Performance

Enhancement of OFDM
based Radio over Fibre
System
Presented by Guided by
Sreedevi P Dr.N.Vijayakumar

1
 Outline
• Introduction
o Radio over fiber system
o Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
• Optical OFDM
• Literature
• Motivation
• Objective and scope
• Work flow
• Optical transforms and architecture.

2
 Outline
• 100Gbps all-optical OFDM transmission using optical
transforms
o Result analysis
o Comparison of proposed systems.
• 100Gbps full duplex all-optical OFDM
o Result analysis
o Comparison of proposed systems.
• All-optical OFDM based WDM systems
o Result analysis
o Comparison of proposed systems.

3
 Outline
• 1 tbps all-optical OFDM
o Result analysis
o Comparison of proposed systems.
• Generation of all-optical OFDM using interferometer
o Result analysis

• Inferences
o Comparison of obtained results
o Architecture comparison
• Conclusion & Future directions

4
 Outline
• Publications
• References

5
 Why Radio over Fiber-RoF?
• Challenges of Broadband Wireless Access Networks[1][2]
o Narrow band, low carrier frequency, low bandwidth
o Low frequency RF allows larger cells, which enables high mobility
but leads to poor spectrum efficiency.

6
Fig.1: Narrow band wireless network [1]
 Contd….
• Capacity of wireless systems can be increased by [3][4]
o deploying smaller cells (micro- and pico-cells )
• By increasing the carrier frequencies.
• Improves spectral efficiency.

• But, smaller cell sizes mean

o large numbers of base stations(BSs) or Remote Access
Points(RAP).
o more equipment's and extensive feeder network required.
o Costly and faces high attenuation.

7
 Contd….
• This is where Radio-over-Fibre (RoF) technology comes in[5][6].

• It achieves the simplification of the BSs/RAPs through consolidation

of radio system functionalities at a centralised headend, which are then
shared by multiple RAUs.

Fig.2: Radio over fiber [1]

8
How RoF works?

Fig.3: 900 MHz RoF system[1]

9
 Advantages
• Low attenuation.

• Large bandwidth.

• Immunity to radio frequency interference.

• Easy installation and maintenance.

• Reduced power consumption

• Dynamic resource allocation

10
 Multi carrier Transmission
• Multicarrier modulation/ transmission(MCM):-[7][8]
o uses multiple carrier signals at different frequencies, sending some
of the bits on each channel. This is similar to FDM(Frequency
Division Multiplexing)

o In the case of OFDM; all of the sub channels are dedicated to a

single data source. IFFT is used at the transmitter to accomplish
this, which does not exist in Single carrier case.

11
 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing-OFDM
• split data stream into N parallel streams of reduced data rate and
transmit each on a separate subcarrier.

Fig.4: a) FDM b) OFDM [7]

12
 Contd…..

Fig.5: OFDM [7]

13
 Contd…..
• By implementing OFDM technique, ROF technology is able to shift the
system complexity away from the remote base station antenna towards
a centralized radio signal processing installation, thereby making it
possible to use simpler remote sites.

• OFDM Radio over Fiber (OFDM-RoF) system is characterized by high

speed, large capacity and high spectral efficiency.

14
 Optical OFDM
Coherent optical OFDM (CO-OFDM) is OFDM data that is being
modulated to light frequency and being detected in coherent
manner.[9][10]

Fig.6: Generic CO-OFDM [7]

15
 Literature Review
• The concept of OFDM was first introduced by Chang in 1966.

• In 1995, OFDM was adopted as the European DAB standard, ensuring its
significance as an important modulation technology and its application
in optical communication was first reported by Pan and Green in
1996[11][12][13].

• But the fundamental advantage of OFDM:-robustness against channel

dispersion compared to other multiplexing schemes , was not
recognised until 2001[14].

• Going on the need of OFDM in optical communication paved way to

direct detection OFDM(DDO-OFDM) and coherent OFDM(CO-
OFDM)[15][16][17].
16
 Contd….
• Till date 100Gbps real time MCM technique have been developed [18]
with efficient DFT processors(10-2 to 10-5 for 12 to 18db OSNR).

• But, the limited speed of electronic modulators used in OFDM is

considered to be a bottleneck for 100Gbps and above
transmission[19].

• The electronic devices are unable to process optical data at high

speeds.

• Traditional electrical devices provide insufficient bandwidth and

consume far too much power for future high performance
applications[20].

17
 Contd….
• Energy efficiency: From recent data analysis, Information and
Communication Technologies –ICT, consumes about 8% of the total
electricity all over the world[21].

