Professional Documents
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PROJECT REPORT
ON
SUBIMITTED BY:-
P.NAVEEN KUMAR 16541-EE-034
Under the Esteemed Guidance
Mr. R. SRAVAN
(Asst. PROFESSOR)
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
AURORA’S POLYTECH ACADEMY
Bandlaguda, Hyderabad-500005, Ph: 040-64573435.
Now a day the power is the main consideration in every field. Transformers make an
important role in the power distribution. The power which is generated in huge amount at
power stations can undergo many stages .In these stages transformers play an important
role. But due the increase in the load the transformers gets heated and finally there may
be chance to get damage of transformer. So there is need to Capture the temperature of
transformer oil and shut down the transformer.
This project is intended to protect the main transformers. This project mainly deals with
measuring oil temperature. Here the oil temperature is continuously monitored using
sensors. If the sensor output (i.e. load) exceeds some predefined value, then the
transformer gets shut down using a relay.
The Project designed with Peripheral Interface Controller Utility companies has
enormous amounts of money invested in transformers of all types, including distribution
and power transformer. Operating, maintaining, and inspecting all power transformers are
not an easy work. In order to reduce burden on maintenance of such transformers a new
idea has been discovered.
This project is mainly used to protect the transformer from getting worn out due
to electrical disturbances. The oil temperature of the transformers give to Controller and
the output signal is provided to operate a relay by comparing the base values with the
operating oil temperature. The application consists of a board of electronic components
inclusive of a microcontroller with programmable logic. It has been designed to work
with high accuracy. The transformer oil temperature fed to the Controller as base values.
The oil temperature value during the operation of the power transformer is monitored and
fed to the controller. By comparing these values the Peripheral Interface Controller
produces a trip signal which operates the relay and in turn the connectivity between main
supply and the power transformer is cut off, thus protecting the power transformer from
burning/damage.
Embedded systems are electronic devices that incorporate microprocessors with in their
implementations. The main purposes of the microprocessors are to simplify the system
design and provide flexibility. Having a microprocessor in the device helps in removing
the bugs, making modifications, or adding new features are only matter of rewriting the
software that controls the device. Or in other words embedded computer systems are
electronic systems that include a microcomputer to perform a specific dedicated
application. The computer is hidden inside these products. Embedded systems are
ubiquitous. Every week millions of tiny computer chips come pouring out of factories
finding their way into our everyday products.
Embedded systems are self-contained programs that are embedded within a piece of
hardware. Whereas a regular computer has many different applications and software that
Embedded systems technologies are usually fairly expensive due to the necessary
development time and built in efficiencies, but they are also highly valued in specific
industries. Smaller businesses may wish to hire a consultant to determine what sort of
embedded systems will add value to their organization.
1.3 CHARACTERISTICS:
Two major areas of differences are cost and power consumption. Since many embedded
systems are produced in tens of thousands to millions of units range, reducing cost is a
major concern. Embedded systems often use a (relatively) slow processor and small
memory size to minimize costs.
The slowness is not just clock speed. The whole architecture of the computer is often
intentionally simplified to lower costs. For example, embedded systems often use
peripherals controlled by synchronous serial interfaces, which are ten to hundreds of
times slower than comparable peripherals used in PCs. Programs on an embedded system
often run with real-time constraints with limited hardware resources: often there is no
disk drive, operating system, keyboard or screen. A flash drive may replace rotating
media, and a small keypad and LCD screen may be used instead of a PC's keyboard and
screen.
PLATFORM:
There are many different CPU architectures used in embedded designs. This in contrast to
the desktop computer market which is limited to just a few competing architectures
mainly the Intel/AMD x86 and the Apple/Motorola/IBM Power PC’s which are used in
the Apple Macintosh. One common configuration for embedded systems is the system on
a chip, an application-specific integrated circuit, for which the CPU was purchased as
intellectual property to add to the IC's design.
TOOLS:
Like a typical computer programmer, embedded system designers use compilers,
assemblers and debuggers to develop an embedded system. Those software tools can
come from several sources:
Software companies that specialize in the embedded market Ported from the GNU
software development tools. Sometimes, development tools for a personal computer can
be used if the embedded processor is a close relative to a common PC processor.
