.

STEP 3: TO UNDERSTAND THE WAVES BEHAVIOR IN OPEN

AND ENCLOSURE MEDIUMS

MEMBERS

FERNANDO ARBELAEZ
COD: 79317435

Jorge Enrique Huertas Parada

CC 79573243

Angelica Bravo
CC 52663895

TUTOR
DORIA LIZETH QUINTERO

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

30 DE OCTUBRE DE 2018
TABLA DE CONTENIDO
OBJETIVES

- Understand the behavior of electromagnetic waves when influencing

different means of propagation.

- Know the importance of Snell's law of refraction in different optical

applications.

- Identify the modes of propagation of electromagnetic waves, establishing

their advantages and disadvantages.
INTRODUCTIONS

Telecommunications play an important role nowadays, the transmission of the

waves represents the communication of people the whole world.

Connectivity represents an increasing economic segment, and the study of

different materials for the best transmission of the signal is fundamental for the
future of society.
 PARTNER CONTRIBUTION

FERNANDO ARBELAREZ

PROBLEM 3
3. A laser that is inside a tank of water, shoots a ray of light upwards. If the laser
is located h1 = 12cm under water. At what minimum horizontal distance d1
should the laser pointer shoot so that the beam does not come out of the water?

If we assume that the refractive index of water is n = 1.5

The critical angle for the water is calculated

With what you get a critical angle of

With this angle you get the trigonometric relationship between depth and
distance
 Development of the questions

1. Explain how the phenomenon of refraction and reflection in

transmission systems could be used.

The Reflection and Refraction of Light.

The reflection of the light is the change of direction of a ray or a wave in which
a ray reaches the separation surface of two homogeneous media, that is to say
the incident ray, is divided into another two, some of which returns to the first
medium (Ray reflected) while the other propagates through the second medium
(Refracted ray). Common examples of the reflection of light is the sound and
the waves in the water.

Application of the Reflection of light in the field of communications

The application of optical fiber in communications has resulted in an explosion
in information. Optical fiber has a greater bandwidth than copper wire, which
means that more information can be transmitted over a fixed period of time.
This increase in the capacity to transport information provides new and
important possibilities, including interactive television and cable channel
selections, in three thousand applications.

Even though it is easy to perceive how optical fiber is changing the world
around us, it may surprise us to know that this ability to transmit information
depends mainly on a single physical phenomenon: total internal reflection. Total
internal reflection is the result of the internal passage of light through a medium
to meet a second medium of lower optical density. An optical fiber consists of
two such means.

2. Explain Snell's law, the critical angle and the practical applications
where it could be used.
 Huygens principle. Reflection and Refraction Snell's
Law

As we already know, a wave is an energy transport

through a periodic movement, this implies a
displacement and therefore dynamic characteristics.

In a Cartesian coordinate axis where we distinguish two variables (x and y), the
"X" axis always receives the name of the abscissa axis while the "Y" will be
known as normal this time

Let's suppose the following situation; a wave hits a surface that separates two
different media (n1 and n2) with a certain angle, this is called angle of
incidence, the first medium can be air and the second, water, for example.
When this occurs, two phenomena occur simultaneously; one of refraction and
one of reflection.

From reflection we only have to point out that when a wave hits a surface it is
reflected at an angle equal to that of incidence on the other side of the normal.

We can define refraction as the change of

direction that a wave experiences when
passing from one medium to another and if
we want to go deeper we can add that this
change is produced by the difference in the
speed of propagation in both media. That is,
for example in the typical case of light, when
it spreads through the air it does so at a
different speed than in water, in glass, in
general in any material or surface, this is due
to what is known as refractive index.