• concern on the Green House effect is raising questions on the energy

consumption of ICT, and it is imperative to develop energy-efficient
telecom solutions: Passive optical networks(PON)/All- Optical.

• So we propose All-Optical OFDM for Rof systems which are energy

efficient with no constraints of high data rate : using passive optical
components(optical couplers)

18
 Contd….
• Reducing the need of electronics signal processing makes all-optical
OFDM, feasible for high bit rate transmission system .

• But All-optical OFDM system highly suffers from phase noise (due to
fiber non linearity) which introduces phase rotation for each
subcarrier and thus destroys orthogonality of subcarriers [21].

• The phase noise(PN) is mainly due to fiber nonlinearity: cross phase

modulation (XPM) and four wave mixing(FWM). More dominant when
the number of subcarriers and transmission power increases.

• Many approaches have been proposed to mitigate fiber nonlinear

impairment in optical OFDM systems where high peak to-average
power ratio (PAPR) reduction is the popular approach.

19
 Contd….
• In both wireless and conventional optical OFDM systems, PAPR
reduction is realized in the electrical domain.

• Indeed, few investigations have been reported on the PAPR reduction

techniques in All-Optical OFDM systems [22].

• Since optical OFDM symbols and RF signals have different group

velocity through fiber, their phase coherency loses, which in turn
introduces PN.

• Moreover, the dispersion-induced PN not only creates a phase rotation

term (PRT) on each subcarrier, but also causes inter-carrier
interference (ICI) between subcarriers [23].

20
 Motivation
• Speed: Communication bandwidth has become limited due to
electronic switching speed limitation.

• Available devices operate at 40GHz and beyond are just prototype

models.

• Recent research has shown that the optimum baud (or symbol) rate of
a subcarrier is around 3-5 Gbaud to mitigate fiber nonlinearity ,
dependent on distance .

• This makes all-optical (passive) OFDM in RoF , particularly

attractive.

21
Comparison between optical and electronic signal

processing

Fig.7: Optical Vs Electronics signal

22
processing [20]
 Objective
• To enhance the performance of OFDM in RoF using passive optical
devices.

o Modelling of OFDM transmitters and receivers using optical

couplers and interferometers-All-Optical OFDM.

o All-Optical OFDM achieved by modelling Optical transforms using

passive components-basic building blocks.
• 100Gbps all-optical OFDM transmission using Fourier, Hartley,
Wavelet and Cosine Transforms.
• 100Gbps full duplex all-optical transmission using Fourier,
Hartley, Wavelet and Cosine Transforms.

23
 Contd….
o All-optical OFDM based Wavelength Division Multiplexing(WDM)
system using Fourier, Hartley and Cosine.
o 1Tbps all-optical OFDM transmission using Fourier, Hartley,
Wavelet and Cosine Transforms.

• Generation of OFDM signals using optical interferometer.

• Comparison of the proposed systems.

24
 Work flow
All-optical OFDM

100Gbps
WDM-all 100Gbps 1 Tbps full duplex
optical unidirectional unidirectional system
OFDM s/m s/m s/m s/m

Using Fourier , Hartley, Wavelet & Cosine transforms(all-

optical devices)
Passive optical couplers

25
 Contd….

Comparison of the proposed systems

Delay interferometer based all-optical s/m

Comparison of proposed system with existing

ones.

Conclusion
26
 Optical Transforms
• Optical transforms are the basic building block in generating All-
Optical OFDM.

• The orthogonal property of the transforms enabled them to generate

orthogonal waveforms.

• The basic transforms used are Fourier, Hartley, Cosine and Wavelet are
used.

• Orthogonality: two vectors are said to be orthogonal if their inner

product is zero.

27
 Discrete Fourier Transform

• The forward DFT and inverse DFT(IDFT) is defined as [24][25]

1 −2𝜋𝑗𝑘𝑛
𝑁−1
𝑋 𝑘 = 𝑛=0 𝑥(𝑛)𝑒
𝑁 ; 0≤𝑘 ≤𝑁−1
𝑁
1 2𝜋𝑗𝑘𝑛
𝑁−1
𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑘=0 𝑋(𝑘)𝑒
𝑁 ; 0≤𝑛 ≤𝑁−1
𝑁

−2𝜋𝑗
Where 𝑊𝑁𝐾 =𝑒 𝑁 is the twiddle factor &
−2𝜋𝑗𝑘𝑛 2𝜋𝑘𝑛 2𝜋𝑘𝑛
𝑒 𝑁 = cos - jsin -
𝑁 𝑁

