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The Legends of Implant Dentistry

with
THE HISTORY OF TRANSPLANTOLOGY
AND
IMPLANTOLOGY
The Legends of Implant Dentistry
with
THE HISTORY OF TRANSPLANTOLOGY
AND
IMPLANTOLOGY

Leonard I Linkow DDS DMSC


Clinical Prof. Department of Implant Dentistry, New York University College of Dentistry
Former Clinical Prof. Dept. of Fixed Prosthodontics, Pittsburgh University, School of Dental Medicine
Former Dept. of Implantology - Charge d’Enseignement d’Implantologie Orale a la Faculte de Medicine
University of Medicine, Lille, France
Former Prof. Department of Removable Prosthodontics and Implantology, Temple University
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Former Attending Associate Chief of Oral Implantology, Jewish Memorial Hospital, New York
Former Chief of Implantology, Haifa Center for Continuing Education, Haifa, Israel
Former Consultant, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
Former Visiting lecturer, Lariboisiere Hospital, Paris, France
Royal Society of Medicine, London, England
Post Graduate Instructor and Clinician, Institute for Graduate Dentists, New York
University of Detroit, Detroit, Michigan; Washington University, St. Louis; Missouri
State University of New York at Buffalo School of Dentistry, Buffalo, New York
Loyola University, Maywood, Illinois
Visiting Faculty, Temple University, School of Dentistry, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Oregon
University School of Dentistry, Portland Oregon; University of Maryjand, College Park, Maryland
Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts; Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts; University
of Bari, Bari, Italy; University of Munich, Munich, Germany; University of Indiana,
Indianapolis, Indiana; University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama; University of Mississippi
Mississippi; Louisiana State University Medical Center, New Orleans,
Louisiana; Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York
Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico; University of Manila
Manila, Philippines; University of Milano, Milano, Italy; University of Rome, Rome, Italy; University of George
Eastman, Rome, Italy; University of Torino,
Torino, Italy; University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy; University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
University of Missouri, Kansas City, Missouri; University of California, Los Angeles
California; University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; University of Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; University of Sidney, Sidney, Australia; Honorary Professor Nihon
University, Tokyo, Japan
Continuing Lecturer, Brookdale Hospital, New York
Founder of the Institute for Endosseous Implants, 1965
Mark McKennon

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The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology
© 2010, Leonard I Linkow

All rights reserved. No part of this publication should be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means:
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the authors and the publisher.

This book has been published in good faith that the material provided by authors is original. Every effort is made to ensure accuracy of material,
but the publisher, printer and authors will not be held responsible for any inadvertent error(s). In case of any dispute, all legal matters are to be
settled under Delhi jurisdiction only.

First Edition: 2010


ISBN 978-81-8448-875-3
Typeset at JPBMP typesetting unit
Printed at Ajanta Press
Dedicated
to
My beautiful daughter, Robin, whom I hope will live
for many more years
Dad

The Legends of Implant Dentistry


with
The History of Transplantology and Implantology
and the Innovators
Foreword
Leonard I Linkow is the man responsible for changing the course of dentistry in one lifetime. Four months after he
graduated from dental school (in 1952) he performed his first implant prosthesis, a complete unilateral subperiosteal
implant to support a posterior unilateral fixed restoration. He wrote his first implant article in 1953 in “Dental
Digest Magazine.” From that time -to the present day - Linkow put oral implantology before everything and everyone
else. He has said, “This work is my life.” As a result, all mankind has benefited, especially our profession and the
patients we treat.
Dr. Linkow’s accolades are many -and an attempt to list them here could be a disservice. But allow me to mention
a few things most people do not know.
Dr. Linkow’s hand and body skills are incredible. He not only played professional baseball for the NY Giants
farm team, today he can still hit a baseball that is going at 80 miles per hour. He can routinely reflect the soft tissue
of a complete maxilla or mandible in less than seven seconds. He can balance a long stem rose on his nose.
In 1983, I worked with Dr. Linkow for six months, in his New York City Office. His dental chair was customized
to swing to either side of the patient’s chair. He is completely ambidextrous and often would make crown preparations
on both sides of the mouth -AT THE SAME TIME! I would also see him make incisions at the same time in both
posterior quadrants of a mandible, a scalpel in each hand. He then used a periosteal elevator in each hand, reflected
the soft tissue on both sides of the mandible, prepared an osteotomy for a blade implant with two handpieces (one
in each hand), insert two blade implants, use two hammers and drive them into place -then would suture one side
at a time. I cannot imagine anyone even trying this feat - yet Dr. Linkow did this -not to show off (I was the only
doctor in the room), but because he believed the faster the procedure, the easier it was for the patient. He would
constantly tell me - “You must work in milliseconds, if you want to have the best chance at implant success.”
Not only does Linkow have unbelieveable hand skills -he can create original thoughts. He has obtained 34
patents during his career—and also developed hundreds of original concepts he never considered visionary -for
example, x-ray templates, analogs, premade copings for prosthetics, impression copings, surgical guides, and pre-
made transitional restorations. It’s hard for the younger dentist in the profession to put this into perspective - but in
the 1950s, the profession did not even have an elastic impression material for prosthetics. Rubber base was not
invented until the mid 1950s. The high-speed handpiece wasn’t developed until the 1960s. This is the era during
which Linkow developed the basis for implant dentistry. Without this one man, the field of dentistry could not have
been prepared to accept the concept of Branemark or others at a later time.
Leonard I Linkow is the “Father of Implant Dentistry” -not because he was the first ever to perform an implant
(Greenfield in 1906, Strock in 1936, Dahl in 1945 all were there before him). But a father does more than conceive a
child. He feeds it, nurtures it, clothes it, protects it, and is willing to die for it. He always kept an open door to the
profession. If doctors couldn’t afford to come to him, he would fly to them -for no honorarium and often would pay
his own expenses. He was not selling a product for profit -he was nurturing implant dentistry -one doctor at a time
when necessary. Nobody had lectured more hours, or in more places (for so little) than Linkow. He felt the teenage
years of implant dentistry (the 1970s) were too fragile for anyone to take advantage and profit personally.
Dr. Linkow was the first “implantologist”. His practice was restricted since the 1970s to tooth replacement with
implants. I can remember asking him one day in the practice — “Why don’t we do a 3 unit fixed prosthesis instead
of a single tooth implant?” He said, “Carl, as an implantologist - if people come to me, they know they will get an
implant.” Today (40 years later), I tell the profession and my patients the same thing —Do a single tooth implant,
they usually last longer and have few complications.
Dr. Linkow’s first published book was in prosthetics, not implants (“Full Arch Fixed Oral Reconstruction -
Simplified”) in 1960. In Dr. Linkow’s last book he quotes the French born Romanian philosopher and artist,
Constantine Brancussi, “Create like a God, command like a king, and work like a slave.” This is Dr. Linkow’s motto.
Another one of Brancussi’s quotes also applies to Linkow, “To see far is one thing, going there is another.” It was far
from easy for Dr. Linkow. In the beginning few saw him as a pioneer. Organized dentistry attempted to write him
off from the profession. But he always kept his vision clear.
viii The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

Another thing few people know about this legend is he has a warm heart. The major reason he created new
concepts was to help his patients. I would often see him do procedures for a financial loss–because he wanted to
help someone. He knew how often a patient’s life would change when they could eat in public and not be embarrassed
to have relationships with other people. Those close to him say he has the heart of a lion–strong and courageous.
Now that modern implant dentistry is in its mature adult years - like many adults, we forget how important the
first 20 years of life is –we forget that we are today a reflection of the past. It’s hard to believe one man is primarily
responsible for creating a whole new discipline in dentistry–and he is still alive to share and contribute.
I am honored to have been asked by Dr. Linkow to write this foreword. I am honored to have Dr. Linkow as a
personal mentor–and I am lucky to be one of the thousands who have been touched by his soul.
Carl Misch
Founder and head of the Misch Institute, Beverly Hills, Michigan

Dr. Linkow is like all men of genius. They are like thunderstorms. They go against the wind. They frighten and
enlighten people. But they clear the air.

Dr Ole Krogsgaard Jensen


Copenhagen, 1978
President of Danish
Academy of Oral Implantology
Preface
Rarely in life we do have the opportunity to know and be around true legends in any field. Leonard Linkow is one
of these men. He has truly been one of the most important figures in Implant Dentistry. He is a real pioneer in every
sense of the word, and he has been one of the most inventive dentists in the field. Lenny had to do almost everything
on his own since organized dentistry was not ready to accept some of his novel and innovative ideas. He lectured
extensively all over the world. He was relentless in his passion to help other dentists wherever he went.
When New York University College of Dentistry formed the Leonard I Linkow Chair in Implant Dentistry in
1988-1989, it was the first time that Len was officially recognized by organized dentistry. To show the kind of love
and respect that so many people had to Len, this chair was funded from dentists and patients from all over the
world. This is truly unheard of in dental schools. He has always shared his knowledge and clinical skills with
everyone. He would do live surgeries all over the world to help others gain from his pioneering works.
He is also very inventive. When Len was asked why he developed so many different implant designs instead of
just one or two, he responded by saying, “I had to come up with multiple ways to help my patients. They all come
in with different amounts of bone and with different problems. I needed to make different implants for each of the
problems I was presented with.”
This is the kind of doctor that Dr. Linkow is. He always put the patients’ needs first.
Len is a dynamic man. He always gets things moving around him. When he has a passion about something he
will go after it with everything he has. He will stimulate others to think and be better dentists as well.
He is a true teacher, clinician and academician. Most of what we are teaching today in implant dentistry in
dental schools and specialty programs around the world was actually taught by Lenny over 40 years ago. In fact, it
is all in his multiple volume textbooks for people to see and learn from.
Lenny is a great friend and caring person. He is in every sense of the word a true pioneer and a renaissance man.
I am honored to write this preface and I wish him good luck and good health in his well-deserved retirement.

Respectfully

Dennis Tarnow DDS


Professor and Chair Dept. of Periodontology and Implant Dentistry
New York University College of Dentistry
New York, USA
Introduction,
Acknowledgments and Prologue

The author is particularly well qualified for the preparation of this book. He has spent the greater part of his research
and clinical practice in the field of implantology. He has lectured widely, written extensively, and taught numerous
graduate classes. This book bears the imprint of the vigor and excitement of the author for his field of endeavor.
This book represents an important contribution to the literature in a discipline that, up to now, has been vague
and confusing, while at the same time controversial. Implantology still remains for most of us at the border of the
“twilight zone”.
Those of us who have implanted natural teeth realized that in a relatively short time the roots would resorb.
From these observations came the concept of using a foreign substance. Today the purity of the material used in
implants is not as important as its toleration by the tissues.
At the present time we are transplanting entire human organs, including hearts, kidneys and lungs. What is
feared and far from being entirely understood is the rejection by the body of these so-called foreign substances. In
dental implants we are similarly faced with the process of rejection. However, dental implants, unlike organ
transplants, are inorganic, thus eliminating rejection. It is the hope of the author that successful answers will be
found so that implantology will be on a firmer foundation. When any technique, dental or otherwise, reaches the
threshold of being used by a growing number of practitioners who are experienced in their fields, serious consideration
must be given the technical point of view, even though some practitioners may feel it is ahead of its time. Such
resolute treatise by an innovator, using commonly accepted scientific principles and documentary evidence of trialand-
error, success-and-failure decrees must elicit respect for the innovator and the experimentation. The work of this
author has been guided by such principles. His books Theories and Techniques of Oral Implantology, (C.V. Mosby
Co. Vol. I, 11) written several decades ahead of their time, are evidence of such forward-looking activity.
All forms of experimentations in any field have always been attempted with confidence; an assurance of success
is an integral part of the desires of the experimenter.
The majority of our later attempts have been successful. In those later cases where failure resulted, it was not
because of basic flaws in the concept of an endosseous implant procedure but because of overenthusiasm in attempting
an intervention. But we have learned from our mistakes.
This book is a synthesis of my experiences in the field of implantology, and the experiences of many others. It
describes many techniques that are successful because they have been carefully designed to be compatible with the
laws of nature. It explores the reasons why an implant succeeds or fails, from both operatory and physiologic
viewpoints. It prepares the reader for the kind of experience that can be gained only through actual clinical work. It
tells the individual operator why the procedures should work; his own experiences based on a thorough understanding
of the factors involved will finally prove that they do work.
I sincerely feel that this book is important because the information herein explores what an ever-increasing
number of operators are proving is the modern miracle in dentistry.
I wish to express my appreciation to all those people who contributed so unselfishly in one way or another to the
preparation of this volume by providing information, suggestions, and constructive criticism. I also wish to express
my gratitude and sincere appreciation to all those who gave me my start in the field of oral implantology by allowing
me to bring forth my acquired knowledge in the field.
To Dr. Malvin E. Ring, the true pioneer on the history of Dentistry, I give my sincerest thanks for the help he gave
me with some of the very early Peruvian and Inca skulls with implants. I wish to give special thanks to Dr. Myron
M. Lieb, Director of the Institute for Graduate Dentists (which is no longer in existence) for expressing faith in me by
allowing me to teach implantology in the middle 1960s, while it was still in its early development and none of the
universities at that time accepted my teaching.
Most of all I thank my wife, Cecilia, a companion and true friend because without her excellent help the book
would still be a file of jotted notes and clippings from articles, periodicals, books and newspapers.
xii The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

Why did I take the time and energy to write a book of this sort? Certainly not to be well compensated. I’ll be
frank-just how many dentists in our profession are interested in the history of Implant Dentistry? Most of them are
only interested in books written for them to gain instant monetary gratifications.
However, someone had to write this very important history because those not knowing the mistakes of the past
are sure to repeat them in the future.
During all the long, spiritually intense years that it took to produce this very important history of Implant Dentistry
where I had to search far back in time so as not to leave anyone out who made early contributions to the field. I am
happy that it is over.
This book was written solely to immortalize many of those great pioneers on whose shoulders most of you have
stood, but few of you can recall by name, much less give them credit for the devices or applications they developed.
What you may take for granted today was 50 years ago a leap of faith, of men tinkering and thinking, analyzing and
applying, trial and error.
To those great men and women of our profession who are presently practicing implant dentistry, and to those
who had previously paved the way through their unselfish work and their strong determination to continue despite
the overwhelming skepticism from their colleagues trying to constantly disprove the principles of implantology,
there are not enough words that can express my respect and admiration for them.
In the last few decades, many new techniques in the fields of medicine and dentistry have been introduced to the
world. Until these techniques and methodologies had been pioneered by men of vision, ambition, patience, courage
and the understanding of a great human need, thousands, perhaps millions of people suffered and even succumbed
to their maladies.
As an anonymous writer once said: “Even a conventional approach was once considered a radical idea.”
I am sure all of us are aware of the tremendous controversies that arise when new developments are announced.
Implantology is not and never was an exception.
Pioneers are treated today as in years gone by: they are noted for the failures, criticized for their innovations,
resisted in success, resented in triumph. One would think that, as a rising tide lifts all boats, their breakthroughs
would be uniformly welcomed because the benefits of evolution get passed around and become general, common
and, yes, profitable applications. But something predictable often happens on the way to the human jaw via the
patent office: those who did not think of the new development are among the first to disapprove.
In anything like a perfect world, inventors and innovators, implantology innovators, should be aided by their
peers to further improve their concepts. It stands to reason that if one is critical, then the onus should be on the
criticizer to step up and offer a well-reasoned alternative. However, professionals who continually undermine
advancements owe it to their colleagues and themselves to at least be fully informed about the current state of the
art before passing judgment. Implantation can enable many patients, even though totally edentulous, to again have
fixed teeth. Each case may be different, posing a unique challenge, but the technology to cover virtually any
contingency is here now, and has been for some time. Not informing a suffering patient that he or she might be a
candidate for fixed teeth is like not treating a person who is blind when some techniques may be available to restore
sight.
When an idea is first conceived, it must go through many stages in the eye of the profession before it can be
finally and fully accepted. It first must pass a stage of discovery, then years of questioning by the inexperienced or
underinformed, then further experiments and revisions, then clinical studies, then re-evaluation by the profession
and eventual acceptance.
Our hope is that now our peers will strive together for the true and unselfish advancements of implantology.
This would result in more benefits for mankind.
Regarding my own experiences in this process, I must say that none of my roads were ever paved for me. I had
to plow through every inch of unbroken terrain with fortitude, a state of mind enhanced by full knowledge that I
was building on and evolving techniques initiated by those before me. It was proper for them, in their time; as my
peers and I picked up the baton, it became doubly so for us. When the time of an idea has come, like faith, it moves
mountains. But sometimes it takes faith to move the mountains. The mountains of bias, envy, and favoritism. By its
very nature, implantology threatened to upset a long established hierarchy following a set of dental principles that
had scarcely changed in decades. Then, within a few years, everything changed. Regarding their hardships, a very
dear patient of mine once told me while I was gasping for air, “It’s not how many breaths we take during our
lifetime but how many moments can take our breath away.” Thanks so very much, dearest Judy, I love you for your
words, and believe me the enthusiasm I had toward my work did take my breath away.
Introduction, Acknowledgments and Prologue xiii

The howls are still heard today, long after implantology has been validated.
Years, sometimes decades, are spent trying to develop techniques that will solve a particular health problem.
The early attempts usually fail, for a variety of reasons. Sometimes the basic idea is not valid but the material or
information necessary for its further development is not available. It may not be accurate to fault the proponent if he
has no reliable studies to support his vision. Out of his work, however, the studies emerge. Then he becomes a
pioneer. When success ultimately occurs, it is a result of an inspired coordination of various factors, including the
work of the first minds to examine the problem and propose solutions.
It has been said that history is the science of things which do not repeat themselves. For medicine and dentistry,
it is the science of trials which are repeated until the day when they succeed.
The great French philosopher and mathematician, Blaise Pascal, one of the blazing lights, once said, “The long
series of men during the course of so many centuries should be considered as only one man, who always subsists,
and who learns continually.”
A pioneer, in any field of endeavor, in medicine or dentistry no less than many other technical specialities,
spends most of his life as a controversial figure. It is not his choice to be considered in this light, especially during
those struggling years when he is doubted, perhaps ostracized, or even condemned by his colleagues and peers.
They are only afraid, but the effect of their fear is compounded by their certainty.
The course of a pioneer is not a straightforward drive to a goal. There are detours. Philosophically speaking, I
have believed that the journey and its lessons - hard and many they may be - and the destination or the desired
reward, is a core value of life. It may even be a blessing and, moreso, life’s sole or central purpose. But knowing this
and matching that knowledge to one’s daily routine can be a woefully confusing enterprise. As mark Twain said,
“Life would be infinitely happier if we could only be born at the age of eighty and gradually approach eighteen.” So
as my renown grew, and my reputation - good and bad - expanded accordingly, I was obliged to continually accept
life’s disenchantments, like being misquoted in the media and hearing the opprobrium of peers, or being snubbed
because my innovations had sometimes shown the limits of others.
One of life’s central difficulties can be trying to negotiate with people who have all the answers to questions they
don’t understand. I tried to take a brighter view of the bigger Legends of Implantology: The History of Transplantology
and Implantology picture, one obvious conclusion being that I have been in places, met many people and have done
things that few are ever privileged to enjoy.
I tried very hard to include as many of the original pioneers in this book. Though some of them are no longer
with us, over the years I managed to include them in many of the photographs I took myself or were given to me by
others. However, there were some who ignored my pleas, and for those I am sorry - but I sure tried.
I would like to end this foreword with one of the observations made by the great poet Kahlil Gibran on January 6,
1883.
“I cannot say much now about that which fills my heart and soul. I feel like a seeded field in midwinter and I know
that spring is coming. My brooks will run and the little life that sleeps in me will rise to the surface when called.”
I have always taken these to be beautiful words from a man of great sensitivity and passion. Let us as dentists
and humanitarians become more sensitive and attune ourselves to the requests of our patients, and enlighten ourselves
to the benefits of implantology, and the first ones who shared their knowledge.

THE TREASURED
WRITINGS
OF
KAHLIL
GIBRAN
AUTHOR OF THE PROPHET
Contents
PART I: A HISTORY OF IMPLANTOLOGY 1-85 • Hilt Tatum 138
• The Great Pioneers of Implant Dentistry 3 • Al Edelman 138
A Brief Review of History 78 • Jean Marc Juillet and Pierre Domns 138
60 Years! The Re-establishment of the • Sebastian Lo Bello 139
True History of Implant Dentistry • Dr Anthony J Viscido 139
• Reading Material-Books and Articles 82 • Dr H Ford Turner 139
History of Dental Implants • Milton Hodosh 139
More Books on Implantology • Gerard M Scortecci 141
Bibliography • Hans L Grafelmann 142
• Walter E Knouse Jr 145
• Jack Hahn 147
PART II: THE PIONEERS 87-120
• Sheldon Winkler 149
• Edwin J Greenfield 90 • Shumon Otobe DDS 153
• Gustav Dahl 90 • Eichi Kokima 154
• Alvin Strock 91 • Holger E Bürkel 170
• Manlio S Formiggini 91 • Alfred Feigel 171
• Norman Goldberg 92 • Dino Garbaccio 172
• Aaron Gershkoff 93 • Pier Luigi Mondani 172
• Isaiah Lew 94 • Per Ingram Branemark 173
• Nicholas Berman 96 • Charles English 174
• Luigi Marziani 96 • Jon Reed Wagner 174
• Roy Bodine 97 • Herb Gross 177
• Raphael Chercheve 97 • Anthony Ricciardi 178
• Jacques Scialom 98 • Richard Guaccio 178
• Arthur C Jermyn 98 • Gerald M Reed 179
• Ugo Pasqualini 99 • Ole Krosgaard Jensen 182
• Leonard I Linkow 100 • Amilkar Ariza Gomez 182
• Norman Cranin 106 • Manuel Chanavaz 182
• Giordano Muratori 108 • Boyd Harris 185
• Stefano Melchiade Tramonte 108 • Giorgio Gnalducci 185
• Sami Sandhaus 109 • Dr Gerhard Heim 186
• Paul J Mentag 110 • Maurice Valen 186
• Philip J Boyne 111 • Antonio Pierazzini 189
• Donald H Masters 190
PART III: THE INNOVATORS 121-258 • Julian M Franko 191
• Maurice Fagan 122 • Arthur Ashman 192
• Ronald Cullen 124 • Mohamed Sharaway 194
• Samuel P Weber 126 • Axel Kirsch 195
• Norman Mulnik 126 • Nobuyuki Inada 196
• Charlie Weiss 126 • Terry J Reynolds 197
• Antonio Moro Greco 128 • Israel Binderman 198
• Jack Wimmer 128 • Daniel L Root 198
• Carl E Misch 130 • Raul R Mena 199
• Harold Devere Roberts 133 • Joe Francis Warriner 200
• Thomas S Golec 134 • Victor Sendax 201
• Robert James 135 • David Hoexter 201
• Ralph A Roberts 135 • Louis J Naman 202
Contents xvi

• Roland M Meffert 204 • John C Minichetti 225


• Morton Peral 205 • Robert J Miller 226
• Wesley Halpert 205 • Jerry Soderstrom 226
• Joel L Rosenlicht 206 • Michael Pikos 227
• Charles S Mandell 208 • Stuart Orton-jones 228
• Jack Krauser 208 • Edward Mills 228
• Sidney I Berger 209 • William Dean Nordquist 229
• Samuel Kaufman 211 • Giancarlo Cortese 232
• Francesco Mangini 211 • Burton E Balkin 233
• Dennis Tarnow 212 • Oscar Sarnachiaro 236
• Arthur K Molzan 213 • Gedahlia Mordechai (Martin) Stern 236
• Marc N Benhuri 213 • Lewis Benjamin 237
• Arturo Hruska 214 • Arun Garg 238
• S Shankar Iyer 215 • Trevor Bavar 238
• Maurice Albert Salama 216 • Mark Davis 239
• Scott D Ganz 217 • Alain Clairet 239
• Mira Yasinovsky 218 • Craig Cooper 241
• Marco E Pasqualini 219 • Emile Martin 244
• Ken Judy 220 • James L Rutkowski R 245
• David M Vassos 222 • George E Anastassov 246
• Lionel W Richards 222 • Morton L Perel 253
• Feliciano Salgaray 223 • Robert W Christensen 255
• Richard Wilson Leong, Jr 223 Bibliography 259
• C Benson Clark 224
Index 319
The Great Pioneers of Implant Dentistry

WHY DENTURES DON’T DENTURES: THE ANCIENT WAY


REPLACE NATURAL TEETH It is hard to document exactly how much anatomical
knowledge the ancients had. Perhaps they knew, as we
do, that toothlessness impairs the health of the gums and
My dentures are uneasy in the mouth
weakens the remaining teeth—if any. They must
– George Washington
certainly have been aware that the condition makes
Letter to his dentist
eating difficult. They also knew that toothlessness was
unattractive; the Talmud tells of a woman who got an
artificial tooth in order to please her fianci. We do know
Ill-fitting denture appliances may impair your health
that in those times, as in our own, there was a demand
– Council on Dental Therapeutics
for artificial teeth to replace missing real ones.
American Dental Association
Ancient people used a variety of materials for false
teeth. Some of the earliest ones were animal teeth,
whittled down to human proportions if necessary. Later
If you are embarrassed to open your mouth because of
on, false teeth were carved from ivory or the bones of
ill-fitting dentures or missing teeth, you are not alone.
various animals. Gold and silver were also used, as was,
The American Dental Association has reported that more
less expensively, wood.
than 23½ million Americans have lost all of their teeth.
Artificial teeth at that time weren’t set into a base as
That’s about 7.5% of the population of the United States.
today’s dentures are. Instead, they were attached to the
In fact, that’s nearly 75% of the population of Canada!
remaining natural teeth with gold or silver wires. The
You have plenty of company throughout history, too,
false teeth might have been riveted to a gold or silver
Archeologists have found evidence of dental disease and
band, the ends of which were then slipped over the
tooth loss among all ancient and prehistoric people.
neighboring natural teeth.
Tooth decay has been found in Neanderthal remains.
This kind of denture must have been popular in
And one Egyptian mummy was diagnosed as having
ancient Rome—or else Roman denture wearers were
suffered from gum disease and abcesses as well as tooth
skilled at lobbying—for a Roman law passed in 450 BC
decay.
forbade the burial of dead with their jewelry, but made
Dentistry was a recognized profession in Egypt as
an exception for the gold or silver appliances used to
far back as 3000 BC. The first dentist of significant
maintain false teeth.
historical record was an Egyptian named Hesi-Re.
The Romans would have done better to worry about
At that time, Egyptian dentistry was probably the
retaining their natural teeth while they were still alive.
most advanced in the world, and even then dentists
Ancient dentures were rather unsteady, and not very
performed surgery to try to save diseased teeth. They
efficient for biting or chewing. The bands also imposed
also prescribed various powders to relieve toothache.
a strain on the natural teeth that supported them—and,
But, try as they may have, their methods could not
to modern eyes anyway, the metallic appliances were
always cure the ailing tooth. In fact, a major responsibility
unsightly.
of ancient dentists seems to have been the pulling of
The Etruscans devised various ways to implant gold
decayed and aching teeth. Thus arose the need for
wires, mesh and root forms for replacement teeth.
artificial replacements.
4 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

DENTURES: THE MEDIEVAL WAY


In spite of the numerous shortcomings, animal teeth were
still the best substitutes : available, and their use persisted
throughout the Middle Ages. There was no shortage of
customers for these false teeth, because at that time
treatment of diseased teeth was primitive—often more
primitive than it had been in ancient times. A person
with a toothache frequently had no choice but to have
the tooth pulled—if he or she was brave enough. The
patient had to be brave, because in medieval Europe
extractions were done—without benefit of anesthesia-
by barbers, blacksmiths, and even wandering street
performers. The latter made an audience-participation
show out of the event. Some of the medieval “dentists”
Fig. 1: L’arracheur de dents. Gérard van Honthorst (1590- learned their trade through apprenticeship, and many
1656). Musee du Louvre, Paris. Mistoire Illustrtée De L’Art seem to have possessed a good deal of common sense
Dentaire-Michel Dechaume and Pierre Huard-Les Editions and manipulative skill.
Roger Dacosta, Paris, 1977

Probably the first person credited with a written


paper of transplants as a means of replacing teeth was
the Arabian surgeon, Albucasis de Condue (936-1013).
He also included the use of implants made from oxbone.
Albucasis de Condue stated that when a maxilla was
broken, and its teeth came out of their sockets, it is
necessary to place them back into their original sites and
keep them there by means of small bamboo rings
intertwined by gold and silk threads. Together with the
previously reported Mayans, this is the oldest record of
dental transplants. (It might well have been an ancient
practice, even though archeological remains, graves,
necropolises and sarcophagi, have not revealed anything
really substantial). But, even without reverting that far
back in history and to so distant countries, in Abulcasiz Fig. 2: Scene d’avulsion dentaire au XVII siècle par Jan
di Zabra’s “chirurgia” (Cordova 1106-1112) we read that Victors: Musée Dentaire de Coloma
“pullen teeth replaced and tied can be kept in place, or
else teeth can be made from cow’s bone.”
During the next several centuries barber-surgeons in
England and continental Europe became responsible for
tooth transplantations operations.
An early investigator of tooth transplants was the
Frenchman, Ambroise Parefin 1530. He stated “I had it
reported by a credible person that he saw a lady of the
prime nobility, who instead of rotten tooth she drew, made
a sound tooth drawn from one of her waiting maids at the
same time to be substituted and inserted which tooth in
process of time as it were taking root grew so firm, as that
she could chew upon it as well as any of the rest.”
What’s more, dentures made from animal teeth were
prone to decay. Even hippopotamus teeth, which were
among the best of the material used, tended to turn black Fig. 3: Another poor patient having a rotten tooth extracted
and smelly within a relatively short time-usually, less by A Wandering street performer
than two years.
Part 1: A History of Implantology 5

Fig. 5: Le dentiste ambulant. Pietro Longhi (1702-1785) Milan.


Histofre IllustrCe De L’Art Dentaire - Michel Dechaume and
Pierre Huard - Les Editions Roger Dacosta, Paris, 1977

Fig. 6: Giovanni Michele Grancri, Der Zahnnbrecker 01 auf


Leinward, Museo Givico, Turin Die Zahnheilkunde in Kunst-uns
Kulturgeschichte Heniz E. Liissig und Rainer A. Miiller Dumont
Buchverlag Koln 1983. In medieval Europe Extraction were done
by barbers blacksmiths and even wandering street performers.