The refractive index is nothing more than the relationship between the speed of
light in vacuum and the speed in another medium, therefore:

With this relation, in a typical problem of

selectivity and in particular of optics we can
determine the refractive index of the second
medium through which the light propagates
and the speed of the same in said medium
since "c" (speed of light) in a vacuum) is a
constant (3x10 ^ 8 m / s)
Later, with the law of Snell we can explain the why of this but theoretically we
deduce that when a wave passes from a faster medium to a slower one (with a
higher refractive index) it approaches normal, whereas on the contrary it goes
from a slower medium to a faster one (with a lower refractive index) it moves
away, until it reaches the maximum "opening" or possible angle and the wave
propagates not through the second medium but through the separation surface
of both (axis X) This phenomenon is called Total Reflection
Applications of Lenz's law

Alternators are devices that generate alternating electric currents, hence their
name. They consist of two essential elements: the rotor, which causes the
rotation of the assembly, and the stator, which surrounds the previous one and
is in charge of rotating around its axis. These alternators generate an
alternating current with the purpose of being used for motors, generating at the
same time, mechanical energy starting from the electrical energy; with only the
connection of the brushes of an alternator with another generator. This induces
a reorientation and an indefinite rotation of the turn of the second alternator
while a current is supplied.

3. Explain the physics behind the lenses for optical diseases.

Eye diseases and corrective lenses

• Focal mono lenses

The mono focal lenses offer a more natural vision

and can correct differences in near vision as this is
distorted, it also differentiates in the distant vision
since it perceives very close objects but distorts the
near ones.

• Bifocal lenses

Bifocal lenses are lenses that combine more than one prescription on the
same lens. These glasses are necessary to correct the sight of a person to
whom a single graduation does not allow him to see correctly at all
distances. They are lenses to see correctly at different distances.

These lenses have a differentiated cut in the middle of the glass that marks
the two different graduations. The upper part of the lens serves to look
"from far" and the lower part serves to see "up close".

Contact lenses

Also known as contact lenses, are corrective or

cosmetic lenses that are placed in the eye,
specifically on the tear layer that cares and
lubricates the cornea. These lenses are sanitary
products and must meet all of these requirements.
They are thin transparent plastic discs used to correct: myopia, hyperopia,
astigmatism and presbyopia.

• Converging lenses

They are thicker in the center than at the ends.

They are represented schematically with a line with
two arrowheads at the ends. And they concentrate
(they converge) at a point the rays of light that cross
them. At this point it is called focus (F) and the
separation between it and the lens is known as
focal distance (f).

• Divergent lenses

They are thinner in the central part than in the

ends. They are represented schematically by a
straight line ending in two inverted arrowheads.
They are those that concentrate in a point the
rays of light that reach them, parallel to each
other

• Cylindrical lenses

With this type of lens the astigmatism is corrected,

compensating the lengthening of the points of
light that occur in this refractive defect. Just as
spherical lenses are sections of a sphere,
cylindrical lenses are sections of a cylinder. Also
like spherical lenses, cylindrical lenses can be
convergent or positive and divergent or negative.

EYE DISEASES

• Waterfalls

A cataract is the loss of transparency of the lens of the

eye and this causes decreased vision. The most common
type of cataract is related to age.

Symptoms of a cataract:

-In the beginning a little blurred vision.

-The sunlight or light bulbs look brighter and this cause glare.

- Difficulty seeing at night.

• Colour blindness
It is a genetic defect that consists in the impossibility of
distinguishing the colors (dyschromatopsia). Although the
confusion of colors between a colorblind and another can
be totally different, even in members belonging to the
same family, it is very common to confuse green and red;
however, they can see more nuances of violet than people
with normal vision and are able to distinguish objects
camouflaged

• Hypermetropia

It is an ocular defect that consists of the rays of light

that impinge on the eye coming from infinity, focusing on
a point located behind the retina instead of the retina
itself as it would be normal. The consequence is that the
image is blurred and therefore there may be a lack of
visual acuity. It can be treated through the use of
glasses with convex or positive corrective lenses. It is also possible to use
contact lenses for hyperopia, contact lenses, surgery of the cornea with
laser.

• Presbyopia

Also called tired eyesight, it is a defect or imperfection of

the sight that consists in the diminution of the focusing
capacity of the eye. As a consequence, there is difficulty in
seeing clearly the nearby objects.

The treatment of presbyopia by surgery consists of an

operation in which the lens is removed and replaced by a
multifocal intraocular lens. As in any surgery, there may be complications
that in this case are very similar to those of the cataract intervention.