• Here 𝑊40=1 and 𝑊41=-j

28
 Contd….
• Forward 4X4 DFT

The crossover points replaced by optical couplers and

the complex twiddle points by optical phase shifters
Fig.8: Butter fly diagram & Optical architecture of DFT
29
 Contd….
• Inverse 4x4 DFT-exact replica of forward DFT

Fig.9: Butter fly diagram & Optical architecture of IDFT

30
 Contd…
• In the case of forward DFT
1
X(0)= 𝑥 0 + 𝑥 1 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥(3)
2
1
X(1)= 𝑥 0 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑗𝑥 1 + 𝑗𝑥(3)
2
1
X(2)= 𝑥 0 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 1 − 𝑥(3)
2
1
X(3)= 𝑥 0 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑗𝑥 1 − 𝑗𝑥(3)
2

• In the case of Inverse DFT

1
x(0)= 𝑋 0 + 𝑋 1 + 𝑋 2 + 𝑋(3)
4
1
x(1)= 𝑋 0 − 𝑋 2 + 𝑗𝑋 1 − 𝑗𝑋(3)
4
1
x(2)= 𝑋 0 + 𝑋 2 − 𝑋 1 − 𝑋(3)
4
1
x(3)= 𝑋 0 − 𝑋 2 − 𝑗𝑋 1 + 𝑗𝑋(3)
4

31
 Contd…
• x(0) is the DC component, x(2) real component without phase shift and
x(1) and X(3)are components with ∠| X(K) |.

2 𝑋𝑖𝑚 (𝑘)
• Where | X(k) |= 𝑋𝑟𝑒2 (𝑘) + 𝑋𝑖𝑚2 (𝑘) and ∠ X(K)=𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
𝑋𝑟𝑒 (𝑘)

• 𝑋𝑟𝑒 (k)= | X(K) | cos ∠ X(K) & 𝑋𝑖𝑚 (k)= | X(K) | sin ∠ X(K)

32
 Discrete Hartley Transform
• The Hartley transform is an integral transformation that maps a real-
valued temporal or spacial function into a real-valued frequency
function via the kernel, cas(2𝜋𝑘𝑛 𝑁) ≡ cos(2𝜋𝑘𝑛 𝑁) + sin(2𝜋𝑘𝑛 𝑁).

• the Hartley transform permits a function to be decomposed into two

independent sets of sinusoidal components; these sets are represented
in terms of positive and negative frequency.

• It can substantially lessen the computational burden when compared

to the classical complex-valued Fast Fourier Transform (FFT).

33
 Contd….
• The forward and inverse Hartley Transform(DHT/IDHT)is defined
by[24][25]
1 N−1 −2πkn
0≤k≤N−1
X k = n=0 x(n)e N:
N
N−1
1 2πkn
𝑥 n = X(k)e N
N
k=0
Where
−2𝜋
𝑊𝑁𝐾 = 𝑒 𝑁 is the twiddle factor
Here the twiddle factor is a real number. Hence 𝑊40=1 and 𝑊41=-1
Hartley transform differs from Fourier transform only its twiddle
factor value. Fourier has a complex j term while Hartley doesn’t.

34
 Contd…

Fig.10: Butter fly diagram & Optical architecture of 4x4 DHT/IDHT

35
 Discrete Cosine Transform
• A discrete cosine transform (DCT) expresses a finite sequence of data
points in terms of a sum of cosine functions oscillating at
different frequency.

• DCT is a Fourier-related transform similar to the discrete Fourier

transform (DFT), but using only real numbers.

• If 𝑋𝑓 (K) and 𝑋𝑐 (K) are the co-efficients of DFT and DCT respectively,
then they are related using the equation

𝜋𝑗𝑘
• 𝑋𝑓 (K)= 𝑋𝑐 (K) 𝑒 2𝑁

36
 Contd….
• The Forward and Inverse Discrete Cosine Transform(/IDCT) is defined
as[24]

𝑁−1 𝑘
𝑋 𝑘 = 𝑛=0 𝑥(𝑛)cos(π(2𝑛 + 1) ) ; 0≤k≤N−1
2𝑁

1 𝑁−1 𝑘
𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑥(0) 𝑘=0 𝑋(𝑘)cos(π(2𝑛 + 1) )
2 2𝑁

Since DCT is a real transform, no optical phase shifters required .

37
 Contd….

Fig.11: Butter fly diagram & Optical architecture of 4x4 DCT/IDCT

38
 Discrete wavelet transform
• Wavelet and Fourier transforms represent a signal through a linear
combination of their basis functions(orthogonal).