Embedded system designers also use a few software tools rarely used by typical
computer programmers. Some designers keep a utility program to turn data files into
code, so that they can include any kind of data in a program. Most designers also have
utility programs to add a checksum or CRC to a program, so it can check its program data
before executing it.
OPERATING SYSTEM:
DEBUGGING:
Debugging is usually performed with an in-circuit emulator, or some type of debugger
that can interrupt the micro controller’s internal microcode. The microcode interrupt lets
the debugger operate in hardware in which only the CPU works. The CPU-based
debugger can be used to test and debug the electronics of the computer from the
viewpoint of the CPU.
Developers should insist on debugging which shows the high-level language, with
breakpoints and single stepping, because these features are widely available. Also,
developers should write and use simple logging facilities to debug sequences of real-time
events. PC or mainframe programmers first encountering this sort of programming often
become confused about design priorities and acceptable methods. Mentoring, code-
reviews and ego less programming are recommended.
START-UP:
All embedded systems have start-up code. Usually it disables interrupts, sets up the
electronics, tests the computer (RAM, CPU and software), and then starts the application
code. Many embedded systems recover from short-term power failures by restarting
(without recent self-tests). Restart times under a tenth of a second are common.
Many designers have found one of more hardware plus software-controlled LED’s useful
to indicate errors during development (and in some instances, after product release, to
produce troubleshooting diagnostics). A common scheme is to have the electronics turn
off the LED(s) at reset, whereupon the software turns it on at the first opportunity, to
Typically, there's some sort of subroutine in the loop to manage a list of software timers,
using a periodic real time interrupt. When a timer expires, an associated subroutine is run,
or flag is set. Any expected hardware event should be backed-up with a software timer.
Hardware events fail about once in a trillion times.
State machines may be implemented with a function-pointer per state-machine (in C++,
C or assembly, anyway). A change of state stores a different function into the pointer.
The function pointer is executed every time the loop runs.
Many designers recommend reading each IO device once per loop, and storing the result
so the logic acts on consistent values. Many designers prefer to design their state
machines to check only one or two things per state. Usually this is a hardware event, and
a software timer. Designers recommend that hierarchical state machines should run the
lower-level state machines before the higher, so the higher run with accurate information.
Complex functions like internal combustion controls are often handled with multi-
dimensional tables. Instead of complex calculations, the code looks up the values. The
software can interpolate between entries, to keep the tables small and cheap.
This system's strength is its simplicity, and on small pieces of software the loop is usually
so fast that nobody cares that it is not predictable. Another advantage is that this system
guarantees that the software will run. There is no mysterious operating system to blame
for bad behavior.
USER INTERFACES:
` Interface designers at PARC, Apple Computer, Boeing and HP
minimize the number of types of user actions. For example, use two buttons (the absolute
minimum) to control a menu system (just to be clear, one button should be "next menu
entry" the other button should be "select this menu entry"). A touch-screen or screen-edge
buttons also minimize the types of user actions.
Another basic trick is to minimize and simplify the type of output. Designs should
consider using a status light for each interface plug, or failure condition, to tell what
failed. A cheap variation is to have two light bars with a printed matrix of errors that they
select- the user can glue on the labels for the language that she speaks.
For example, Being's standard test interface is a button and some lights. When you press
the button, all the lights turn on. When you release the button, the lights with failures stay
on. The labels are in Basic English.
Designers use colors. Red defines the users can get hurt- think of blood. Yellow defines
something might be wrong. Green defines everything's OK.
One of the most successful general-purpose screen-based interfaces is the two menu
buttons and a line of text in the user's native language. It's used in pagers, medium-priced
printers, network switches, and other medium-priced situations that require complex
behavior from users. When there's text, there are languages. The default language should
be the one most widely understood.
Micro-controllers are useful to the extent that they communicate with other devices, such
as sensors, motors, switches, keypads, displays, memory and even other micro-
controllers. Many interface methods have been developed over the years to solve the
complex problem of balancing circuit design criteria such as features, cost, size, weight,
power consumption, reliability, availability, manufacturability. Many microcontroller
designs typically mix multiple interfacing methods. In a very simplistic form, a micro-
controller system can be viewed as a system that reads from (monitors) inputs, performs
processing and writes to (controls) outputs.