• Astigmatism

It is an ocular state that usually comes from a problem in the

curvature of the cornea, which prevents the clear focus of
objects both far and near. The cornea, which is a spherical
surface, suffers a flattening at its poles, which produces different
radii of curvature in the axis of the eye, therefore when light
reaches the eye, specifically in the cornea, the image obtained
is little sharp and distorted.

It is corrected with cylindrical lenses.

• Myopia

It is a refractive defect. In a myopic eye, the image is

focused in front of the retina. It is corrected with the
diverging lens.
4. What is the importance of the refractive index?

In a vacuum, the light propagates at a speed of C = 3.0 × 108 while in any other
medium, it propagates more slowly. The relationship between "C" and the speed
of light in any other medium is called the refractive index of that material,
represented as "n".
The refractive index is governed by Snell's law, by which, this property
corresponds to the division between the sinuses of the angles of incidence (the
angle between the ray in the first medium and the perpendicular in the dividing
surface) and of refraction (angle corresponding to the second medium) n = sin
(Ø1) / sin (Ø2).

The determination of the Refraction Index is influenced by the temperature and

the wavelength of the emitted light. Under controlled measurement conditions, it
is a constant property for a medium and allows determining the purity of a
substance or quantifying a given compound in binary mixtures of known
constituents.
Refractometers are important instruments in the food industry, since
they are used in the analysis of liquid products and in the control of operations
during the processing of various foods: milk and its derivatives (condensed,
evaporated, dairy products ...), fruits, juices , jams, honey, sauces (ketchup,
mustard, soups ...), manufacture and refining of sugar, pastries and pastries.

5. Is it possible for a single beam of light to be refracted in several beans?

Explain

According to the definition the refraction of the light happens when it passes
from a transparent medium with a certain refractive index to another, also
transparent, with a different one, I consider that a bean contains an internal
composition that is not very transparent and could not be refracted to another
bean.
There could be reflection and lightning jump from one bean to another.

6. How is it possible to use the Brewster angle in practical applications?

According to the definition when a beam of light impinges with the Brewster
angle, the component of the polarization parallel to the plane of incidence is
annulled in the reflected beam. For this reason, the beam that we see reflected
has a linear polarization, just in the direction perpendicular to the plane of
incidence, regardless of the type of polarization of the incident beam.

The Brewster Angle Microscope allows us the direct visualization of the

formation of mono molecular layers in real time in the water-air interface, the
characterization of molecular films through BAM is recorded through images of
the formation "in situ", evaluates reproducibility, homogeneity and possible
morphological defects.
A BAM allows the visualization of Langmuir mono molecular layers or the
absorbance of the film at the air-water interface. When the beam of light (laser)
sticks on the surface the image of the molecule is reflected to the detector,
changes in the structure and formation of the mono layer can be observed in
real time during the measurements.

Collaborative work

Design an Excel workbook that uses Snell's law and provide an incident angle
for four different precious materials; Return the refraction angle and let us know
if it is genuine.
 https://www.foro3d.com/attachments/104931d1243286288-valores-del-indice-
de-refraccion-refraccion.jpg?s=cb7b31834ac0acb030b6587b7dec98bb

TABLA DE INDICES
DE REFRACCION
AIRE(n1) 1 PASOS PARA OBTENER EL ANGULO DE REFRACCION
ESMERALDA(n2) 1.576 Primero: indique el índice de refracción n1
TOPACIO ROSA(n2) 1.62 Segundo: indique el índice de refracción n2(Según su preferenci
OJO DE TIGRE(n2) 1.544 Tercero: indique el ángulo de incidencia (teta)i
MARFIL(n2) 1.54 Cuarto : Haga lectura de Angulo de refracción en grados

índice n1
índice n2
ángulo (teta)i
Angulo refracción #¡DIV/0!

PARTNER CONTRIBUTION

Jorge Enrique Huertas Parada

Problem 1
When red light in vacuum is incident at the Brewster angle on a certain glass
slab, the angle of refraction is What are (a) the index of refraction of the
glass and (b) the Brewster angle?

//

// Vacuum
/ n1=1
//
/
// Glass
n2=?

Ley de Snell
 PARTNER CONTRIBUTION

Angelica Bravo

1. Explain how refraction and reflection phenomenon could be used in

transmission systems.