• For Fourier transforms, the basis functions are dilations of cosine and
sine signals (each spanning the entire time interval).

• For wavelet transforms, they are different translations and dilations of

one function termed the Mother wavelet along with a scaling function.

• The wavelet transform basis functions are compact, or finite in time,

which allows to obtain time information about a signal in addition to
frequency information, while the Fourier sine and cosine functions are
not.

40
 Contd….
• The mother wavelet function
𝑖
ψ𝑖,𝑗 t = 2 2 ψ(2𝑖 t - j)

• The scaling function

𝑖
∅𝑖,𝑗 (t)=2 2 (2𝑖 t - j)

• In general, DWT of signal s(t) is considered as the sum of the mother

wavelet and the scaling function and is expressed as

41
 Contd….
• The Haar basis function is defined as [26]

• The optical architecture of Wavelet transform is obtained from the

poly-phase representation of DWT.

• The proposed system uses Discrete Haar Wavelet Transform (DHW)

and the butterfly diagram of DHWT is obtained by adding an additional
stage to that of DFT.

42
 Contd…..

Fig.12: Butterfly diagram & Optical architecture of 4x4 DHWT/IDHWT

43
 Simulation Tools
• Matlab

• Optisystem

44
100Gbps All-Optical OFDM for
RoF system

Fig. 13: 4-channel optical transmitter-OLT

45
 Contd…..

Fig. 14: Signal processing network-ODN

46
 Fig. 16: Optical Spectrum Fourier &
Wavelet
Fig. 15: Optical Spectrum of Cosine &
Hartley

47
 Contd…
• PHASE NOISE REDUCTION:

• PAPR reduction: Phase pre-emphasis done in all-optical domain

to reduce PN.

• Pre-emphasis circuit: wavelength selective switch and phase

shifters

• Reduction in PAPR, improves the tolerance of the all-optical

OFDM symbols towards non-linearity.

• The phase between even and odd subcarriers 𝛳, varied.

48
• The variance of PN due to XPM is
o 𝜎 2 𝑥𝑝𝑚 ∝ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝛳/2)

• The variance of PN due to FWM is

o 𝜎 2 𝐹𝑊𝑀 ∝ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 (𝛳/2)

49
Phase rotation of carriers

𝜃
𝑃𝐴𝑃𝑅 𝜃 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2
2

Fig.17: Phase rotation of carriers 50

 Phase Pre-emphasis Circuit of the
proposed system
• Before orthogonalising the symbols, the channels passed through the
phase pre-emphasis circuit to minimize Peak Average Power
Ratio(PAPR).
• Two additional optical phase shifters are placed along the inverse
optical circuit to reduce PAPR .

Fig.18 : IDFT with pre-emphasis phase shifter

51
Dispersion compensation module-
DCM
• DCM:-Dispersion compensation Fiber and Optical amplifier

• Non linear effects in fiber may cause pulse spreading of all-optical

pulses which leads to ISI.

• The non-linear Schrodinger equation incorporating non-linear and

dispersive effects is given by

52
 Contd….

• Erbium doped fiber Amplifier

• EDFA amplifies signals based on stimulated amplification process.

• The amplifying medium of EDFA comprises of 10-25m optical fiber

doped with erbium.

53
 Contd…..
• Gain of the amplifier is

• The amplifier length for the proposed system is fixed for 7.5m with
20dB gain and the fiber parameters are

54
 Contd…

Fig. 19: 4-channel optical receiver-ONU

55
 Results
• An optical Gaussian pulse is generated at 193.1THz to modulate the
incoming RF (QAM) data.

• The time interval of the optical pulse is kept to be less than

1
𝐵 : B is the bit rate, of the system.

• The channels are modulated at fc+10GHz, fc±15 GHz, fc ±20 GHz,

fc±25GHz respectively.

• The modulated channels are pre-emphasized and optically

orthogonalised, by means of inverse optical transforms, which in turn
is transmitted through a dispersion compensated module.

56
 Contd….
• The delayed signal at the receiving terminal is switched into individual
tracks.

• At this point, the signal is localized both in the time domain as well as
the frequency domain by performing the forward optical transforms.