Embedded system means the processor is embedded into the required application. An
embedded product uses a microprocessor or microcontroller to do one task only. In an
MICROPROCESSOR VS MICROCONTROLLER:
Microprocessor:
1) CPU is stand-alone, RAM, ROM, I/O, timer are separate
2) Designer can decide on the amount of ROM, RAM and I/O ports.
3) expensive
4) versatility general-purpose
Microcontroller:
1) CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O and timer are all on a single chip
2) fix amount of on-chip ROM, RAM, I/O ports
3) for applications in which cost, power and space are critical
4) single-purpose
Block diagram:
1) Power supply
2) Microcontroller
3) LCD
4) Temperature sensor (NTC Thermistor 10k).
5) Relay Driver
6) Relay
In-order to work with any components basic requirement is power supply. In this section
there is a requirement of 5V regulated DC power supply. This block converts 230V AC
in to 5V DC.
Microcontroller Block
This blocked is used to control its interfacing devices (ADC, LCD, BUZZER, and
RELAY) according to given code.
L.C.D
LCD means liquid crystal display this block is used to display the power factor states.
Temperature sensor
This block is used for measuring oil temperature and corresponding digital signal to
microcontroller
RELAY
Since the main intension of this project is to design a WIRELESS SCRUTINIZER FOR
DETECTING THE FAULT IN TRANSMISSION LINE.
In order to fulfill this application there are few steps that has been performed i.e.
Now the aim is to design the power supply section which converts 230V AC in to 5V
DC. Since 230V AC is too high to reduce it to directly 5V DC, therefore we need a step-
down transformer that reduces the line voltage to certain voltage that will help us to
convert it in to a 5V DC. Considering the efficiency factor of the bridge rectifier, we
came to a conclusion to choose a transformer, whose secondary voltage is 3 to 4 V higher
than the required voltage i.e. 5V. For this application 0-12V transformers is used, since it
is easily available in the market.
The output of the transformer is 12V AC; it feed to rectifier that converts AC to pulsating
DC. As we all know that there are 3 kind of rectifiers that is
1) half wave
2) Full wave and
3) Bridge rectifier
Here we short listed to use Bridge rectifier, because half wave rectifier has we less in
efficiency. Even though the efficiency of full wave and bridge rectifier are the same,
since there is no requirement for any negative voltage for our application, we gone with
bridge rectifier.
Since the output voltage of the rectifier is pulsating DC, in order to convert it into pure
DC we use a high value (1000UF/1500UF) of capacitor in parallel that acts as a filter.
The most easy way to regulate this voltage is by using a 7805 voltage regulator, whose
output voltage is constant 5V DC irrespective of any fluctuation in line voltage.
SELECTION OF MICROCONTROLLER:
As we know that there so many types of micro controller families that are available in the
market.
Those are
1) 8051 Family
4) ARM Family
Basic 8051 family is enough for our application; hence we are not concentrating on
higher end controller families. In order to fulfill our application basic that is AT89C51
controller is enough. But still we selected AT89S52 controller because of inbuilt ISP (in
system programmer) option.
Those are:
PORT0 is open collector that’s why we are using pull-up resistor which makes PORT0 as
an I/O port. Reset circuit is used to reset the microcontroller. Crystal circuit is used for
the microcontroller for timing pluses. In this project we are not using external memory
that’s why EA/VPP pin in the microcontroller is connected to Vcc that indicates internal
memory is used for this application.
SELECTION OF LCD:
CIRCUIT OPERATION:
COMPONENT DESCRIPTION
Circuit diagram:
Description:
Transformer : A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to
another through inductively coupled conductors—the transformer's coils. A varying
current in the first or primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the
transformer's core, and thus a varying magnetic field through the secondary winding.
This varying magnetic field induces a varying electromotive force (EMF) or "voltage" in
the secondary winding. This effect is called mutual induction.
Figure: Transformer
Basic Principle :
A transformer makes use of Faraday's law and the ferromagnetic properties of an iron
core to efficiently raise or lower AC voltages. It of course cannot increase power so that
if the voltage is raised, the current is proportionally lowered and vice versa.
Transformer Working:
A transformer consists of two coils (often called 'windings') linked by an iron core, as
shown in figure below. There is no electrical connection between the coils, instead they
are linked by a magnetic field created in the core.