Fig. 7: Jan Victors. Ein Zahnziecker, 1654. 0I Auf Leinward


Fig. 4: Le Charlatan. Jan Steen (1626-1679) Historicich Museum, Amsterdam Die Zahnheilkunde in
Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam Kunstund Kulturgeschichte Heniz E. B s i g und Rainer A. Miiller
Dumont Buchverlag Köln 1983
6 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

Scientific knowledge also increased. More became


known about teeth and the anatomy of the mouth and
jaw. The French were in the vanguard of this new interest
in science, and a French dentist, Pierre Fauchard (1678-
1761)’ is credited with having raised dentistry to the
professionalism it hadn’t merited since ancient times.
By the time of the American Revolution, trained
dentists from France and England had arrived in
America. Apparently they were badly needed, for visitors
of that period often commented on the terrible state of
the inhabitants’ teeth. At the time, writers attributed these

Fig. 8: A beautiful rendering done by a famous Russian artist,


Yuri Pugaciov, showing an 18th century setting with Dr. Linkow
holding up General Washington’s wooden denture. The painting
also shows the face’s of Dr. Linkow’s staff dressed in 18th
century garb

GEORGE WASHINGTON HAD PROBLEMS, TOO


Over the centuries, dental care gradually improved. One
improvement was in the area of oral hygiene. The
Chinese invented the modern toothbrush in 1498, and Fig. 10: THE TOWN TOOTH DRAWER
by the 17th century Europeans had begun to use it. Der Stadt Zahnarzt Aus der Gleichen Serie wie Abb. 325,
Previously, they had cleansed their teeth with their Gedruekt und herausgegeben von W. Davidson Alnwick
fingers or with toothpicks, twigs, and sponges; instead Die Zahnheilkunde in Kunst-uns Kulturgeschichte
of toothpastes, various natural substances and mixtures Heniz E. Lassig und Rainer A. Miiller Dumont Buchverlag Koln
were used as dentifrices. 1983

Fig. 11: THE COUNTRY TOOTH DRAWER


(Printed and Published by W Davision Alnwick)
II Pudore Della Bocca - Editoriale Belisario - Milano, 1975
Sctne d’avulsion dentaire au XVII Sitcle Par Jan Victors.
Musee Dentaire de Cologne
Der Land Zahnarzt Radierungeines Unbekannten England.
Fig. 9 Ende 18 Jh. Wellcome Institute, London
Part 1: A History of Implantology 7

dental calamities to the violent extremes of the


temperatures on this continent, as well as to other causes.
Some of the Europeans taught Americans the skills of
dentistry. One student was apparently Paul Revere, who
learned to make and repair false teeth. I’ll bet you didn’t
know that Revere numbered dentistry among his many
talents, but he did. He advertised in the Boston Gazette
on September 19,1768, “All persons who have had false
teeth ...and they have got loose (as they will in Time) may Fig. 13: These dentures, although similar, did not belong to
have them fastened by the above”-that is, Revere. George Washington. II Pudore Della Bocca-Editoriale
The false teeth themselves, however, were almost as Belisario-Milano, 1975
primitive as they had been in the time of the Caesars.
George Washington consulted many dentists, and yet his some dentists of that time maintained “banks” of teeth
dentures were notoriously unattractive and are rumored that they had extracted or bought.
to be the reason he was always pictured with his mouth Teeth were also taken from dead people’s mouths.
shut. We know for sure that Washington was distressed Sometimes 18th obtained in that way were used for
not only by the uncomfortable feeling of his dentures but witchcraft rather than for dentistry. Hanged men’s teeth
also by the way in which they changed his appearance. were believed to have specially magical properties, and
In a note to one of his dentists, he complained that the an aquatint done by the Spanish artist Francisco Goya in
artificial teeth “bulge my lips out in such a manner as to the 1790s shows a woman trying to extract teeth for this
make them appear considerably swelled.” purpose from a corpse that’s still on the gallows (Goya
was against the practice).
I don’t know whether human teeth are still in demand
for witchcraft, but the danger of infection gradually made
their use in dentures unpopular.
The ivory base of Washington’s dentures was another
standard feature of 18th century dental work. When only
a few teeth were missing from the patient’s mouth,
Fig. 12: Acaza de dientes dentists of that period would fit crowns onto healthy
(à Ia chasse qus dents) Fr teeth to serve as supports for a denture holding one or
Goya (1746-1828) Entre
1793 et 1797 A young
woman shaking of fear
hiding her face with her left
hand holding handkerchief
while trying to pull a tooth
from the hanged man

Washington owned several sets of false teeth. They


were made of various kinds of ivory (not wood). The
New York Academy of Medicine possesses a denture for
the lower jaw that bears this inscription: ‘This was Great
Washington’s teeth.” It is dated 1789, and signed by John
Greenwood, Washington’s favorite dentist. The denture
consists of human teeth set in an ivory base.
We don’t know from whose mouth the teeth in
Washington’s denture came, but it is a fact that human
teeth were often used in dentures in this period. The teeth
might have been extracted from the patient’s own mouth;
or a rich person might pay a poorer one for the use of his
or her teeth, in much the same way blood may be paid
for today. Just as hospitals today maintain blood banks, Fig. 14
8 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

Fig. 16: Washingtons Maxillary Denture Oberkieferprothese


Fig. 15: Dankbrief George Washingtons an seinen Zahnarzt aus Effenbein Anfang 19Jh
John Greenwood. 1795. Baltimore College of Dental Surgery,
Baltimore. George Washingtons Lower Denture
Unterkieferprothese von George Washington, gefertigt aus
einem Nilpferdzahn mit aufgesetzten natiirlichen Zahnen. The
New York Academy of Medicine, New York

more artificial teeth. This kind of appliance is the


forerunner of our modern bridge, and it is just as stressful
for the natural teeth which act as anchors. For the
toothless or almost toothless person, George Washington
included, dentists of the time fitted the artificial teeth
into bases of ivory or metal. Sometimes the metal used
was lead, which we now know is potentially poisonous
to the wearer.
Like modern denture wearers, the patient of
Washington’s era was faced with the problem of loose Fig. 17: Unterkiefer und Oberkieferprothese mit Goldfern
dentures. Previously this had been less bothersome, for Dental plates with springs were very similar to George
Washington’s teeth. Die Zahnheilkunde in Kunst-und
complete dentures had been attached to the jaws by
Kulturgeschichte Heniz E. Lässig und Rainer A. Miiller Dumont
wires, which were unsightly—how would you like to
Buchverlag Köln 1983
walk around with your dentures tied behind your ears—
but relatively secure. Then, wishing to make a self-
sustaining appliance, dentists began making slip-in
dentures in one piece. They joined the upper and lower keeping both dentures together. Dr King did his own
halves with splints and springs. marketing, as can be seen by his $5.00 fee for a full set of
Washington’s dentures were joined by springs, and dentures.
he found it difficult to keep them in place, especially Modern dentures don’t have springs, but they share
when talking or eating. It must have been difficult to many disadvantages.
maintain his presidential dignity while trying to keep
his dentures from suddenly “springing” out of his mouth. THE NINETEETH CENTURY: MODERN DENTURES
Such dentures were also noisy, easily broken, and they MAKE THEIR DEBUT
caused painful pressure on both jaws. The nineteeth century saw the introduction of denture
During those “Washington” years, a Dr King materials and techniques that are, with some
developed an upper and lower denture held together by modifications, still in use today.
a very unique round rigid wire that was fashioned to Porcelain teeth became well known in the United States
lock into a channel made in the lower right and lower in the early nineteenth century. They had been invented
left molar as well as transverse through horizontal holes earlier by Alexis Duchateau, who, one day in 1774, decided
made in both maxillary lateral incisors below their pulp that he had had it with his stained and foul smelling
chamber. In this manner, the right wire acted as a spring hippopotamus dentures. (They probably smelled because
Part 1: A History of Implantology 9

The next major improvement came in 1800, when


James Gardette, an American dentist from Philadelphia,
accidentally found that dentures could be held in the
mouth by suction alone. After all those centuries, it was
finally discovered that no springs or wires were necessary
to hold the dentures in place! Thus, George Washington’s
teeth became obsolete.
The first two-piece dentures were set in a metal base.
Then, in 1839, Charles Goodyear, an American,
discovered how to harden rubber by adding sulphur to
it; he called the process “Vulcanization,” after Vulcan,
Fig. 18: These were George Washington’s teeth by Dr John the Roman god of fire. In 1855, Goodyear’s son, Charles
Greenwood, fabricated in 1789
Jr., patented a process for making dentures on a
vulcanized rubber base. Vulcanized rubber became the
mostly used material for denture bases and remained so
until the introduction of modern synthetic materials.

DENTURE MATERIALS
Artificial teeth today are probably made of porcelain,
which is still the most widely used material for dentures.
Since the 1930s various kinds of plastics have also been
used and today many denture wearers have the most
advanced types of these plastic teeth.
The first plastic dentures became discolored and wore
out quickly. An improved type of plastic, acrylic resin, is
used today. While not as strong or long-lasting as
Fig. 19: Greogre Washingtons Lower Denture, II Pudore porcelain, its lighter weight gives it an advantage in
Della Bocca—Editoriale Belisario-Milano, 1975 certain circumstances. For example, an acrylic resin plate
is better suited than porcelain to withstand the forces of
gravity in the upper jaw, and less likely to wear down
they were decaying, and stained, because he was in the
any gold crowns in the opposite jaw.
habit of tasting the chemicals he stocked in his drugstore).
Base plates—those uncomfortable things that your
Duchateau reasoned that since dishes could withstand
artificial teeth are attached to-come in a wider variety of
food stains and did not decay, teeth should be made of a
materials these days, including processed acrylic resin,
similar material. So he went to a porcelain manufacturer
nylon, and polyamides. Base plates often have an inner
and had a set of teeth fabricated.
core of material—perhaps gold, chromium cobalt alloy,
The first set was a failure; the dentures shrank during
or chromium-plated nickel alloy. A semi-liquid silicone
the manufacturing process. Eventually, though,
“liner” is frequently inserted into the base; this is presumed
Duchateau produced a set that he could wear. He tried
to make the denture fit better and feel more comfortable.
to make porcelain teeth for other people as well, but, since
One probably notices all the modern paraphernalia
he wasn’t a dentist, he could not fit them properly.
the dentist uses when dentures are fitted today. Dentists
So along came Nicholas Dubrois de Chemant, a dentist
have X-ray machines to reveal the underlying structure
who improved upon and popularized the process. For
of the patient’s jaw; they have special equipment to take
people who had had to wear dentures made of animal
casts of the jaw in order to fit the false teeth precisely;
teeth or ivory, the new porcelain teeth were a real godsend,
and they have apparatus to test the way the dentures
and de Chemant became a hero. One of his patients, a
will move.
count, wrote a poem in his honor. It ended with these
Yet when they have finished using all this fancy
words: “Long live Chemant, our friend in need!”
equipment, what have they accomplished? An artificial
During the French Revolution, de Chemant moved
appliance that sits on top of your gums, just as the ancient
to England, where he became a popular dentist to British
Greeks and Romans had.
society.
10 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

HISTORY OF DENTAL IMPLANTS


The history of Implantology may be divided into three
eras:
I. Ancient History 2000 BC to 1800 AD
II. Early History 1800 to 1940
III. Current History 1940 to present day (2009)
IV. Implants, as a treatment modality, are categorized
as:
1. Subperiosteal Implants:
— mandibular and maxillary
— tripodal
— unilateral, universal and full arch
Fig. 20
2. Endosseous root form implants
3. Endosseous blade/plate form implants
4. Ramus blade and Ramus frame implants
5. Transosseous - staple implants
6. Mucosal inserts
7. Endodontic stabilizers and pin (needle) implants
8. Bone grafting and barrier procedures
The “new school” of dentists seem to believe that
implant dentistry started with Branemark at
Noblephama in the 1980s. A review of the literature, Fig. 21: Gold or silver bands held the false teeth and were
however, tells a different story. We will see that implants attached to the remaining natural teeth by circling them
in dentistry did not just accidentally happen like many (Introduced by the Etruscans)
inventions or discoveries, but evolved slowly during a
time span of decades, centuries and thousands of years.
The greatest studies in the field of oral implantology have
been accomplished in the last five decades.

DENTAL IMPLANT HISTORY- 2000 BC - 1800 AD


Ancient Egyptians, Greeks, Etruscans, Romans, Chinese,
Indians and more recently, Arabs used tooth
transplantation procedures. There are reports from
archeological findings that man attempted transplanting
teeth and implanting alloplastic materials in Egypt, as
early as 2000 B.C.E. Perhaps, even prior to that, the very
early Chinese emperors Chin Nong arad PTuang-Ti (both
circa 27th century BCE), as related by Darby in his
published work in 1863, had gathered all the medical Figs 22 and 23: In early times teeth would be extracted from
treatments that enjoyed great favor during their time, the mouths of servants for a fee and re-implanted into the mouth
such as acupuncture, gold and silver needles, selection of rich people
of areas and dental transplants.
Notably, many of these ancient practitioners used
allogenic transplanted teeth taken from the poor or slaves a skull with 32 individual quartz and amethyst teeth
and reimplanted them into wealthier patients for a fee implants dated 800 AD, over 1200 years ago Figs. 25, 27,
given to the tooth seller as well as the “implanter” 28.
Various animal teeth were later used, such as sheep, The Etruscans, the antecedents to the Romans,
goats, dogs, and baboons. They also used carved ivory devised various ways to implant gold wires, mesh and
and precious metals for the first dental implants. root forms for replacement teeth.
A pre-Columbian skull at the Peabody Museum at Probably the first person credited with a written
Harvard University shows a carved stone implanted into paper of transplants as a means of replacing teeth was
the lower jaw. Indian relics were found with transplants the Arabian surgeon, Albucasis de Condue (936-1013).
of gold and jade inserts. In a museum in Peru, there exists He also included the use of implants made from oxbone.
Part 1: A History of Implantology 11

Allblucasis de Condue stated that when a maxilla was Allen was not against transplantation of teeth; he only
broken, and its teeth came out of their sockets, it is objected to the method at that time. He considered a
necessary to place them back into their original sites and better and more profitable method to be xenogenic tooth
keep them there by means of small bamboo rings transplants: transplanting the teeth of “Brutes” such as
intertwined by gold and silk threads. Together with the sheep, goats, dogs and baboons to human jaws.
previously reported Mayans, this is the most ancient A French dentist, Pierre Fauchard, the father of
record of dental transplants. (It might well have been a dentistry, in 1728 showed for the first time a protocol for
very ancient practice, even though ancient remains, reimplantations of teeth that required the recipient be
necropolises, sarcophagi, etc, have not revealed anything young in age with healthy gingivae and that the
really substantial.) But, even without reverting that far transplant be completed as quickly as possible.
back in history and to so distant countries, in Abuleasiz Other 18th century pioneers included Bourdet, in
di Zabra’s “chirurgia” (Cordova 1106-1112) we read that 1768. The foremost proponent of tooth transplantation
“pullen teeth replaced and tied can be kept in place, or was the Englishman, John Hunter. In 1778, he discussed
else teeth can be made from cow’s bone.” tooth transplantation in his book on teeth. He remarked,
During the next several centuries barber-surgeons in “Success of this operation is founded on the desposition
England and Europe were previously responsible for of all living substances to unite when brought in contact
tooth transplantations operations. with one another although they are of different structure
An early investigator of tooth transplants was the and even though the circulation is carried on in one of
Frenchman, Ambroise Parefin 1530. He stated, “I had it them. In a like manner a fresh tooth, when transplanted
reported by a credible person that he saw a lady of the from one socket to another, becomes to all appearances,
prime nobility, who instead of rotten tooth she drew, a part of that body to which it is now attached as much
placed a sound tooth drawn from one of her waiting of the one from which it was taken; while a tooth which
maids at the same time to be substituted and inserted has been extracted from some time so as to lose the whole
and the tooth in process in time grew so firm that she of its life will never become firm or fixed.” Hunter
could chew upon it as well as any of the rest.” disagreed with Fauchard over the use of teeth that had
Tooth re-implantations gained some popularity with been extracted a long time previously. Fauchard reported
varying degrees of success in the mid-16th century. transplants that lasted a year, and Hunter, of four years.
However, the Englishman, Charles Allen, did not At that time, however, nothing was known about
agree with the concept of the “haves; getting teeth from immunology, and the failure of transplants was
the “have-nots.” In 1687, Allen said, “taking out the rotten attributed to poor mechanics and techniques. The
teeth or stumps and putting in their places some sound process, of course, awaited the later development of tooth
ones drawn immediately out of some poor bodies, implant materials. Fauchard and Hunter all believed the
head— I do not like that method—it is only robbing Peter main cause of failure was related to the lack of conformity
to pay Paul.” of tooth to socket.

Fig. 24
12 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

As just reported, varying degrees of success range Bodecker and Lefkowitz (1935), Azhausen (1936), Hahn
from one year (Fauchard) to four years (Hunter) and on dogs (1940), Wilfane on rats (1942), Sapiso on cats
amazingly, 10-16 years (Pfaff and Taft). (1945), Alexander (1945), Maxmen (1945), Aveyzon on
The Englishmen, Thomas Berdmore, in 1768 salamanders (1950) Fleming in guinea pigs (1952), Lovel
discussed transplantation as an expensive procedure. He and Hopper (1954), Vidain (1954), Sata on rabbits (1955),
said “‘Transplantation is also immoderately expensive, Agnew on monkeys (1955), Cserepfalvai on dogs (1955),
for it is not to be The Great Pioneers supposed that any Hammer (1955), Miller (1956), Emmerstein (1956). A
young person will sell a handsome tooth, to be torn out tooth bank was developed in 1934 in Hungary by
of his head, without being extremely well payed for the Cserepfalvi, and in Phoenix, Arizona by Pafford in 1953.
loss and pain.” In Europe, Silvestrini, Biavati, Bertolini, Andreasen,
In 1785 and 1786, Le Mayeur implanted one hundred Mitchell, Cserepfalvi, Reming, Fong, Nordentram,
and seventy teeth but a Philadelphia dentist named Hubert, Chercheve and Azoulay contributed to tooth
James Gardette claimed not a single one was successful. transplants.
In fact, Gardette claimed he removed over fifty of Le An early insight to the process was provided by
Mayeur’s transplants with his fingers. Gardette, who stated, “another tooth could have been
The early centuries of decades of dental implant found the root of which was exactly of the same length,
history were spent in coming to grips with the basic size and form it might have been placed in the socket of
mechanics of the teeth and jaws, of learning fundamental the extracted tooth and it would certainly have become
lessons about the materials then current that would fixed and have lasted as long as the tooth which had
enable the long-term dental insertions, and in developing grown in the socket.”
the early good theories and reliable tools for the tasks. Bugnot, in 1886, successfully transplanted embryonic
The early 19th century pioneers began to develop teeth in other areas of the same mouth. Also, in 1886,
endosseous implantology, followed by those who Younger successfully transplanted a tooth into an
developed subperiosteal implants. artificial socket.
In 1887 Harris and 1888, Berry, implanted porcelain
EARLY DENTAL IMPLANT crowns fixed upon a platinum post around which lead
HISTORY-1800 TO 1950s was melted in a mold to resemble a tooth root.
Early pioneers in dental implantology describe various Aside from animal studies, another factor in the
materials used as transplants that included vulcanized renewed interest in transplants was the development of
rubber, porcelain and many different metals. In 1809, tooth banks. Cserepfalvi, while in Hungary in 1934,
tooth implant materials were developed by Maggioli, organized the first tooth banks. Later he moved to the
who used gold roots and reported on the use of iron. United States and continued re-implanting teeth taken
Edwards, 1889, used platinum roots: Edmonds of New mostly from his orthodontic patients who had to lose
York in 1889 reported on the use of lead. In 1915, their bicuspid teeth.
Widiman devised a method of autotransplantation of Pafford in 1953 organized the first American tooth
unerupted maxillary canines. bank in Phoenix, Arizona. Later, at the University of
Others to mention briefly, all of whom performed Tennessee a tooth bank was begun by Siskin, who
successful reimplantations over this general span of eventually had Linkow vent-plant implants placed in his
time, were Roger of Paris 1844, Vassey 1861, Thompson own mouth by Linkow himself.
1881, Fredel 1887, Curtis 1890, Mendel-Joseph 1890, In the 1950s, the method of transfer of partially
Fletcher 1891, Zoramenski in 1891 used teeth made of developed third molars into the extraction sites of first
porcelain, Fuller 1899, C. Payne in 1900 used gold and molars was popularized by Miller, Apfel, Hale, and Clark
iridium pins, R. Payne in 1901 used silver capsules. and his coworkers.
Farrett 1901, Wilkinson 1917 and 1926, Tomkins 1921,
Tilley The Great Pioneers 1933. In the ensuing years, as A THOUSAND YEARS OF DENTAL IMPLANTS: A
information had accumulated about all types of organ DEFINITIVE HISTORY - PART I
transplants interests in transplanting teeth revived. Man has been searching for ways to replace missing teeth
Numerous transplants and research were completed from the earliest days. The ancient Egyptians implanted
from 1934 to 1955 and reported upon in literature both individual teeth, but usually only in corpses. Their
in the U.S. and Europe. Chronologically, the most religion required that a body be buried in as normal a
important animal experiments in tooth transplantations state as possible so that it would enjoy full function in
had been undertaken by Higgins in dogs (1934), the afterlife.
Part 1: A History of Implantology 13

WHY IMPLANTOLOGY HAS HAD A DIFFICULT


TIME BEING ACCEPTED
Since its inception, the whole idea of implants has met
with great skepticism or outright disdain, and it took
many decades before being accepted into mainstream
dentistry. Most dentists felt that implants just would not
work because they had to contend with a wet, bacteria-
laden environment. Added to that were the problems of
the mucosal seal around the implant and bone
maintenance and retention. Moreover, many clinicians
were overzealous in reporting their experiences and,
often failing to document their work and frequently
ignoring the unsuccessful experiences of other
investigators.
Fig. 25: Three Tooth-shaped pieces of shell History of
Dentistry, by Dr. Malvin E Ring The earliest endosseous implant was made of an
alloplastic (nonorganic) material and is undoubtedly that
which was discovered by the archeological team of Dr.
The earliest true dental replacements were found and Mrs. Wilson Popoenoe. While excavating at the Playa
among the early Etruscans, living in what is now modern de 10s Muertas in the Ulloa Valley of Honduras in 193 1,
Italy. These people buried their dead in decorated they came upon a mandible fragment of Mayan origin,
underground burial chambers, many of which have dating from about 600 AD. This fragment, now in the
yielded innumerable treasures to modern archeologists. Peabody Museum of Archeology and Ethnology at
As far back as 2,500 years, the Etruscans learned to Harvard University, has been studied by Professor
replace missing teeth with artificial teeth carved from Amadeo Bobbio of Sao Paulo, Brazil, a world-
the bones of oxen, and examples of this have survived in acknowledged authority on implants. He observed that
the tombs. three tooth-shaped pieces of shell had been placed in the
With the fall of Rome, almost all dentistry, as well as sockets of three missing lower incisor teeth. Contrary to
medicine, in the Western world came to a halt, not to be an earlier-held opinion that these had been inserted after
revived until the Renaissance. As previously mentioned, death, Bobbio’s X-rays, taken in 1970, showed compact
in 1563, Ambroise Pare, a French surgeon, published his bone formation around two of the implants. This bone
epochal Dix Livres de la Chirurgie (Ten Books of Surgery), was radiographically similar to that which would
in which he described simple bridges. These consisted surround the blade implant or root form implant of
of carved ivory teeth inserted in a base of gold that was today. Based on the radiographic appearance of the teeth
bound to the teeth on either side of the space with gold and the small size of the jaw, Bobbio concluded that the
wires. jaw fragment was from a woman about 20 years old.
Again, in the 1720s, the “Father of Dentistry”, Pierre When somebody had a terrible toothache on the
Fauchard, devised different types of bridges and partial battlefield he would be brought to the ground by two or
dentures to replace missing and extracted teeth. Building three soldiers while tooth would be “ripped” out of his
on his foundation, dentists in succeeding years modified mouth hopefully not to break any roots.
and improved on his work. By the latter part of the 19th
century, tooth replacement with fixed bridges and OTHER STONE IMPLANTS FOUND
removable dentures had reached a relatively high plane. Another remarkable find was made in 1890 in Copan,
However, dentists were dissatisfied with these Honduras, by a team of archeologists from Harvard
prostheses. In most cases, two healthy teeth were cut University. It was the skull of a young woman, which
down to anchor one replacement tooth. In partially or the archeologists dated to at least 1,000 years earlier (i.e.,
completely endentulous mouths, extensive whole or to about 800 AD). This skull also ultimately became part
partial dentures were used that left much to be desired of the collection of the Peabody Museum. Its incisor teeth
as far as eating or speaking were concerned. These had been filed to points, while many were flattened out
unsatisfactory devices became the spur to replace alone the incisor edges and these teeth also had stone
individual teeth without bridgework. Thus, the struggle inlays cemented into their labial surfaces. Dr RR
to successfully implant artificial teeth into the jaw bones Andrews of Cambridge, Mass., studied this skull and
was born. was astounded by a finding, which he described at a
14 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

Fig. 26

Fig. 27
meeting of the American Academy of Dental Science at
Boston on October 4, 1893. into the artificial socket and ligated to the adjacent teeth
for stability. A full report of his work appeared in the
THE FIRST MODERN IMPLANT Dental Cosmos, giving it wide exposure.
What is probably the earliest reference to an implant in Dr. Younger advocated securing a tooth from any
modern literature was described by J. Maggiolo, a dentist source. He claimed that it did not matter how old the tooth
at the University of Nice, France. His work, Le Manuel was, the only consideration was the sterility of the implant.
de l ‘Art d Dentiste, was published in 1809. To test this, he implanted a 2,000 year-old tooth taken from
His procedure consisted of forcing a metallic tooth an Egyptian mummy into the mouth of a willing patient!
root made of 18-carat gold into the socket of an extracted Naturally, this implant was soon rejected. Nevertheless,
tooth. This implant was shaped like a small tube with in spite of his obvious failures, Younger’s work was the
three prongs at the end, bent in on themselves to provide proof the profession needed to get working on the problem
retention. The upper part of the implant had a hole in it of implants. Here is seen stone inlays cemented into the
into which the post of an artificial tooth could be inserted. labial surfaces of the teeth about 800 AD.
The post was made firm with silk threads, which were
wound around the post before insertion. Maggiolo then OTHER EARLY ATTEMPTS AT IMPLANTING
devised a novel method of retaining this superstructure There were many dentists investigating the possibility
—he drilled a horizontal hole through both the crown of implanting foreign bodies in the jaws, but they were
and post and inserted a pin to hold the crown to the post. bedeviled by a host of problems. Dr. Chapin Harris, who
flirted briefly with the idea of implanting, reported in
A LEAP FORWARD IN THE 19TH CENTURY—THE his monumental work Principles and Practices of
WORK OF JM YOUNGER Dentistry, the ways some clinicians attempted to deal
In 1885, Dr. JM Younger, working in the office of Dr. with these problems. He described how Dr. Herbst, using
Edward Cameron Kirk (the latter was to become a an extracted tooth as his implant in the maxilla,
leading figure in the profession as the editor of the widely
popular Dental Cosmos, first demonstrated inserting a
dried tooth into an extraction socket when, on June 15,
1885, he implanted a natural human tooth. An artificial
socket was drilled in the bone with trephines and burs
of increasing diameter, and the hole was adapted to
approximate the size and shape of the intended implant.
Through an apical opening, the pulp was removed from
the tooth to be implanted and the canal was filled with
gutta percha. The apical opening was then filled with
gold, which was burnished and polished to a smooth
finish. The tooth was soaked in a solution of bichloride
of mercury for 10 minutes, washed, and then inserted Fig. 28: Implant of J Maggiob
Part 1: A History of Implantology 15

implanted tubes of gold or iridium into sockets after


extraction.
On the national level, Dr. R.E. Payne gave a clinic,
“Implantation of a Silver Capsule,” at the 1898 annual
meeting of the National Dental Association. This capsule
was designed to support a porcelain crown.
Dr. R C Scholl of Reading, Pa. demonstrated an
unusual technique in 1905. He implanted a porcelain
crown that was mounted on a corrugated porcelain root.
His innovation consisted of a unique stabilizing device-
the crown had two pins projecting from it, one on each
side, which were embedded in newly placed amalgam
fillings in the teeth on either side of the implant. This
kept the implant firm until new bone could grow to
further tighten it.
At the meeting of the Chicago Academy of Medicine
on October 14, 1898, Dr. C T Gramm of that city read a
paper in which he described his experiments using dogs
as recipients of implants. He removed an upper premolar
from each of six dogs and implanted in each socket an
artificial root made entirely of lead. The implant was
grooved in the middle and had a bulbous end, both
designed to aid in retention, and it was held firmly in
Fig. 29 place by ligatures. At intervals of 3 to 6 weeks after the
placement of the implants, the dogs were killed and their
jaws were sectioned. Gramm found that in that short
attempted to achieve its stabilization. Dr. Herbst took a time, new bone had been deposited around the implants.
piece of rubber dam and punched two holes into it, one Unfortunately, he did not pursue his investigation
on either side of the implanted tooth. The teeth on either further. An orthodontist also advised using a root made
side projected through the holes and the dam was ligated of lead, cautioning that the root must fit the socket exactly
around these teeth, but the implanted tooth was if success were to be achieved. He urged the use of a
supported by the rubber as though in a sling. “safe” metal, and because he did not know of the dangers
In 1886, Dr. S.M. Harris of Grass Valley, California, of lead, recommended it as ideal for the purpose.
created an artificial socket and implanted in it a porcelain In the drive to find suitable materials for implantation,
crown that had been mounted on a porcelain post. various unusual things were attempted. In 1891, a British
Around this post, lead had been melted in a mold and dentist, Dr. N.W. Znamenski, reported that he had
then slightly roughened to provide some retention. This implanted artificial roots of porcelain, gutta percha and
implant was still functioning 27 years later! rubber.
A New York City dentist, Dr. J.M. Edwards, What appears to us today to be a rather bizarre
demonstrated a somewhat similar technique before the method was presented to the profession in 1897 by Dr.
1st District (New York) Dental Society on March 12, 1889. William Ernest Walker, who was a professor of prosthetic
He constructed a capsule of platinum foil covered with dentistry at the Dental Department of Southern Medical
lead and soldered with pure silver. After the patient was College in Atlanta. He suggested using the upper central
anesthetized with a cocaine solution, an artificial socket incisor teeth of cattle and implanting them in the sockets
was formed using spiral knives and reamers in the dental of newly extracted molars, after first removing the
hand piece. The socket was then flushed out with a interradicular septum. Dr. Walker sterilized the bovine
1:4,000 solution of bichloride of mercury before the tooth and then fabricated a Logan crown on it. After
implant was inserted. implantation, the bovine tooth was ligated to the adjacent
In 1895, Dr. W.G.A. Bonwill, who had gained fame natural teeth until it supposedly became firm. However,
as the inventor of the automatic mallet, an advanced Dr. Walker gives no indication that this procedure had a
articulator, and numerous other technical innovations, very long life expectancy.
delivered a paper before the same 1st District Dental The most discouraging problem pertaining to early
Society and described his experiments in which he attempts with dental transplant during the 1880s and
16 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

1900s was the improper materials used for implants After cleansing the prepared trough and thoroughly
which were mostly gold, platinum, porcelain, or gutta sterilizing the metallic implant, the artificial root was
percha. sunk down around the bony core. The rationale behind
the technique was to allow new bone to grow through
THE GREAT PIONEERS the interstices of the implant and unite with the bone of
The American, Dr. Edward Greenfield, developed the the center core. According to Greenfield: “This bony
“Greenfield Cage” endosseous implants in 1913. center of the root-socket is one of the chief factors in the
Dr. Edward Greenfield was a far-sighted and success of this process of implantation. It assures the fit
innovative dentist who began practicing in Wichita, of the artificial root in the socket trephined for it, and an
Kansas, around the turn of the century, after graduating absolutely accurate and certain fit is decidedly essential
from the Chicago College of Dental Surgery in 1899. Like to permanence and endurance.” He went on to point out
many other dentists of his time, he sought a better way that without this core, splinting of the implanted tooth
to replace missing teeth and, like them, was frustrated would be necessary, an impossibility in an edentulous
by the poor results obtained from implanting natural jaw. With this method, however, he felt that the types of
teeth. He described this frustration and how it led to his tooth replacement were virtually unlimited.
innovations in the field: Dr. Greenfield’s presentation provoked extensive
“For several years the countless attempts to replace discussion, with many of the dentists present voicing
natural teeth after extraction have met with only a fair skepticism as to the success of the technique, despite
measure of success. Every practicing oral surgeon has Greenfield’s claim that a number of his cases had lasted
probably implanted quite a number of natural teeth, and for years. It is to the credit of one of the discussants, Dr.
knows how unsatisfactory this operation is. He finds that Dudley Guilford, that he posed the question that has for
five years is a long life for the majority of implanted so long bedeviled those who placed implants—what
natural teeth. It is a matter of rather general experience about infection around the implant? Acknowledging the
that the implanted natural root fails, and simply facts that metals completely implanted in the body would
disappears, because nature absorbs it, just as she does last almost indefinitely, Dr. Guilford stated that
the deciduous tooth. “... although the operation can be done aseptically, the
Like all my brothers in the profession, I have whole question hinges on the manner in which the
continually been confronted with the very serious gingival tissues is going to act, and how it is going to
problem of just what to do for patients with one tooth heal.”
missing, or with the posterior teeth all lost. And this
problem has been of such intense interest and so vitally
important that I have spent every spare moment during
the past eight years trying to devise a means of making
transplantation a permanent operation.”
That all of these years of effort were capped by a fair
measure of success became apparent when Greenfield
delivered his now-classic paper before the Academy of
Stomatology of Philadelphia on January 28, 1913. His
procedure consisted of using a trephine to drill a precisely
measured hole in the alveolar bone. A sliver of bone was
withdrawn with the trephine, leaving a bony core and
thus, a trough was created in the bone. The implant,
which was exactly the same size as the trephine, was
placed over and around this trough. Greenfield
constructed these artificial roots in three sizes ranging
from 3/16 to 7/16 inches, and they were all a ½ inch in
length. The implant was a hollow, latticed cylinder of
Fig. 30: The biggest problem pertaining to early attempts with
iridio-platinum wire. Soldered to the upper portion of
dental implants during the late 1980’s and early 1900’s was
the implant, using 24-carat gold solder, was a small plate the improper materials used for implants which were mostly
of exactly the same diameter as the implant, bearing on gold, platinum, procelain, or gutta percha.
its upper surface a slot that would later accept an artificial The Americian, Greenfield, developed the “Greenfield
crown. Cage” endosseous implant in 1913.
Part 1: A History of Implantology 17

Although Dr. Greenfield’s implants were in many


cases successfully retained for many years, he did suffer
some failures, principally because he built large bridges
from implant to implant, subjecting them to loads that
would be too great for natural teeth.
Also, it was later discovered by the author that often
the trephined bone would break away from its base,
becoming a loose core of bone inside of the implant that
led to failure.
One of the earliest proponents of the buried implant Fig. 31: The Gleen Irwin Implant of 1941 to be used in
was the American Glenn D. Irwin. In 1941 Irwin filed extraction sites
for a patent application for an implant to be set into a
recent extraction site. The flaring sides were to expand
and brace the implant in the site and minute prongs on
the edges of the sites were to grip the bone. Supposedly
once bone had regrown into and around the implant and
it was secure, a denture was to be fitted over the
protruding post and affixed to it. This would provide a
non-movable saddle bearing arrangement of artificial
teeth. The design carefully provided for minor
adjustments to be made in fitting the implant to the site
and for affixing the saddle over the protruding posts.
However, it is doubtful that the implant worked. Since
1941, when Irwin applied for the patent, a great deal of
Fig. 32: Leger - Dorez’s four-piece implant. Inserting the screw(S)
work had been done on the causes of bone resorption. with the neckpiece (N) already in place into the shaft (I) causes
One of the most major causes is undue pressure or the lower portion (LP) to flare and brace the implant against
tension. In light of this, it seems that Irwin’s implant the bone. The abutment post portion (P) was then fitted in the
would fail because it relied too much on pressure from place to bear the restoration (From Chercesive, R: Les implants
the flaring sides of the implant as they brace it in the endo-ossex, Paris, 1962, Li-brairie Maloine)
site. There was no literature on his actual implant clinical
procedure.
In 1920, Leger-Dorez introduced his four-piece
wide diameter of the superficial parts, the impact area
tubular extension implant. As the screw was threaded
near the surface was dangerously large. As for the post
through the implant its special ends would spread out
itself, there is no surface modulation along the sides of
slightly inside the bone.
the implant, which is now known to be essential in
Although the implants of Greenfield, Leger-Dorez
helping to retain the implant in bone. The pressure from
and Strock were introduced prior to 1940 which would
fall into the Early History (1 800 to 1940) the author felt
it was important to categorize them into the Current
History (1940 to 2009).
Leger-Dorez’s implant, an early design, consists of
four parts. The shaft was buried with its broad
uppermost portion resting near the alveolar crest. The
shaft had internal threads to receive a screw fastening a
neck into the shaft. As the screw was inserted in the shaft,
the lower most part of the shaft flared. Once the neck
was in place, another closely interlocking part bearing
the post for a prosthesis was fitted into place.
In spite of the careful engineering of the design and
its integral parts, the implant was bound to fail. The
broader part of the implant is proximal to the surface of Fig.33: Adams from Arkanas also in 1938 received a patient
the alveolar crest, an invitation to the invagination of for his anchoring means for false teeth using “O” ring
soft tissues and consequent failure. Also, because of the attachments
18 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

the flaring of the lower portion endangered perforating


the cortical plates of bone in a narrow site and probably
caused additional bone resorption.
In 1938, a patent was granted to Dr. P.B. Adams from
Arkansas for his two-piece endosseous root form implant
using O-ring attachments. However, no clinical evidence Fig.34: The early
had ever surfaced. submergible root-form
implant of the Strock
THE SEARCH FOR IMPLANTABLE MATERIAL brothers The Strock
brothers from Boston
The search for a material that could be implanted into
inserted some of earliest endosseous screw-type implants into
the body was a continuing concern of the medical
animals and humans in 1938, as well as the earliest endodontic
profession, especially of orthopedists. A major stabilizer and internally threaded submergible implant
breakthrough occurred in 1939 when two surgeons, Drs.
C.S. Venable and W.G. Stuck, tried the chrome-cobalt
molybdenum alloy, Vitallium ®, which had been
suggested to Venable by a dentist friend.
It was an insert screw placed in bone through the
gingival tissue. It was developed to support a single tooth
in isolated cases. Of interest were principles advocated
by Venable:
— stabilization
— not too thin a screw
— surgical aseptic conditions
— occlusion of the crown should not be in traumatic Fig. 35
occlusion.
Various designs and cases were described. The Strock for experimental purposes, consisted of screwing flat-
Brothers, from Boston, were true pioneers in this regard. headed Vitallium screws into the lower border of the
Dentists were quick to pick up on this work by mandible in laboratory animals, running them right
Venable and Stuck. In 1939, Dr. A.E. Strock suggested through the cortical plate. This was in addition to
using Vitallium ® implants in the mouth. He also implants that he buried in the sockets of cuspid teeth
implanted what he termed “Venable screws” directly that he had extracted. Bemier found that where the
into the sockets after extraction, in both dogs and implant was completely covered, it was well tolerated;
humans. He cautioned that the screw had to be large but there was abundant exudation and inflammation
enough to completely fill the alveolus so that it would around those that projected through the skin.
be firm right from the start. He followed these implants The prototype for some of the most successful “screw
for about a year, both radiographically and clinically. The type” endosseous implants in the past was devised in
most pioneering feature of his work is that he used the mid-1940s by the Italian Manlio S. Formiggini. In
animal studies to histologically examine tissue response recognition of his contribution, he was sometimes
to implants. This was the first true histologic evidence referred to as the “father of modern European
of bone growth around a metallic implant. Implantology,” a well deserved title, although it was
However, these implants failed in short order. To seek actually the Strock Brothers, form Boston, in 193 8, who
an answer, an oral surgeon, Dr. Joseph Bernier, began inserted the first endosseous screw type implants into
experimenting with the placement of metals in bone. He the bone for individual tooth replacements, as well as
found that electrolysis created in the production of pushing some of them through the apex of a loosened
metallic salts in the local tissue fluid. This caused an tooth where a large opening in the bone was made so
excessive cellular proliferation that inhibited the growth the implant could then be pushed downward or upward
of new bone. However, vitallium®, because it is inert, through the entire root and into a portion of the bone to
did not cause this. Bernier’s procedure, which was strictly lengthen the root to crown ratio.
Formiggini’s early implant was fashioned of an inert
Note: Austenal Laboratories, a subsidiary of the Howinedica metal wire, usually of stainless steel or tantalum, bent
Dental Laboratory Products Division of Howmedica Inc., back upon itself to form a series of spirals. The two ends
Chicago IL 60632. of the wire were soldered together. Formiggini’s design
Part 1: A History of Implantology 19

Fig. 38: The Formiggini implant on the


left and the Peron-Andres on the right

Fig. 39: The Formiggini implant


consisted of an inert wire bent upon itself
Fig. 36: One of the earliest endodontic stabilizers to form the spirals, therefore no two
could be alike

Fig. 40: Radiograph revealing the bone


resorption around a Formiggini implant

Other flaws in Formiggini’s design are obvious today.