57
 Contd….

a b

c d

Fig.20 : a)IDFT b)IDHT c)IDCT d)IDWT with & without phase pre- 58
Fig. 21: OSNR Vs Q-factor & -log BER of Fourier system 59
Fig.22 : OSNR Vs Q-factor & -log BER of Hartley system

60
Fig. 23 : OSNR Vs Q-factor & -log BER of Cosine system

61
Fig.24 : OSNR Vs Q-factor & -log BER of Wavelet system

62
 Comparison

Fig.25 : Performance comparison of various systems

63
 Contd….

Fig. 26: Distance Vs –log BER of various systems

64
 Summary
• All the four systems achieved a Q-factor of 2 to 20dB and BER of 4 to
22dB, for different range of OSNR.
• Power penalty of 1-5dB seen(for-12dB).
• A minimum BER of 10-9, is achieved for a distance of 120km

System OSNR Q-factor BER

Wavelet 17.1dB- 2 to 20dB 4-22dB

34.8dB
Fourier 17.11dB- 2 to 20dB 4-22dB
37dB
Hartley 21.06dB- 2 to 20dB 4-22dB
40.2dB
Cosine 21.56dB- 2 to 20dB 4-22dB
40.12dB
65
100Gbps full duplex all-optical
OFDM s/m

Fig.27:100Gbps full-duplex system 66

 Contd….
• In All-Optical OFDM transmitter 4X25 Gbps RF-QAM data is modulated
using 1mW delayed optical Gaussian pulse centered at 1550nm
(193.414THz).

• The subcarriers are tuned to frequencies at ±25GHz and ± 50GHz is

fed to the optical modulators along with the carrier, in the 1st.

• The modulated signal is pre-emphasized to suppress PAPR and further

orthogonalised by means of Inverse Optical Transform are amplified
and transmitted through bi-directional fiber to reach 1st Base Station.

• The carrier is retrieved near 1st Base Station using Fiber Bragg Grating
and modulates the data in the 2nd Central Station.

67
• The central frequency of FBG is chosen as 193.414THz.

• Optical delays are introduced in between the optical link to reduce

interference.

• The reuse of carrier, at the base station reduces the cost of the system.

68
 Results

a b

Fig.28: a) Downlink and b)uplink transmission

performance of Fourier system, d=35km
69
Fig.29: a)Downlink and b)uplink transmission
performance of Hartley system
70
Fig.30 : a) Downlink and b)uplink transmission
performance of Cosine system
71
Fig: Downlink and uplink transmission
performance of Wavelet system
72
Effect of Phase Pre-emphasis

a b

73
 Contd…..
• In the presence of phase pre-emphasis BER is improving
upto 2mW signal power in Wavelet, Hartley and Cosine
based system.

• Fourier based system the same performance is seen upto

3mW. Fourier based system seems to have more control
over PAPR.

74
 Comparison

Fig.31: a) Distance versus Q-factor Fig.31: b) BER Vs Q-factor

75
• A Q-factor of 7.8 is achieved for a BER of 10-9, as in Fig.31:a.

• In Fig.31.b), a power penalty of nearly 1dB is seen in Fourier and

nearly 5dB in Hartley and Cosine based systems compared to Wavelet
based All-Optical OFDM based full-duplex system.

• Fig.32 shows the performance of the system for different subcarriers,

BPSK having a power penalty of nearly 3dB for 10-9 BER, compared to
QAM.

76
Fig.32: Performance of Wavelet based full duplex system for different
subcarriers
77
 Summary
• The performance is studied for both downlink and uplink directions.

• Downlink transmission is from Central Station-1 to Base Station-1,

while uplink transmission occurs between Base Station-1 to Central
Station-2 and back to Base Station-2.

• The system is capable of transmitting data upto a distance of 35km

with a minimum BER of 10-9.

78
 D=35km

System OSNR BER

Wavelet 17.1dB-35.8dB
4-16dB
Fourier 18.11dB-38.8dB 3-15dB

Hartley 18.11dB-38.8dB
2.8-13dB
Cosine 18.11dB-38.8dB 2 to 12dB

79
WDM –All optical OFDM

Fig.30 NX25 Gbps WDM based All-Optical OFDM 80

• N-CW laser source of -5dBm each, generates waves which are spaced
equally at 0.05THz, at a line width of 0.1MHz.

• Thereafter, the carrier signals modulate each of the 25Gbps encoded

QAM data.

• An optical switch and a multiplexer are placed in between the laser

source and All-Optical OFDM modules to dynamically switch channels
between the users.

• The modules are switched according to the demand of traffic in the

downstream direction(OFDM module to ONUs).

81
 Results

Fig.34: Spectrum of All-Optical WDM based on Fourier &

Haar Wavelet transform a). before and b).after 50km fiber 82
 FWM

Fig.35 : Optical spectrum of 16-channel All-Optical OFDM WDM based on

Hartley/ Cosine transform a).before and b).after 50km fiber
83
• Here the power is around -24dBm and -8dBm before and
after 50km fiber.