Pin Description:
VCC - Supply voltage.
GND - Ground.
Port 0:
Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bi-directional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink
eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high-
impedance inputs. Port 0 can also be configured to be the multiplexed low-order
address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode, P0
has internal pull-ups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming and
Oscillator Characteristics:
XTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively, of an inverting amplifier,
which can be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator. Either a quartz crystal or
ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the device from an external clock source,
XTAL2 should be left unconnected while XTAL1 is driven. There are no requirements
on the duty cycle of the external clock signal, since the input to the internal clocking
circuitry is through a divide-by-two flip-flop, but minimum and maximum voltage high
and low time specifications must be observed.
Idle Mode:
In idle mode, the CPU puts itself to sleep while all the on-chip peripherals remain
active. The mode is invoked by software. The content of the on-chip RAM and all the
Description Of 16x2:
This is the first interfacing example for the Parallel Port. We will start with something
simple. This example doesn't use the Bi-directional feature found on newer ports, thus it
should work with most, if no all Parallel Ports. It however doesn't show the use of the
Status Port as an input. So what are we interfacing? A 16 Character x 2 Line LCD
Module to the Parallel Port. These LCD Modules are very common these days, and are
quite simple to work with, as all the logic required running them is on board.
Above is the quite simple schematic. The LCD panel's Enable and Register Select is
connected to the Control Port. The Control Port is an open collector / open drain
output. While most Parallel Ports have internal pull-up resistors, there are a few
which don't. Therefore by incorporating the two 10K external pull up resistors, the
circuit is more portable for a wider range of computers, some of which may have no
internal pull up resistors.
We make no effort to place the Data bus into reverse direction. Therefore we hard
wire the R/W line of the LCD panel, into write mode. This will cause no bus conflicts
on the data lines. As a result we cannot read back the LCD's internal Busy Flag which
tells us if the LCD has accepted and finished processing the last instruction. This
problem is overcome by inserting known delays into our program.
The 10k Potentiometer controls the contrast of the LCD panel. Nothing fancy here.
As with all the examples, I've left the power supply out. You can use a bench power
supply set to 5v or use a onboard +5 regulator. Remember a few de-coupling
capacitors, especially if you have trouble with the circuit working properly.
The 2 line x 16 character LCD modules are available from a wide range of
manufacturers and should all be compatible with the HD44780. The one I used to test
this circuit was a Power tip PC-1602F and an old Philips LTN211F-10 which was
EEE dept [37]
extracted from a Poker Machine! The diagram to the right, shows the pin numbers for
these devices. When viewed from the front, the left pin is pin 14 and the right pin is
pin 1
15 NC - NOT CONNECTED
16 NC - NOT CONNECTED
PIN DESCRIPTION:
Most LCDs with 1 controller has 14 Pins and LCDs with 2 controller has 16 Pins (two
pins are extra in both for back-light LED connections).
CONTROL LINES:
EN:
Line is called "Enable." This control line is used to tell the LCD that you are sending it
data. To send data to the LCD, your program should make sure this line is low (0) and
then set the other two control lines and/or put data on the data bus. When the other lines
are completely ready, bring EN high (1) and wait for the minimum amount of time
required by the LCD datasheet (this varies from LCD to LCD), and end by bringing it
low (0) again.
RS:
Line is the "Register Select" line. When RS is low (0), the data is to be treated as a
command or special instruction (such as clear screen, position cursor, etc.). When RS is
high (1), the data being sent is text data which sould be displayed on the screen. For
example, to display the letter "T" on the screen you would set RS high.
RW:
Line is the "Read/Write" control line. When RW is low (0), the information on the data
bus is being written to the LCD. When RW is high (1), the program is effectively
NTC stands for “Negative Temperature Coefficient”. NTC thermistors are resistors with
a negative temperature coefficient, which means that the resistance decreases with
increasing temperature. They are primarily used as resistive temperature sensors and
current-limiting devices. The temperature sensitivity coefficient is about five times
greater than that of silicon temperature sensors (silistors) and about ten times greater than
those of resistance temperature detectors (RTDs). NTC sensors are typically used in a
range from −55°C to 200°C.