Contrary to his idea, the number of spires is not the
determining factor for successful retention in bone, but
Fig. 37: Historical series Dr Stroks first successful, Human
Dental Implant E.B.1938-1955 rather their width, spacing and depth. Also, the
uppermost spires in Formiggini’s earliest implants were
much too wide at the alveolar crest. This, plus the short
allowed tissues to grow into and around the spirals of neck that permitted these wide spires to lie close to the
the implant. It also ideally tended to place the wider surface of the crest caused vertical bone to break down
portions of the implant below the alveolar crest so that along with invagination of the fibromucosal tissues, thus
bone would grow over the spirals as a deterrent to the subsequent loosening of the implant.
exfoliation. Formiggini himself, in his later designs, narrowed the
However good in theory, several mechanical factors wider uppermost spires and lengthened the neck.
hindered the success of Formiggini’s early implant. Other practitioners later designed implants whose
Today we can look back on Formiggini’s implant and spires were embedded well away from the alveolar crest.
clearly see its flaws. Yet modification of his ideas from
the practical basis for most kinds of successful modern
screw type implant today.
One major flaw was that the operator himself
constructed the implant during the intervention
procedure. This meant that no two implants were ever
alike. Their suitability to the site depended upon the
operator’s skills in twisting the wire around itself while
he tried to coordinate the implant he was making with
the morphology of the site in which it was to be set. In the
hands of exceptionally skillful operators, the results might
Fig. 41: From left to right—Formiggini implant showing the V
be good. For most operators, however, healing with a shaped breakdown of bone from the alveolar crest because of
flexible wire implant proved more difficult than valuable. the broadened spirals that were not able to be burried deep
As if fashioning the wire weren’t difficult enough, other enough below the crest. Below shows the early Chercheve
problems arose. Bending a wire weakens it. Thus there implant with a narrower shaft being buried well below the
was always a good chance of breaking the implant either alveolar crest on the left but not being buried below the crest
during insertion or because of stress upon it. on the right which will still cause the bone breakdown
20 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

Fig. 42: Here is excellent proof that


bone did grow right up to, around and
through the spires of a Formiggini
handfashioned implant

A B C D E
Figs 43 A to E: A The Formiggini implant in place, with bone
regrowth evident at its base, B, Another implant, C, The same Fig. 45: Experimentally, Perron-Andres included an Ivalon
implant with the post and most superficial spire broken off. D, (Tualon) casing around the shaft. The substance irritated the
Radiographic proof that bone has regenerated into the tissues and induced bone resorption, in addition to increasing
lowermost spires and firmly holds them is shown by the the impact area
distortion of the upper spires as the implant resisted extraction,
E, The extracted Formiggini implant. Bone has early grown
around the implant’s base (From Chercheve, R.: Les implants
endo-osseoux, Paris, 1962, Libirairie Maloine)

Fig. 46: Zepponi was the first to cast an improved Formiggini


implant

Figs 44 A and B: A partially successful Perron-Andres implant


just after insertion, B, Bone has clearly grown around and stimulate soft tissue growth around the post. However,
through most of the spirals. However, the superficial spires are bacteria flourishes in Ivalon and infection spread from
surrounded by loose tissue (From Charcheve, R: Les implants the sponge to the soft tissues around it.
endo-osseoux, Paris, 1962, Librairie Maloine) Perron-Andres abandoned this feature after
numerous failures. Evidence that soft tissues would
The Spaniard, Perron Andres, also did a great deal closely condense around implant abutment shafts was
of work with the basic Formiggini design. His approach gained through his own work as well as that of others
was very similar to that of Formiggini: that is he with all metal implants.
continued to twist the wire back upon itself to form a Perron-Andres, in about 1958 experienced partial
series of spirals. However, he fused the spiraled part to success with his all metal implants. However, as can be
a cast solid shaft. In response to criticism that soft tissues clearly seen in the radiographs, the design of his implant
would not adhere closely enough to an implant post to permitted the invagination of soft tissues around the first
prevent bacterial invasion of the site, Perron-Andres also few spires, following Formiggini’s concept that it was
tried including an Ivalon casing around the shaft of his the number of spirals, and not the distance between them,
implant. Ivalon, a polyvinyl sponge supposedly would could make the difference.
Part 1: A History of Implantology 21

Other Europeans who developed modification of the


Formiggini design were: Tramonte (Italy), Benaim
(France), Jeanneret (France), Pasqualini (Italy), Muratori
(Italy), and Raphael Chercheve (France). Their implants
were either chrome-cobalt, stainless steel and later,
titanium. They depended on the depth of bone for
retention, a recent concept.
F. Zepponi, another Italian pioneer, who worked
closely with Formiggini, was the first to cast a
Formiggini-type spiral implant. The spirals and
protruding shaft were one unit with the extra tissular
part modified for screwing on the prosthesis. Casting the
spiraled implant was a great step forward. Because the Fig. 47: From left to right—Submergible sleep-away Chercheve
implants were uniform in size and shape, planning a implant: an early spiral designed implant: a later design showing
more exacting operative procedure was possible. the double helex
The implant itself was sturdier, lessening the chance
of creating weak points, when bending the precious underneath the alveolar crest and allowed for bone to heal
implant wire to fit a certain area. Although a considerable several months before re-entering. When the site had
improvement over Formiggini’s design it still had flaws. healed, the implant was re-exposed and a screw bearing
One problem was the abutment shaft, large enough to prosthesis was inserted through which it was hoped bone
contain a screwing device, but it created undue pressure would grow. However, the subsequently, insertion of the
on the impact area because of its size. prosthetic bearing portion of the implant resulted in a great
It is known that the best screw designs are fashioned deal of damage to the site, sometimes more profoundly
so that the impact is directed downward and dissipated then if a one step implant procedure had been used in the
throughout the implant. Also, because the abutment post first place. Trattener tried to make it a one step procedure
was relatively short because of the excessive number and with his coil spring implant in 1968.
length of the spirals, the uppermost spirals were too close In 1959, to safely increase the space between the
to the alveolar crest, thus inviting the usual V-shape spirals and to easily modify their number, Chercheve
breakdown of bone from the crest downward as well as designed the double helex spiraled implant.
soft tissue invagination. The Chercheve implant was cast of chrome-cobalt and
However many their faults, Zepponi’s implants were had double helical spirals at its deeper end and a narrow
still a step in the right direction. solid square shaft at its more superficial extension.
After Formiggini and well before all other European Architecturally, it was an excellent design. However,
implantologists, Zepponi was the first to produce unless the most superficial spirals were buried deeply
important histologic and macrographic works. These enough below the alveolar crest of bone, a rapid
helped prove the safety and efficacy of the Formiggini invagination of the epithelial tissues took place through
type implants. the spirals in humans and dogs. The Chercheve double,

CURRENT DENTAL IMPLANT HISTORY—


1940 TO 2009 BURIED IMPLANTS
Raphael Chercheve, a very important figure in implant
dentistry, developed one of the most practical and
successful modifications of Formiggini’s original design.
He was the earliest pioneer to develop submergible
“sleep away” implants. It was of a cast chrome cobalt
spiral design. Chercheve was the first to introduce a
coordinated system of instrumentation for the insertion
of his implants. Perhaps Chercheve’s greatest
contribution was his firm belief “that the design could
not be separated from its methods of insertion.”
The “sleep away” implant of Chercheve, conceived in
1958, much like that of Jeanneret’s consisted of a hollow
screw with internal threading that was to be set Fig. 48: Raphael Chercheve’s “sleep away” implant
22 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

Fig. 52: From top to bottom- The


finalized Chercheve double
helex vitallum implant and below
an early version of the Linkow
self tapping titanium vent plant,
Introduced in 1964 after working
with it for one year

into and then widened with various diametrically sized


Fig. 49: A prothesis fitted to Chercheve’s “sleep away” implants burs; 3) special hand ratchet and various diametrically
(From Chercheve, R: Les implants endo-osseoux, Paris, 1962, sized taps had to be screwed into the bone prior to
Librairie Maloine) implant insertion; 4) none of these implants had follow
up sizes of a larger diameter than the original size, in
case an implant was loosely set; 5) all were metal, either
chrome- cobalt, titanium, or stainless steel; 6) they all
depended on depth of bone for retention; 7) most of these
implants had non-selftapping features.
The double helical feature of Chercheve evolved the
recognition that it was not the number of spirals that was
important but their spacing and depth in bone.
This design capitalizes on the advantages of spirals
and allows more leeway in their number. If the spiraled
portion was too close to the alveolar crest, some of the
Fig. 50: Two double-helical cast Vitallium Chercheve implants spirals would be cut off from the apex without damaging
placed by Linkow acting as posterior abutments for a fixed the stability of the implant, and thus also allowing some
partial denture. Note the beautifully healed sites of the narrower shaft to be buried more deeply below
the alveolar crest which automatically placed the spiraled
portion deeper and thus at a better vantage point.
helical spiral shaft implant and other European implants
However, there were flaws in his double helix implant
such as those of F Zepponi, Perron-Andres, Tramonte,
also. The helical spirals made of vitalium were very brittle
Benaim, Jeanneret, and Muratori had all been modeled
and could easily snap off while screwing it into its
on the original Formiggini implant. They each had certain
position, especially if the osteotomy in the bone created
things in common: 1) a solid shaft narrower than their
by the tapping device was denser than usual which
wider open spirals; 2) the bone first had to be drilled
created too much resistance for the weak spirals.
In 1961, Chercheve introduced the buried spring
implant.
Continuing to experiment with posts incorporating
spirals, Chercheve separated the spirals into a separate
coil or spring.
Basically the concept was to set into bone a spiraled
spring wire and than immediately screw into this a shaft
portion that would bear the prosthesis. As the shaft
portion was inserted, the spring slightly expanded the
implant was made quite snug. Whether or not the
implant was successful depends upon the shape of the
spring, the number of spirals, and the distance between
the spirals.
When bone regrowth had made the base stable, the
Fig. 51: The double-helical spiraled implant of Raphael
screw was removed and another artificial bearing
Chercheve. This excellent double-helical idea capitalizes on
the advantages of the spiral idea and permits modification of
abutment for an artificial prosthesis was inserted.
the length of the implant by cutting off the lowermost spirals In 1946, Meylan introduced his wire spring type
until the implant suits the site implant that was placed into large socket areas and as
Part 1: A History of Implantology 23

threaded piece that was directly below it, an oversized


hole and groove had to be made, thus destroying a
maximum amount of bone and only hope for bone
regeneration. Some of these therefore became loose
before the bone had a chance to regenerate.
However, the tantalum arch implant of J. Lehman is
a good example of success depending upon both the
design and the operative procedure for implantation. The
implant consists of a narrow post bearing a band 1 mm.
wide and held in place by rings. The band can be shaped
to an ellipse of any degree by screwing either or both
rings toward or away from the center of the post. The
implant is very narrow, which makes it suitable for
narrow ridges, and its flaring band makes it adaptable
to open sockets, where the ring can be shaped to fit the
Fig. 53: The buried spring implant of Raphael Chercheve once
socket. The implant was specifically indicated to replace
bone had grown around the spires, the site was reopened and recently extracted teeth or for one abutment post for
a prosthesis-bearing shaft inserted-with a great deal of bridges of average range.
unnecessary damage (From Chercheve, R: Les implants endo- The operative procedure for implanting Lehman’s
osseoux, Paris, 1962, Librairie Maloine) design is rather complex. Although some degree of
success is possible for a skilled operator, the fact that the
implant must be set with absolute accuracy is a
the next bolt would be tightened along the implants
disadvantage. To set the implant, the mucosal tissues are
threaded shaft it would spread the looped wires against
incised and laid back to expose the bone. Then a slit large
the surrounding bone to stabilize the implant. His
enough to suit the flaring band is created. Lehman
implant was another of the earliest submerged pressured
created his slit by boring two holes at either extremity of
design for stabilization.
the intended slit with a cylindrical bur. With the same
Lehman introduced an expandable ring type implant
instrument he gradually defined and deepened the site.
very similar to that of Meylan. In order to acquire the
full expansion of the ring by screwing the horizontal

Fig. 55: Lehman’s implant used successfully. Notice bone


regrowth through the band. B, Although the upermost part of
the implant is quite close to the alveolar arrest, bone appears
to have filled in well around the band lower posterior (From
Chercheve, R: Les implants endoosseux, Paris, 1962, Librairie
Maloine)

Fig. 56: Little bone regrowth is seen here because soft tissues
have replaced bone in the band and around the post itself.
(From Chercheve, R: Implants endo-osseux, Paris, 1962,
Fig. 54 : The 1946 version of the implant of Meylan Labrairie Maloine)
24 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

This was an instrumentation problem that in evaluating into immediate function produces lamella bone which is
the implant cannot be separated from the implant’s much more dense than the bundle bone seen around
design. The gradual creation of a slit in a narrow ridge buried implants. When bone regrowth had made the base
using a cylindrical bore is quite tricky. The chances of stable, the screw was removed and another bearing
widening the slit and perforating the bone are great. After abutment for an artificial prosthesis was inserted. The
a slit has been successfully created, a bur is used to create crown was then shaped for esthetic purposes and for
a hole deep enough to accept the post. The site is cleansed, good occlusion.
the implant set, and the mucosa sutured over the site. The buried implant of Thomas F. Kiernan incorporated
In addition to the cautious operative procedure a number of very interesting features. Kiernan designed
necessary to create the walls of the slit, the implantologist an implant to be placed in an osteotomy. A set screw was
must take great care to create a slit deep enough to set tightened into the implant to force lateral screws out into
the bands well into bone. Bone can, and should, condense bone for stabilization. It remained in place six months to
around the band. This is frequently a problem. Because heal, after which the set screw would be removed and the
the post necessitates having deep alveolar bone, the prosthetic screw inserted.
implant may not be used in numerous sites because of As stated in his 1958 application, the implant was of
danger to vital anatomic landmarks. Also, because the a stainless steel, internally threaded base approximately
band leaves a large “empty” area within it, the danger the same shape as, and slightly larger than, the root of
of soft tissue invagination is great. an incisor. The method of insertion was to create a hole
In the late 1950s and early 1960s a number of different large enough to accommodate the conical base. Once the
implant design systems were introduced. The tubular base had been set with its upper part level with the
implant of Archard-Benaim 1959, Lehman’s arch alveolar crest, a screw was inserted into the internally
implant, Pretto’s trombone and adjustable ringlet threaded base. As it was driven in, the screw forced pins
implants, the buried implant of Thomas Kiernan, 1958, out radially from the base. These pins penetrated the bone
all need to be addressed. around the implant and were intended to provide
The tubular implant of L. Benaim, proposed in 1959, immediate retention of the implant. The washer between
consisted of a hollow perforated cylinder of stellite, open the base and the screw helped distribute downward
at the lower end and closed at the upper end by an pressure exerted on the head of the screw.
internally threaded screw. To insert the implant, a hollow It was recommended that the base with the screw in
trephine prepared a circular cut in the alveolar crest. The position be allowed to remain like this for about six
implant was slipped over the remaining core of bone and months. During this period, it was hoped that the bone
the mucosa closed over the implant. About three months would regrow right up to and around the implant, closely
later, the implant was re-exposed and a post for a adhering to the grooves and apertures. When limited to
prosthesis inserted. Although the method was somewhat only areas that included a great deal of bone height,
ingenious, the technique invited complications, and the mainly the anterior region of the mandible and maxillae.
implant was never widely used. This implant was very The success of these implants was uncertain.
similar and came nearly fifteen years before Brånemark’s
implant design. Unlike metallic pins or posts used
elsewhere in the bone, all dental implants, no matter of
what design, sooner or later come into contact with the
external medium. It is still questionable to think that
delaying the connection of a buried implant with the
prostheses provides any safeguard against microbial
infiltration closely adhering to the grooves and apertures.
It has also been recently shown that placing an implant

Fig. 57: The tubular implant of Archard-Benaim Fig. 58: The buried implant of Thomas Kiernan, 1958
Part 1: A History of Implantology 25

recently, the proponents of osseointegration have been


finding a very thin fibrous tissue membrane on the light
microscope level. Often seen on Levei-Lazco stains is a
thin blue layer separating the titanium implant from the
bone which represents proteoglycin (mucopoly-
saccharides).
Attempting to design a simple implant that was easy
to insert and that provided for the regrowth of bone
through it, the Parisian technician P. Pretto fashioned
the trombone implant. This implant contains a long, large
area through which bone can grow, a good feature.
Unfortunately, however, the length of this implant and
the smoothness of its sides are disadvantageous. Because
Fig. 59: The adjustable winglet implant, another Pretto design, inserting the implant requires removing a cylinder of
incorporated wingles through which bone might regrow. When bone slightly larger than the trombone, a fairly large area
a disk (3), is screwed over the implant shaft (1), the winglet becomes involved with the regeneration of soft tissues.
band (2) flares (Courtesy: P Pretto) The promise inherent in the spiral design stimulated
several implantologists to attempt other variations. Max
The crown was then shaped for esthetic purposes and Jeanneret, known in Europe for his studies on
for good occlusion. Again, however, it had been found parallelism, tried to make it possible to use spiraled
that an implant not placed into immediate function, no implants in sites where, there was insufficient alveolar
matter how ingenious its designs is, can fail as easily as bone. To do this, in 1960-61 he designed a three-part
a functioning implant. Whether this philosophy still implant that provided for screwing on the prosthesis.
stands up today with many newcomers who are being He planned to insert the implant at the angle afforded
taught “osseointegration” is difficult to determine. Most by the alveolar bone. Then he would fit the prosthesis in
place and insert the screw through the artificial tooth at
whatever angle necessary to fasten it to the implant. By
this device he hoped to eliminate the requirement that
the abutment post be parallel to the remaining teeth. This
idea, although ingenious, didn’t work. It was much too
difficult trying to fit a screw through a prosthesis into an
obliquely set implant. For nonparallel insertion, the
Fig. 60: Pretto’s trombone implant. Because
of its length, it was difficult to bury deep enough
in bone. Also, its smooth sides provided little
surface for retention (Courtesy P Pretto)

Fig. 62: Jeanneret’s three-piece implant. It has a thick shaft to


Fig. 61: The implant of Max Jeanneret. A superstructure permit the separate pieces to be screwed together. Its thickness
rounded bar was bent to fit through the loops that were screwed is its flaw; the spirals are adequately spaced (From Linkow, LI:
into the internally threaded implants Clinical evaluation of the various designed endosseous
implants. J Oral Implant Transplant Surg 1966;12:38)
26 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

Fig. 63: The narrow ridge implant of Michael Chercheve Fig. 64: The implant has been inserted where there was
sufficient bone to receive it and its head bent parallel to
implant, although it was well designed with widely remaining teeth. Done by Linkow (Courtesy: M Chercheve)
spaced spirals was much too bulky, because it had to
include the screw portion, thus eliminating its use in
narrow shallow sites, was much too thick to penetrate the
soft tissues covering the alveolar crest and the spiraled
portion was much too long, limiting the actual implant
sites.
The titanium narrow ridge screw post implant,
designed by Michele Chercheve 1957, for a narrow ridge,
was threaded along most of its shaft as support for fixed
prostheses.
Above the threaded shaft was a fairly long, narrow
neck that extended from the alveolar crest through the
mucosa. Uppermost was a square head that fitted exactly
into a hand ratchet so that the implant could be worked
into the bone, not driven into it. When the implant was
in place, its protruding neck could be bent so that the
post was made parallel to the prepared teeth and to the
abutment posts of other implants. The narrow ridge
implant was designed for knife edge ridges and for a Fig. 65: These narrow implants of Michelle Chercheve as
small amount of alveolar bone flanking a maxillary sinus done by Linkow, including the prosthesis
or a mandibular canal.
If properly stabilized, it stood a good chance of
success. Many of these narrow screw-type titanium Many implant companies entered the marketing field
implants were successfully used as posterior abutments by producing various “offshoots” of the original Michelle
for fixed prostheses. The retention that any screw type Chercheve narrow ridge implant in the late 1980s.
implant has in bone is directly proportional to its length Leonard Linkow, 1963, developed the vent plant. He
in bone, its diameter in bone, the difference between its reported it in 1965 and applied for a patent that was
inner and outer thread dimensions in bone, and whether granted in 1970. It was the first self-tapping root form
it is solid or vented. Therefore, such a narrow screw had implant with “sluice-ways”, cervical threads and an
less support from the bone than if it had a wider diameter. apical basket for the accumulation of bone particles
However, its great advantage was its ease of insertion, during placement. It eliminated excessive pressure to the
to be able to be placd directly through the fibromucossal surrounding bone. The first implants placed on two
tissues and into the bone, and that it would be supported patients were tantalum, after about two months the next
buccal-lingually or labio-palatally by much more bone generation were made of titanium. They were all placed
than the wider implants had flanking them. into immediate function since 1963.
Part 1: A History of Implantology 27

THE TITANIUM STORY and Zepponi implants. The uppermost part, which
A Benrus watch manufacturer in NYC, who was their would bear the prosthesis, was either solid or internally
tool and die manufacturer and who was already threaded so that the prosthesis could be screwed into it.
producing Linkow’s implants, advised Linkow of a new The modifications underwent dozens of variations.
metal being used in the space industry that had very The vent was enlarged and reduced in size; it was
interesting biomedical properties. It piqued his interests lengthened and shortened. The spiral portion was
to use titanium for the fabrication of dental implants in reduced apically from earlier models. Enough variation
1963, and introduced his root form implant. was inherent in the design so that a vent-plant suitable
On some of the later cases (1970) he removed these for almost any site was available and could be utilized
implants once in placed, filled the basket with a core of in many edentulous areas.
bone taken from the “symphysis” and rethreaded it into Isaiah Lew’s variation differs in that he added more
the osteotomy and reported these procedures in 1970. coils to a collar. This latter increases the impact area, an
Symphyseal grafts didn’t appear in implant literature undesirable addition.
again until the late 1980s by Carl Misch. (Literature: The author’s variation of Trattner’s implant clearly
Linkow, Leonard I. Linkow “Theories and Techniques showed the spirals to be more widely spaced, providing
of Oral Implantology”, C.V. Mosby Co., St. Louis, MO room for bone regeneration. Also, because he vented the
1970.) implant post, there was more room for freer circulation
In 1963, Pasqualini, Italy, did research on many of blood-rebuilding elements. Although the idea seemed
hollow designed endosseous implants, and valuable, there were several flaws. The coils or springs
experimented on dogs to show that bone grew inside
the basket.
He verified Linkow’s findings of the “vent plant”. I
consider Pasqualini as the first one to show
“osseointegration.”
Eventually, above the spiraled portion of the Linkow
vent-plant was a rounded shaft that emerged through
the soft tissues rather than the usual shape or hexagonal
shaft as was shown with the Chercheve, Perron-Andres,
d) e) f) g) h) i) j) k) l) m) n) o) p) q) r) s) t)

Fig. 66: Provisional splint anchored by small-diameter implants


while endosseous implants are submerged and undergoing Fig. 68 and 69: Different root form implants. Displays a series
osseointegration (Linkow osseovents) of root form implants, from the earlier to the newer designs.
From left to right on top line:
a. The Greenfield cage-original patent filed in 1909; b. Leger-
Dorez four piece implant-1920; c. PB Adams from Arkansash,
USA-1938.
Second line from left to right:
d. The strock brothers’ screw-Boston, USA-1938; e. The original
Formiggini implant-Italy-1947; f. Peron Andre’s version of the
Formiggini implant-Spain-1957; g. Zepponi’s cast version-Italy-
1958; h. R. Cherchève-France 1956; i. Trattner-USA-1965; j.
Cherchève-France-1961; k. Linkow-USA 1963; l. Linkow - USA
Fig. 67: Intra-Lock ® Mini Drive-Lock™ Implants. Note: - 1963; m. G Muratori-Italy-1962; n. Tramonte-Italy-1963; o. M
Contemporary miniature implants are suited for fabricating fixed Cherchève-France-1961; p. I Lew-USA - 1965; q. Linkow - USA
and removable prostheses - 1963; r. CBS screw of Sandhaus - Switzerland - 1965.
28 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

Trattner tried to make it a one step procedure with his narrower shaft and screw portion was then tapped
coil spring implant in 1968 deeply into the T-shaped channel from the labiolpalatal
or buccollingual aspect until it was buried at least 2 mm.
so that the bone could grow over it. Before suturing an
externally threaded post was screwed over the threaded
vertical portion of the implant until the base of the post
portion was directly against the ridge. Sterile plaster of
Paris or synthetic bone material was then placed over
the entire labial or buccal portion of the implant and the
tissue sutured. As long as the operator buried the labial
horizontal portion of the implant at least 2 mm below
the labial crest and both the vertical and horizontal
Fig. 70: The implants and the coiled springs channels were, made extremely thin, the implant would
function indefinitely.
The Italian Sebastian Lo Bello developed a very
similar 3-D implant and at about the very same time as
Juillet, but the procedure was much more difficult to
perform.
Scortecci from Nice, France, following Juillet’s idea
introduced his 3D disk implant in the early 1980s.
However, since the disk portion was round, much more
Fig. 71: Trattner’s coiled spring implant. However, it was labio-palatal or buccolingular bone thickness was
similar to a previously designed implant by Chercheve. The necessary.
implant on the far right was Linkow’s version Many screw type implants became extremely popular
in the 1980s. One such implant was the Lederman-
Strauman TPS screw system.
In the 1950s, research was being conducted at
Cambridge University in England to study blood flow
in vivo. It was being done with a so-called “rabbit ear
chamber,” made of titanium and embedded in the soft
tissue of the ear. Dr. P.I. Brånemark, a Swedish physician
and orthopedic surgeon, was interested in learning more

The coiled springs covering the vented implant

Fig. 72: In the coil, or spring implant of George Trattner in


1968, there was little space through which bone or even fibrous
tissue could grow between the coils. Therefore, although the
implant was tight when first inserted, it tended to loosen as
bone resorbed and fibromucosal, not bony tissue replaced it

were too large for many sites and the creative procedure
was much more difficult than those of other types of
equally or more successful implants.
In 1984, a brilliant new three-dimensional implant
was introduced to the profession by the French doctor
Jean-Marc Juillet, and it became very successful. It
required a buccolingual approach that created a deep
horizontal channel at least 15 mm. apical to the alveolar
crest and a shallower vertical channel extending from
the crest to the horizontal channel and bisecting it. The
implant with its horizontal flat portion and vertical Fig. 73
Part 1: A History of Implantology 29