• FWM products generated due to the interaction between

different wavelength are seen in the spectrum.

• By maintaining the spacing at 50GHZ, FWM occurs at a

lower power level of -68dBm.

• In the case of Hartley/cosine WDM systems FWM occurs

around -60dBm.

84
Effects of phase pre-emphasis

Fig.36 :Signal power versus Transmitted power for N=16

85
• From the figure, it is seen that, the transmitted signal
power increases with increasing input power.

• In the absence of pre-emphasis the transmitted power is

around -12.5dBm to 16.6dBm, -12.567to 17.8dbm, -10.5 to
17.9dBm for Wavelet, Fourier and Hartley/Cosine based
All-Optical WDM systems.

• At the same time, the transmitted power is reduced to -

15.6 to 5.1dBm, -15.4 to 15.5dBm, -12.5 to 16.6dBm and -
12.567 to 17.8dBm for Wavelet, Fourier, Hartley and Cosine
based All-Optical WDM systems.

86
 Results

Fig.37 : Distance versus Q-factor for N=8 and N=16

87
• for 8-channel system, the transmission distance is varied
keeping OSNR constant around 20dB.

• The Q-factor is varying from 18 to 9.5dB, 17.5 to 9.2dB,

16.6 to 8.4dB, 15.2 to 8dB for Wavelet, Fourier, Hartley and
Cosine based system.

• Similarly for 16-channel system, the Q-factor is slightly

lesser than N=8. As the number channel increases, the Q-
factor falls with distance.

88
• Here the Q-factor varies between 9 and 17dB, 9 and 16db,
7 and 15dB, 7 and 14dB for Wavelet, Fourier, Hartley and
Cosine based systems.

• For a minimum BER of 10-9, the system requires nearly 7dB

Q-factor which is achieved for 50km in N=8 and 30km in
N=16 channel system.

89
Fig.38: a)OSNR versus log BER for N=16 Fig.38:b) Wavelength spacing versus
at 50km log BER for N=16

90
 Summary
• All-Optical OFDM with 8 and 16 channel WDM is set up for
RoF network.

• From the results obtained, Haar Wavelet based OFDM-

WDM system outperforms others.

• The proposed system achieved a minimum BER 10-9 upto a

distance of 50km for N=8 and 30km for N=16 channel
WDM system.

91
System OSNR -log BER
Wavelet 10-40dB 6-18dB
Fourier 10-40dB 4 to 15dB

Hartley 10-40dB 3 to 15 dB
Cosine 10-40dB 3 to 14dB

92
1 Tbps All-Optical OFDM based
RoF System

Fig.39: 1Tbps All-Optical OFDM transmitter

93
 Contd….

Fig.40:Signal processing network of 1Tbps All-Optical OFDM

94
 Contd…

Fig.41: 1Tbps All-Optical OFDM Receiver

95
 Eye Pattern

Fig.42 : a) Eye pattern of Fourier based

1Tbps All-Optical OFDM Fig.42 : b)Eye pattern of Haar Wavelet based
1Tbps All-Optical OFDM

96
Fig.42: Eye pattern of 1Tbps a). Hartley based and b). Cosine based 1Tbps All-
Optical OFDM

97
 Contd…
• Larger openings are seen across the eye pattern and
central portion of the eye corresponds to the carrier of the
transmitted signals.
• In all the systems, the first two channels are having larger
eye openings, compared to last two.
• The power of 3rd and 4th channel is low to achieve the
same performance as the first two channels.
• During switching, the channels show the tendency of
changing its original path.
• An appreciable performance is achieved by the system,
upto 3km.

98
 Results

Fig.43: OSNR versus BER of a). Fourier based 1Tbps and b). HaarWavelet
based 1Tbps All-Optical OFDM

99
Fig.44 : OSNR versus BER of a). Hartley based 1Tbps and b). Cosine based
1Tbps All-Optical OFDM

100
• For Fourier based system the BER is seen varying from 10-
17 to 10 -19.

• At the same time Wavelet based system achieves a BER of

10 -18 to 10 -20, for the same distance.

• In the case of Hartley based system as shown in the BER is

varying from 10-9 to 10 -11, for same OSNR.

• Cosine based system is having BER around 10-7 to 10 -10,

which is shown in Figure.