The non-linearity of the relationship between resistance and temperature exhibited by
NTC resistors posed a great challenge when using analog circuits to accurately measure
temperature, but rapid development of digital circuits solved that problem enabling
computation of precise values by interpolating lookup tables or by solving equations
which approximate a typical NTC curve.
NTC thermistor
These NTC thermistors are made from platinum alloy lead wires directly sintered into the
ceramic body. They generally offer fast response times, better stability and allow
operation at higher temperatures than Disk and Chip NTC sensors, however they are
more fragile. It is common to seal them in glass, to protect them from mechanical damage
during assembly, and to improve their measurement stability. The typical sizes range
from 0.075 – 5mm in diameter.
Disk and Chip thermistors
These NTC thermistors have metallized surface contacts. They are larger, and as a result
have slower reaction times than bead type NTC resistors. However, because of their size,
they have a higher dissipation constant (power required to raise their temperature by 1°C)
and since power dissipated by the thermistor is proportional to the square of the current,
they can handle higher currents much better than bead type thermistors. Disk type
thermistors are made by pressing a blend of oxide powders into a round die, which are
then sintered at high temperatures. Chips are usually fabricated by a tape-casting process
where a slurry of material is spread out as a thick film, dried and cut into shape. The
typical sizes range from 0.25-25mm in diameter.
These are NTC temperature sensors sealed in an airtight glass bubble. They are designed
for use with temperatures above 150°C, or for printed circuit board mounting, where
ruggedness is a must. Encapsulating a thermistor in glass improves the stability of the
sensor, as well as protecting the sensor from the environment. They are made by
hermetically sealing bead type NTC resistors into a glass container. The typical sizes
range from 0.4-10mm in diameter.
3.4 RELAY
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to operate a
switching mechanism mechanically, but other operating principles are also used. Relays
are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal (with complete
electrical isolation between control and controlled circuits), or where several circuits
must be controlled by one signal. The first relays were used in long distance telegraph
circuits, repeating the signal coming in from one circuit and re-transmitting it to another.
Relays were used extensively in telephone exchanges and early computers to perform
logical operations.
Normally-closed (NC) contacts disconnect the circuit when the relay is activated; the
circuit is connected when the relay is inactive. It is also called a Form B contact or
"break" contact. NC contacts may also be distinguished as "late-break" or NCLB, which
means that the contacts stay closed until the button or switch is fully disengaged.
Change-over (CO), or double-throw (DT), contacts control two circuits: one normally-
open contact and one normally-closed contact with a common terminal. It is also called a
Form C contact or "transfer" contact ("break before make"). If this type of contact utilizes
a "make before break" functionality, then it is called a Form D contact.
Circuit symbols of relays. (C denotes the common terminal in SPDT and DPDT types.)
The following designations are commonly encountered:
SPST – Single Pole Single Throw. These have two terminals which can be connected or
disconnected. Including two for the coil, such a relay has four terminals in total. It is
ambiguous whether the pole is normally open or normally closed. The terminology
"SPNO" and "SPNC" is sometimes used to resolve the ambiguity.
SPDT – Single Pole Double Throw. A common terminal connects to either of two
others.
DPST – Double Pole Single Throw. These have two pairs of terminals. Equivalent to
two SPST switches or relays actuated by a single coil. Including two for the coil, such a
relay has six terminals in total. The poles may be Form A or Form B (or one of each).
DPDT – Double Pole Double Throw. These have two rows of change-over terminals.
Equivalent to two SPDT switches or relays actuated by a single coil. Such a relay has
eight terminals, including the coil.
Applications:
Relays are used to and for:Amplify a digital signal, switching a large amount of power
with a small operating power. Some special cases are:
A telegraph relay, repeating a weak signal received at the end of a long wire
Controlling a high-voltage circuit with a low-voltage signal, as in some types of modems
or audio amplifiers,
Relay Driver
The output from the voltage level detectors cannot directly drive the relay and hence the
relay driver is used.
Circuit diagram:
4.2 DISADVANTAGES
6) High cost
4.3 APPLICATIONS
7) Industries
8) Sub Stations
9) Power distribution systems
Many companies provide the 8051 assembler, some of them provide shareware
version of their product on the Web, Kiel is one of them. We can download them from
their Websites. However, the size of code for these shareware versions is limited and we
have to consider which assembler is suitable for our application.
