu zkQ;k bkaÿ-wd¾h hq.hZ wdrïN ùug
fmrd;= j isÿ jQ wdldrh oel .; yels h'
• j¾;udk isxy,fha wkkH;d ,laIKhla jk NdId oaúrEm;dfõ
wdrïNh o l%s'j' oi jk ishji ;rfï" tkï zkQ;k bkaÿ-
wd¾h hq.hZ wdrïN ùug fmr wdrïN jkakg we;ehs ks.ukh
lsÍu fhda.H h'
•jD;a ; dka ; fuka u ft;s y dis l úia ; r o
mqrdúoHd;aul fidhd .ekSï o i,lk l,"
wd¾h NdIlhka úiska fï Èjhsk ckdjdi
lsÍu nqoaO ld,h jk úg wrUd ;sfnkakg
we;ehs ks . ukh l< yels neúka is x y,
NdIdjg uq,a jQ m%dlD;h ta jk úg furg
m% p ,s ; fjñka mj;s k a k g we;ehs úYa j di
lsÍu wfhda.H fkd fõ'
•zzm<uq fldg fuys ukq I H jdihla fkd ù h'
hla I fhda ; a kd.fhda ; a (Spirits and Nagas)
muKla jdih l<y' ms g rgj, fjf<ka f oda
fjf<|du i|yd fuys meñfK;s' Tjqka meñ‚ l,
hlaIfhda (Spirits) Tjqkag fmkS fkd isák kuq;a
ñ, i,l=Kq lrk ,o ÿ¾,N fjf<| nvq iQodkï
fldg ;n;s' fjf<kafoda tfia olajd we;s
ñ, .Kka j ,g tlÕ j ñ, f.jd nvq /f.k
h;s'ZZ
•*dyshka ysñ
• f,dj wdÈ u f,aLk fia ie,flk fuifmdfÜñhdkq f,aLk
fjf<| nvq iïnkaO f;dr;=re l,a ;nd .ekSug
fhdod .;a i,l=Kq njg we;s u;h yd fuh ii|kq jà'
• udka;dhsj,ska yuq jk wdÈ;u idOl l%s'mQ' fojk ishjig
wh;a fia ie,flhs' l%s'mQ' fojk ishjiska mQ¾jfhys o fuh
m%Odk jd‚c ;S¾:hla j mej;s nj ms<s.; yels h'
*dyshka ysñhka olajd we;af;a fujeks f;dguqKqj, mej;s
mer‚ ;;a;ajhla úh hq;= h'
• fï hlaIhka yd kd.hka w;=frys m%d.a-ødúV" brdŒh"
TiaÜfrda-taYshdál" TiaÜfrdkSYshka NdIl ck fldgia
isáh yels h'
• fï Èjhskg W;=re bkaÈhdkq idxl%u‚lhkaf.a meñŒu
ms<sn| m%jdo foj¾.hla mej;s nj ta' t,a' nYdï idOl
iys; j fmkajd fohs(
1' fjf<`ÿka uq,a ù ckdjdi we;s lsÍu
2' rdclShhka úiska ckmo wdrïN lsÍu
• uydúydrhg ,enqKq rdclSh wkq.%yh fya;=fjka fjf<`ÿka
iïnkaO jD;a;dka; hgm;a ù rdclSh iïNjhla iys;
ckdjdi wdrïNh ms<sn| jD;a;dka; biau;= jQ fia
ie,lsh yels h' *dyshka ysñhka olajk fjf<| i,l=Kq
ueá mqjre jeks l,a mj;akd udOHhla fkd j Ydl m;%
jeks udOHhla fhdod .ksñka lrk ,o tajd úh yels h'
kefÕkys ß fjrf<ys o fjf<| f;dguq K q mj;s k a k g
we;' ;ïuekakdj jhU È. fkd j kefÕkysr - .sksfldK
m% f oa Y fha jQ njg- ke; fyd;a mdl¾ rdcdj,s h o bjy,a
fldg .ksñka fmkajd fok mßÈ- ;ïuekakdj ol=fKa ud.u
njg ;¾l l< yels h' wdrïNl wjÈfhys furg k.r
fkd ù h' ckdjdifha uq , a ms h jr z.uZ h' m% O dk .% d uh
zuyd .%duhZ hs¦ ud.u hs' bkaÈhdfõ kefÕkysr m%foaYfhka
meñ‚ wdÈ u idxl%u‚lhkag myiqfjka <Õd úh yelafla
Èjhsfka kefÕkysr - .sksfldK m%foaYhg nj o ie,lsh
hq;= h' jxil:dlrejkaf.a N+f.da,Ydia;%Sh {dkh ksrjq,a
hehs ie,lsh yels o@
• fï lreKq wkqj fmkajd Èh yelafla (