101
 Comparison

Fig.45: OSNR versus BER of 1Tbps All-Optical OFDM at 3km distance

102
Fig.46: a) Distance versus log BER of Fig.46: b) OSNR versus Q of 1Tbps All-
1Tbps All-Optical OFDM Optical OFDM at 3km distance

103
Fig.47: OSNR versus Q of 1Tbps All-Optical OFDM for 3km

104
 Summary
• The Wavelet based system achieved a BER of 10-18 for
nearly 3km and outperforms other systems.

System OSNR -log BER

Wavelet 18-28dB 18 10 18.2

Fourier 18-28dB 16 to 18

Hartley 18-28dB 8 to 10

Cosine 18-28dB 6 to 10

105
 All-Optical OFDM using Mach Zehnder
interferometer
MZI

Fig.47: All-optical OFDM using Mach Zehnder interferometer

106
• A 0dBm,193.2THz CW laser is passed on to a polarisation
rotator.

• The polarized and unpolarized outputs are then passed on

to Mach Zehnder interferometer centered at 193.1THz.

• Polarization dependent frequency shift of nearly 6GHz is

seen across the signals in Fig:.

• These orthogonal signals, along with the incoming RF data

is modulated by high frequency optical modulator.

107
Fig.48: Orthogonal signals across a). MZI b). Optical Modulator

108
 The power of the detected signals is
around -7dBm and
-13dBm, respectively.

Fig.49: Detected orthogonal signals

109
 Results

Fig.50: Distance versus log BER for constant OSNR, across first channel

110
• For a constant 20dB OSNR, the system achieves a BER of
10-9 to 10-7.

• While, BER of 10-9 to 10-5 is achieved for 18dB OSNR and

10-8 to 10-3 for 16dB OSNR.

• Also a minimum BER of 10-9 is achieved for constant OSNR

of 20dB and 18dB.

111
Fig.51: BER versus launched power for constant distance, across the two channels

112
 Summary
• Generation of All-Optical OFDM for RoF system, using Mach
Zehnder Interferometer is discussed.
• The system performance is studied for different distances
and launched power.
• The system achieved a min BER of 10-9, upto a distance of
10km.
• Also a minimum OSNR of 18dB is needed to obtain the
minimum BER, for the same distance.
• These result are obtained without considering any
nonlinear effects.

113
Coherent Optical - OFDM for RoF
system

Fig.51 : Coherent Optical OFDM

114
 Contd……
• The optical transmitter comprises of a I-Q modulator made
of two Mach Zehneder Modulator.

• MZM up converts the I and Q parts of the incoming signal

from RF domain to optical domain, using 0dBm laser
source.

• The up converted signals are combined and transmitted

through optical link.

115
 Contd….

Fig.52: RF OFDM Transmitter

116
 Contd…
• A 100Gbps PRBS is mapped on to the frequency domain using 4-
QAM sequence generator.

• The mapped symbols are connected to a OFDM modulator with 104

subcarrier and 128 FFT points.

• The I-Q components of the symbols are further RF modulated and

fed to the MZM modulator.

• At the RF OFDM receiver as in Fig: 10.3 the symbols are

demodulated using OFDM demodulator, which is further fed to
QAM decoder.
•

117
 Contd….

Fig.53: RF OFDM Receiver

118
Coherent Detection WDM Optical
OFDM for RoF system

Fig.54: Coherent Optical WDM transmitter

119
Fig.55 :Coherent Optical WDM receiver

120
Comparison of Coherent Optical
OFDM and All-Optical OFDM

Fig.56: Comparison between Fig.57 : Comparison between

existing and proposed All-Optical existing and proposed All-Optical
OFDM systems OFDM-WDM systems
121
 Comparison of
architecture
Transfor No: of passive components Findings
ms
Fourier 4 couplers +1 phase shifter Phase shifter provides complex
operation, fft algorithm complex
Wavelet 5 couplers +1 phase shifter Phase shifter provides complex
operation, multiscale analysis is
flexible

Hartley 4 couplers Less complex operation, simple

hardware
Cosine 5 couplers Less complex, simple hardware

122
 Performance comparison
S/m Wavelet Fourier Hartley Cosine BER
100Gbps 22dB 23dB 26dB 27dB 10-9
uni- OSNR OSNR OSNR OSNR
directional
100Gbps 18dB 24dB 28dB 28dB 10-9
duplex OSNR OSNR OSNR OSNR
1Tbps -37dBm -35dBm - - 10-9
received received
power power
WDM 24dB 25dB 26dB 26dbOSN 10-9
OSNR OSNR OSNR R

123
 Contd….

• Hence we propose Wavelet based systems over

Fourier for future all-optical OFDM systems.

124
 Conclusion
• OFDM Radio over Fiber (OFDMRoF) system is characterized by
high speed, large capacity and high spectral efficiency.