Because, the phenomenon optical are easily restricted to limited space, in this
case, the transmission of the light is the medium whereby, the information
travel, and in the nature the constant of light is the more rapid. The used of the
phenomenon waves proprieties is the form more practical and economic of the
travel of information.

If the proprieties are known the transmission is only the used of reflection of the
light, and the refraction of the light is the information loss.

2. Explain the Snell law, the critical angle and practical applications where it
could be used.
The law of Snell- Descarte is an equation that relation the ray incident in the
limit of surface, the condition are:
The ray is the same plane, the reflection and refraction depend of the velocity of
the mediums.

The law is:


if then and then

the angle is more closed of the normal that the incident.

If then the ray is reflected and reflected.

3. Explain the physics behind lenses for optical diseases.

4. What is the importance of the index of refraction?

The index of refraction is more important, because, the relation between

the index of the mediums is the condition for the reflection and the
reflection of the incident ray.
5. Is it possible that a single light beam be refracted into several beans?
Explain.
Yes, it is depended of the relation between the mediums, if the velocity is minus
in the n3<n2<n1 then the ray is reflected and refracted.

6. How is it possible to use the Brewster angle in practical applications?

The special angle of incidence that produces a 90 o angle between the reflected
and refracted ray is called the Brewster angle, θp. A little geometry shows that
tan(θp) = n2/n1.(1)
The uses are:

 The calculate the polaroid angle

 The study of the nanostructures

Exercise 2

1. In the following figure , , and , light refracts from

material 1 into material 2. If it is incident at point A at the critical angle for
the interface between materials 2 and 3, what are (a) the angle of
refraction at point B and (b) the initial angle ? If, instead, light is incident
at B at the critical angle for the interface between materials 2 and 3, what
are (c) the angle of refraction at point A and (d) the initial angle

SOLVE

(a) the angle of refraction at point B and

the critical angle of the interface 2 and 3 is:






the is obtain from the relation:

the angle , then:

in this case, how the then, the incident ray in the point B is reflected.
The reflection is all and the refraction is not possible.

(b) the initial angle ?

The angle , is the angle of incident.

Take the Snell law we have:

for the symmetry, the angle then:

in this case, how the then, the incident ray in the point between the
interface 1 and 2 is reflected. The reflection is all and the refraction is not
possible.

If, instead, light is incident at B at the critical angle for the interface
between materials 2 and 3, what are:

(c) the angle of refraction at point A and

in this case, how the mediums are the same, the light incident in the
point B is reflected but is not refracted, and the angle is:

in the same order, in the point A the light is reflected, to, the angle in the
point A is:

d) the initial angle

of the relation of the angles in the medium 2, the angle is equal to the
angle , then:

the equation to take the form:

CONCLUTIONS

In this work was evidence the important of the phenomena of reflection and
refraction of light, and the used for the to analyze the structure of different
materials.

The used of the Snell law and the Brewster angle in the transmission of light.

The study of electromagnetic phenomena has been of great importance in the

development of sciences such as optics, communications, medicine, which
have allowed us to make great technological advances, such as identifying a
given material knowing its refractive index, the wireless transmissions in the
communications and applications of optics in the treatment of visual diseases.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Quesada-Pérez, M., & Maroto-Centeno, J. A. (2014). From Maxwell's

Equations to Free and Guided Electromagnetic Waves: An
Introduction for First-year Undergraduates. New York: Nova Science
Publishers, Inc, 49-80 Retrieved
from http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2051/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=746851&lang=es&site=eds-
live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_49

Chen, W. (2005). The Electrical Engineering Handbook. Boston:

Academic Press. 513-519. Retrieved
fromhttp://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?
url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=117152&lang=es&site=ehost-
live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_513

Choose one of the following problems, taken from “Cutnell, J. D., &
Johnson, K. W. (2009), John Wiley & Sons Ltd., New York & Paz, A.
(2013)”.

Webgrafia:

https://es.slideshare.net/DGS998/tabla-de-densidades-6053989

Take of:
http://physics.bu.edu/~duffy/semester2/c27_brewster.html