KIEL U VISION2:
This is an IDE (Integrated Development Environment) that helps you write, compile, and
debug embedded programs. It encapsulates the following components:
. A project manager
. A make facility
. Tool configuration
. Editor
. A powerful debugger
To get start here are some several example programs
. Select Project - Rebuild all target files or Build target. UVision2 compiles,
assembles, and links the files in your project.
. Select Project - Select Device and select an 8051, 251, or C16x/ST10 device from
the Device
. Database
. Select Project - Targets, Groups, and Files. Add/Files, select Source Group1, and
add the source files to the project.
. Select Project - Options and set the tool options. Note when you select the target
device from the Device Database all-special options are set automatically. You
only need to configure the memory map of your target hardware. Default memory
model settings are optimal for most.
APPLICATIONS:
. Use the Step toolbar buttons to single-step through your program. You may enter
G, main in the Output Window to execute to the main C function.
. Open the Serial Window using the Serial #1 button on the toolbar.
. Debug your program using standard options like Step, Go, Break, and so on.
The compiler, assembler, linker, and debugger are limited to 2 Kbytes of object code but
source Code may be any size. Programs that generate more than 2 Kbytes of
object code will not compile, assemble, or link the startup code generated includes
LJMP's and cannot be used in single-chip devices supporting Less than 2 Kbytes
of program space like the Philips 750/751/752.
EVALUATION SOFTWARE:
. Code-Banking Linker/Locator
. Library Manager.
PERIPHERAL SIMULATION:
The u vision2 debugger provides complete simulation for the CPU and on chip
peripherals of most embedded devices. To discover which peripherals of a device are
supported, in u vision2. Select the Simulated Peripherals item from the Help menu. You
may also use the web-based device database. We are constantly adding new devices and
simulation support for on-chip peripherals so be sure to check Device Database often.
#include<reg51.h>
#include<
>
#include<intrins.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<stdio.h>
sbit IR = P2^0;
SBUF = c;
while(TI == 0);
TI = 0;
while(*s)
SEND_CHR(*s++);
cmd_lcd(0x01);
display_lcd("SENDING SMS...");
SEND_STR("AT+CMGS=");
SEND_CHR('"');
SEND_STR("7893090750");
SEND_CHR('"');
SEND_STR("\r\n");
delay_ms(500);
SEND_STR("\r\n");
SEND_CHR(0x1A);
delay_ms(500);
cmd_lcd(0x01);
display_lcd("SMS SENT");
while(dor==0);
cmd_lcd(0x01);
void main(void)
IR=1;
buzzer=0;
TMOD=0x20;
SCON=0x50;
TR1=1;
init_lcd();
display_lcd("Home security");
cmd_lcd(0xC0);
display_lcd("Using GSM");
delay_ms(750);
delay_ms(100);
init_lcd();
while(1)
cmd_lcd(0x01)
CONCLUSION
REFERENCE
Books
Badri ram and D N Vishwakarma (1995) power system protection and switch
gear New delhi: Tata Mc Graw hill.
Frank D. Petruzella (2010) Electric motors and control systems 1st ed. New york:
McGraw-Hill
J. Lewis Blackburn , Thomas J. Domin (2006). Protective Relaying Principles
and Applications . 3rd ed. United States of America: CRC press
Leonard L. Grigsby (2007). The Electric Power Engineering Handbook. 2nd ed.
United States of America: CRC press.
P. M. Anderson (1998). Power system protection. New York: John Wiley & Sons,
Inc. P.673.
Smarajit Ghosh, (2007). Electrric Machines 1st Edn. India: Dorling Kindersley
Journals
Ali Reza Fereidunian, Mansooreh Zangiabadi, Majid Sanaye-Pasand, Gholam Pournaghi,
(2003) ‘Digital Differential Relays For Transformer Protection Using Walsh Series And
Least Squares Estimators’. CIRED (International Conference on Electricity), pp. 1-6.
Atthapol Ngaopitakkul and Anantawak kunakorn (2006), ‘Internal Fault Classification in
Transformer Windings using Combination of Discrete Wavelet Transforms and Back-
propagation Neural Networks’ International journal of control, automation and systems,
4(3), pp. 365-371.