• But the speed limitation of modulators is a barrier for recent

OFDM-RoF systems.

• Moreover the energy consumed by electronic modulators are

also of great concern.

• Taking into account the above two factors , we focus on

improving the system performance by means of all-optical
OFDM designed using passive optical devices

125
 Contd….
• 1.100Gbps all-optical OFDM
o System designed using all-optical transforms
o All-optical transforms designed using passive couplers.
o The system performance were studied and finally
validated.
o It is proved , the proposed system can be considered as
an alternative for the existing systems
o A BER of 10-4 to 10-22 is achieved for OSNR of 15 to
48dB.
o Upto to a distance of 120km : BER is 10-9

126
 Contd….
• 2.100Gbps full duplex all-optical OFDM
o System designed using all-optical transforms
o A bi-directional fiber used to transmit data in downlink-
uplink direction and back.
o Optical delays provided to avoid interference in both
directions.
o Single source transmission is enabled using FBG at the
central and base station, which minimise the cost of the
system.
o A BER of 10-6 to 10-13 is achieved for OSNR of 18 to 34dB.
o Upto 35km, BER 10-9

127
 Contd….
• 3.All-optical OFDM based WDM systems
o System designed using all-optical transforms for 8 and 16
channels
o Laser source spaced at 0.05THz used for modulating the
channels
o Optical switches provided both at the transmitter and
receiver, to switch the channels only when required, thereby
reducing energy consumption
o A BER of 10-4 to 10-14 is achieved for OSNR of 15 to 45dB.
o Upto a distance of 50km , achieved a BER 10-9.

128
 Contd….
• 4. 1 Tbps all-optical OFDM
o System designed using all-optical transforms

o A clock recovery signal generated at the transmitting

end to synchronise the signals

o A BER of 10-18 achieved at a distance of nearly 3km

129
 Contd….
• 4. All-optical OFDM using
interferometers
o System designed using Fourier all-optical transform

o Polarization rotator used to generate two orthogonal

signals.

o Upto a distance of nearly 10km, for an OSNR of 20dB,

the system achieved a BER of 10-9

130
 Contd….
• All optical OFDM is implemented using optical transforms.

• The feasibility of Wavelet, Cosine and Hartley transforms in the

generation of all-optical OFDM is been proposed for the first time in
this work.

• The results show excellent performance of the proposed systems.

• So finally we conclude with the statement , that the proposed systems

are better solution for future mutligigabytes transmission system, with
less energy consumption and no barriers in transmission speed.

131
 Contd….
• Future works suggested
o Corrective measures(all-optical domain) to eliminate
non-linearity issues.

o Upgrading the number of channels.

o Possibility of other passive devices in generating all-

optical signals

o Real time implementation.

132
 Publications
1. Sreedevi Prasanna, Vijayakumar Narayanan, 1 Tbps All-Optical OFDM
Transmission Based on Wavelet Transform, in International journal for
Microwave and Optical technology, vol.12, no.4,pp:317-324, July 2017.

2. Sreedevi Prasanna, Vijayakumar Narayanan, A novel approach for

generation of All-Optical OFDM using Discrete Cosine Transform based on
optical couplers in a Radio over Fibre system, in International Journal of
Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), Volume 08,
Issue 3, pp:43-49, June 2017.

3. Sreedevi Prasanna, Vijayakumar Narayanan, Integrated All-Optical

OFDM WDM transmission of 4X2.5Gbps data over 50km for RoF system,in
International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT),
ISSN: 2249-8958, Volume-4,Issue-1,October 2014.

133
4. Sreedevi.P, N.Vijayakumar, A low complex real photonic OFDM for RoF
system, in IEEE Proceedings of the International Conference on Advanced
Nanomaterials & Emerging Engineering Technologies (ICANMEET- 2013)
organized by Sathyabama University, Chennai, India, In association with
DRDO, NewDelhi, India, pp.543 -546 , July, 2013.

5. Sreedevi.P, N.Vijayakumar, Transmission system performance of

optimised real all-optical OFDM for RoF system, in Proceedings of
ICCC2013,Thiruvananthapuram.

6. Sreedevi.P, N.Vijayakumar, Influence of optical amplifier parameters on

the performance of a photonic OFDM on a RoF system, in Proceedings of
International Conference on Signal and Speech Processing, pp.50-54,2014.

134
7.Sreedevi.P, N.Vijayakumar, Bi-directional all-optical OFDM, in
Proceedings of Photonics 2014, OSA technical digest, December 2014.

135
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