• isxy, NdIdjg moku jegqKq m%dlD; jHjydr l%s'mQ' 6-5 ishjia fyda
Bg o fmr isg uq,a N+ñfhka fjka j fï Èjhsfkys me<mÈhï ùu
isÿ jQ fia ie,lsh yels nj
• tu m%dlD; jHjydr furg wdÈjdiSkaf.a NdId iuÕ fuka u ødúV
NdId iuÕ;a fiiq m%dlD; NdIdj,g fjkia iïm¾lhla mj;ajd .;a
nj
• ta fya;=fjka zisxy, m%dlD;hZ fiiq zN%d;DZ NdIdjkag fjkia
mßKdóh ud¾.hl úldikh jQ nj
• fiiq m%dlD; NdId l%s'j' 9-10 ishjiays wmN%xY ,laIK fmkakqï
lrk w;r isxy,fha úldikfha oS tjeks wmN%xY hq.hla yuq fkd
ùu ^l%s'j' 4 ishjfia wmN%xY ,laIK iys; jHjydr oelsh yels h
^kd.sßlkao .sß ,smsh&&
zkQ ; k bka ÿ -wd¾h NdIdZ wdrïN ùug
fmr is x y,h tys ia j dëk uq y q K q j r
m% l g lrñka j¾Okh ùu wrUd is á
neúka th zuOH bka ÿ -wd¾hZ NdIdjla
wkH NdId yd iïm¾lhg m;a ùfuka
ìys jQ kQ;k NdIdjla fia ie,lSu hqla;s
hqla; h'
• isxy,fha wkkH;dj úuiSfï oS m%dlD;" ixialD; yd md,s NdIdj,g
tys we;s {d;s;ajh yd th fiiq m%dlD; NdIdj,ska fjkia j j¾Okh
ùug isÿ jQ fou< n,mEu fuka u zwdÈjdiS NdIdZ fln`ÿ
odhl;ajhla imhd weoao hkak úu¾Ykh l< ukd h'
• isxy,fha we;s zksmkaZ mshú fuys oS jeo.;a fjhs' fujeks ksmka rEm
i;a;aj yd Ydl kdu" ia:dk kdu weiqfrka wkdjrKh lr .; yels
h' fuf;la úu¾Ykhg ,la fkd jQ lafIa;%hls' fld,a,Ej iys; Trej
yd ;odY%s; wkH fuj,ï yd fjk;a ixialD;sldx. w;ska isxy, .eñ
iudch yd fmd,skSYshdkq ^TiaÜfrdkSYshka& ck iudc w;r mj;akd
iudk;d o wjOdkhg .; hq;= fjhs ^ud¾áka úl%uisxy fï .ek bÕs
fldg ;sfí&'
• zks m ka Z rEmhka y s uQ , h m% d .a - ødúV" brdŒh" Tia Ü frda -
taYshdál" TiaÜfrdkSYshka úh yels h'
• isxy,h wd¾h jkafka jdla fldaIfhka muKla nj;a
jdlH ixiaÓ;sh wkqj th ødúv nj;a ví,sõ'
t*a' .=Kj¾Okf.a u;h úh'
• jdla fldaIfha;a ie,lsh hq;= fldgila wd¾h fyda
ødúv fyda iïNjhla fmkaùug wmyiq uQ,hla lrd
Èfjk nj fmfka' ^YÍrdjhj yd uQ,sl .DfydamlrK
wdÈh iïnkaO jdla fldaIfhys fïjd fYaI ù ;sfí'&
• th TiaÜßl fyda fmd,skSYShka fyda úh fkd yels o@
• isxy, NdIdfõ Wmia;Íh mokfuys fï wdÈ ,laIK
ieÕù keoao@
 ks.ukh
• isxy,hg moku jefgkqfha zúchd.ukhgZ - nqoaO ld,hg - fmr
h' zisxy, n%dyaóZ f,aLkh o uyskaod.ukhg fmr werUqKls'
uyskaod.ukh fya;=fjka f,aLk l,dj m%p,s; úh'
• isxy,h wksl=;a zkQ;kZ bkaÿ-wd¾h NdIdj,g fmr zkQ;kZ hq.hg
msúis nils'
• th ixialD;h yd iuld, fjhs'
• md,sh furg NslaIQka úiska nqoaO O¾uh fkd fjkia j ,shd ;eîug
ilid .;a NdIdjla neúka th isxy,hg jvd lksIaG fjhs' ^tu
jdla fldaIfhka miq j isxy,h fmdaIKh úh'&
• is x y,h fiiq m% d lD; NdIdjka g fjkia j j¾Okh jkq f ha tu
m%dlD; NdIdjkag fjkia jQ NdId ixiam¾Y fya;=fjks'