Fig. 74: The Lederman-Strauman TPS screw implants

Fig. 76: A Branemark fixture

trials. It is the only area of the body where, exploratory


procedures are unnecessary. Ask your patient to open his
or her mouth and you can inspect the reconstruction
Fig. 75: They were designed for a region without any difficulty at all.”
horizontal mesostructure Dr. Brånemark coined the term “osseointegration”
to describe the state achieved when titanium “fixtures”
about bone healing and regeneration, and adapted this (the term he preferred to “implants”) are placed into
chamber for use in the rabbit femur. After several months bone. He experimented with numerous designs and
of successful study, he attempted to retrieve the chamber treated hundreds of patients with excellent results. And
but found that it was impossible because bone had grown because of financial support from the Swedish
into such close approximation to the metal that it government, Brånemark was able to conduct intensive,
appeared to be an integral part of it. long-term research covering all aspects, biological as well
In 1960, Brånemark became Chair of the Department as mechanical, related to the development of a practical
of Anatomy of Göteborg University in Sweden and implant. Remarkably, his implants were clinically tested
pursued further studies of blood circulation in bone, for 17 years before being marketed. In general, his
embedding tiny titanium chambers into the arms of implants are titanium tubes or screws in a wide variety
volunteer subjects. Working with Richard Skalak, an of sizes and shapes. Clinical research has shown that it
American trained as an engineer, Brånemark did is best to leave the implant free of any load until sufficient
extensive research in animals, implanting into bone bone growth has taken place. Even micromovement of
various shapes and sizes of titanium implants. In all cases, the implant before then has shown that the osseous-
the results were astounding. All the implants became so implant interface is disrupted.
closely locked to the bone as to be virtually unremovable. Today, Brånemark System implants are being
In some cases, the bone had adhered to the titanium so produced and marketed by Nobelpharma, a company
tightly that the bone fractured or the implant broke before based in Göteborg, Sweden, but with worldwide
it could be removed. production and marketing facilities. And Dr. Brånemark,
By 1965, Brånemark and his team felt that they had in recognition of his pioneering work in the field, was
gathered sufficient information about titanium and bone named the first honorary member of the Academy of
to put it to a clinical test. The first patient was a man Osseointegration.
with jaw deformities and many missing teeth. Brånemark Brånemark and his Swedish associates more or less
explained why he chose dental repair as his first test area: followed the sleep away design of Chercheve, and
“Our original idea was to work with knee joint and Benaim and claimed to acquire “osseous-integration”
hip joint surgery, with the victims of Motorcycle accidents, after leaving the implants buried for many months. His
for example. But working in the mouth turned out to be research charts and results were very scientifically
much better for the initial clinical patients in need of dental presented but numerous Swedish implantologists are
reconstruction. Secondly, from the scientific point of view, directly opposed to his procedures and to the way the
the oral cavity is the perfect location for controlled clinical charts are interpreted by inexperienced dentists. Also the
30 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

inconvenience that most of these patients must go implant prototypes, he selected the jaws of dogs. Stress
through by having to wear unnecessary and prosthetic components led to his interest in using his
uncomfortable removable prostheses while waiting for osseointegration findings to develop dental implants for
the so called “bone fusion” to the buried implants is the edentulous ridge.
sometimes too unrewarding and sometimes unbearable Brånemark directed his marketing program to ADA
regardless of the end results. It is mostly accomplished approved specialists, setting up training programs to the
on individuals with a great deal of bone height and width exclusion of the general dentist and implantologist,
and mostly in the anterior ridge in the mandible or causing an extensive degree of alienation and fostering
maxilla only. Cosmetically, there is a great deal to be a “snobbish” image.
desired with the completed prostheses. The Brånemark implant became a classic, a commer-
The insertion of Brånemark’s implants requires more cially pure titanium screw shape with an external hex.
critically controlled surgical techniques. Because of their Only a screw design was available from 1982 to 1993.
large size they cannot often be used because of lack of More than 200,000 patients received these implants
available bone and thus are usually restricted between worldwide in 1996. More than 800 articles were published
both mental foramina in the mandible and anterior to documenting the implant phenomena.
the sinuses in the maxilla. Their earliest emphasis of research and clinical
Since they lack a natural shock-absorbing ligament, reports was on the totally edentulous patient, not the
they cannot be predictably employed in conjunction with partially edentulous patient that was more of a concern
natural tooth abutments for the support of a fixed in the United States than in Europe. Niznick capitalized
prosthesis. Thus, their prime use would be in totally on this void.
edentulous situations or for single implants. On the light
microscope level the Brånemark implants have been seen A Note of Interest
to have between a 30 to 50 micron space between the Nobelpharma introduced a self-tapping implant in 1996.
bone and their interfaces, which is equivalent to a fibrous It had lateral vertical sluiceways that Linkow felt copied
tissue encapsulation of from 3 to 5 cells thick—so it does his patented ventplant screw design. Brånemark tried to
not always osseointegrate. On certain Levei-Lazco stains claim that he had the first self-tapping screw design. It
a thin blue layer can be seen separating the titanium was never so because in his marketing brochures he
implant from the bone which is a proteoglycin always included a special tap for all of his “self-tapping”
(mucopolysaccharide) layer. implants. Linkow and Rinaldi perssed charges against
Nobelpharma and they settled the case in favor of Linkow
BRÅNEMARK and Rinaldi.
Brånemark developed the Nobel-pharma Implant Niznick in 1982, conceived the Corevent company
Company of Goteberg, Sweden. that was based on his root form basket implant, as was
The implant system began with research dating back conceived by Linkow and Edelman in 1965. The original
to 1965. Brånemark introduced their first commercial implant came in one length that one needed to cut to the
implant in 1982 made of pure titanium. They quickly desired length. His original implant was a “titanium
became the standard by which all root form implants and alloy” with a combination hollow basket screw design
manufacturers were to be measured. Clinicians were often with an internal hex, moderately priced, grit blasted and
drawn to it because it was well-tested, well-documented, acid etched to receive a cementable abutment. He based
and well supported with extensive research. Dr. Per- his earliest design on the works of Chercheve, Linkow
Ingram Brånemark was research oriented. and Benaim and took advantage of Brånemark’s years
Dr. Brånemark first defined the phenomenon of of published research. The titanium alloy proved to be
“osseointegration”, created the Brånemark System, and stronger than the pure titanium implants. However,
developed its surgical protocol. His research, drive, and many of the necks of the corevent would break in short
sponsorship of years of clinical study formed the periods of time.
groundwork for the “Brånemark Phenomenon” in Niznick, a clever prosthodontist from Encino,
dentistry. His implant system was heavily promoted in California, was able to quickly understand the needs of
1984. It took only a few years for him to reverse the image the general and prosthetic practitioner. He became the
of dental implants from experimental and risky to pioneer of prosthetics. He produced his implants and
credible and promising. Brånemark’s first implant surgical system at a significantly lesser cost.
interests began with orthopedic needs. For convenience, He developed and patented an internal hex threaded
access, and ease during the surgical placement of his design that was about 2× longer than the external hex
Part 1: A History of Implantology 31

on the Brånemark implant. It increased the stability of literature in 1964. In 1965, Linkow and Edelman applied
the prosthesis. The internal hex allowed the neck of the for a patent of a hollow basket implant that was placed
implant to be reduced to a 3.5 mm diameter thus into function immediately. The patent was granted in
eliminating the need for countersinking that seems to 1970. Schroeder and associates started to use a near exact
have a detrimental effect on crestal bone. A bevel placed duplication of this implant in the early 1980’s twenty
inside of the internal hex completed the antirotational years later, as well as a double basket implant. In 1965,
designs. Linkow and Edelman also applied for a precursor to the
1985 Calcitech developed a smooth cylinder design blade implant as well as a precursor to the staple implant
implant coated with H.A. as well as many other implant types—all of which were
1986, Niznick developed other implant designs and granted in 1970.
1987 and the Spectra Philosophy of using differently
1989 designed implants for specific types of bone. ITI® AND THE STRAUMANN INSTITUTE
Linkow stated “sometimes it is better to fit the In the 1970s, an alliance of dentists, oral and maxillo-
implant to the patient, not the patient to the facial surgeons, designers, dental technicians,
implant.” anatomists, physicists, metallurgists, and other
1990 Dentsply, who took over the Corevent specialists from Switzerland and Germany came
Corporation for a time, developed a two-piece together to form The International Team for
anti-rotational abutment with an internal hex Implantology (ITI ® ). The chairman and leading
for greater strength. The wobble factor was members of the ITI® is Professor Andre Schroeder of
reduced from a range of 4 to 9 degrees for the Bern, Switzerland. The alliance is a noncommercial,
external hex to a wobble of 1.4 degrees for the scientific working group that has allied itself with the
internal hex, thus decreasing the wobble factor Straumann Institute of Waldenburg, Switzerland, a
by 2 ½ to 6 ½ times. private research and development institution. Initially
1992 Dentsply developed the hex-lock abutment by the aim of their cooperative efforts was to develop and
tapering the male portion of the hex one degree test materials and designs for use in implantology. The
(1°), that allowed a friction fit connection of Straumann Institute then undertook the production and
the abutment with the implant that virtually marketing of a complete system of endosteal implants
eliminated rotational wobble, the leading for edentulous and semiedentulous patients.
cause of screw loosenings and subsequent This system, marketed under the name Bonefit System,
prosthetic failures. A 15° and 30° angled three was developed by following rigid adherence to all of
piece hex-lock abutment became available for the important criteria that would ensure
improved prosthetic treatment. biocompatibility. Five hundred eighty hollow-cylinder
1993 Niznick negotiated the patent rights with Dr. implants were placed for up to 10 years in Switzerland,
Linkow for the internaI hex design of his Sweden, Germany and the United States, with an
ventplant to solidify his patent rights. overall success rate of 95%. Two major innovations
resulted from this cooperative research: the [ITI ®
Newer techniques have used freeze-dried hollow-cylinder implants and the titanium-plasma
demineralized bone, placed in defects in the mandible coating. The hollow-cylinder shape was chosen as the
or maxilla, to provide sufficient bony support for an basic design because of the requirements of statics and
implant. This procedure obviates the need for additional mechanics, with variants such as hollow basket
surgery to harvest autogenous bone for grafting and implants, screws and multiple units being used. It was
dramatically reduces the cost of the procedure. almost an exact duplicate of the early Linkow-Edelman
However, Brånemark’s great contribution to hollow basket implant.
implantology was his insistence that the bone had to be The ITT hollow cylinder shape of Straumann and
approached with a very low speed hand piece to reduce Schroeder consisted of:
bone damage and that any implant design if buried for — a hollow basket design.
several months and performed under ideal surgical — plasma covered
procedures would osseointegrate, has to be a great step — an exact duplicate of the Linkow and Edelman
forward. patented hollow basket implant being marketed
Linkow published the first works on endosseous when Linkow had been placing his blade implants
implants for fixed bridge abutments in the American since 1967.
32 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

Fig. 77: The 1965 Linkow-Edelman A successful prognosis for the implant also depends
patent application (granted in 1970) of on the amount of bone available. Bone defects have been
the hollow basket implant. Linkow’s vent successfully corrected by periodontal surgery using a new
plant was also included in this patent as guided tissue regeneration technique. In this procedure,
well as the precursor to the blade implant
a barrier membrane, manufactured from medical-grade,
which was realized two years before the
expanded polytetrafluorethylene, is sutured over the
first blade implant was ever inserted.
defect. This serves to prevent encroachment of epithelial
tissue into the defect, allowing new bone to fill in. This
Fig. 78: Schroeder also technique has been widely adopted in implantology. After
developed a plasma coated- the defect has been filled with particles of freeze-dried
implant system which consisted bone, a barrier membrane is placed over the area and held
of a bladelike device which in place with a screw into the bone. This is left in place
opened up into two hollow until new bone deposition has corrected the defect.
cylinders at each end. It was In 1958, the Frenchman, Jacques Scialom, invented
placed into the bone with the use the tripodal tantalum pin or needle implants. He used
of an exact sized and shaped
each of three pins to form a leg of the tripod, each pin
template
being drilled independently into the bone and at a
diverging angle from the other two. Each pin, when
considered separately, was easy to pull out because of
its narrow width and lack of surface detail. Although
initially the individual pin implants locked together with
cold-cure acrylic resin to form a tripodal abutment that
was extremely retentive, most of them could be moved a
Fig. 79: About twelve years later a few millimeters in bone after functioning for a number
near exact duplicate of the author’s of months. The movement of these pins as a unit through
hollow basket implant by Schroeder the bone, especially in cases where no teeth existed, was
and Straumann became popular confusing in the beginning, since very little evidence of
(1976) bone resorption ever was noticeable on radiographic
analysis. In time, however, anywhere from as early as
two months to several years, many of these triplants,
SURGICAL AND PERIODONTAL especially when used in totally edentulous maxillae as
CONSIDERATIONS the sole abutments, could be removed in total, often six
The earliest implants were totally submerged, with the groups of triplants representing eighteen pins could all
open end of the implant plugged in some fashion, and be removed at once with the pins still going in various
the gingivae sutured over it. After approximately three directions and with not a single piece of connective tissue
months, the tissue was reopened, the end of the implant attached to them.
was exposed, and the fixed prosthesis was constructed. The author made numerous changes in the variations
This is often referred to as a two-stage implant. This of these pins since. He used so many of them, such as
double-surgery requirement was a drawback, and notching the superficial ends to improve locking them
experimenters began placing nonsubmerged implants. together with acrylic; threading the entire length of the
These have met with excellent results as long as proper pins themselves (many years before the threaded
biological and mechanical requirements are closely endodontic stabilizer’s came into use) and created a
followed. scalloped maxillary gold template. This further stabilized
Although the problem of successfully anchoring an the pins from loosening as they then could be fused to
implant in bone appears to have been solved, the this rigid template as well as eliminate the rough surface
problem of maintaining a tight seal of gingival tissue of the acrylic compared with the highly polished
around the implant is still a controversial point. undersurface of the gold scalloped template which came
However, when the implant is placed in firm, immobile in direct contact with the soft tissues. The template
mucosa, it has been found that collagen fiber bundles of improved the overall retention of the tripod pins
the nonelastic connective tissue attach themselves to the considerably and the tissue/bone surface had been
rough surface of the implant. Even the epithelial cells improved to highly polished instead of rough acrylic. The
become attached to the nonbiologic material, as author applied for the template patent in May 10, 1969
demonstrated by electron microscopy. and received it in Dec. 7, 1971 patent 3,624904.
Part 1: A History of Implantology 33

Threading the pins themselves did not improve the triplant was far less successful in sites where the alveolar
overall retention too greatly since the difference between bone was not broad as in the anterior regions of both
the inner and outer thread dimensions in a pin that was jaws. The major problem with the “triplant system” was
only 1.2 mm in diameter was so little, especially when loosening as a result of vertical pressures. Great care had
used in the porous areas of the maxilla that the pin still to be taken in inserting the triplant, making sure to end
acted as if it had a totally smooth surface. up in either the buccal or palatal cortex without
The author developed a technique of using the perforating through them, and fusing the pins together
Scialom pins with his specially designed maxillary and stabilizing them, and ensuring good occlusion. These
scalloped template for circumventing the maxillary sinus pins were driven into the bone with a slow running hand
in an anteriorposterior direction; never in a buccopalatal piece and specially designed chucks to attach them to
direction. The results were fairly gratifying when there the hand piece. Prior to the placement of these pin or
existed strong anterior abutment teeth that were included needle implants the implant site had to be first prepared
in the fixed prosthesis. with an extremely narrow twist drill that was less than
Today, more than twenty years later, the author still 1 mm in diameter.
has many patients functioning in perfect harmony with Jacques Scialom had many years of glory. At one time
these tripods because the strength of this implant was in the early 1960s he was the “number one” man in
dependent in placing its legs as far apart as possible and implantology-even above Chercheve. He was a master
ending in the buccal and palatal cortices of bone. The at marketing and his company had sold hundreds of
thousands of needle implants. In fact, at one time Scialom
collected as much as $25,000.00 from dentists to allow
them to place on their doors a large bronze plaque with
the words “Needles of Scialom.” This also allowed them
the privilege of having one or two of Scialom’s top
associates to visit their offices and place in all the implants
for a fee and then enabling those dentists to do the
rehabilitation for a fancy fee.

Fig. 80: The principle of Scialom’s implant each pin is set at a


different angle, and their heads are bent together to form a
support for a prothesis (Courtesy: J Scialom)

Fig. 82: Shows the 1971 patent granted to the author for his
scalopped maxillary template

Fig. 83: Shows the template attached to a full arch fixed


prosthesis, with the unilateral prosthesis that fit anteriorly over
Fig. 81: Scialom’s triplant is particularly useful in circumventing the pontic and posteriorly over an acrylic core that binded the
a maxillary sinus, as done often by Linkow. It makes an pins together after they were driven through the predetermined
excellent posterior brace when no other type of implant can be holes in the template and built up with an acrylic core
used
34 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

ENDODONTIC STABILIZERS
Endodontic, transradicular or intraosseous implants
having the purpose of stabilizing teeth, were first started
in 1943, when the Strock brothers of Boston made their
first studies on the subject. Malaquiaz Souza, a Acrylic
block
Uruguajan, developed them in 1947, Jorge Bruno in 1952 Pin
Implant
and Juan De Alsina continued the studies started by
Souza.
In Europe, Hans G. Orlay, an Englishman, made his
first publication on the subject in 1960 after doing a
tremendous amount of work. He first lectured on them
in 1953.
Fig. 85: Raphael Chercheve placed an acrylic block over the
Ritaco from Argentina then came into the picture and
anterior teeth and drove pins through the canals into the block.
made a great contribution. Bertolini in the late 1960’s had Since it was difficult to execute, the procedure has been
devised an endodontic stabilizer with rather wide discarded. (From Linkow, L L Clinical evaluation of the various
threads while the Frenchmen Hubert and Benhammo, designed endosseous implants. J Oral Implant Transplant Surg
on the contrary, in the early 1970’s showed a preference 12:42, 1996)
for narrow threading and made use of titanium. Isaiah
Lew in 1968 reported on the use of threaded endodontic of two vertical legs extending obliquely from a horizontal
pins for tooth stabilization. Norman Cranin, Linkow, bar. This bar was seated in a groove made below the
Edelman, and Frank incorporated their own procedures alveolar crest. Thus the implant was a combination of an
with endodontic stabilizers in the late 1960’s. In 1973 endosseous-subperiostal design. Their sites were usually
Weiss and Judy created a coordinated system of limited to only areas that included a great deal of bone
instrumentation for endodontic stabilizers that was height—mainly the anterior region of the mandible and
manufactured by Weiss and Oratronics. maxillae. The success of these implants was uncertain.
The bifid implants of Bordon-Azoulay in the middle The legs were driven into their positions in bone through
1960’s evolved a method of inserting complementary a specially designed template and a connecting bar would
implants in different sites. Together, these implants lock the two diverging implants together for stabilization.
worked against being pulled out. Each implant consisted Stefano Tramonte from Italy, 1963, developed one of
the first screws, somewhat like an orthopedic screw. It
was called the “drive screw”. The results in his hands
and in the hands of many other dentists from many
countries were excellent. The bone, however, first had to
be tapped by a special tapping device before the implant

A B

Figs. 86 A to C: (A) The Bifid


C implants of Bordon-Azoulay, (B)
Bordon and Azoulay bifid implants,
Figs 84A to C: (A) Endodontic stabilizers of Hans Orlay (B) A (C) Both implants are in place with
case done by the author in 1965 using an endodontic stabilizer the connecting bar bridging them.
through the left Bicuspid, a vent-plant in the second bicuspid The prosthesis is fashioned over
region and a tripodial support system posteriorly (C) Above, a the bridge. Here Linkow also used
threaded endodontic stabilizer supporting a bicuspid tooth a vent-plant to help offset buco- and
C
(Courtesy of ICOI) labiolingual movements
Part 1: A History of Implantology 35

could be set into position. The results with these screws


were excellent when done properly and when enough
of the narrower shaft was deeply embedded into bone.
Another implantologist who gradually modified his
earlier partially successful designs into highly successful
models was the Italian Giordano Muratori. Muratori’s
early design, proposed in 1963, consisted of a spiral
encircling two narrow vertical uprights and surmounted
by an internally threaded shaft. This latter part had the
same diameter as the spiral portion which invited bone
resorption and soft tissue breakdown. Even with this
drawback, success was possible. Fig. 88: The Muratori screw implant
Giordano was a very dear fiend of mine. He never
had a bad word to say about anyone. He was a great that could be directly related to this reaction. Failures
implantologist and published at least five books on have been due to the use of poorly designed implants
implant dentistry. One day while I was ready to use a and are mostly due to mistakes in technique of insertion
few of his implants I noticed that they were attracted to by the operator. Some vent-plants had been “imploded”
a magnet I kept on hand. I immediately called him in with aluminum oxide and used clinically, but these
Italy and told him his manufacturer was not producing showed absolutely no difference in the degree of success
his implants in titanium. Sure enough, that was the case.
By 1967, Muratori greatly reduced the perils of soft
tissue invagination by modifying the design of the hollow
shaft portion of his implant. He made the shaft narrower
than the spirals and rounded it. This newer implant,
made of titanium, had been highly successful.
Isaiah Lew in the late 1960s introduced his solid
vitallium screw. Also, in the late 1960s, Linkow used
Dacron sleeves with some of his vent-plants to create a
more closely attached tissue membrane to the implant.

NON-METALLIC IMPLANTS
CRYSTALLINE BONE SCREW (CBS)
Sandhaus developed nonmetallic implants, such as
crystalline bone screws consisting mainly of aluminum Fig. 89: Isaiah Lew introduced a solid vitallium screw implant
oxide, with the hope of reducing electrogalvanism, which to the profession in the late 1960’s. Next to it on the right is a
might cause a small percentage of failure. However, the Linkow vent-plant
author has never experienced failures with any implant

Fig. 90: In the late 1960’s, the author had placed Dacron
sleeves over some of his implants to try to obtain a closer
Fig. 87: The drive screw implants of Stefano tramonte adaptation of the tissues with the implant itself
36 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

or failure when compared with the pure titanium metal


vent-plant implants without the coating.
The Swiss, Sami Sandhaus, has been using synthetic
sapphire, or aluminum oxide (CBS), crystalline bone
screw implants since the middle 1960’s. Sandhaus
claimed that the ceramic material was even less irritating
Fig. 92: The Linkow vent Fig. 93: A periapical X-ray
to the tissues than the commonly used alloys or pure
plant imploped with showing close adaptation of the
metals. Thus, he claimed, bone grew right up to this bone to the vent-plant screws
synthetic sapphire
implant without the formation of a false periodontal
membrane.
In 1965, combinations of pure titanium and alloyed sometimes causing bone resorption. The strategic area
titanium as well as some tantalum Linkow vent-plants where a suspensory type of ligament forms is at the
were used with cobalt-chrome spiraled implants apex where multiple suspensory ligaments are
(Chercheve), spiraled stainless steel and titanium created inside the vents or vent-plant screws, as well
implants of Muratori and Tramonte and with the non- as at their apices and along their outer thread and
metallic aluminum oxide implants (crystalline bone shaft surfaces.
screws) in the same mouths of the patients. Inevitably, 3. The design of the specific aluminum oxide implant
the implants with necks narrower than the wider hollow may have been architecturally incorrect. Perhaps if
spiral portions were far more successful than the solid the designs were changed by having large vents at
implants containing the same diameter throughout their the deepest portions and restricting the neck size to
entire length. Strangely enough in most every case done be smaller in diameter than the screw portion, some
with these dissimilar implants only the non-metallic fibrous tissue would form between the implant and
implants seemed to have problems. Linkow had bone as it did with the titanium vent-plants that were
imploded some of his ventplants with the synthetic imploded with the aluminum oxide.
sapphire (CBS) and placed into bone showing relatively The screw-type implant was often restricted from
no difference than when using the titanium interfaces. use in the maxillary molar and premolar areas when
not enough bone existed between the alveolar crest and
Since some of the ceramic implants showed some bone
antral floor. The same problem existed when not enough
resorption, according to the author it could have been
alveolar bone height remained above the mandibular
caused by the following:
canal. Today, however, it is believed by most
1. The alveolus surrounding a tooth or endosteal
implantologists that a root form implant does not need
implant is the only area in the entire body that is
to have its coronal portion narrower than the remaining
under tension rather than pressure. Therefore, it was
portion of the screw. It is also agreed that most of these
believed that a fibrous tissue membrane is needed to
implants will osseointegrate, but never 100%. Other
carry on the function needed for osteogenesis.
ceramics were tried, most notably vitreous (glasslike)
2. Since a membrane usually does not grow between
carbon. Brainin, in 1972, introduced an implant made
the ceramic implant and the bone as it sometimes
of vitreous carbon formed around a stainless steel core.
does around a metallic implant, pressure is created
After initial studies with dogs, these implants were
around the bone surrounding the ceramic implant,
quickly marketed to the profession as Vitredent
implants. Unfortunately, these implants tended to fail
quickly and generally were exfoliated. Other
researchers placed ceramic implants in the jaws of
baboons and followed them for 5 years. They were
eminently successful in animals, these implants failed
when the investigators tried them in humans. Ceramic
implants had been used earlier to augment the alveolar
bone where extractions of periodontally involved teeth
had left an insufficient ridge on which to place a full
denture. The initial research was carried out on rats and
dogs. After that, 81 ceramic implants were placed into
extraction sockets in 11 patients. Because the implants
were buried completely, there were no signs of rejection
Fig. 91: Crystalline bone screws (CBS) of Sandhaus after five years. Nevertheless, the failures with these
Part 1: A History of Implantology 37

materials, and Branemark’s introduction of his titanium


implants, led investigators on a new path that resulted
in implants being made of pure titanium, and in this
case, with an adherent coating of hydroxyapatite. These
new implants have shown a strong attachment of bone
to the implant.

STAPLE IMPLANTS
In 1973, Small and Metz developed the mandibular staple
fastener system. The staple implant is placed into the
anterior portion of the atrophic edentulous mandible
from an external inferior approach to act as a support
system and fastener for a mandibular full denture.
Posteriorly, however, the denture is tissue borne rather
than implant borne as it would be with a subperiosteal
implant, ramus frame implant, or in a total blade or root
form case. This technique was used mostly by oral
Fig. 94: The Linkow-Edelman staple implant patient that was
surgeons who were likely more comfortable with the
applied for in 1965 and granted in 1970
external approach needed to place the base plate of the
implant against the interior surface of the mandible.
This technique is infrequently used today. Strangely
enough, in 1965, Linkow and Edelman applied for a
patent to the precursor of the staple implant and received
it in 1970.
It wasn’t until Linkow had started to reflect the muco-
periosteal tissues in both the maxillae and mandibles did
he realize that what all implantologists were doing prior
to bladevent implantology was in the wrong direction. Fig. 95: A successfully functioning staple implant is seen on
During the era of the screws and pins, implantologists, this radiograph. However, most of the inferior horizontal
including the author, were either screwing the vertical framework would often settle away from the inferior border of
screw type implants directly through the mucoperiosteal the mandible
tissues (flapless surgery) and often merely perforating
the underlying bone, at an angle or drilling the pin type resorbing in largely edentulous areas and forming the
implants directly through the soft tissues and hopefully typical labial and buccal concavities. He saw how all
into the bone. This had two distinct disadvantages: implantologists were being fooled by nature by not first
1. The epithelial tissues were pushed into the artificially reflecting the soft tissues to expose the bone. He saw the
made sockets causing epithelial inclusions which tremendous labial and buccal perforations of the large
prevented bone regeneration. diametrically sized screw implants and the buccal, palatal
2. The mucoperiosteal tissues especially in the maxillae and lingual perforations of the tripodal pin implants that,
camouflaged the underlying bone which is always due to the knife ridges and due to the fact that the ideal
much thinner bucco-palatally and shallower angle of each pin from each other should have been from
superoinferiorly. Often, as the author has since seen, 30 to 4 5° , very little of the actual pins ever penetrated
the bucco-palatal thickness ofthe mucoperiosteal enough of the bone before perforating it.
tissues in the maxialle can be as much as 19 mm. wide
covering a knife edge ridge of bone as thin as a sheet
THE RATIONALE BEHIND THE DESIGNING AND
of paper.
PHILOSOPHY OF THE ENDOSSEOUS BLADE
It was not until the author, at the beginning of 1967,
IMPLANT
started to reflect the mucoperiosteal tissues covering
In 1967, the dental community saw the introduction of a
various screw and pin type implants he had inserted and
blade type implant introduced and reported upon
were failing, that, for the first time, he realized how bone
separately by Roberts and Linkow.
truly resorbed; which was always at the expense of the
Linkow developed the bladevent implant in 1967, and
buccal and labial plates in both jaws and continuously
the field of implantology had been revolutioninzed with
38 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

the continued development of the bladevent implant.


Roberts developed a disc-like blade also in 1967. It
was non-tapering, flat and thick buccolingually. He
inserted them for two patients and never did another
until he introduced his ramus blade in 1970.
Linkow developed the bladevent implant in order to
overcome problems caused by early forms of root form
Implants. Observing failed implants when reflecting the
mucogingival tissues, he noted dehiscences and thin and
shallow ridges with tremendous labial and buccal
perforations. Linkow developed and created an implant
that would use the horizontal dimensions of bone rather
than the vertical dimension. It was almost as though he
cut open his “vent-plant screw” and flattened it to form
the bladevent. The bladevent implant was designed and Fig. 96: The patent application and acceptance granted to
continued to evolve to multiple sizes and shapes for the author for the bladevent implant
various morphological and anatomical situations for very
thin bone. Retention was dependent on the wedge shape
of the implant, its ability to be bent, and the use of
appropriate surgical techniques. Bladevent implants
were originally produced of Vitallium, one stage initially,
to be used entirely in the posterior mandible and maxilla.
By 1968, they were made of pure titanium. The
osteotomies were prepared with 700 XL burs of various
lengths and the blade implants tapped into position with
appropriate seating instrumentation. A patent was
A B
applied for September 1970 and approved May 1972. As
the bladevent implant was gently tapped into the bone Figs 97A and B: (A) The Roberts disk-like implant,
its wedge shape spread the bone outward mechanically (B) Early bladevents (Linkow)
but after six to eight weeks, as the bone regenerated, the
ridge had become physically widened. Linkow’s early implants did not have a Brånemarkor Niznick to promote
technique of implanting the blade consisted of cutting a and develop them to the extent that root form implants
thin channel into the crest of the ridge with a No. 700 would be promoted and become accepted. They were
fissure bur. The blade implant was then gently tapped introduced too early, when implants were not accepted
into place and the soft tissue was sutured around the . All have their good points and bad points. In time the
post, which extended through the gingivals. author greatly improved the bladevent designs and the
Almost, concomitantly with Roberts, but totally interfaces.
different in design and concept, the new horizontally In 1980, after 6 years of clinical research, the author
designed blade-like structures were inserted into patients introduced the “tuber blades” to the profession. These
near the end of 1967. Roberts inserted only two non- blades were used specifically for the various areas that
tappering flat and thick (bucco-lingual) disc-like existed in the maxillary tuberosities. They were designed
structures into two patients in November of 1967, never to fit into the various shaped tuberosities. They also had
to insert another one again until he developed the Ramus distinct differences from his original bladevents. They
blade in 1970. were much thicker than the thinner and completely
In the late 1970’s and 80’s many variations of wedge-shaped bladevents. Instead, the tuber blades had
Linkow’s bladevent designs were brought to the nearly parallel walls that came to blunted tapers at their
profession. Major blade manufacturers were: Park Dental apices. This feature alone allowed these thicker blade
Research, New York City, Ultimatics, Inc., Springdale, designs to be tapped into a thinner channel, still created
Arkansas, and Miter Co., as well as the so called “made with the 700 XL bur into the extremely porous tuberosity
to order custom blade implants”. Unfortunately, blade areas. As the implant was tapped deeper it gently
Part 1: A History of Implantology 39

A B

Fig. 98: Shows many of the author’s original implants, some


custom made in vitallium and others stamped and forged in
titanium by Park Dental in 1968

Lames de Linkow
C D
Figs. 101 A to D: (A) Submergible bladevents (startaneous)
by Park Dental Research, (B) Shows the author’s newest
bladevent implants, (C) Oraltronics, Bremen, Germany, (D) The
author had greatly improved the bladevent designs and their
interfaces over the past 20 years

compressed the loosely arranged trabeculae closer


together thus allowing the blade to immediately become
extremely retentive. The antero-posterior stabilizing bar
Fig. 99: The more advanced bladevent designs Linkow would then be tapped which because of its extremely
developed and used over the past ten years thin surface, would easily bend to conform to the shape
of the alveolar crest, thus preventing any possible antero-
posterior rocking of the blade in the porous bone during
early stages of catabolic bone resoprtion. These implants
proved without a doubt that a new era had been reached.
The rapid re-stimulation of the yellow fatty marrow
that exists in the tuberosity into possibly red
hematopoietic marrow allowed implantologists another
area for predictable posterior abutments when, due to
low flaring sinuses the usual bladevent designs had to
be contraindicated. However, it was later realized that
the fatty marrow was not converted to red marrow, but
the mechanical locking of those implants into the
tuberosity most often remained firm. In 1981 the author
introduced his multipurpose blade which allowed thirty-
four different designs to be created from one basic
prototype.
It was used with much success.
In the late 1960s, Cranin introduced a Vitallium
shoulderless blade type of implant which he called the
anchor implant.
Fig. 100: Shows newer designs—these as you can see, are In 1974, Viscido developed a two-stage bivented
also being used in France as well as in most parts of the world submerged blade type implant that could be tightened
in French, the blades are translated as “lames” in place by use of a set screw.
40 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

In 1970, Muratori introduced what he considered a


universal blade. It was about four inches in length with
posts protruding at intervals along its shoulder. It was
thought that parts of the blade could be cut off and
fashioned according to the implant site.
In the early or middle 1970s, Edelman was one of the
first to develop a submergible bladevent.
In 1971, Binderman introduced almost the exact
Fig. 102: In 1980 after six years of clinical research the design of Muratori. It was one and two headed universal
author introduced the tuber blades to the profession blade type implant bars. This consisted of a perforated
In 1970, Linkow developed a technique of inserting band that could be cut into various blade shaped
headless blades into infrabony pockets by inserting them configurations. The disadvantage of this was quite
buccolingually, thus eliminating the pockets and obvious; changing the internal grain structure of the
immediately stabilizing the loose teeth. He also used metal each time it was cut, the excessive wasteful time it
these blades to eliminate the pockets by fracturing the took to cut it and “the make shift” type of final design
alveolar bone in between the involved tooth and its that was to be inserted.
neighboring tooth and then wedging the bone directly In about 1970, Pasqualini developed a universal type
against the periodontally involved tooth by tapping the blade taken from some of the original Linkow blades that
blade into the fractured area in a buccolingual direction. were slightly redesigned and forged together into one
Results were excellent. piece. This could then be cut to the patient’s individual
requirements.
In 1970, the author introduced vertical and horizontal
screw threads directly into the posts of the bladevents to
allow the vertical or horizontal screwing of the prosthesis
to the posts rather than cementation alone in order to
prevent cement leakage or to be able to remove the bridge
at any given time by the implantologist by using a
temporary cement with the screw system.

Fig. 103: The author introduced in 1981 his multipurpose blade


allowing 34 different designs to be fashioned from the one basic
prototype

Fig. 104: Cranin anchor implant. In the late 1960s


introduced his vitallium anchor implant A B

C
Figs 106A to C: (A) In 1970 the author applied for a submergible
postless bladevent. The patent was granted in 1972, (B)
Edelman was one of the earliest pioneers to develop the
Fig. 105: Fagan also introduced his own blade designed submergible bladevent system in the early to middle 70’s,
implant in the early 1970s (C) Shows the Binderman blade strip
Part 1: A History of Implantology 41

A B

Figs 107 A and B: (A) Pasqualini developed a unitype blade


in about 1970, (B) The author introduced vertical and horizontal
screw threads directly thru the posts of the bladevents to allow
A B
for vertical and horizontal (1969) screwing in of the prosthesis
Figs 108 A and B: (A) The ramus blade implant of Roberts
RAMUS IMPLANTS
introduced in 1970, (B) The ramus frame implant introduced in
Roberts in 1970 and 1972, created and introduced two
1972 by Roberts
other great breakthroughs in dental implantology
history. In 1970, he introduced the ramus blade implant,
and in 1972 developed the ramus frame implant. These
two variations were extremely significant as it gave to
implantologists two other predictable alternatives when
there was not enough bone existing in the body of the
mandible to insert a “Linkow blade” and for those
situations where either because of mandibular, inferior
alveolar or mental nerve dehiscencies, a subperiosteal
implant might be contraindicated or because the
implantologists’ first choice was a ramus fi-ame instead A
of the subperiosteal implant. In 1977, the author
introduced his five piece R 2 S 5 ramus system of
implantology, which he felt allowed all five pieces to be
inserted with a complete system of passivity, and almost
100% of metal to bone interface from the moment of
insertion which did not exist with the original one piece
Roberts frame. Using the Roberts frame, although all
three endosseous portions could never achieve a 100%
metal to bone contact from the very beginning the
procedure had great success. The Linkow system allowed
nearly 100% metal to bone contact from the very
beginning.
In 1976, the author developed a pure titanium ramus
implant system. Approximately eighty-five cases were
done in this manner.
The author’s contention was that the blade implant B
had to be tapped into a shallow groove and its wedge
action would allow the blade to become tighter and
tighter as it was tapped deeper into the bone. Since then Figs 109 A and B: (A) The finalized patent of the R2S5 system
looked like this, (B) #54 on drawing above showed a porcelain
the author has inserted well over 19,000 with close to an
“bracelet” circling the neck portion of the ramus blade to insure
85% success rate up to 20 years. for a more tender attachment of the tissue that will contact it
In 1982, Hilt Tatum developed a sinus lift implant to
raise the Schneiderian membrane and immediately place
this plate form blade type implant for prosthesis support. procedures with various bone graft materials and now
Tatum was the pioneer implantologist who developed other forms of root, bladeplate, and plateau implants.
the first sinus augmentation procedures in 1972. To date, In 1983, Niznick introduced the corevent implant to
he has completed hundreds of these augmentation the profession.
42 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

B
Figs 111A and B: (A) A completed titanium five piece ramus
system R2S5. The tiny holes seen on top of the anterior elbow
attachment are to allow the excess “duralay” to squeeze through
when locking the components together, thus eliminating air
bubbles. (B) The postoperative panoramic X-ray

mouth. The study showed that 50 percent (50%) were


C free of periodontal disease. Of interest, the implants
reported on were surgical steel, not titanium, and were
Figs 110A to C: (A) In 1976, the author upgraded the one-stage, not two-stage.
armamentarium. Everything was fabricated in pure titanium. 1975, Dr. J.E. Lemons presented a major publication,
Here is seen the three different symphyseal bladevents which “Biomaterial Consideration for Dental Implants, Metals
contained rounded posts for passivety of fit of the entire system, and Alloys.” Various metals used to fabricate different
(B)The ramus implants were fabricated in five lengths for each types of implants were studied and evaluated for
side of the arch. Also, the anterior extensions from the ramus strength, elongation, integration, porosity, and
blades no longer exhibited hollow tubes but instead were
bioacceptability. Techniques for passivation and cleaning
rectangularly shaped. the anterior extensions were narrower
than the rest of the bars in order to slide into the hollow anterior
of each metal was observed and evaluated. Recom-
elbow components, (C) The antero/posterior hollow tube elbow mendations for improvement of finishing and polishing
attachment which joined the ramus implants to the anterior implants were provided. Surface conditions were
bladevent implant posts evaluated and standards recommended. The effect of
mixing metals to obtain certain qualities was evaluated.
1980, An article presented by Christopher Lavelle, MDS,
In 1987, Linkow developed a sinus lift hollow basket et. al, “The Effect of Internal Irrigation on Frictional Heat
blade implant for the posterior maxilla. Autogenous bone Generated from Bone Drilling”, revealed the following:
was harvested for the baskets from the symphysis. — frictional heat generated during drilling was reduced
The mid 1980s saw the development of a plateau by internal irrigation as compared to external or no
implant developed by Hilt Tatum and produced by the irrigation
Omni Company. It was meant primarily for the maxilla. — frictional heat generated was described as a serious
The surgical technique was not user-friendly, placed in consequence leading to hyperemia, necrosis, fibrosis,
an osteotomy produced with bone expansion osteocytic degeneration, and increased osteoclastic
instruments. The implant was designed to minimize and osteoblastic activity. Dehydration, dessication,
stress forces to adjacent bone and take advantage of shrinkage, and carbonization results from high bone
increased compression forces. The prosthetic options temperatures.
were poor. The Omni implant is still available and used 50°C—associated with impairment of mechanical
today by only a few practitioners. properties of bone
In 1987, a 15-year retrospective study of blade 56°C—associated with irreversible necrotic
implants indicated that they were well-maintained in the changes to bone
Part 1: A History of Implantology 43

PLASTICS In those situations, due to severe bone loss and a very


Polymeric materials were first introduced by Hodosh in deep submandibular fossa preventing a channel from
the late 1960s to overcome the disadvantages of metallic being made on the lingual side of the canal for fear of
corrosion and ceramic brittleness. The most utilized fracturing the mylohyoid ridge or perforating the lingual
plastic is the porous polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA). cortex or injuring the inferior alveolar, a buccal channel
Although not inert, tissue compatibility is considered would be made in the external oblique ridge buccal to
acceptable. The modulus of elasticity is approximately the inferior alveolar nerve.
that of bone allowing the creation of unfavorable stress If several mms of bone existed above the canal then
concentrations at the entry site of the alveolus. another channel would be made at right angles and
Ashman concluded that porous plastic material is bisecting the buccal channel, creating a “T” groove. The
compatible with various tissues and that by implant would be tapped into position buccal to the teeth
standardizing the porosity of the plastic one can predict of the opposing jaw while its post would be in proper
that tissue ingrowth will occur, and the possibility that lingual relationship with the opposing teeth for occlusion.
bone induction or stimulation may exist. Hodosh
reported that socket distortion post extraction appears
to be greater than anticipated, hence a more accurate
method is needed to construct a plastic tooth replica of
correct size.
1982–Valens developed and presented the Flexi-Cup
blade implant device, a threedimensional, non-
submerged blade that was meant for immediate
stabilization. It opened and engaged bone of a properly
prepared alveolar ridge. 1968 to 1995, Major innovations
included converting from surgical steel to titanium, from
one-stage to two-stage blades in order to conform to the
Brånemark protocol, Plasma sprayed and HA coatings
were attempted in the 1980s for the first time. Linkow
soon reverted back to the one piece immediate load blade-
plate system because he saw no advantages or increased
success using the two piece submerged blades.
A diagrammatic
drawing of one of
CERAMICS IN IMPLANTOLOGY the external
For a number of years, hydroxyapatite has been used in oblique blades.
periodontal surgery to stimulate bone growth, which led
to experimentation with it as a material for use with
implants. In a 1968 study funded by the US Army at the
Batelle Memorial Institute, Driskell fashioned single-
tooth implants of high-purity aluminum oxide and
placed them in fresh extraction sites. Histologic studies
showed that where a serrated root configuration was
used with a simple tapered root form, a direct bone-
implant interface developed. In 1975, Driskell was the
first to place ceramic tooth implants in humans in the
United States.

NEW DEVELOPMENTS
In the middle 1980s the author developed the External
Oblique Implant which was a three dimensional blade
type implant where the post would be several mms
lingual to the body of the implant, separated by a single Fig. 112: When several milimeters of bone existed above the
cross bar or a double cross bar, depending upon how canal then a “T” groove was made and the entire external
much bone existed above the mandibular canal. oblique blade was endosseous
44 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

B
A
Figs 115A and B: (A) Linkow’s sinus lift implant. Also seen in
center of picture is a bladevent implant with removable posts.
On bottom left is one of many re-entry type implants, (B) A
Fig. 113: The other designed external oblique is then tapped
movable basket sinus lift implant was later developed by the
into the buccal channel while the subperiosteal portion is
author
swedged flush with the remaining atrophied crestal bone. The
post is lingually positioned to properly occlude with the teeth
of the opposing arch
with bone taken with the small hollow mill trephines
from the symphysis and crushed to small pieces; also
used was HTR, HA, freeze dried bone, or a mixture of
several types. A thin channel would be made along the

Fig. 114: A mandible with a deep submudibular fossa. The


author external oblique implant introduced in 1980. These ware
used with *T* groves. When little or no bone existed above the
mandibular canal only a buccal groove was made for this
external oblique blades. The cross over struts rested and were
swedged to fit snugly on top of the bone

When practically no bone existed above the mandibular


nerve then only a buccal channel would be created and the
external oblique blade exhibiting two thinner cross-over
triangular struts joining at the post lingually would be the
implant of choice. The two cross over struts would easily
be moulded to the surface anatomy of the bone and act as a
partial subperiosteal portion of the endosteal blade and still
exhibiting a lingually located post for proper occlusion with
the maxilla.
In the middle 1980s, the author developed a sinus Fig. 116: Linkow’s improved sinus lift implant contained an
lift blade implant consisting of the blade portions as well independently movable basket that can push the antral floor
as a hollow basket of various sizes that would be filled as high as necessary
Part 1: A History of Implantology 45

bone on both sides of the sinus and the thin bone covering Hoffman various types of removable post systems which
the lowest portion of the antrum would be chipped away, allowed an entire fixed prosthesis to be removed from
exposing the Schneiderian membrane. When enough of these implants.
the membrane was exposed some of the mixed bony However, this implant can only be successful in U or
material would be syringed against the membrane and V shaped sinus floors with ample bone mesial and distal
into the basket of the blade implant. The implant was to it. An improved sinus lift implant was later developed
then tapped into position and at the same time inverting by the author.
the sinus mucous membrane enabling it to have a great In the mid 1980s, Linkow researched and developed
deal of bone below it, thus protecting it from any outside numerous blade implant configurations with various
sources. The implant was placed into immediate prosthetic post designs that snapped into or over the
function. female portions of the implants. The uniqueness of these
Also, in the late 1980s, the author developed with attachments were that they were removable post systems.

Fig. 117: Another removable post implant

Fig. 119: Another mechanism for a removable post


system

Figs 118: Another removable post implant, Fig. 120: Another mechanism for a removable post system
46 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

C
Figs 121 A to C: (A) Submergible bladevent implants with new concept of snap-on post system, (B) The re-entry series of
implants: the horizontal hollow basket implant, (C) A periapical X-ray of a buried horizontal basket implant. The horizontal basket
system required a very exact surgical procedure so that there was absolutely no space between the basket and bone

A B
Figs 122A to D: (A) The corrugated snake like implant. These
would be used when a channel was made too wide which
contraindicated a blade insertion. Instead they were tapped in
to the widened channel while the convertibilities of the “snake
like” implant wedged against the buccal & lingual cortices. so
that the cortical plates, (B) The DNA figure-eight-re-entry
implant, (C)The biblade implant, (D) The re-entry ring type
stabilizing implant
C D
Part 1: A History of Implantology 47

C
D

Figs 123 A to D: The squeeze blade implant type for immediate widening in a wide groove: (A) The beginning of an idea first
conceived by Linkow and Hoffman (squeezeblade), (B) A later prototype, (C) A more refinement of the protype, (D) Shows part
of the author’s patent and the working mechanism

“Self widening” blade type implants - rough the posts are squeezed together until they are parallel to
prototypes showing the principle of their function. The each other. While this is happening the movable portions
two posts originally are directed so they are both tilted of the buccal and lingual surface of the blade slide toward
distally from each other. With a specially designed plier, each other and create a widening of the entire bucco-
lingual width. The width can be easily controlled.

A B
Figs 124 A and B: (A) Occlusal view before squeezing the posts together,
(B) The blade becomes widened as the posts are squeezed together
48 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

Fig. 125A: A submergible bladevent implant [type A]. The blade Fig. 126B: A submergible blade with an externally threaded
implant had an internally threaded hollow neck into which the neck onto which the post is screwed over (type B)
post is screwed into

Submergible bladevent implants were manufactured — Type B—exhibited an externally threaded neck over
by Oraltronics and Grafelman in the mid 1980s; they which an internally threaded post was screwed over
consisted of two types: it.
— Type A—exhibited an internally threaded hollow The 1980s, brought in many different implant systems.
neck into which the post was screwed into. The Omni system of implants was also introduced in
the early 1980s.

B C

Figs 127A to C: (A) A submergible bladevent developed by the author with a straddling post, (B) Shows an early prototype of the
straddling post system, (C) The most recent system developed by the author and Hoffman, can allow a cemented prosthesis to
be easily removed from the bladevent itself
Part 1: A History of Implantology 49

Schroeder of ITI® was named the second honorary


member of the Academy of Osseointegration because of
his outstanding contributions (personal communication,
M. Scacchi, Institut Straumann AG).
Besides Nobelpharma and Straumann, numerous
other companies, such as Lifecore Biomedical, Universal
A
Implant Systems, Omniloc, and Calcitek are producing
and marketing a variety of dental implants. Today, there
are more than 50 different makes available on the market!
Unfortunately, most of these smaller companies cannot
afford the extensive clinical trials so necessary before an
implant system is offered to the profession.
In the 1980s, the author came out with an
B exceptionally designed implant, the scissor implant,

Figs 128 A to C: (A) The Omni system; on top are the tap in
implants of Tatum, (B) Titanodont subcortical implant system,
(C) Garbaccio’s transcortical screw implant which goes from
the alveolar crest to the cortical plate of the bone at the inferior
border of the mandible and in the maxilla; if screws into part of
the anterior nasal spine as well as the buccal and palatal
cortices. In 1972, an earlier near dupilcation of his implant
(introduced in the mid-1970s) was already patented, by
Nikoghossian of Marseille A

There was an “explosion” in the 1980s, with many


screw- and basket-type implants, such as the Miter tap-
in, DB precision 1000 system by Driscoll, the sterioss by
Hahn, the flexi-root system by Haris, the single crystal
implants by Bioceram and Kyocera, various spiral type
implants, IT hollow cylinders, microvent and fiber mesh-
implants, titanodont subcortical implant system, the
Pierazzini screw implant and the integral system
(calcitek).
The ITI® System is the only scientifically documented
system to use nonsubmerged implants. This means that
the implant abutment perforates the mucosa during B
osseointegration, resulting in more favorable conditions
for the soft tissues. It also is cost and time saving because Figs 129A and B: (A) The IMZ tap in implant by Axel Kirch,
it eliminates the need for a second surgical. Professor (B) Zimmers implant
50 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

A B
Figs 130 A and B: The Linkow vent plant has been recently made into a two-piece submergible osseointegrated compatible
implant with a rotating abutment (TM) (Linkow-Rinaldi)

C
A

Shows drawing of template to be used with scissor implant

D
B
The author’scissor implant Shows how implant is buried in position

Figs 131 A and B: The scissor endosseous implant of Linkow

which worked extremely well when the operator was In November of 1989, Ernst Bauer of Germany filed
fully trained. This unique implant could be placed into for a U.S. patent and was granted it in Germany in 1989,
immediate function.
Part 1: A History of Implantology 51

A
A

B
B

C
C

Figs 133 A to C: (A) A specially designed coping can then be


cemented over or screwed over the protruding closed portion,
(B)Ion beam sputtering should be separated from the scissor
implant. The implant is placed over a surface base, a high
energy electronic beam is directed to a target which contains a
material source which sends out atoms to the implant that is to
D
be coated. However, if HA is the material source it does not
first coat the implant instead if the source is dirver driven
Fig. 132 A to D: (A) The narrow portion is placed into a prepared
mucious directly into the implant interface. When done in this
hole done with a specially designed template which also guides
manner the blade implant can be bent without doing any
the implantologist into making two obliquely directed grooves
damage to the if HA.(C) In 1987, the author and Rinaldi started
on each side of the center hole, (B) As the scissor implant is
a research program of ion beam sputtering of hydroxylappatite
squeezed the two buried portions open up and are guided
on various implant designs. Notice the golden sheen on the
through the two internal oblique grooves, thus locking them in implants with the HA ion beam sputtering procedure. Also seen
position with untouched bone above and below them, (C) A
is half of a glass slab (slightly darkened) and half of a metal
gold coping or crown fitted over it, (D) The scissor handles are
disc (slightly golden) that were ion beam sputtered
brought together

and the US in 1991. KSI Bauer Screws are made of method: the KSI Bauer screw is a compression implant
titanium alloy that is certified for medical applications. system that serves as a permanent and stable anchor for
Due to the additional surface treatment, they are highly fixed or removable prostheses in the upper or lower jaw.
tissue-compatible which makes for an optimal contact The system - a set of compression screws of different
between implant and gingival substance. The sizes plus all the required tools for measuring, drilling,
abbreviation “KSI” stands for Compression Screw aligning and guiding - has been marketed for twelve
Implant and summarizes the core idea of a successful years in its present shape and combination.
52 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

Fig. 135: Schematic illustration of the compression effect that


the screw has on the surrounding bone. Due to the filigrane
sponly lamellae not being damaged, there is no formation of
non-compact granulation

Fig. 136: The finite element method is used to calculate the


mechanical condition at the interface between implant and
bone. Plastic deformation is tilted to the black area directly
bordering on the implant surface (0.1 mm)
C

Figs 134 A to C: A. Helical thread of a surface treated implant


screw B. REM view of the surface topography of an implant
screw thread. As opposed to coated or polished screw, surface
treatment allows the bone tissue to grow into the top surface
layer thus providing a perfect anchor. C. Set of compression
screw in different size

Why Compression?
Over 30 years of research into the different implantation
techniques and implant types revealed the factors that Fig. 137: The X-ray of the situation shown in FIg. 8 after 6
determine the long-term success of an implant. By weeks of healing. Note how quickly the ambient jaw bone has
grown towards the implant body
producing empty cavities, the implant geometry has a
major influence due to the fact that, in such empty
cavities, granulation tissue grows towards the implant perfectly abuts upon the implant without leaving any
significantly faster than the bone tissue. A larger volume empty space. The last screw winding closely covers the
of granulation tissue definitely limits the implant’s life. implant’s point of entry, thus avoiding wedge-shaped
A search for implant geometries that displace the bone fissures which otherwise cause the inner bone to
bone tissue in a wedge-like manner were the approach disintegrate and the implant to fail. The patented, self-
to avoiding cavities during implant placement. Such cutting thread produces a press-fit which ensures good
wedge-shaped implants produced in the U.S. were primary stability ratings due to elastic, non-destructive
successfully applied in the 1960s already, although these displacement and an immediate stress-carrying ability
early models allowed for a narrow range of indications of the implant.
only. The compression screw implant was developed Many screw implants have been found to provide
with a view to extending this indication range. The insufficient primary stability in the jaw bone, a situation
implant is screwed into a channel that is kept as small as that is particularly relevant to the treatment of atrophic
possible. Screwing the conical implant screw in bone. Insufficient anchorage and implant failure are
compresses the surrounding spongy substance so that it caused by the threads of traditional screws damaging or
Part 1: A History of Implantology 53

Fig. 138

Fig. 139

destroying the filgrane lamellae of the cancellous bone. areas between the thread lines are filled with tissue,
The empty spaces between the implant body and threads leaving no empty spaces that could cause the
are filled with non-compact granulation tissue. Loads on consequential damage described above.
this type of screw produces wedge-shaped bone fractures As opposed to that, the concave threads of the K.S.I.
and, consequently, leads to the loss of the implant. Even Bauer Screws avoid such defects. Screwing them in does
after months of healing without any load applied, there not cut or destroy the cancellous lamellae; the spongy
is no guarantee that such defects are cured. substance is displaced compressively (press-fit) allowing
The design of the implant body’s compression threads it to be in direct contact with the implant body. This is
ensures that the bone tissue is displaced within its scope the pre-requisite for the implant’s stability and load-
of elasticity but not destroyed when the implant is screwed carrying ability—a method that works without injury to
in. The concave threads evenly displaces and compresses the tissue or loss of substance.
the bone substance in a radial direction, and the concave
54 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

Fig. 140: Applying the finite element methods, computer-aided simulations of the KSI Bauer Screw in the area of contact
between bone and implant yielded the following results for all kinds of strees of load situations. There is not coverload on the
implant anywhere. The surrounding bone tissue is hardly deformed at all. Plastic deformation does not extend beyond 0.1 mm,
ther is no damage to the cancellous bone. The KSI Bauer screw’s optimized shape produces a harmonlized physiological load
distribution.

HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF THE


SUBPERIOSTEAL IMPLANTS
Since the first lower subperiosteal implant was inserted
(1940-1941) by Gustav Dahl, the evolutionary changes
in its inherent structural design took over five decades.
The remainder of this chapter will attempt to distinguish
the design changes that made a significant contribution
in the evolutionary stages of the mandibular Fig. 141: The early patents of Gustave Dahl for subperiosteal
subperiosteal implant which has made it one of the most implant and the mucosal inserts.
predictable implant modalities today. In 1942, he received
his first patent from the Swedish government.
One of the most confusing difficulties for the
untrained dentists when dealing with the subperiosteal
implants has been deciding when and where to use them.
An implant designed to be set over bone must be used
only when the alveolar bone has resorbed down to the
dense basilar type bone that exists below. While alveolar
bone is a highly active type of bone relying upon the
natural stimulation provided by Sharpey’s fibers, the
dense cortical bone is relatively inactive.
Its stimulation comes primarily from the muscles for
which it serves as an attachment site as long as the
extensions of the implant rest mainly on dense cortical
bone. When subperiosteal implant candidates are
properly diagnosed and surgical and prosthetic
procedures are correctly performed with a properly
designed implant, the little remaining basal and cortical
bone stay relatively unchanged for even as long as thirty-
five to fifty years or more.
Because the resorption of alveolar bone often leaves
the mandibular canal and mental foramen close to, if not
right at, the crest of the mandible, great care must be
taken in designing a subperiosteal implant to take stress Fig. 142
Part 1: A History of Implantology 55

off the crest and to divert it around the peripheral struts in Sweden. He returned to Stockholm, Sweden as World
of the implant. These struts also help to secure the War II was about to start.
implant against side-to-side movements of the mandible. His first implants, designed and inserted in 1940, were
After my triple bypass operation in 1983, I received constructed of a vitallium mesh. Full arch and partial
this warm letter from Dr. Gustav Dahl which shows what arch designs were used to distribute the loads. Screws
a considerate person he was. connected the abutments to the mesh frame.
In 1937, he worked in a dental lab in Essen, Germany The Swedish government and authorities criticized
with vitallium castings. In 1939, he first experimented his implants to such an extent that after a few years he
with implants when he organized his own vitallium lab was forced to discontinue his surgeries, forced to remove

Fig. 143
56 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

his implants and eventually stopped his research. By his The first subperiosteal implants done by Gershkoff
own account, implants placed into animals did and Goldberg were not from direct bone impressions.
satisfactorily. The authorities declared that such a Instead, soft tissue impressions were taken on those early
biological constructed appliance could only lead to the patients requiring subperiosteal implants. A full series
destruction of bone and finally cancer. Defenders of old of periapical X-rays were also taken. After the stone
surgical principles felt challenged. models were poured and separated from the impression
In 1946, Dr. Dahl taught his techniques in Sweden to materials, the models were “scraped” in accordance with
a group of dentists from the US. The group included the soft tissue findings from observations of the
Norman Goldberg and Aaron Gershkoff, who brought radiographs.
his technique to the United States and placed their first In other words, the models were fashioned to
subperiosteal implant in 1948. “simulate” the topography of the underlying bone. The
Through his technique, tutoring, guidance and tissues over the bone were then reflected and the implant
influence, his work and experiments were continued by seated on the exposed bone. Their early attempts
others in the USA, Italy and elsewhere in Europe. consisted of a narrow strip of vitallium which rested only
Professor Hammer completed extensive subperiosteal on top of the mandible, taken from a soft tissue
treatment in Germany. Professor Marziani, in Italy, stated impression and was held in place by screws.
“that a properly designed implant constructed of proper Some of the early Gershkoff-Goldberg designs failed,
materials will have stimulating effect on bone, thus since it was extremely difficult in determining the true
implant supported dentures are more biological than character, morphology and topography of the bone
removable dentures that result in bone resorption.” without first reflecting the overlying mucoperiosteal
Dahl felt his implants were better suited to the tissues. Thus, the implant could not fit properly. Also,
mandible than to the maxilla. because the implant rested on top of the mandibular crest
He was an inspiration to implantologists around the with no buccolingual extensions, the screws were not
world today. He was seen occasionally at implant con- adequate to prevent implant dislodgement during
ferences where he was recognized for his achievement. masticatory movements. The screws became loose and
He died at the age of 96. He was a dear friend, a were exfoliated, and the implants frequently failed.
gentleman and a giant when it came to his warm and Recognizing that a flat metal strip held in place by
honest character. screws was easily dislodged, Gershkoff and Goldberg
Gustav Dahl first introduced mucosal inserts in 1943 designed a more elaborate implant with peripheral
and applying for a patent in 1942 which he received extensions. This design was also prepared on a model,
several years later. In 1958, he reported on 15 years of not from a direct bone impression.
success with button implants in the maxilla. Again, because of a poor fit over the bone, the implant
It wasn’t until Gershkoff and Goldberg visited Dahl tended to fail but still could remain in the mouth for many
in the late 1940’s and brought Dahl’s idea back to the years. Several years later they began taking direct bone
United States that the slow evolutionary movement impressions for their subperiosteal implants.
began.

Fig. 144: The earliest subperiosteal implant and removable Fig. 145: The healed tissues
prosthesis done by Gershkoff and Goldberg
Part 1: A History of Implantology 57

B
A

Figs. 146 A and B: A later Cershkoff and Goldberg subperiosteal implant. A. Connecting bar; B. saddle over retromolar pad
area: C. Lingual extension; D. Connecting bar; E. Supporting bars, (From Goldberg, N, and Gershkoff, A: implant dentures,
Philadelphia, 1957, JB Lippincott Co. ) B. Another one of Gershkoff and Goldberg’s early mandibular subperiosteal Vitallium
implants, cast without a surgical bone impression, instead, the master stone model was trimmed to nearly duplicate the topography
of the underlying bone revealed by the X-rays

So as not to omit the unique ideas of some of the


earliest pioneers, the author wishes to display the work
of Brennan, in 1949, when he filed for his patent. He
introduced metal rings through the fibromucosal tissue
at the crest of the ridge and slipped a full arch bar with 0
rings over which the denture was attached.
How an individual implantologist modifies and
perfects his ideas can be clearly seen in the work of Lew,
who while working in the late 1940’s and early 1950’s
refined his own basic implant designs by reducing the
bulk of his earlier lattice designs gradually until he
developed a simplified modern design with fewer metal
parts resting on bone.
The early pioneering work of Isaiah Lew who, in
about 1951, started reflecting the mucoperiosteal tissues
in order to obtain a direct bone impression from which a
subperiosteal casting could be properly fitted, began a
new trend.
This was a step forward. The casting was then fitted
directly over the underlying bone, and held firmly with
three screws; one into each external oblique ridge and
one into the syphysis.
Concomitantly, like Dr. Lew, Nicholas Berman from
Seattle, Washington was also taking direct bone
impressions for his early subperiosteal implants.
Two or three weeks later the site was exposed again
and the meshwork was fitted beneath the periosteum to
rest on the underlying bone. Four or five weeks after the
implant had been inserted and the periosteum had grown
through the perforations adhering the implant to the
bone, the prosthesis was applied. Fig. 147: Brennan placed rings through the fibromucosa.
To prevent dislodgement of his implants Berman Through these rings was slipped a full spanned arched bar
tried two techniques: transosseous and circumferential over which the denture was attached. (US patent application
wiring. For transosseous wiring he drilled holes in both No. 2,5999,044, field January 3, 1949)
58 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

Fig. 148: Berman’s meshwork subperiosteal implant was Fig. 149: Because it was prepared from a direct impression of
fashioned on a stone model prepared from a direct impression the bone. Berman’s meshwork implant closely fitted the bone
of the bone. (From Berman, N: An implant technique for full (From Berman, N: An implant technique for full lower denture,
lower denture, Dent Diag 57(10)438, 1951) Dent Diag 57(10)438, 1951)

Fig. 150: The evolution of Lew’s subperiosteal mandibular implant from 1948 (top left) to 1955 (bottom right). Gradually the
amount of metal became reduced from a bulky mesh to strategically placed bars and struts with simple, tapered abutment posts
(From Lew, I: Progress in implant dentistry an evaluation, JADA 59:478-492, 1959. Copyright American Dental Association
Reprinted by permission)

molar areas and in the incisor area, passed tantalum wire he encircled the entire mandible behind the mental
though the holes, and tied the wire around the implant. foramina with tantalum. The work of Robert Schemer,
He later discarded this transosseous wiring technique Philip S. Loechler, Mueller and Pernell on subperiosteal
in favor of circumferential wiring. With this technique implants in 1952 should not be overlooked.
Part 1: A History of Implantology 59

Fig. 151: Another type of Berman meshwork implant held in place by transosseous wire (arrows) in the molar and incisor
areas. (From Berman, N,: Implant technique for full lower denture, Washington Dent J 19:15-17, 1950)

Fig. 152: Berman’s circumferential wiring technique. A, The wire is passed through a double-tapered needle placed between the
periosteum and bone on the buccal side of the mandible. B. The needle at the buccal lower border; C, the needle at the lingual
lower border. D, The needle has been pushed along the entire lingual border of the mandible, disengaged from the wire, and the
wire twisted (From Berman, N: Implant technique for full lower denture, Washington Dent J 19:15-17, 1950)
60 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

Figs 153 A and B: The fate of an implant set either over too much alveolar bone, or loose because of design flaws. A, Berman’s
circumferentially wired implant appears successful 3 months after implantation. B, Two years later the implant and wire are loose
as a result of bone atrophy. (From Berman, N: Implant technique for full lower denture, Washington Den J 19:15-17, 1950)

Among the first Europeans to expose the bone to


make an accurate impression was the Italian Luigi
Marziani. He made a master model from the bone
impression and set posts in the model. He roughly
fashioned a piece of tantalum mesh and slipped it over
the posts. Then, using a mallet, he shaped it around the
model and burnished it. Finally, he placed the model,
together with its opposing half into a vise. The finished
implant was then placed on the bone.
For severe arterial bleeding or for patients who clot
very slowly, the use of Cut-trol, an aqueous solution of
purified salt of basic ferric sulfate, is highly
recommended by the author as the most effective
hemostatic agent he has ever used.
Weinberg was one of the first pioneers to design
unilateral subperiosteal implants. It was a lattice work
fame that stradd led the jaw. The post was joined to the
subperiosteal framework by four uprights which were
eventually eliminated and replaced by solid necks.

Fig. 154: Marziani’s method of making an implant. A, A model


was made from an impression of exposed bone. B, Posts were
stuck in the model. C, A piece of taptalum mesh was cut to
appropriate size, D, The mesh was fitted to the model over the
posts. E, The model and its opposing half were vised to swedge
the implant to the shape of the bone. F. The implant before Fig. 155: Full subperiosteal restoration by Marziani. The posts
insertion (From Marziani, L: Case report: tantalum implant are connected by a bar and the prosthesis fitted over them
dentures, Int Dent J 8:255-257, 1958. (Courtesy L Marzziani)

Note: *Ichthus Enterprises Inc. 4213 Woodeliff Dr So, Mobile AL 36009.


Part 1: A History of Implantology 61

A B
Figs 156 A and B: Weinberg’s subperiosteal implant is a latticed framework that straddles the jaw. A, The implant before
placement; B, the implant in place, straddling the crest of the maxilla and laying under the periosteum. (From Weinberg, WD:
Subperiosteal implantation of a Vitallium artificial abutment, JADA 40(5):549, 1950. Copyright American Dental Association.
Reprinted by permission)

The feasibility of using subperiosteal implants was


widely debated in the profession, and numerous studies
of their effectiveness were conducted. A typical one,
conducted by Roy Bodine, Jr. in 1974, examined 27
implants placed between 1952 and 1959. The conclusion
reached by the investigators was that a “. . .prospective
patient can expect at least 95% probability.. .of having it
in place at 5 years, 90% at 8 years, 67% at 10 years, 60%
at 14 years, and 52% at 16 years.” These were very
encouraging figures indeed!
According to American Roy L. Bodine, Jr. D.D.S., the
implant superstructure, a removable bridge-like
Fig. 157: Other Weinberg implants were constructed by appliance that attaches securely to the implant
eliminating the four uprights and adding solid posts to the abutments, is the most important as well as the most
implant, simplifying suturing around the posts frequently neglected part of the implant procedure. The
superstructure with its occluding teeth is the end result

Fig. 159: The abutment


posts in clinical views of
Bodines butterfly implant.
A, The posts protrude
through healed gums, B.
The single-unit restorations
in place, Bodine, RL, Jr:
Experimental subperiosteal
Fig. 158: Bodine’s subperiosteal single-tooth butterfly implant
dental implants (extract),
for a fixed crown between two natural teeth. (From Kotch RL
US Armed Forced Med J
and Bodline, RL Jr: Experimental subperiosteal dental implants)
VOl 4, 3, March, 1953.
[extract], US Armed Forces Med J Vol 4, No. 3, March, 1983
62 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

of the entire procedure. It directly serves the patient in retention and not understanding the tissues over the
mastication, speech, and appearance. From it he will mylohyoid ridges, resulting in dehiscence and infection.
determine the success of the procedure and evaluate its His later designs incorporated fingers cast into notches
importance to comfort, physical health and psychological in the mylohyoid ridge, thus eliminating the stretching
well-being. and dehiscences of tissue in these areas. He finally arrived
An interesting single unit unilateral implant of the at the conclusion that the lingual peripheral strut should
early 1950s was that of Bodine. His implant, called the lie just buccal to the mylohyoid ridge.
butterfly implant, was a type of meshwork or lattice These earlier partial subperiosteal implants were
implant, which was used for a fixed crown between two designed to utilize the same anatomic landmarks as did
natural teeth. the full subperiosteal implant.
Further experimentation resulted in changes in the The author realized that there were basic differences
design of subperiosteal implants. The framework was between using a limited site and utilizing the full lower
enlarged and extended to spread the stresses and remove jaw when dealing with subperiosteal implants.
them from the crest of the ridge. Inadequate ridges were The lingual tissue covering the mylohyoid ridges is
augmented with autogenous bone grafts taken from the usually much thinner than that in the buccal and occlusal
iliac crest and placed into the crib areas of the implant. areas. Thus with the old designs the tissue became
The vertical components were modified so that O-rings extremely taut as it was stretched over the implant. This
inside the inferior surface of a full denture will snap onto eventually caused a breakthrough of the lingual border
them and hold the denture in place. of the implant, with the formation of granulation tissue
According to Phillip S Loechler, DDS, the basis for between the lingual framework and the bone causing
the success of the implant is founded on the ability of exfolliation and failure of the implant. In those implant
fibrous connective tissues to proliferate. The connective designs where the lingual peripheral border was not
tissue fibers, in this case,the submucosal and periosteal extended below the mylohyoid ridge there was very little
layers of the mandible, enmesh themselves in the implant resistance against lateral forces from the movements of
framework and hold it securely in place. This is a form the tongue. Eventual dislodgement of the implant
of biologic retention. Advantage is taken of the occurred, with granulation tissue forming underneath
proliferative properties of fibrous tissue; that the implant the implant and dislodging it. After considering these
is present, is merely incidental to the fibrous tissue. difficulties, the author introduced his open “lingual
According to Robert Schermer, DDS, the advantages of fingers” unilateral designs in 1955.
the metallic implant technique are; (1) Lasting retention, To reduce or eliminate lateral displacement, the
(2) Maximum stabilization, (3) Minimum bulk and light lingual surface of the implant was extended some
weight of the appliances, (4) Suitable esthetics, (5) Mental distance below the mylohyoid ridge, following the
well-being of the patient. contour of the bone.
Linkow designed his own unilateral subperiosteal To reduce or eliminate the stretching of the thin
implants as fixed bridge abutments in 1952. lingual tissue over these extensions, vertical notches
He claimed his unilateral subperiosteal implants about 1.5 to 1 mm. deep and 1.5 to 2 mm wide were made
placed before 1955 had to be removed due to a lack of with diamond stones in the bone to accept the fingers.
These lingual fingers thus fitted flush with the bone,
thereby eliminating the stretching of the tissue.
Some operators had criticized notching the bone for
a subperiosteal implant because their experiences in
making grooves in other regions of the jaw had led to
bone resorption and, consequently, loose fitting implants
and regarding this, the author is in full agreement.
However, from a reasonable amount of clinical
experience, notching the lingual cortical plate below the
mylohyoid ridge has led to little or no bone resorption,
in most cases. After the notches had been made, the
lingual fingers fitted snugly into the grooves when the
implants were inserted three weeks after the first surgical
Fig. 160: The early 1952 unilateral subperiosteal procedure. If the second surgery is delayed more than
implant designed by the author
Part 1: A History of Implantology 63

six weeks, the lingual grooves would be obliterated and


the implant would not fit.
The fingers were left open at their ends so that they
were completely independent of each other. In this
manner, if any portion became exposed, it could be
quickly cut off from the rest of the fingers and thus not
affect the remaining portions of the implant.
Fibromucosa1 tissue quickly filled in the vacated space
and covered the bone. Unfortunately, however, the
author came to the realization that crossing over the weak
and often knife-edge mylohyoid ridge caused eventual
failures. Fig. 161: Linkow, unilateral lingual finger implant, shown on a
The author’s design also specifically never allowed model prepared from a direct impression of the bone. The
the anterior portion of the buccal and lingual struts to fingers follow the contours of the jaw and keep the implant
crossover the ridge anteriorly. Since, the bone in the immobile. (From Linkow, L I: Re-evaluation of mandibular
anterior region usually contained alveolar bone due to unilateral subperiosteal implants: A 12 years report. J Prosth
the stimulation of the periodontal fibers that were Dent 17(5):512, 1967
attached to the nearest tooth anterior to it, placing “cross-
over” struts in the area would lead to bone resorption.
Recognizing the value of their predecessors’ work in
eliminating the amount of metal on bone the Americans
Art Jermyn, Roy Bodine, Herschfus, Norman Cranin, the
author, Sam Weber, Paul Mentag, Ted Lee, and others
continued designing full restorations for the mandible.
These were basically variations of the earlier implants of
Gershkoff, Goldberg, Lew and Berman.
The author was first to lengthen the extremely short
posts of the subperiosteal implant. He did this after many
of his patients broke the 360° clasps that were processed
inside the implant dentures by continually trying to
tighten them over the years. Thus, the successfully
functioning implants ended up with loose fitting
dentures which caused discomfort for the patients. Figs. 162A and B: The mylohyoid ridge, a problem area for
Realizing that subperiosteal implant candidates, because shaping an overall superiosteal implant, is stable by the finger
the extreme vertical loss of the mandibular bone greatly extensions. B. The implant straddles the site and is closely
adapted to variations of the jawbone (From Linkow, LI: Re-
increased the intermaxillary space, he made all the posts
evaluation of mandibular unilateral subperiosteal implants: A
nearly twice the length they were in the late 1950s, thus
12 years report. J Prosth Dent 17(5):512, 1967).
giving a great deal more retention to the metal
superstructure. This author also realized that the solid
peripheral struts only played a passive role in the overall
retention of the subperiosteal implant to the bone and
soft tissues and if made too thin, could sink into the bone.
Thus by fenestrating the labial and buccal peripheral
struts in the middle 1960s, it created two advantages:
i) It prevented sinking of the implant since, the
fenestrated struts were much wider than the solid struts,
ii) The fenestrations played a dynamic active role in the
overall retention of the framework instead of just a
passive role with the original solid struts. Also, all the Fig. 163: The author in the early 1960s lengthened the posts
necks supporting the posts had to exit the mucoperiosteal to nearly twice their original sizes and fenestrated the labial
tissues from the lingual peripheral strut because in an and buccal peripheral struts to make them play a more dynamic
atrophied jaw the only thin area of attached gingival active role in the overall retention of the implant and also to
tissue is along or slightly buccal to the mylohyoid ridge. prevent sinking in some cases
64 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

Fig. 164: Salagaray and Sol developed the first superstructure bar and O-ring attachments in 1956

Salagaray and Sol from Madrid also designed some


of the earliest subperiosteal implants. They designed a
very simple implant, whose buccal and lingual parts were
single metal bars. Spanning the bars were four cross struts
that bore the abutment posts. They grooved the bone so
that the implant framework would fit like an inlay.
Trying to avoid using the anterior region as much as
possible, they used an “aerated horizontal bar” in this
area in the middle 1950s.
The Brazilian, Benjamin Bello, worked on evolving
satisfactory subperiosteal techniques, stressing that such
implants were suitable only for the mandible. Yet, further
in time he inserted a maxillary subperiosteal implant for
his wife that had lasted over twenty years.
Boris Trainin of London also did numerous
subperiosteal implants during the 1950s which closely
resembled the designs of the American practitioners.
Stanley Behrman in 1964 introduced opposite
magnets, four directly into four crypts made in the
mandibular bone and four magnets into the tissue
bearing surface of the denture to line up with the bone
magnets to hold the denture more firmly in place.
However, the problem was not so much that the
magnetism in time wore out but rather the dentures were
all tissue born and often had to be adjusted because of Fig. 165: Behrman’s method of burying magnets in the bone.
the sore spots. Eventually because of all the filing away A. First, the tissues overlying the alveolar crest are incised.
of the tissue-bearing surfaces of the denture a portion of B. The tissues are reflected and held away from the bone by
the magnets inside the denture had been filed away. sutures. C. A site is created for the magnet, which should lie
Sam Weber in the late 1950s developed and flush or close to the superior border of the crest. D. The
introduced the universal subperiosteal implant in those magnetized implant is set in place, using an orangewood stick
cases where the mandibular anterior teeth still remained. to position it. E. A tantalum mesh, trimmed so that no more
He reflected the tissues below the anterior teeth labially than 1 mm rests on the marginal bone, is tried over the site.
The magnet is sealed to the mesh with polytetrafluorethylene
and lingually. He also reflected the tissues in both
to immobilize it. If the site is so exact that the magnet snaps
posterior areas so that a full arch subperiosteal implant
into place, the mesh is not needed once the magnet is in place,
could be designed and cast to fit closely to the anterior the site is irrigated and closed. Suturing both the periosteum
and posterior bone, thus eliminating the need to cast two and mucosa over the site (From Behrman SJ Magnets
individual unilaterial posterior subperiosteal implants implanted in the mandible. JADA Vol. 66, February, 1964.
which would require preparing the remaining anterior Copyright American Dental Association. Reprinted by
teeth for full crown restorations which would be part of permission).
Part 1: A History of Implantology 65

Figs 166 A and B : Along-term successful case of magnetized Fig. 167: The author was the first one to incorporate a
implants. A. After 3 years the magnets still firmly seated into continuous bar and split bar in his maxillary pterygoid extension
the bony site, showing no adverse effects. B. Seven and one- implants in 1970
half years later the case is still successful. Inset, a close-up of
B. (From Behrman SJ: Implantation of magnets in jaw to aid
retention. J Prosth Dent 10807-841, 1960)
Bodine 1978, introduced his continuous and bilateral
bars in his mandibular subperiosteal designs.
In 1979, Bodine presented 25-year case reports on
a full arch prosthesis which would help support the subperiosteal implants.
implants. D’Alise 1979, introduced the “O” ring technique. He
started his own company, what is now known as the “0”
In 1970, the author introduced his maxillary company of attachments and implants.
subperiosteal pterygoid extension implant with a In 1978, James made a significant contribution to the
continuous horizontal superstructure bar. overall design of the mandibular subperiosteal implant
In 1974, Mentag introduced the mesio bar concept. by using the buccal surfaces of both rami as a part of the
With the bar connecting the molar and cuspid parts, an subperiosteal framework. It became apparent that some
improvement in the rigidity of the substructure was of the struts crossing over the crestal ridge have no means
accomplished. He also used a continuous bar that gave of support other than the underlying bone which could
the same end result. This approach was an aid in severe resorb under occlusal forces, thus allowing settling of
atrophic mandibles that had a guarded prognosis. In the implant. It is only after the settling of the implant
some cases, that experienced increased flexion of the that a suspensory ligament be formed. Thus, the struts
mandible, the continuous bar presented management on the mesial (symphyseal area) and lateral aspect
problems. Altering the continuous bar by cutting away (external oblique areas) of the mandible have the
the anterior segment leaving both posterior portions of potential for the development of a suspensory ligament
the bar connected from the cuspid to the molars on each without initial settling and thus, it is these peripheral
side of the arch often alleviated the problems. struts along with the struts placed along the lateral
In 1978, Cranin came out with the Brookdale surfaces of both rami which can provide the primary
continuous bar for lower subperiosteal implants. support for these devices.
66 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

Being completely aware of this, Linkow in the mid- Robert James, DDS, in 1988, a teacher, professor and
1960’s both widened and fenestrated the buccal and labial researcher in dental implantology at Loma Linda
struts of the lower subperiosteal implant and never University, presented a paper on subperiosteal implants.
extended them into the undercut areas below the external He described the subperiosteal implant as one of the most
oblique areas or symphyseal areas so that these struts reliable devises to restore and rehabilitate the atrophic
would be the basis of the suspensory ligament support. edentulous lower arch and reviewed the history and
Once, they are placed below the undercut areas or are evolution of his subperiosteal design and detailed their
made too narrow, all of the forces will be brought to bear expanded design to include the lateral borders of the
on the secondary struts that will result in settling of the rami.
implant. Also, by making the buccal and labial peripheral Dr. James gave a 13-year and two 5-year analyses of
struts too thin, they too can easily settle: placing the 201 subperiosteal implants placed at their center with a
pressures on the secondary struts which rest on weaker success or survival rate of 78 to 100%.
bone. Also, and possibly even more important, was using
the anterior surfaces of the rami for greatly increased
support for the framework.
It became apparent to James that the metal implant
suspensory ligament, whether endosseous or
subperiosteal, is dependent upon the formation of bundle
bone lateral to the metal struts with the fiber system
which is capable of forming a “sling” or suspensory
ligament around the implant. This mechanism forms
from the stress brought to bear from the occlusal and
other forces placed on the implant.

Fig. 169: Dr Linkow’s tripodal subperiosteal implant. This


implant transmits the forces of mastication from the teeth to
the skull while supporting the fragile mandible. In contrast, six
Fig. 168: James incorporated a ramus wing. In the early 1980s. endosseous root form implants placed in the symphysis with
A panex of a case done according to the philosophy of James, two cantilevers on each side with only ten-teeth as compared
using D’Alise O-rings which Harris and Root used for to fourteen-teeth. This prosthesis cannot transmit these same
subperiosteal designs and with Linkow buccal strut forces to the skull. Insead, the forces end up compressing the
fenestrations four cantilevers and “die beneath them. Drawn by Jon Wagner.
Part 1: A History of Implantology 67

THE SUBPERIOSTEAL “SYMPHYSEALIRAMI


SUPPORT SYSTEM” (TRIPODAL SUBPERIOSTEAL
IMPLANT)
Taking the James theory and design one step further,
the author included in the design a framework that
besides covering the lateral surfaces of both rami, would
also involve utilizing the anterior or medial surface of
the rami so it can directly act as a posterior support for a
fixed supra-bar system, thus totally eliminating any
contact with the underlying bone along the entire body
of the mandible distal to the mental foramina. This design
would be used mostly when there would be large or near
dehiscencies of both mental nerve bundles and the
inferior alveolar nerves, where if the framework would
have to rest along these areas to support the posterior
posts, apparent tissue breakdown and paresthesia might
easily occur. Fig. 170: The first ramus hinge and second ramus hinge
With this latest architecture, these dehiscent areas
would be totally discarded both in the way of design
and would totally eliminate the need to incise the soft
tissues overlying those critical areas for impression
procedures.
Introduced in 1984, one of Linkow’s most exciting
innovations, called the “tripodal subperiosteal implant,”
is used where the mandible is so severely atrophied that
an ordinary implant cannot be placed. With this
technique, the interim part of the implant is placed over
the anterior symphyseal region mesial to the two mental
foramina, and in the posterior rami area of the mandible,
thus obviating the need for surgery in the areas of the
mental foramina or the inferior alveolar nerves. This
greatly reduced the risk of parasthesia and the need for
transfer of bone from the iliac crest, a major surgical
operation with all its accompanying harmful sequelae.
Linkow described his newest modification of the tripodal
subperiosteal implant introduced in 1999, with the
introduction of rami hinges. The hinges were placed
along the posterior aspect of the mesobar between the
Ramus portion of the implant and several mm distal to
Fig. 171: The third ramus hinge
the most posterior “O” ring abutment.
The hinges were designed to be in concert with the
condylar movements, thus permitting inward and subperiosteal implants. He compared the relative load
outward flexing of the posterior rami-framework of the comparisons of the conventional Brånemark six anterior
implant together with the condylar movements when implants supporting a ten unit fixed prosthesis with four
the patient opens and closes his or her mouth. This cantilevers to a tripodal subperiosteal implant in the
eliminated straining the tissues overlying the Ramus, as atrophic mandible supporting fourteen teeth.
well as a restriction of the normal condylar movements The third pre-manufactured titanium ramus hinges
when an overall one-piece subperiosteal implant was were much easier to incorporate with the subperiosteal
much too rigid, thus increasing the comfort level of the implant frameworking during its wax-up and casting
implant. stages. As a third improvement on many of his cases he
Jon R Wagner, DDS, 1992, detailed load characteristics extended the buccal fenestrated struts dramatically
and design principles of the mandibular tripodal posteriorly along the external oblique ridges and passed
68 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

Individual impressions that are left in place are taken


of these three exposed areas of bone with polyvinyl
siloxane material (mouldable type). Using the same
material a mixed bulk of it is carefully placed over the
three isolated impressions and a proper centric occlusion
and vertical dimension is taken and when hardened, is
carefully removed, which should include the three
individual impressions. The tissues are then sutured
together. Three to four weeks later the patient receives
his or her implant with the implant denture.
It can also be used in conjunction with four posts
joined together with a connecting bar with or without
O-ring attachments. Used in this manner the bar extends
distally from the posterior posts in the same occlusal line
Fig. 172
with the connecting bar and rests on the lingual strut of
the subperiosteal framework that is supported by the
anterior face of the ramus. It thus is used as a “back up”
system just in case the posterior post or posts have to be
removed because of tissue breakdown or bone
destruction.
It can also be used with a more predictable prognosis
in unilateral subperiosteal cases.
Extending superiorly from the bars are either O-ring
projections or the bar is fashioned for retention using
internal clips.

Fig. 173: Shows the third type of ramus hinge

onto the lateral surface of each ramus but above their


undercuts.
The tripodal subperiosteal implant by Linkow allows
a subperiosteal implant design to work successfully when
there would be no posterior region of the mandible to
rest a posterior post due to either dehiscencies of the
inferior alveolar nerves or because of extremely poor A
tissue tonicity and integrity in those areas. In these
situations a horizontal bar extends from each anterior
post to rest on the lingual peripheral strut of the
framework resting on each rami, totally avoiding the
body of the mandible.
This technique in many instances also avoids surgical
opening of the tissues in those precarious sites. Instead
the surgical protocol consists of incising the anterior crest
and exposing the entire symphysis labially and the
sublingual fossa lingually medial to both mental
foramina. Incisions and reflections are also done
posteriorly to expose the anterior surfaces and lateral
surfaces of both rami from 5 to 10 mm below the coronoid B
neck posteriorly and extending anteriorly to the
Figs. 174 A and B: One of the implants that were cast in
retromolar pad areas.
titanium with the second hinge type
Part 1: A History of Implantology 69

Recent technological advances have enabled dentists 14. Report of the meeting of the Academy of Stomagology of
to produce a subperiosteal implant using computer- Philadelphia, Dent Cosmos 1913;55:433-35.
15. Shulman LB, Rogoff GS, Savitt ED, et al. Evaluation in
assisted designs as well as computer-assisted reconstructive implantology. Dent Clin North Am 1986;30(2):327-
manufacturing technology. This eliminates the need for 49.
the initial surgery when the impression is normally taken 16. Skinner PR, Robinson RA. Intraosseous metal implants for
of the atrophied bone. Instead, computerized denture stabilization. Dent Digest 1946;52(8):427-30.
tomography and computer design and manufacture 17. Strock AE. Experimental work on a method for replacement of
missing teeth by direct implantation of metal support into the
technology result in the construction of an accurate three- alveolus. Am J Ortho 1939;25:467-77.
dimensional replica of the bone on which the implant is 18. Venable CS, Stuck WG. Electrolysis controlling factor in use of
constructed, and to which a full overdenture can be metals in treating fractures. JAMA 1939;111:1349-52.
attached. 19. Walker WE. The implantation of sterilized roots of animals’ teeth
carrying artificial crowns. JAMA 1898;30:726-27.
20. Znamenski NW. The implantation of artificial teeth. Br JDen Soc
A Novel Approach to the Problem 1891;34:314-16.
In 1946, PR Skinner of Amsterdam, NY, and KA
Robinson of Albany, reported on a novel approach to
the use of implants as aids in the retention of full or partial INTRAMUCOSAL IMPLANT SNAP
dentures. They drilled a hole horizontally through the INSERT TECHNIQUE
alveolar process. From the palatal or lingual, they placed This technique is used to improve stability of traditional
a metal tube with a wide flange on one end, so that the dentures with minimal surgical trauma. It is indicated
tube could not slip entirely through the hole. This served for cases in which endosseous and subperiosteal implants
to limit the tube’s movement for stabilization. From the are either unfeasible or undesired or simply when the
opposite end, a tube with a ball-like end was screwed aim is to improve the patient’s clinical conditions.
into the first tube. There was a hole in this ball-like end
into which a precision attachment on the denture could
MUCOSAL INSERTS
be fitted.
They are titanium buttons that are surgically placed into
the keratinized mucosa of the palatal side of the alveolar
BIBLIOGRAPHY ridge and then incorporated into a full arch maxillary
1. Andrews RR. Prehistoric crania from Central America Int. Dent
J 1893;14(12): 914-17.
removable prosthesis (upper denture). The prosthesis
2. Bernier JL, Canby CP. Histologic studies on the reaction of
alevolar bone to Vitallium implants. J Am Dent Assoc
1943;30(2):188-97.
3. Berry M. Lead root of teeth for implantation. Ohio Dent Soc
1888;8:549.
4. Bobbio A. The first endosseous alloplastic implant in the history
of man. Bull Hist Dent 1972;20(1): 1-6.
5. Bodine RI. Evaluation of 27 mandibular subperiosteal implant
dentures after 15 to 22 years. J Prosthet Dent 1974;32(2): 188-97.
6. Fischer JE. CAD/CAM subperiosteal implants in Australia: Case
report. Aust Dent J 1993;38(4):261-64.
7. Goldberg NI, Gershkoff A. Fundamentals of the implant denture
J Pvosthet Dent 1952;2:40-50.
8. Gramm CT. Implantation of foreign objects in the maxillae. Dent
Digest 1898;4(12): 832-33.
9. Harris CA. Principles and Practice of Dentistry, ed. II,
Philadelphia, P Blackston Son & Co., 1885; p. 397.
10. Herschfeld JJ. EJ Greenfield and artificial implants. Bull I-list Dent
1984;32(1):33-41.
11. Hoffman-Axthlem W. Fremdkorperimplantation vor 175 Jahren.
Fig. 175: An intramucosal insert, or button implant. The base
Die Quintessenz 1984;9:1747-48. is permanently embedded in the denture, with only the head
12. Kirk EC. Implantation of human teeth-Younger’s operation. Dent and neck protruding. These buttons fit into slots made in the
Cosmos 1888;30(8): 668-4. mucosa. (From Cranin, N: The intramucosal insert—review and
13. Lytle JL. Freeze-dried demineralized bone in dental implant progress reports, JADA 62:658-665, 1961. Copyright American
reconstruction. Calif Dent Assoc J 1994;22(5):47-51. Dental Association. Reprinted by permission)
70 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

would then snap into the healed sockets of keratinized the ridge is first swabbed with tincture of myrrh and
tissue, allowing for increased retention and stabilization benzoin, a compound that will prevent the pencil marks
of the prosthesis. An early article describes the use of a from smearing. Whatever is used, the marks must be
metal base for retention of the buttons in the prosthesis. exactly the same size as the button heads.
Later, designs incorporated the button passively into The denture, already processed, fitted, and balanced,
acrylic. is inserted, and the patient bites in centric relation. The
A prosthesis with intramucosal inserts is particularly marks, either pencil or paste, transfer to the denture and
useful for those patients with abnormal maxillary serve as guides for setting the buttons into the denture.
anatomy or resorption of the maxillary tuberosity and Before inserting the buttons, some operators prefer to first
alveolar crest. It has also helped patients with cleft palate insert indicator styluses in the denture. These punch tiny
and hare lip deformities or injured or diseased jaws and holes in the soft tissue to accentuate the receptor sites.
those individuals who have a tendency to gag and who The areas of the denture to bear either the indicator
cannot retain a conventional denture. It was originally styluses or the buttons are prepared with a specially
thought that the buttons provided enough security to designed bur. This bur is exactly the same diameter as
eliminate the palatal vault of a maxillary denture. the base of the button or stylus. Once, the seats in the
However, only in cases of exceptional retention has this denture base have been prepared, the styluses-if this
been possible. method is to be used-are pushed in and the denture is
Intramucosal inserts, also called button implants, placed in the patient’s mouth. The patient bites in centric
were probably first used by Gustav Adolf Dahl of relation, and the styluses punch holes in the fibromucosal
Stockholm, Sweden. In 1945, Dahl applied for a United tissues. The denture is then removed and cleaned. At this
States patent for the implant procedure he initiated in point it is advisable to cut sluiceways for the acrylic that
Sweden in 1942. Dahl and a fellow worker, Hans J will later bind the buttons to the denture No. 557 bur.
Jordgren, made slots in the mucosa, embedded buttons These sluiceways, which are made with a should extend
in the cuts, and left them there until the sites healed. Eight from the seats at right angles. They are necessary to
to ten days later, the buttons were pulled out. The healed ensure accurate seating of the buttons. If much acrylic is
gums had formed ball-shaped pockets around the trapped under the buttons, they will be incorrectly set.
buttons. These pockets, which corresponded to the This may not only cause discomfort and pain but also
buttons now inserted in the plate, were to act in addition incorrect fusion of the buttons to the denture.
to secure the denture against the mucosa. The seats are then made carefully in the marked areas
In 1953, Isaiah Lew and Kestenbaum introduced their of the mucosa. A trephine is forced all the way through
“implant button technique”, and Norman Cranin also the mucoperiosteum. As it is withdrawn it should be
had worked along similar lines with his own inserts. twisted so that the plug of mucosal tissue will come out
Their techniques were modifications of Dahl’s original intact. For cleaner removal of the mucosal plugs, a
work and are still in current use. Isaiah Lew, Norman hollow-mill trephine that runs in a contra-angle is used
Cranin and Art Jermyn devised the optimum size for instead.
the mucosal inserts and standardized mucosal inserts in A small amount of cold cure acrylic is mixed and
the late 1 950’s, and Lew first wrote about them in 1953. placed into the holes made in the denture. The
Careful in vitro studies and clinical observations were intramucosal button implants are inserted into the
carried out for more than six years, making them a viable denture, and the whole prosthesis is then seated while
technique by 1970. the patient bites into centric occlusion. After the acrylic
Before the operative procedures begin, the crest must hardens, the denture is removed and any excess is
be clear of any roots, residual infections, or foreign trimmed and polished. Experience has shown that
bodies. The sites to receive the buttons are selected by fourteen intramucosal inserts are usually required for the
exploring the tissue covering the anesthetized ridge with average size maxillary denture. Five are placed evenly
a sharp millimeter probe. The best sites are areas where on each side of the arch along the crest of the ridge and
the tissue is thickest. Areas with very thin tissue, such as two on either side of the vault, 1 mm. from the crest.
below a low-flaring sinus or in the region of the anterior When, it is determined that maxillary implants should
palatine foramen, should be avoided. Once, the receptor be contraindicated because of lack of bone, soft tissue
sites have been determined, they are marked either with anomalies, etc., mucosal inserts have been used with
indelible pencil or transfer paste, which is white and various degrees of success. Cranin sutures the denture
contains essential oils of eucalyptus, clove, menthol, and to the soft tissues in order to firmly stabilize the denture
mucilaginous zinc oxide paste. If a pencil is to be used, during the healing stage.
Part 1: A History of Implantology 71

Fig. 176: Dahl’s mucosal inserts shown in US patent application No. 2,374,422, field in 1943

The implant phase of these “button” implants is to


make sure that they are kept completely immobilized for
at least three weeks in order for the permusocal sights to
completely epithelialize and heal.
The soft tissue healing period of about 10 days is so
critical that the denture should never be removed during

Figs 177A and B: (A) Exploring possible button implant sites


with a sharp probe (Courtesy: N Cranin), (B) Intramucosal Fig. 178: A denture bearing the implant buttons. Note the
implant sites marked with indelible pencil (From Cranin, N: number and placement of the buttons (From Cranin, N.:
Intramucosal insect—a method of maxillary denture Intramucosal insert—a method of maxillary denture
stabilization, JADA 57:188, 1958 Copyright American Dental stabilization, JADA 57: 188, 1958. Copyright American Dental
Association. Reprinted by Permission) Association. Reprinted by Permission)
72 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

Fig. 179: To make sure that the denture does not move and Fig. 180: The denture sutured in place. (From Cranin, N:
disturb the healing tissues, it is sutured in place. (From Cranin, Intramucosal insert—a method of maxillary denture
N: Intramucosal insert—a method of maxillary denture stabilization, JADA 57:188, 1958. Copyright American Dental
stabilization, JADA 57:188, 1958. Copyright American Dental Association. Reprinted by permission)
Association. Reprinted by permission)

this time. To ensure that the denture is fixed as firmly as horizontally into the bone until it reaches and penetrates
possible to the mucosal tissue, a variety of procedures the tissue-bearing surface of the denture’s palatal surface.
has been devised. One method, used by Cranin, is to Any protruding excess pin is then cut nearly flush with
suture the denture into position with a 1-in. half round the buccal and palatal surface of the denture and locked
cutting edge needle and double 00 braided silk suture with cold cure acrylic. This procedure gives the denture
thread. Three retention sutures are placed through the complete immobility and can be done in a few minutes.
buccal and palatal surfaces of the denture in both After a 20-day healing period, the periphery around each
tuberosity areas by passing the silk through the pin is drilled with a round bur until it can be gripped
fibromucosal tissue between both surfaces of the denture. with a thin-nose pliers and pulled out. The two holes in
A fourth suture is passed anteriorly through the soft the denture are filled with fast cure acrylic and the surface
tissues just inferior to the nasal spine. Holes are cut in polished.
the denture with a round No. 8 bur, using the curve of
the needle as a guide for the placement of the buccal and
palatal openings. The denture is again seated and the
occlusion is checked before the sutures are tied. Even
the most difficult patient would hesitate to remove a
denture affixed in such a manner.
The healing implant sites epithelialize normally. The
tissues constrict about the cervix of the insert, creating
positive retention around each of the heads. When
healing is complete, the tissues appear pink, moist and
healthy. An air syringe directed at each receptor site will
reveal a barely visible but deep well-formed crypt.
Linkow’s method fixates the denture even more
firmly. The first step is to make two horizontal holes with
Fig. 181: Another method of stabilizing a button implant denture
a No. 558 bur on opposite sides of the buccal flange of until the sites heal, according to Linkow, is to drive pin implants
the denture, making sure that the holes are below the horizontally into the bone (arrows), carefully avoiding the sinus.
sinus in the bicuspid area. While the patient bites in The protruding ends of the pins are cut flush with the pink acrylic
centric relation, a needle implant in a special chuck and and fastened to it with a drop of resin material. This gives the
contra-angle is driven through the buccal holes and denture immediate stabilization
Part 1: A History of Implantology 73

A clearly visual step-by-step procedure for mucosal


inserts will be shown in great detail.

A B

Figs 182 A and B: (A) An intramucosal mushroom shaped


snapigert implant, (B) The intramucosal insert with a plastic Fig. 185: An acrylic receptor site bur is used to prepare sites
protective housing covering the mushroom portion and neck within the denture for placement and fixation of twelve to
fourteen insert bases. One row of three to four insert
preparations are made inside the denture opposing the crest
of the patient’s ridge, from the canine to the tuberosity areas
on both sides. Another row of three inserts are placed along
the junction of the palate and the alveolar ridge in a staggered
fashion, on both sides

Fig. 183: Shows a well constructed denture. Snapinserts are


used for additional security and retention with property fitting
and well constructed dentures, many of which have already
been worn and adjusted. Patients should hav a complete
opposing occlusion. Palatal tissues should be firm and healthy

Fig. 186: Each intramucosal insert is placed into each receptor


site inside the denture individually with its protective plastic
housing covering its mushroom and neck portion. Using acrylic
powder and liquid individually the top of the base of the insert
is carefully covered with a fine paint brush. The protective
housing prevents the acrylic from oozing into the undercut area
of the insert. The procedure is repeated until all of the inserts
are processed to the denture base

Fig. 184: Site selection for each insert is determined on the


palatal side of the denture after verifying there are no palatal
soft tissue contraindications. This is accomplished by first
drying the tissue bearing surface of the denture and the palatal
tissues and then swabbing the tissue insert sites with tincture
of myrrh and benzoin and then marking the site areas inside
the denture with an indelible pencil. The denture is then placed Fig. 187: A specially designed hollow mill trephine is then
in the mouth and removed to check if the markings are in proper rotated over the insert head and neck to remove any acrylic
position. The myrrh and benzoin prevents blanching of the flashing along its base. This is accomplished after the plastic
indelible pencil marks protective housing is removed
74 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

Fig. 191: The apical perimeter of the mushroom portion of each


prepared insert base location is coated with dye from a purple
denture transfer stick
Fig. 188: The palatal surface of the denture is carefully
checked for any remaining acrylic residues

Fig. 192: The patient’s palate is dried with gauze and coated
Fig. 189: A finishing disk brush is then used with pumice to with lincture of myrrh and benzoin and is then instructed to bite
finely polish away any remaining acrylic hard with the denture in palace. The dye around each base
site provides exact transfer of crest and palatal slope sites.
Twelve to fourteen circles representing the snapinsert location
in the denture should be outlined in purple on the patients palate

Fig. 193: A few drops of a local anesthetic with 1:100,000


Fig. 190: The prepared insert bases are epinephrine can be injected into each site which creates good
checked once again hemostasis
Part 1: A History of Implantology 75

Fig. 194: A sterile tissue receptor site bur is used at right angles
to the markings to prepare a tissue channel in the center of
each tissue site. A broad flange at the base prevents
overpenetration of the bur. If the palatal tissue is too thin at
any given implant receptor site the procedure in that area should
be aborted as the patient will experience pain when chewing
occluding

Fig. 195: A sterile tissue undercut bur is used to create an


undercut in the tissues at the top of each insert channel. This
undercut corresponds to each head of the insert. A broad flange
again prevents overpenetration of the bur. This bur is rotated
only after it is placed deeply into the tissue receptor site. This
will create a female mushroom shaped tissue receptor site
which will retain the male mushroom shaped implant. If the
denture is unable to be reseated properly with the inserts in
place the path of draw should be examined. Some divergence
of the snapinserts between those on the ridge crest and those
on the palatal junction is desired for maximum retention but if it
is too great it will keep the denture from reseating. The clinician
should remove the offending snapinsert and adjust the
angulation before replacing it

Fig. 196: Where snapinserts are to be placed into a metallic


based denture the twelve to fourteen holes should first be made
in the wax prior to casting the base
76 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

Fig. 199: After the proper healing time the pins are removed
and new acrylic is added to the remaining tiny holes on both
sides of the denture and polished. Once, the denture is placed
back in position the patient should refrain from removing the
denture too often and especially, when it is removed for
Fig. 197: Shows the snapinserts protruding through a metal
cleaning, it should be placed back as quickly as possible.
base of a denture
If the patient desires, a portion of the palate of the denture
may be incrementally removed after one month.
Some clinicians perform this procedure using trial
snapinserts which allow nonfunctional healing analogous to
two-stage endosteal screws but this is usually not necessary.
This technique involves placement of trial snapinserts into the
tissue receptor sites without them being attached to the palatal
side of the denture. The tissue is allowed to heal for several
weeks before the trial snapinserts are removed and the regular
snapinserts are attached to the denture. The technique is
described below.
The trial snapinserts have very thin metal bases which
should be flush with the tissue when property seated. The
Fig. 198: The moment the snapinsert denture fits correctly
prepared base receptor sites in the prosthesis are then filled in
into the tissue receptor sites it is removed and with a # 557
with a soft tissue conditioner. A denture adhesive is applied to
fissure bur at least two holes are made through the buccal
the maxillary prosthesis and inserted over the trial snapinserts.
Flanges on each side of the denture.
The patient is instructed to leave the maxillary prosthesis
The denture is repositioned again in the mouth and a long
in place for three weeks. During this period, the receptor sites
thin twist drill (same diameter as the # 557 bur) is rotated in a
will heal around the submerged trial inserts. Since, the
slow running contra-angle. It should be directed at such an
prosthesis is not connected to the trial snapinserts it can be
angle as to penetrate the mucoperiosteal tissues and the
removed at night or for cleaning.
alveolar bone beneath the antral floors. The twist drill should
In three weeks the snapinsert receptor sites are cleaned
penetrate through the palatal surface of the denture. When
and the tissue conditioner is removed. The final site locations
this is completed the denture is once more removed and
are sealed to the denture base with cold cure acrylic resin.
cleaned of all acrylic debris and replaced back into position.
Local anesthetic is often not needed during this second
Titanium pin implants are then carefully guided through
appointment. The prosthesis is then placed into the mouth,
the buccal flanges of the denture, one at a time, and with a
and the final snapinserts should go into the healed tissue
gentle tapping using a mallet these pins are transfixated through
receptor sites. The occlusion and periphery is checked to make
the denture and the underlying soft and hard tissues of the
sure that the prosthesis is completely seated and stable
maxilla.Using acrylic powder and liquid and a soft brush the
pin implants are locked to the buccal and palatal surfaces of
the denture, preventing them from moving. When the acrylic
hardens the excess pins are cut to be nearly flush with the
denture but should extend out at least one mn on the buccal
sides so these pins can easily be removed when the palatal
epithelium and connective tissues properly heal around the
snapinsert heads. Healing can take between three to six weeks.
This technique, developed by the author in the late 1960s,
is the only predictable way the denture can remain in position Fig. 200: The intramucosal implant snapinsert denture can
during the healing phase. provide significant mechanical retention in the maxilla and
(*Linkow, Leonard I.: Theories and Techniques of Oral should be considered a viable treatment option. It is relatively
Implantology; CV Mosby Co. St. Louis, MO; 1970; Vol. I and II) simple, quick, minimally invasive and easily reversible
Part 1: A History of Implantology 77

This book comes to us with the confidence and educational standards, which can be implemented by the
enthusiasm of the author and his feeling that the ADA through its Council on Education. At present,
techniques described herein, with careful consideration several schools have adopted formal training programs.
and under the proper circumstances, can be successfully The first in the world was instituted in 1985 at the School
implemented. of Dental Medicine of the University of Pittsburgh. It
At no time has he insisted that his ideas are the only established a 1-year postdoctoral fellowship in oral
ones to be considered, that his recommendations are the implantology, followed by a 2-year residency in
panacea of widespread problems, or that past good prosthodontics. In the beginning, only one student was
practices should be sidetracked; rather, he has taken the admitted to the program; now, of course, more have
direct opposite stand and submits the results of his labors enrolled.
so that the worth of his points of practice may be analyzed On the undergraduate level, the Harvard School of
within the framework of the reader’s practice Dental Medicine took the lead in establishing the first
background and in the light of his own needs. department of implant dentistry. New York University
Commendation for such pioneering must be high, for followed suit, and today has the largest implant program
without the “inner gleam” reaching for improvement, in the entire world. It appears that it will be only a matter
little real progress can ever be made. This author has of time before all dental schools make implant dentistry
that inner gleam, and his devotion to it has produced a regular and important part of each dental student’s
this profound and dedicated study. In the field, where education.
the future has no limiting boundaries, growth must be Today, one of the most important courses in implant
shown, for nothing is really impossible. dentistry is administered at the Medical Dental College
A history of transplantology and the evolution of of Georgia.
endosseous implantology has been carefully discussed 2001 was the 5th anniversary of the American
from the beginning to its present designs and systems. Academy of Implant Dentistry. We did not forget the
A history and evolution of the mandibular current history makers and pioneers who continued to
subperiosteal implants over the past fifty years have been invent, develop and teach innovative techniques. They
discussed and illustrated. The designs have been slowly are the ones that will be listed in future history articles.
changed according to the clinical results of many of the They are Drs. Leonard Linkow, Carl Misch, Norman
pioneers, their research and studies leading to present Cranin, Hilt Tatum, Manuel Chanavez, Dennis Tarnow,
day rationales. Mike Pikos, Jamie Lasada, Dick Borgner, and many
To what levels man will be able to further implant others.
dentistry is limited only by his imagination. It is reasonable to expect a higher number of long-
term survivals for today’s wellplaced subperiosteal
The Future of Implantology implants that have incorporated sophisticated designs
That implants are here to stay is no longer a question. and the surgical techniques of Linkow, James, Golec,
However, many questions remain about evaluating Reynolds, Wagner and Nordquest.
materials and procedures, and about proper training and Dr Linkow is proud of his accomplishments but
certification. disappointed at what he sees as his failure to see greater
acceptance of multimodality implant dentistry as the
standard of our profession.
The Need for Formal Training Multimodality implant dentistry includes
It is clear that formal training is necessary so that dentists subperiosteal and blade/plate form (NRI narrow ridge)
who practice implant dentistry be truly skilled in this implants along with root form implants to reconstruct
demanding procedure. Several organizations dedicated patients. All credentialed AAID members and some
to implantology have worked to improve skills and ABOI credentialed diplomats at one time have been
understanding in this field. Foremost among these, the trained to treat patients with blades (NRI) and
American Academy of Implant Dentistry holds that subperiosteal implants.
establishing implant dentistry as a specialty will provide Where the future has no limiting boundaries, growth
the basis for the orderly development of national must be shown, for nothing is really impossible.
A Brief Review of History

60 YEARS! THE RE-ESTABLISHMENT OF THE b. Giordano Muratori from Bologna, Italy,


TRUE HISTORY OF IMPLANT DENTISTRY introduced a helex type of screw implant with
internal threads going down their shafts so the
OR
prosthesis could be screwed over the shafts. The
IMPLANTOLOGY IN THE SIXTIES AND SEVENTIES
procedure first required the use of a tap 1963.
— HAS ANYTHING REALLY CHANGED?
c. Sami Sandhaus from Lauzanne, Switzerland,
1. E.J.Greenfields’ original patent was in the file in 1909 was the first to develop a nonmetallic screw
for the Greenfield Cage. implant made of synthetic sapphire (aluminum
2 Gustav Dahl from Sweden cast the first oxide). The procedure also required first using a
subperiosteal implant in 1941 and was granted a tap. 1963 (CBS Screw)
patent in 1942. He also introduced mucosal inserts d. Linkow from the U.S. developed the endosseous
to the profession in 1942. ventplant screw (1963) which was the very first
3. The Strock brothers from Boston reported on screw self-tapping screw type implant. He also
implants placed in dogs and humans respectively introduced the hollow basket implant (patent
in 1938 and 1939. filed Aug. 17, 1965, granted March 10, 1970) No
4. The Italian Manlio S. Formiggini in the mid 1940’s taps were any longer needed.
originally devised a prototype for some of the most 11. Michele Chercheve, in about 1963, developed the
successful screw type root form implants used today narrow ridge implant which preceded the MTI
in Europe. implant of today by at least 20 years.
5. The Formiggini implant was soon improved by the 12. In 1965, Isaiah Lew of U.S. introduced the Lew
Spaniard Perron-Andres and the Italian Zapponi, Screw. It also required a tap.
who made the first casting of a spiral implant in 13. Ugo Pasqualini from Milano, Italy was the first one
1955. to truly realize the close adaptation of the bone to
6. Raphael Chercheve from France developed the twenty three various shaped hollow screw and
double helex Vitallium implant in 1956. It required basket type implants placed in dogs in 1962, which
first tapping the bone. In 1962 he developed the two showed direct bone to metal contact which years
piece “sleep away” implant. He was the first to later was called “osseointegration”.
develop a coordinated system of instrumentation. 14. Linkow in 1964 fabricated internally threaded self-
7. Benaim introduced the two piece tubular implant tapping ventplant screws for screwing in the
in 1958. prostheses and for their easy retrieval.
8. Jeanneret introduced his three piece screw implant 15. In 1964, Linkow prefabricated full arch fixed
in 1960. prostheses for immediate loading at the same visit
9. Jacque Scialom, from France in the late 1950’s the endosseous implants were inserted. (1964 over
developed the needle implants. the ventplants and 1967 over the bladevent
10. In 1963 a great many pioneers from different implants) (Theories and Techniques — C.V. Mosby
countries developed their own designed screws. 1970).
a. Stefamo Tramonte from Milano, Italy introduced 16. Tripodal needle implants of Scialom (1959) and
his modified orthopedic screw implant which techniques and procedures for circumventing the
he often placed into open sockets. It first required maxillary sinuses in antero-posterior directions
a tap to create the socket 1963. (Linkow, 1961).
Part 1: History of Implantology 79

17. Harvesting bone from the symphyses for use as bone 31. Zygomatic endosseous implants was first reported
grafts for ridge augmentation, periodontal defects by Linkow in 1970. They were introduced in cases
and for overzealous apicoectomies where too much where the alveolar bone along the posterior
of the roots were removed was first reported by quadrants was so completely resorbed bucco-pal-
Linkow in 1968. (The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, atally to such an extent that the original ridge crest
Vo 1. 20, No .4, Oct. 1968). was so far lingual to the lower ridge that the
18. Linkow, in 1977 was the first to show how a blunted maxillary teeth were completely palatal to the
apical surface of a blade implant could separate and mandibular teeth with no contact. Thus, occlusion
lift-up the Schneiderian membrane from its bony of both arches of the restorations was made possible.
components. (Maxillary Implants - A Dynamic (Theories and Techniques of Oral Implantology; CV
Approach to Oral Implantology-Glarus Publishing Mosby Co., 1970).
Co.,: No. Haven, CT, 1977). 32. Linkow reported on his own Classification of Bone
19. Linkow introduced the endosseous bladevent to the in 1970. (Theories and Techniques of Oral
profession in 1967. Implantology, CV Mosby Co., 1970).
20. Harold Roberts placed only two flat (non-tapered) 33. Linkow was the first to report on the stabilization
type disc implants into two patients also in 1967. of fractures using endosseous blade implants in
The author applied in 1965 for an early blade patent. 1970. (Theories and Techniques of Oral
21. In 1970, Harold Roberts developed the one piece Implantology, CV Mosby Co., 1970).
ramus frame implant which had much success. 34. Garbaccio, Italy in 1970 introduced his bicortical
22. In 1972, Roberts introduced the ramis blade implant. screw.
23. In 1969, Cranin introduced the vitalium endosseous 35. Linkow, in 1975, developed the five piece ramus
anchor blade type implant. system (R2S5).
24. Cranin was the very first to establish a full time two 36. Weiss, Charles in 1976, introduced the ramus frame
year hospital based training program in Brookdale assembly system. He was the first to talk about
Hospital in 1969. avoiding metal transfer by manufacturing all the
25. Cranin also introduced the Brookdale Bar for full instruments that come in contact with the blade
arch mandibular subperiosteal implants in 1973. implants to be titanium tipped.
26. Brånemark, from Sweden introduced his 37. Weiss was instrumental in having the ADA grant
submergible screw type implant in 1965. full acceptance of the Oratronics standard blade
27. The use of transparent acrylic guiding templates for system. He also did the original research on the
proper positioning and angulations of root form “precompacting and coining” of CP titanium “tissue
implants was first reported by Tramonte in 1970. tac” interface.
28. In 1970, Linkow was the first to report on the use of 38. Hans Orlay, from England developed the
permanent gold guiding templates, which also endodontic stabilizers in 1953. However, Malaquisy
became an integral part of the prefabricated full arch Souza, a Uruguayan, developed them in 1947 and
fixed prosthesis which was placed into immediate Jorge Bruno in 1952 and Juan De Alsina continued
function. (Theories and Techniques of Oral the studies started by Souza. Later, Bertolini in the
Implantology, CV Mosby Co., St. Louis, MO 1970). late 1960’s, lsaiah Lew in 1968, Norman Cranin in
29. Drilling directly thru the mucosal tissues and into the late 1960s and in 1973 Weiss and Judy created a
the bone to insert the early designed ventplant coordinated system of instrumentation for
implants, thus eliminating the incisions and endodontic stabilizers.
reflections of the tissues was first described by 39. Re-entry procedures which required incisions and
Linkow. (1963) (flapless surgery). reflections of the mucoperiosteal tissues as early as
30. The use of the endosseous blade type implants for three months postoperatively to view the
posterior anchorage in Class II Division II cases of regeneration of new bone growth over the shoulders
adult female orthodontics when no posterior of bladevent implants were done by Linkow in 1968
mandibular teeth were present and the patient and 1969.
refused to wear extra oral head bands, was first 40. Endosseous blade type implants were introduced
introduced by Linkow in 1970, which allowed the into the knife edge ridges of children due to
blade implants to act as anchoring abutments. anodontia by Linkow in 1970. (Theories and
(Theories and Techniques of Oral Implantology; CV Techniques of Oral Implantology, CV Mosby Co.,
Mosby Co., 1970). 1970).
80 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

41. Linkow had lectured and reported on nerve 50. Full arch and partial arch subperiosteal implants are
repositioning with the rearchitecturing of the very much different in design to those in the early
mandibular canals and mental foramina without 1950s and 1960s.
destroying the buccal plates of bone as early as 1975. 51. Gershkoff and Goldberg from Providence, RI,
42. Linkow introduced the Pterygoid Extension started doing subperiosteal implants in 1949 in the
subperiosteal implant with its continuous mesobar US after visiting Gustav Dahl.
in maxillary jaws in 1970. 52. Isaiah Lew from NYC and Nicholas Berman from
43. Linkow in 1970, (Theories and Techniques of Oral the state of Washington almost concomitantly
Implantology, CV Mosby Ca. 1970) traced the started taking direct bone impressions for the
locations of 186 inferior alveolar canals in both sides custom cast subperiosteal implants in 1951.
of 93 mandibles with their relationships to wires 53. Luigi Marziani from Rome, Italy, did the first
representing the center of the atrophied ridge crests. meshed maxillary and mandibular tantalum
The inferior canals were always located slightly subperiosteal implants in 1958. The author was
buccal to the wires representing the center of the fortunate enough to receive slides of this patient
atrophied ridges. from the dentist who was treating her. The
44. Linkow introduced the use of sterile Plaster of Paris mandibular implant still remains after 50 years! She
as barrier membranes to cover bony lesions and lost the maxillary sub after 35 years. A documented
sockets around endosseous implants as early as letter written by the patient has been seen by this
1970. (Theories and Techniques of Oral author.
Implantology, CV Mosby Co. 1970). 54. In 1953, Bodine designed a unilateral subperiosteal
45. Linkow introduced needle implants that transfixated tooth butterfly implant.
a maxillary full arch denture to the jaw immediately 55. Linkow in 1954 introduced his cast Vitallium
following surgical vestibular extensions as early as unilateral subperiosteal implant and improved on
1960. (In 1970 reported in Theories and Techniques its design with added “lingual fingers” in 1956.
of Oral Implantology, CV Mosby Co., 1970). These 56. Improvements for design and surgical procedures
needle implants transfixated the denture to the continued for the next 50 years by pioneers such as
underlying maxillary soft tissue anatomy by going Roy Bodine, Norman Cranin, Paul Mentag, Leonard
through the denture buccally and through the bone Linkow, Isaiah Lew, Gershkoff and Goldberg and
and through the palatal side of the denture until final many others.
healing would take place. He also used the same 57. James, in 1978 made a very important contribution
transfixation procedures immediately after mucosal to the overall design of the mandibular subperiosteal
inserts were processed into the tissue bearing surfaces framework by using both buccal surfaces of both
of the dentures. rami as part of the implant framework.
46. Linkow, in 1977 did photo-elasticity tests and 58. In 1984, Linkow introduced the mandibular tripodal
studies at the Eastman Kodak Laboratories showing subperiosteal implant for severely atrophied
many different implant designs with their various mandibles where often a portion of the inferior
stress patterns. alveolar and mental nerves were dehiscent but the
47. Linkow introduced the placement of endosseous surgical protocol and design bi-passed these areas.
blade type implants into maxillary ridges he 59. A critical evaluation of the endosseous blade-plate
restored with nonresorbable HA nine months post- form implants (Linkow, 1967) and their advantages
operatively in the late 1970’s and early 1980’s. He such as:
also placed maxillary subperiosteal implants a. immediate loading
successfully over healed HA ridges. b. simplicity in parallelism
48. Isaiah Lew in about 1968 introduced the “Passive c. instantaneous patient acceptance was once again
Lew Attachments” for the stability and retention of discussed and illustrated by Linkow.
the overdentures over maxillary and mandibular 60. Linkow advocated full arch fixed bridgework for
subperiosteal implants. bilateral stabilization, especially with root form and
49. The surgical and radiographic procedures for blade type implants as early as 1964 and 1967
placement of Chercheve screws and Linkow respectively.
ventplants were exactly as they are today taking (Theories and Techniques of Oral Implantology, CV
radiographs of the various burs and implants during Mosby Co., 1970 and many articles written prior to
the surgical procedures. that)
Part 1: History of Implantology 81

61. Linkow and Rinaldi hold patents for angulated posts 73. Adell R, Lekholm U, Rockler B, et al: A 15 year study
and for self-tapping mechanisms of all root form of osseointegrated implants in the treatment of the
implants. edentulous jaw. Int J Oral Surg 1981; 10:387.
62. The external oblique blade was used posteriorly over 74. Ismail YM, Sotereanos G, Karabin G.
the external oblique ridge when a deep Osseointegration: an overview. NY State Dent J
submandibular fossa existed. (Linkow 1980) 1986; 52(10): 28-30.
63. Elimination of infrabony pockets directly to the 75. Babbush CA. ITI endosteal hollow cylinder implant
apices of the teeth with the introduction of single systems. Dent Clin North Am 1986, 30(1):133-136.
tooth blade implants that were placed labio/ 76. Schroeder A, Sutter F, Krekeler G. Oral
lingually and with their posts cut off. Elimination Implantology. Stuttgart, Georg Thieme Verlag, 1991;
of deep infrabony pockets by in-fracturing the bone pp 74, 104.
in the partially edentulous area between the tooth 77. Driskell TD. History of Implants. Calif Dent Assoc J
with the infrabony pocket and its neighboring tooth 1987; 15(10): 16-25.
and then tapping in a single posteless blade implant 78. McCoy ED. Risk of vitreous carbon implants. In
bucco/lingually wedging the bone against the tooth Dental Implants: Benefit and Risk.
with the lesion. (Linkow 1970- Theories and NIH-Harvard Consensus Development Conference
Techniques of Oral Implantology, CV Mosby Co.) Pub No. 81-1531:211, Washington, US Dept of
64. Linkow had proven osseointegration of blade Health and Human Services, Public Health Service,
implants that were placed into immediate function National Institutes of Health, 1980.
in humans as long as 19 years and 3 months (988 79. Schnitman PA. Vitreous carbon implants: a five year
weeks). study in baboons. J Prosthet Dent 1980; 44(2): 190-
65. Linkow’s re-entry system consisting mostly of 194.
biblades was introduced to the profession in the 80. Denissen H, Mangano, C, Verini G. Hydroxylapatite
early 1980’s. Implants. Padua, Italy, Piccin Nuova Lib, p. 76, 1985.
66. In 1963, Linkow introduced the very first self- 81. Sutter F, Weber HP, Sorensen J, et al. The new
tapping screw type implant which was the restorative concept of the ITI Dental Implant System:
ventplant. Each and every one of them were placed design and engineering. Int J Periodontics
into immediate function and immediately loaded. Restorative Dent 1993; 13(5): 425.
67. In 1967, Linkow introduced the endosseous 82. Lerner SA. Bone-fill in guided tissue regeneration
bladevent implants which were all immediately of periodontal defects. Compend Cont Educ Dent
loaded. Also, all of his subperiosteal implants were 1993; 13(5):425.
immediately loaded. So it was not Brånemark in the 83. Dahlin C, Lekholm U, Linde A. Membrane-induced
late 1990’s who invented immediate loading. Let’s bone augmentation at titanium implants: a report
allow the truth to be told! on ten fixtures followed from 1 to 3 years after
68. In the early 1980’s Calcitec, Sterios, Noblepharma loading. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent, 1991
and many other companies went public with their 11:272-81.
root form implants. During that same period of time, 84. Natiella J, et al. Report on current evaluation of
Linkow redesigned his ventplant, and developed dental implants to Council on Dental Materials and
the Linkow osseovent for softer bone as well as his Devices. J. Am Dent Assoc 1975, 89: 1367-68.
“tap-in/press fit” anti-rotational cylinder implant. 85. Schnitman P, Shulman LB (eds): Dental Implants:
69. Linkow LI: Implantology in dentistry: a brief Benefit and Risk. An NIH-Harvard Consensus
historical perspective. NYState Dent J 1991, 60(7): Development Conference Pub No. 81 - 1531:211,
31-35 . Washington, US Dept of Health and Human
70. Linkow LI: Intra-osseous implants utilized as fixed Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes
bridge abutments. J Oral Implants and Transplants of Health, 1978.
10: 17-23, 1964. 86. Schnitman PA. Implant dentistry: will it be the ninth
71. Roberts HD, Roberts RA. The ramus endosseous recognized specialty? NY State Dent J 1993; 59(5):51-
implant. J South Calif Dent Assoc 38:571-577. 54.
72. Williams E: A Matter of Balance. Göteborg, Sweden, 87. University of Pittsburgh: Pilt Magazine 1986;1(3):
Akademiförlaget, p. 35, 1992. 4.
82 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

READING MATERIAL—BOOKS AND ARTICLES 12. Dental Implants and Super Implants; A paper
presented in Italy, 1956 at the Congress of Stomatology -
HISTORY OF DENTAL IMPLANTS
meeting 01 implants - to report on his use 01 subperiosteal
1. Implant Dentistry Today; A multi-disciplinary
implants since 1940
approach
Author: Gustav Dahl, Sweden
Publisher: Piccin Volume 1,2,3 Podua, Italy, 1990
13. Implant Dentures; Rationale of the Mandibular
Author: Leonard I. Linkow, D.D.S., DMSc
Implant Denture
2. Maxillary Implants; A dynamic approach to
Dent. Clin. N. America, 567-578
implantology
Authors: Goldberg and Gershkoff, Nov. 1960
Glarus Publishing Co., 1977 North Havin, Conn.
Progress in Implant Dentistry Isaiah Lew, D.D.S.,
Author: Leonard I. Linkow, D.D.S. DMSc
1959
3. Mandibular Implants; A dynamic approach to
14. An Implant Technique for the Lower Denture.
implantology
Wash. Dent. J. 1950, 19: 15-17
Glarus Publishing Co., 1978 North Haven, Conn.
Author: Nickol S. Berman
Author: Leonard L. Linkow, D.D.S. DMSc
15. The Unilateral Implant Dental Digest, 1954
4. Theories and Techniques of Oral Implantology C.V.
Author: Leonard I. Linkow, D.D.S. DMSc
Mosby, St. Louis, Missouri
16. An Evaluation of the Unilateral Implant, A Five Year
Vol#1 & #2,1970
Report Dental Digest, 1958
Author: Leonard I. Linkow, D.D.S. DMSc
Author: Leonard J. Linkow, D.D.S. DMSc
5. Contemporary Implant Dentistry
17. Evaluation of the Unilateral Implant, An Eight Year
C.V. Mosby, 1993
Report Dental Digest, 1962
Author: Carl Misch, D.D.S.
Author: Leonard I. Linkow, D.D.S. DMSc
6. Pause for a Moment in History: A thousand years
18. Re-Evaluation of Mandibular Subperiosteal
of dental implants — a definitive history
Implants, A 12 Year Report
compendium,
J. Prs. Dent.
Oct. 1995 & Nov. 1995
Author: Leonard I. Linkow, D.D.S.
Author: Melvin E. Ring, D.D.S., M.L.S., E.A.C.D.
19. The Status of Oral Implants L’Informatore Odonto
7. Evolutionary Design Trends in the Mandibular
— Stomatologico
Subperiosteal Implant, Journal of Oral Implantology
An Italian Journal of Implantology
Vol. 11, #31984 pp. 402-38
Author: Leonard I. Linkow, D.D.S.
Author: Leonard I. Linkow, D.D.S. DMSc
20. Evolutionary Design Trends in the Mandibular
8. Implantation of Artificial Roots for Crown & Bridge
Subperiosteal Implant Journal of Oral Implantology:
Dental Review -
Vol 11, #3, 1984, pp. 402-38
Chicago, Jan., 1914 Dr. E.J. Greenfield — Wichita,
Author: Leonard I. Linkow, D.D.S. DM Sc
Kansas
21. Subperiosteal Implants C.D.A. Journal- Jan. 1988
9. Color Atlas of Implant Techniques and Implant
Authors: Robert A. James, D.D.S., Jaime lo Lozada,
Prostheses
D.D.S., Philip H. Truitt, D.D.S., Blake E. Foust,
Piccini-Padua, Italy 1996
D.D.S., Sascha A. Jovanovic, D.D.S.
Author: Leonard I. Linkow, D.D.S. DMSc &
22. Load Characteristics and Design Principles of
Francisco Mangini M.D., D.D.S.
Mandibular Tripodal Subperiosteal Implants
10. Ultrastructural Comparisons of Ceramic and
Journal of Oral Implantology, Vol. 18, 1992
Titanium Dental Implants in Vivo: A Scanning
Author: Jon R. Wagner, D.D.S.
Electron Microscopic Study Journal of Biomaterials
23. The Mandibular “Hinged” Tripodal Subperiosteal
research
Implant for Severe Mandibular
August 1989-Vol. #23-#8, pp. 895-909
Atrophies Dentistry Today — Vol. 15 #5
Authors: David E. Steflik, Ralph V. McKinney, Jr.,
Author: Leonard I. Linkow, D.D.S., DM Sc 1996
and David Koth
24. Atlas of Oral Implantology. A. Norman Cranin,
11. Clinical and Statistical Analysis of Human Clinical
Mosby Pub, St. Louis 1999
Trials with the Single Crystal Aluminum Oxide
25. Dental Implantology and Prostheses, Perel, Morton
Endosteal Dental Implant - 5 Year Results Journal
L., J.B. Lippincott Co. 1977
of Prosthetic Dentistry
26. Endosteal Dental Implants, McKinney, Rolf V.,
August 1988 — Vol. 60 #2 - pp. 225-234
Mosby, St. Louis, 1991
Author: Koth, McKinney, Steflik, Davis
Part 1: History of Implantology 83

27. Multi-type Oral Implantology, Muratori, Giordano, (Eds): Tissue Integration in Oral, Orthopedic &
Cantelli Printers Meg Vid Parigi, Bologna, Italy, 1972 Maxillofacial Reconstruction. Chicago: Quint-
28. Osteofibroses Implant and Implantological essence Books, 1990: 2 18-26.
Revisions 1975-1 975 Muratori, Giordano 44. Nicholls JL, Basten CH-J: A comparison of three
29. Pierazzini, Antonio Utet 2003 Unionetipografico - mechanical properties of four implant designs.
Editrice Torinese Corso Postgraduate Dent 1995; 2(1):4-12.
Raffaello 28, 10215 Torino 45. Medical Data InternationaI, Ine., RP.551370, 1993.
30. Pierazzini, Antonio, Diagnostics Per Immagini in 46. Binon PauI P.: The Evolution and Evaluation of Two
Odontostomatologica, Interference-Fit Implant Interfaces.
Techniche Avanzate, Utet, 2003 47. Nicholls, Jack I., PhD: A Comparison of Three
31. Weiss, Charles M and Weiss, Adam Principles and Mechanical Properties of Four Implant Designs.
Practice of Implant Dentistry, Postgraduate Dentistry, Vol. 2, No.1.
Mosby Inc. St. Louis, 2001 48. Niznick, Gerald, DMD, MSD: The Implant Abut-
32. Chercheve, R: les Implants Endo-osseux. ment Connection: The Key to Prosthetic Success.
Paris:Librarie Malolne, S.A., 1962: 127-138. Compend Contin Educ Dent, Vo. XIII, No. 12.
33. Benaim, L: Presentation d’un implant tublaire endo- 49. Lavelle, Christopher, MDS, Dsc, and Wedgewood,
osseux. Journal de Stomatologie et Information Dennis, MBBS, FDS,: Effect of Internal Irrigation on
Dentaire 1959; 1: 16-17. Frictional Heat Generated from Bone Drilling.
34. Brånemark, PJ, Hansson BO, Adell R, Breine U,
Lindstrom J, Hallen, Ohman A. MORE BOOKS ON IMPLANTOLOGY
Osseointegrated implants in the treatment of the Attachments and Implants Reference Manual, Peter E.
edentulous jaw. Experience from a 10-year period Staubli, 5th Edition, San Mateo, CA: Attachments
Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg 1977; 111 (Suppl l6): International, Inc. 1993.
1-132. Bioactive Glass As a Bone Substitute Material In Oral
35. Linkow LI: Intra-osseous pins and posts and and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tit Turenen, Turku:
techniques thereof. United States patent #3,499,222, Turun Yliopisto, 2000.
filed August 17, 1965. Bone-Anchored Implants in the Head and Neck Region:
36. Schroeder A, Pohler O, Sutter F: Gewebareaktion Report from A Conference:” A Summary, compiled
auf ein titanhow wzylinderimplantat mit titan- by Olle Hallén, Stockholm, Sweden: Swedish
spritzschichoberflache. Schweiz Mschr Council on Technology Assessment in Health Care,
Zahnheilkunde 1976; (86): 713-18. 1989.
37. Young FA, Kresch CH, Spector M: Porous titanium Ths Business of Implant Dentistry, Cynthia Bollinger, Los
tooth roots: Clinical evaluation. J Prosthet Dent 1979; Angeles: The Business of Implant Dentistry, 1995.
41: 561-566. A Clinical Guide to Implants in Dentistry, edited by
38. Straumann F, Sutter F: Implant for artificial tooth. Richard M. Palmer; principal authors Peter D.
United States Patent #4, 180,910, filed October 13, Floyd, et al., London: British Dental Association,
1978. 2000.
39. Linkow, LI: Theories and Techniques of Oral Clinical Guidelines for Dental Implant Treatment: A
Implantology, Vol. I & 11; C.V. Mosby Co., St Louis, Manual of the System, Kuopio, Finland, Osfix
MO, 1970. International, 2001.
40. Niznick GA: the Core-Vent Implant system. The Clinical Manual of Implant Dentistry, Mithridade
evolution of the osseointegrated implant. Oral Davarpanah, et al., translation by Marie Pascale
Health 1983; 73(11):13-17. Hippolyte, London, Chicago: Quintessence
41. Ismall JYH: A comparison of current root form Publishing Co., 2003.
implants. Biomechanical design and prosthodontic Clinical Periodontology and Implant Dentistry, Jan
applications. NYS Dent J 1989 55(4);34-36. Lindhe, Thorkild Karring, Niklaus P. Lang, eds., 4th
42. Balfour A, O’Brien GR: Comparative study of Ed. Oxford, UK: Malden, MA: Blackwell Science,
antirotational single tooth abutments. J Prosthet 2003.
Dent 1995; 73(1):36-43. Clinical Periodontology and Implant Dentistry, Jan
43. Binon P, Weir D, Watanabe L, Walker L: Implant Lindhe, Thorkild Karring, Niklaus P. Lang, eds., 3rd
component compatibility. In Laney WR, Toman DE Ed. Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1997.
84 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

Color Atlas of Implant Techniques and Implant Damien Walmsley, Tokyo, Chicago: Quintessence
Prostheses: From the original fibrosseous “Blade of Pub. Co., 2005.
Linkow” to the latest osseointegrated bladel plate Implant Prosthodontics, 2nd ed., Patrick J. Stevens, St.
system: a systematic, multimodal and compre- Louis, MO: Mosby, 2000.
hensive visual walkthrough coverng cylinders, Implant Prosthodontics: Clinical and Laboratory
screws, Leonard I. Linkow, Padua: Piccin, 1998. Procedures, Edward J. Frederickson, Patrick J.
Contemporary Implant Dentistry, ed. Carl E. Misch, 2nd Stevens, Maurice L. Gress, St. Louis, MO: Mosby
Ed. St. Louis: Mosby, 1999. Year Book, 1994.
Contemporary Implant Dentistry, ed. Carl E. Misch, 2nd Implant Prosthodontics: Clinical and Laboratory
Ed. St. Louis: Mosby, 1993. Procedures, Patrick J. Stevens, Edward J.
Dental Biomechanics, ed. Arturo N. Natali, London, New Frederickhson, Maurice L. Gress, St. Louis, MO:
York: Taylor & Francis, 2003. Mosby 2000
Contemporary Implant Dentistry, ed. Carl E. Misch, St. Implant Therapy: Clinical Approaches and Evidence of
Louis: Mosby, 2005. Success, ed. Myron Nevins, James T. Mellonig,
Dental Implant Prosthodontics, ed. C. Wayne Caswell, associate editor, Joseph P. Fiorellini, Chicago:
Arthur E. Clark, Jr., Philaphia: Lippincott, 1991. Quintessence Pub. Co., 1998
Implantologia Orale Sebastian Lobello - Piccin Editore, Implantology in General Dental practice, Lloyd Searson,
Padova, Italy, 1976. Martin Gough, Kenneth W. Hemmings, London,
Dental Implants, Michael Norton, London, Chicago: Chicago: Quintessence Pub. Co., 2005
Quintessence Pub. Co. 1995. Implants and Restorative Dentistry, ed. Gerard M.
Dental Implants: Are They For Me?, Thomas D. Taylor, Scortecci, Carl E. Misch, Klaus U. Benner, London:
Quintessence Pub. Co., 1990. Martin Dunitz, New York, Distributed in the U.S.
Dental Implants: Principles and Practice, ed. Charles A. by Thieme, 2001
Babbush, Philadelphia: Saunders 1991. Implants in Clinical Dentistry, Richard M. Palmer, et al.,
Dental Implants: Programs and Abstracts, Abington, London: Martin Dunitz, 2002
MA: American Academy of Implant Dentistry, 1988. Investigation of Bone Modeling and Remodeling at a
Dental Implants: The Art and Science, ed. By Charles A. Loaded Bone-Implant Interface, Susan Joy Hoshaw,
Babbush, Philadelphia: Saunders 2001. Ann Arbor, MI: UMI Dissertation Services, 1992
ITI Dental Implants: Planning, Placement, Restoration,
Dental Implants Can Make Your Life Wonderful Again!,
and Maintenance, Thomas G. Wilson, Jr., Chicago:
Leonard I. Linkow, with Frances Minters, drawings
Quintessence Pub. Co., 1993
by Carol Morley, New York: Robert Speller, 1983.
Manual of Dental Implants: A Reference Guide for
Dental Implants of Titanium, School of Clinical Dentistry,
Diagnosis and Treatment, David P. Sarment, Beth
University of Sheffield, 1988.
Peshman, Hudson, Ohio: Lexi-Comp, Inc. 2004
Emergency Dental Care: Diagnosis and Management of
A Manual of the System: Clinical Guidelines for Dental
Urgent Dental Problems, Donald A. Falace, ed.
Implant Treatment, ed. Kari Luotio, Kuopio,
Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1995.
Finland: Osfix International, 2001
Endosseous Implants for Maxillofacial Reconstruction,
Onlay Bone Grafts and Implants in the Reconstruction
eds. Michael S. Block, John N. Kent, Philadelphia:
of Severely Resorbed Maxillae: A One-Stage
W.B. Saunders, 1995. Procedure, Elisabeth Nyström, Umeå, Sweden:
How Dental Implants Can Transform Your Life, Micheal Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 1995
R. Wiland, New York: Parthenon, 2001. Osteopromotion: Regeneration of Bone by a Membrane
The Immediate Load System: Esthetic Implant Dentistry Technique, Christer Dahlin Göteborg: Department
for the 21St Century, Sargon Lazarof, Sumiya Hobo, of Oral Biochemistry, University of Göteborg, 1993.
Hessan Nowzari, Chicago: Quintessence Pub. Co. Periodontal Therapy, Chicago: Quintessence Pub. Co.,
1998. 1998.
Implant Dentistry: From Failure to Success, ed. Ira D. Practical Implant Dentistry, Arun K. Garg, Miami, FL:
Zinner, et al. Chicago: Quintessence Pub. Co., 2004. IML 1999.
Implant Dentistry Today: A Multidisiciplinary Practical Implant Dentistry: Diagnostic, Surgical,
Approach, Leonard I. Linkow. Restorative and Technical Aspects of Aesthetic and
Implant Dentistry with New Generation Magnetic Functional Harmony, Ashok Sethi, Thomas Kaus,
Attachment: Maximum Result with Mininum forewards by H. Weber and Raj K. RajaRayan,
Number of Implants, eds. Yoshinobu Maeda, A. London, Chicago: Quintessence Pub. Co., 2005.
Part 1: History of Implantology 85

Principles and Practice of Implant Dentistry, Charles M. N. Pipolo, New York: Pantheon, 2001
Weiss, Adam Weiss, lst ed., St. Louis, MO: Mosby, Studies on Gingiva and Periimplant Mucosa in the Dog,
2001 Tord Berglundh, Göteborg: Faculty of Ondontology,
Quintessentials of Dental Practice, Lloyd J. J. Searson, University of Göteborg, 1993
London, Chicago: Quintessence Pub. Co., 2005 Textbook of Clinical Periodontology, 3rd ed. Cophenga-
Reconstructive Preprosthetic Oral and Maxillofacial gen: Munksgaard, 1997
Surgery, ed. Raymond J. Fonseca, W. Howard Davis, Without Dentures: The Miracle of Dental Implants: Now
2nd ed., Phladelphia: Saunders, 1995 You Can Chew and Speak Comfortably and
Smile: How Dental Implants Can Transform Your Life, Confidently, Leonard I. Linkow, Hollywood, FL:
Michael R. Wiland, Michael Mastromarino, Joseph Compact Books, 1987
Even some pharmacists resorted to extracting teeth of some patients
A Brief Review of History

This book is in recognition to the true early pioneers in Milton Hodosh


Implant Dentistry. There were no others. Gerard M Scortecci
Edwin J Greenfield Wichita, KS 1909-1913 Hans L Grafelmann
Gustav Dahl Sweden 1938 Walter E Knouse Jr
Alvin Strock Boston MA 1938 Charles A Babbush
Manlio S Formiggini Massa, Italy 1948 Jack Hahn
Norman Goldberg Providence, Rhode Island 1948 Sheldon Winkler
Aaron Gershkoff Providence, Rhode Island 1948 Shumon Otobe Dds
Isaiah Lew New York, NY 1950 Eichi Kojima
Nicholas Berman Washington State 1950 Holger E Bürkel
Prof Luigi Marziani Rome 1952 Alfred Feigel
Roy Bodine California 1952 Dino Garbaccio
Raphael Chercheve Paris 1956 Pier Luigi Mondani
Jacques Scialom France 1962 Per Ingram Branemark
Arthur C Jermyn California 1955 Charles English
Ugo Pasqualini Milano 1961 Jon Reed Wagner
Leonard I. Linkow Brooklyn NY 1954 Herb Gross
Norman Cranin Brooklyn NY 1958 Anthony Ricciardi
Giordano Muratori Bologna 1963 Richard Guaccio
Stefano M Tramonte Milano 1963 Gerald M Reed
Sami Sandhaus Lausanne 1963 Ole Krosgaard Jensen
Paul J Mentag Detroit, Michigan 1956 Amilkar Ariza Gomez
Philip J Boyne Loma ioda, CA 1943 Manuel Chanavaz
Many of this group of doctors who entered the field Boyd Harris
later in their own way added to the contributions of the Giorgio Gnalducci
original members. Dr Gerhard Heim
Maurice Fagan Maurice Valen
Ronald Cullen Antonio Pierazzini
Samuel P Weber Donald H. Masters
Norman Mulnik Julian M Franko
Charlie Weiss Arthur Ashman
Antonio Moro Greco Mohamed Sharaway
Jack Wimmer Axel Kirsch
Carl E Misch Nobuyuki Inada
Harold Devere Roberts Terry J Reynolds
Thomas S Golec Israel Binderman
Robert James Daniel L Root
Ralph A Roberts Raul R Mena
Hilt Tatum Joe Francis Warriner
Al Edelman Victor Sendax
Jean Marc Juillet And Pierre Domns David Hoexter
Sebastian Lo Bello Louis J Naman
Dr. Anthony J Viscido Roland M Meffert
Dr. H. Ford Turner Morton Perel
90 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

Wesley Halpert Historically, designs for endossesous implants began


Joel L Rosenlicht with the rather naïve assumption that an implant that
Charles S Mandell closely resembled the natural tooth root or roots of a tooth
Jack Krauser should be the most successful. However, what anchored
Sidney I Berger the natural root to its site-the close relationship between
Samuel Kaufman the surrounding bone and the root established by
Francesco Mangini Sharpey’s fibers-was absent in the implant. It was quickly
Dennis Tarnow recognized by Greenfield from the failures that an
Arthur K Molzan implant must incorporate some additional, artificial
Marc N Benhuri retentive device.
Arturo Hruska In 1913, Greenfield modified his design and operative
S Shankar Iyer procedure when he introduced his Greenfield cage which
Maurice Albert Salama showed a great advantage over his original 1909 patent.
Scott D Ganz His newer implant showed limited success. However,
Mira Yasinovsky his implants certainly stimulated the search and research
Marco E Pasqualini for the introduction of many new implant designs over
Ken Judy the many years that followed.
David M Vassos Unfortunately, even after speaking directly with those
Lionel W Richards in charge of the ADA Library in Chicago, there were no
Feliciano Salgaray pictures of Dr. Greenfield in the archives.
Richard Wilson Leong, Jr.
C Benson Clark GUSTAV DAHL
John C. Minichetti Dr. Gustav Dahl was born in
Robert J. Miller 1906 and died in 2002 at the age
Jerry Soderstrom of 96. He was one of identical
Michael Pikos twin boys and a great dental
Stuart Orton-jones pioneer as well as a kind, honest
Edward Mills and remarkable human being.
William Dean Nordquist Dr. Dahl was the first dentist to
Giancarlo Cortese insert subperiosteal implants
Burton E Balkin into the oral cavity in 1938. He
Oscar Sarnachiaro also introduced mucosal inserts
Gedahlia Mordechai (Martin) Stern around 1940. In 1979, Dr. Dahl received the renowned
Lewis Benjamin Aaron Gershkoff Memorial Award.
Arun Garg
Trevor Bavar
Mark Davis
Alain Clairet
Craig Cooper
Emile Martin
James L Rutkowski R
George E. Anastassov
Robert W. Christensen
Implant Dentistry has attracted some of the keenest
minds the profession has to offer. Great contributions
are continuously being introduced.

EDWIN J. GREENFIELD
Edwin J. Greenfield, of Wichita, Kansas, was the first one
to pioneer implant dentistry when he patented a
“mounting” for artificial teeth in 1909, which was then
called an endosseous implant. Dr. Gustav Dahl and Len Linkow
Part 2: The Pioneers 91

As he became older he still appeared in many implant


seminars and congresses throughout the world.
We owe Dr. Dahl a great amount of acknowledgment
and respect for the courage and talent he possessed
during the earliest pioneering years.

ALVIN STROCK
Alvin Strock and his
brother, Moses, working
at the Harvard Medical
School and the Dental
Service of Peter Brent
Brigham Hospital, did a
great deal of carefully
annotated work in the
late 1930s and 1940s.
They were the very first
to insert Vitallium screws
into dogs and humans.
Gustav had a twin brother which very few people had known.
They experimented to
Gustav is shown on the right side
overcome what they considered the two main reasons
for implant failures: the use of biologically active metals
and improper biomechanics. To exclude extraneous
factors, they limited themselves to individual tooth
restorations, using the screw principle for fixation.
Alvin received the distinguished Aaron Gershkoff
Award in 1986.
Dr. Alvin Strock was a prominent member of the
implant professional community and had quietly and
with great dignity continued his work in implantology.
His placement of the very first screw type implant in
dentistry in 1938 was done without fanfare or public
relations campaigns. He always comported himself with
dignity, fellowship for his professional colleagues, had
done nothing for self-aggrandizement and had always
retained his interest in academics and research.
He was a great pioneer and appeared in many
From left to right: Sam Kauhan from Israel, Gerhard Heim fiom implant Congresses after his retirement. He passed away
Germany, Len Linkow USA, Gustav Dahl fiom Sweden, Jerry with great dignity.
Reed USA around 1985
MANLIO S. FORMIGGINI
He was admired by hundreds of colleagues In the mid 1940s, the Italian
throughout the world for his historic work and Manlio S. Formiggini introduced
contributions. his endosseous implant.
He was so ahead of his time that the Swedish His implant was fashioned of
government restricted him from continuing on with an insert metal wire, usually of a
subperiosteal implants and demanded that he would stainless steel or tantalum, bent
have to remove those implants that had already been back to form a series of spirals.
functioning in patients’ mouths. The two ends of the wire were
He published numerous papers on subperiosteal soldered together to form a post,
implants and mucosal inserts as well as some implant or stem, on which the prosthesis
articles on force distribution using different types of was set.
implants.
92 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

Formiggini’s design allowed tissues to grow into and to my mother’s and the neighbors’ chagrin (the houses
around the spires of the implant. It aIso ideally tended were pretty close together) I liked to practice the
to place the wider portions of the implant below the trombone loud and often. I practiced and learned, and
alveolar crest so that bone could grow over the spires as eventually played in a dance band during high school
a deterrent to exfoliation. However, good in theory, and my undergraduate days at Providence College,
several mechanical factors hindered the success of earning $3.00 a night!
Formiggini’s early implant. Dentistry always held a great fascination for me. In
One major flaw was that the operator himself Junior High, we were required to write a career book on
constructed the implant during the intervention a possible career for the future. I chose dentistry as my
procedure. This meant that no two implants were ever
topic, and was probably one of the few thirteen year olds
alike. As if fashioning the wire weren’t difficult enough,
who selected a career at that age and seriously followed
other problems arose. Bending a wire weakens it. Thus,
that path. I never thought of doing anything else but
there was always a good chance of breaking the implant
becoming a dentist!
either during insertion or because of stress upon it. Also,
As an undergraduate at Providence College, I was
and more critical, was the fact that the wider spirals very
often could not be placed below the alveolar crest, which the shortest player to make the freshman basketball
invited epithelial invagination which led to many squad. To earn money for tuition I worked in a
failures. delicatessen, and as a money- changer at a racetrack. One
Yet modifications of his ideas form the practical basis summer I helped my father, an electrician, to wire houses.
for most kinds of successful modem implants. When the time came to apply to dental school, I didn’t
In recognition of his contribution he was known in have the money to apply to more then one school. I
the 1940s as the “father of modern implantology” in selected Temple University as my only application, and
Europe, a well-deserved title. fortunately I was accepted. While at Temple I worked in
His reputation lives on. a clothing store and for a caterer to supplement my
meager resources. I was president of the freshman class
NORMAN GOLDBERG and business manager of the yearbook. I was a member
Sitting in a restaurant last of the John Cameron Oral Surgery Society, The Rusca
evening, I overheard a Operative Dentistry Society, and the Norman Essig
conversation at the next table. Prosthetic Society and a life member of Alpha Omega
Although I didn’t want to Fraternity.
eavesdrop, I couldn’t help but I graduated from Temple in 1943 and went directly
hear that the people at the into the US Army Dental Corp as a 1st Lt. After six weeks
next table were discussing the at the Carlisle, P A Medical and Dental Officers Field
dental implants one of them Training School, and 3 months at Camp Atterbury in
was to receive the next day. Indiana I was shipped overseas to a replacement depot,
My own thoughts went back where, I was soon assigned as a Dental officer in the
60 years ago, and the 244 m Combat Engineers, 1st Army. After D-Day, I was
circumstances that made that returned to England, and remained there until early 1946
conversation possible. I was in an ordinance battalion. It was during those years in
born in Providence, RI on October 20, 1919, the second the army that I first began to notice the numbers of people
child and only son of the three children of Mollie and who were unable to tolerate a conventional denture, and
Louis Goldberg. As a child, besides playing sandlot thought about possible solutions.
baseball and basketball, I always showed creative skills After my discharge from the Army as a Major in 1946,
using my hands. Music was a great part of my life, too. I returned to Providence, RI and opened my office. With
My mother wanted me to learn to play the violin, so everyone coming back from service at the same time it
although I hated to practice, somehow, I learned enough was a slow beginning, so I had plenty of time to think
to play in a youth symphony orchestra at Nathaniel about the problems that edentulous patients had with
Greene Junior High and later at Hope High School. The their full dentures. My thought process was that if certain
violin was not my musical instrument of choice, so when metals were used to replace and repair other parts of the
the band teacher in high school offered me the chance to anatomy, why couldn’t similar procedures be applied to
learn the trombone, I jumped at the opportunity. Much restore dentition in edentulous mouths? I thought about
Part 2: The Pioneers 93

this constantly, and began making prototype models AARON GERSHKOFF


about the way I thought this could be accomplished. Aaron Gershkoff, the second
One morning, Dr. Aaron Gershkoff, who was 3 years president of the American
ahead of me at Temple, stopped by to wish me good Academy of Implant Dentistry, is
luck in my new office. I hadn’t seen him since dental the second in title only. He shares
school. I decided to show him what I had been working the spotlight with his renowned
on. He became so enthused and interested that he never co-worker Dr. Goldberg in the
left my office that day. So began a collaboration that development of the implant
denture. It was through their
produced the first successful subperiosteal implant in
mutual interests and research in
1948, and the actual foundation of Implant Dentistry.
this field that the present implant
We were excited about the results that we were
denture came into being. When
getting, and wrote about the success in 1949. When I
Dr. Goldberg showed Dr. Gershkoff the first implant
think of the early days of Implants, and the risks and
model in 1947, he was dubious to the extent of referring
chances we took I realize now how strongly we felt that
to it as a “nutty idea.” It didn’t take long before he realized
it could be done, never once thinking that we wouldn’t
its possibilities with development and really got down
succeed. Subsequently we were asked to lecture to many
to serious thinking and research. The project has brought
dental societies and to teach this procedure in dental
his name into prominence, so that no discussion of
schools. After accumulating nine years of material,
prosthetics and implants is complete without mentioning
together we wrote the first textbook on Implant dentistry
his name.
in 1957.
He was born in Providence, Rhode Island on April
My appointments included: Assistant Clinical
12, 1915, and attended the public schools in that city. He
Professor of Prosthetic Dentistry, at Harvard School of
entered Providence College in 1932 and worked most of
Dental Medicine for 11 years; Lecturer and Consultant,
his way through by playing tenor sax in a local band. He
Harvard School of Dental Medicine; Consultant to the had not yet decided upon dentistry as a career when he
Federal Drug Administration Department of Medical received his Bachelor of Science in 1936. Not content with
and Dental Services, serving in that capacity for 10 years; being a musician with a degree, he returned for
Senior Dental Surgeon, Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI; postgraduate work in bacteriology and physiology, and
Staff member, Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI. then entered Temple University School of Dentistry,
I was instrumental in the formation of the American receiving his doctorate in 1941.
Academy of Implant Dentistry and served as its first He had visions of being an orthodontist and entered
president for a 2-year term. I received certificate # 1, practice with an orthodontist in Providence, Rhode
making me an Honored Fellow of AAID. Awards Island, but the Second World War changed this and
included the Aaron Gershkoff Award, American found him in service at Westover Field, Massachusetts.
Academy of Implant Dentistry, and the Hall of Fame After spending most of the war at this field, he was
Award, American Academy of Implant Prosthetics. I promoted to Lt. Colonel and served as chief of the dental
have taught and lectured throughout the world on one clinic at Lake Charles, Louisiana for a short time prior to
subject that has been the core of my dental career. I often discharge.
reflect on the personal risks taken to pave the way for In 1942, he married Miss Miriam Blackman and has
the Implant Dentists of today. been blessed with one son and a daughter. She traveled
I retired from dentistry in 1998, and live in West Palm with him to many of the lectures he had constantly given
Beach, Florida with my wife Phyllis, whom I married in at dental meetings throughout the country.
1952. We have a son Jeffrey and his wife, Linda, a Aaron built his first boat, a 14 foot Chris-Craft
daughter Carol and her husband Alan and grandchildren runabout, and had been an avid boat fan ever since. The
Zachary, Eric, Lauren and Allison. I play 18 holes of golf disaster of Hurricane Carol destroyed his runabout and
three days a week and am enjoying my retirement. But I he had to order a new boat, a beautiful new 26 foot
can not help but think about that conversation I Owens.
overheard yesterday. It would never have happened if I Dr. Gershkoff was a member of the American Dental
did not take that chance! Association, Rhode Island Dental Society, American
God bless you, Norman, for having the courage. Denture Society, American Academy of Implant
94 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

Dentures, Pan American Odontological Society, Omicron ISAIAH LEW


Kappa Upsilon. He was a staff member of the Miriam Isaiah Lew was one of the
Hospital and the Osteopathic General Hospital, and also charter members of the
served as a teacher on implant dentures of the post- American Academy of
graduate division of Tufts Dental School. Implant Dentures. He
No greater tribute can be said than that a person is a served with distinction and
friend of man. He was close to those of us who knew dignity in all offices of the
him well, both for his accomplishments and his organization and was a
generosity in everything. very capable president. As
Dr. Gershkoff of Providence, Rhode Island was the a national clinician and
speaker at the January 13, 1971 meeting of the Greater lecturer, he was highly
Boston Dental Society. Dr. Gershkoff had been interested regarded for his special
in various types of implants for over 20 years, and has skills, talents, and clear
indeed, spoken to the group on several occasions over thinking. He wrote many articles and had made original
this period. contributions that have been translated and published
Dr. Gershkoff discussed endosseous and throughout the world.
Isaiah was born in Poland on June 29, 1915, and came
subperiosteal implants. More important, he discussed
to the United States with his family when he was eight
philosophy, diagnosis and indications for implantations
years old. He started his education in the United States
of foreign bodies into the jaws of humans.
at Public School 64 in Brooklyn, NY and continued at
Dr. Gershkoff was an associate professor of
James Madison High School. After attending Woodridge
Prosthetics and Dentistry at Boston University School of
for two years, he matriculated in a science course for two
Graduate Dentistry, a Past President of the American
years at City College of New York from 1933 to 1936,
Academy of Implant Dentistry, and Consulting Editor
then attended the University of Arkansas and spent a
of Dental Clinics of North America. He authored a
half year at the University of Michigan to receive his
textbook, Implant Dentistry, as well as several papers
Master’s degree. The University of Pennsylvania
on implant dentures.
conferred the degree of D.D.S. in 1942.
Here is a telling anecdote about Gershkoff regarding
After graduation, he was commissioned as an officer
upper and lower removable dentures. “When I make in the Public Health Service, and spent four and a half
dentures for my patients I only charge for the maxillary years as a troubleshooter in oral surgery. This experience
denture, which is usually $500.00. After the patient has led him to become intensely interested in the field of
visited me ten or twenty times or more, complaining of implant dentures. Some of his subperiosteal original
all the pain and discomfort he or she was experiencing implants, made by the indirect technique, had still been
from their lower denture, he said, “What the hell do you functioning in the mouth after seven years.
want for nothing?” Among his many contributions in the field of
It seems as though our great leaders leave us when implantodontics were changes in the design of implants,
they are needed most. Aaron was loved and admired by and the insertion of full lower and full upper implants at
many and always will be. one time on a patient. He introduced the use of the
Dr. Gershkoff was made honorary Professor of the implant splint to eliminate necessity for use of screws.
newly formed Implant Academy of Australia in 1974. Credit for development of unilateral implants in fixed
He and his wife vacationed in the Fiji Islands bridgework was another of his contributions.
immediately after the ceremony. Tragedy struck when In 1938, he was married to Charlotte Weisman. They
the Pan Am flight carrying them crashed soon after were very happy parents of three children: Allen, Carol
takeoff, killing everyone on board. and Jason. He obtained physical relaxation at his lovely
Dr. Gershkoff was greatly loved and respected by ultra modern home in Pleasantville, NY by gardening
everyone and soon after the American Academy of and taking care of the lawn.
Implant Dentistry established the Aaron Gershkoff Dr. Lew was constantly absorbed in his professional
Memorial Award. Dr. Gershkoff along with Dr. Norman work and devoted whatever spare time he had to
Goldberg were the very first dentists to do the very first research in implants at the Jewish Chronic Disease
subperiosteal implants on patients in the US, in 1948. Hospital in Brooklyn where, he was adjunct, and
Aaron, your ambition, courage and humane emotions Associate Oral Surgeon at the Polyclinic Hospital in New
will never be forgotten. York. In addition to participating in Public Health Service
Part 2: The Pioneers 95

at Marine Hospital in New York, he had given seminar


courses at Polyclinic Hospital on the unilateral fixed
splint.
The First District Dental Society, O.K.U. and the
American Academy of Implant Dentures were indeed
most fortunate to have this very distinguished and
capable leader among their membership. Although he
enjoyed a fine practice he always had time for his
colleagues and co-workers and was sincerely appreciated
by a host of friends.
Around 1992, Dr. Lew, one of the original founders
of American Academy of Implant Dentistry, was
honored with a testimonial dinner by friends, relatives
and the members of the American Academy of Implant
Dentistry. The setting was the elegant ballroom of the
Marriott Essex House overlooking Central Park in New
York City.
Dr. Lew devoted his entire professional life to the field
of implant dentistry and the American Academy of
Implant Dentistry. In addition to being one of its
founding members, he was a Past President and had held During one of the meetings can be seen Dr. Lew, Dr. Linkow
numerous other offices and committee chairmanships and Dr. Bruce Fischel
over the years, since the founding of the American
Academy of Implant Dentistry over 25 years ago. The Victor Sendax, Joe Pullen, Michael Uris, and Mr. Jack
Academy honored Dr. Lew by naming him Editor Wimmer.
Emeritus of the Academy. He had served as its editor Master of Ceremonies for the evening was Dr. Charles
for a number of years. Babbush. Dr. Babbush, with the assistance and
Numerous members of the profession and Dr. Lew’s contribution of photographic material supplied by
friends and relatives expressed their sentiments for this Isaiah’s wife, Charlotte, was able to present a pictorial
uniquely dedicated individual. Those in attendance review of Isaiah’s and Charlotte’s life, their marvelous
were touched by the tremendous feeling expressed by family and friends and their numerous meetings with
Dr. Lew’s friends and relatives and even by one patient other members of the implant field from around the
who had had an implant in his mouth for over 25 years. world.
Among those in the Academy who brought greetings The evening was enjoyed by all and was a unique
and well wishes to Dr. Lew were President, Maurice first for the American Academy of Implant Dentistry.
Brett, and Past-Presidents Drs. Paul Mentag and Sam Indeed, it was a great honor to be able to confer the well
Weber. In addition, the distinguished colleague, wishes and honors upon such a distinguished member
Leonard Linkow, presented a historical perspective of of the field of Implant Dentistry as Dr. Isaiah Lew.
Dr. Lew and his relationship with the American Besides his magnificent work with subperiosteal
Academy. implants, Dr. Lew developed the “passive Lew
Another highlight of the evening was the presentation attachments” in the early 1970s. It consisted of horizontal
of the memento of our appreciation. A beautiful Tiffany buttons that had extensions to slide through two holes
clock, appropriately inscribed, was presented in an in the mesobar of a subperiosteal implant that secured
expression of our heartfelt thanks and appreciation of the stability of the overdenture.
Dr. Lew’s dedicated years to the science and art of In 1965, he developed the one-piece self-tapping Lew
implant dentistry. During one of the meetings can be seen screw.
Dr.Lew, Dr. Linkow and Dr. Bruce Fischel. Dr. Herbert In 1976, Dr. Lew received the prestigious Aaron
Gross, a member of the Planning Committee for this Gershkoff Memorial Award.
testimonial dinner, presented the clock to Dr. Lew. Dr. Lew suffered greatly with stomach problems,
Other members of the Committee who helped having half of it removed before he finally passed away.
plan this marvelous affair were Drs. Wesley Halpert, We will never forget him.
96 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

NICHOLAS BERMAN During the third and fourth years of medicine he


MD Med. School of Prague, attended the civil hospital of Ancona.
Czechoslovakia State Institute of During the fifth and sixth years he worked in the
Dental Surgery, Surgery Department in the pediatric hospital in Ancona,
Prague, Czechoslovakia and in the private clinic “Villa Maria” run by Professor
DDS University of Kansas City, A. Caucci, becoming first aid from August 1923 to
Missouri February 1924. In the same time and in the years 1926-
American Dental Association 1927 he worked in the lab of microbiology in the
American Medical Association “Instituto di Igiene” of the Province of Ancona.
American Academy of Implant During his military duty service he worked in
Dentistry Bacteriology, then in the Radiology Dept. From February
President, Washington State 1924 to November 1925 he attended all available courses
Society of Oral Surgery in stomatology in the University of Wien (Austria). From
Practicing Oral Surgeon March 1 to November 1, 1925 he worked as 1st assistant
Clinical Assist. Oral Surgery Department, University of to the Dept. of Maxillary Surgery of the Univ. directed
Washington by Professor Hans Pichler, the founder of modern
Dr. Berman was from Seattle, Washington. maxillo-facial surgery.
Dr. Nicholas Berman was one of the earliest pioneers At the same time, he was 1st assistant in the private
in subperiosteal implants in the late 1940s. He developed clinic of Maxillary Surgery owned by Professor Otto
and introduced circumferential wiring of subperiosteal Hofer.
implants directly around the supporting bone to stabilize Back in Rome, in 1926 he started his private practice.
the implant during the healing stage. His contribution At different times he kept attending maxillary-surgical
was monumental. departments in the universities of Wien, Budapest, Berlin,
He concomitantly inserted his subperiosteal implants Munich, Dusseldorf, and Essen. In the academic year of
during the same time frame as those of Dr. Isaiah Lew. 1928-29, he was a volunteer assistant in the “Clinica
Recognizing that the bone had to be exposed to truly Odontotiatrica dell’University di Roma” directed by
evaluate its landscape, Berman made a stone model from Professor Perna.
an impression taken directly over the exposed bone. In October 1944, he was in charge of reorganizing the
From this he cast a Vitallium meshwork that followed Oral Surgery Dept. of the “Instituto Superiore di
the exact configuration of the jaw. Odontotiatrica G. Eastman” in Roma, which he continued
to direct until 1949.
Berman also developed transosseous wiring which
1948: he became Libero Docente in Clinica
he placed in the molar and incisor areas to hold the
Odontotiatrica at the University of Rome. Teacher in the
subperiosteal implant in place over the bone.
school of specialization of the same.
Unfortunately, Dr. Berman was never too active with
He published clinical works on surgery-anatomy-
the American Academy of Implant Dentistry, so not
histology. Of particular interest was his research work
much information was learned about his later years in
on the TMJ surgical anatomy: he developed a new
dentistry.
incision for this surgery.
He produced a film on “Integral Sindestmotomy” in
PROFESSOR LUIGI collaboration with the Institute of Radiology of the
MARZIANI University of Rome, Medical Faculty.”
August 6,1900 - August 16,1977 He was awarded the “Premio Sanremo di
Luigi Marziani was born in Stomatologia” for the year 1954 for the best publication
Senigallia (Ancona) on August of the year in the dental field.
26, 1900, son and nephew of He was invited to the national and international
dentists. meetings in stomatology and oral surgery.
Degree in Medicine and Surgery He operated in Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland,
on July 23, 1923 at the University France, Great Britain Greece, Israel, Lebanon, Germany,
of Roma. Thesis: “Physiology of Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and USA.
the Muscles involved in The president of the Italian Republic, Giovanni Leone,
Mastication and the Construction awarded him with the title of Grand ‘Ufficiale al merito
of a New Gnatodynamometer.” della Republica.
Part 2: The Pioneers 97

He produced a color film on his technique DDS, University of Iowa


“Subperiosteal immediate tantalum implants” registered Clinical Professor, Advanced Prosthodontics, University
by UNESCO and awarded at the VIII congress of the of California
International Association of scientific movie-film. The Past President, American Academy of Implant Dentistry
American Dental Association kept a copy of the film. Fellow of the American College of Dentists
He mainly devoted his life to oral surgery, and to Diplomate of the American Board of Prosthodontics
subperiosteal implants in particular. He was always very American Prosthodontic Society
aware that working in a superspecialized field became American Board of Maxillofacial Prosthetics
one cold risk to become a man “who knew everything of American Society of Geriatric Dentistry
nothing and nothing of everything,” as Bernard Shaw Author, Lecturer and Clinician
used to say. On the contrary, Luigi Marziani had always “The Integral Bilateral Posterior Mesostructure (A
tried to see his patient as a whole individual, a total entity: substructure design for maximum rigidity)
a human being with a body, soul and mind. Roy Bodine lived and practiced most of his life in
California. He was a very serious minded individual and
Member most of the time he remained to himself.
Society Italian di Chirugia
Sezione Italiana dell’ International College of Surgeons RAPHAEL CHERCHEVE
Accademia Stomatologica Romana Born: 1904
Centro Morfologico Dentale dell’Instituto di Morfologia Died: 2000
dell’Universita di Cagliari Professor Raphael Chercheve
Acadamie Nationale de Chirugie Dentaire de France was a maxillofacial surgeon. As
International College of Dentists a young doctor in the military he
Groupement International pour la Recherche Scientifique was stationed in Morocco.
en Stomatologie Ultimately, after receiving a
International Association for Dental Research bullet in his knee, he was
Lions Club International - Roma Host returned to France, where his
International Association of Oral Surgeons education continued. He married
Society Medico-Chirugica Anconitana the daughter of the great
Accademia Medico-Chirugica del Piceno impressionist painter George
Federation Dentair Internationale Roault, and acting as his secretary (besides his normal
I have this anecdote to share. While I was giving a course duties in the medical field) he learned to paint, and had
on blade implants at the Cavalierie Hotel in Rome in 1969, several exhibitions, and several volumes published. He
I noticed the second day that Dr. Marziani was not became an excellent artist. He was a friend to many artists
present. He had sat in the front row on the first day. I and had a great collection of great art. He was an
asked his wife who was one of his assistants, and who enthusiast of the opera and in his later years he took
sat through the two days, where he was. She said, “he is organ lessons in the great cathedral of Notre Dame. He
in his office placing one of your implants.” He must have also did Tai Chi. So as you can see, he was very well
been in his 70s at the time. rounded as a human being. Then came World War II.
The newspapers in recent years reported the misleading
ROY BODINE reports prior to the invasion of Paris. People were told of
Colonel Roy Bodine was one of the the invincibility of the Maginot Line. Paris was invaded
earliest members of the American in two weeks. Chercheve, as a young Maxillofacial
Academy of Implant Dentistry, which Surgeon was placed (as a prisoner of the Nazis) in charge
at that time was called the American of a hospital for the facially wounded French prisoners.
Academy of Implant Dentures. He was He helped and treated many British who were taken, at
made president of the academy in 1958. great danger to himself. Most of the older physicians and
He did excellent research on the surgeons fled to Free France. Disregarding his wife’s
lower subperiosteal implant and pleadings to leave, since Raphael Chercheve was Jewish
showed several prospective studies of as many as thirty- and certainly was in great danger of being sent to a
six cases which showed marvelous long term success. concentration camp, he felt it was his duty to stay on,
Dr. Bodine was a true pioneer. He was the recipient and he did. By chance as a French officer the Germans
of the Aaron Gershkoff Award in 1975. allowed him a certain amount of freedom, and he was
98 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

often the only French officer at the Paris opera with all dynamism allowed the University to also go along with
the Germans. When you asked him how he survived, he the courses, and accept the responsibility. Because of his
replied “With a lot of good luck and a lot of chutzpah efforts, he, NYU and I were allowed to present a lecture
(nerve).” His younger brother Michel gave him much at the Paris 7 College of Dental Medicine. Later I was
heartache. He was a member of the Maquis (French allowed to show motion pictures of X-ray
resistance forces). He was their most important figure, cinefluorradioscopy at the Salpetriere Hospital of Paris
and was being sought by the Gestapo. His ventures into where no dentist up until that time had been allowed to
Paris, where fortunately he survived and also became a speak. This was made possible by the assistance of Dean
great innovator, developing thin ridge screw implants Guy Penne of the College of Dentistry.
and pigs teeth tooled and armed with titanium inserts Another fact of Chercheve, he had a patent on root
to be used as transplants for missing teeth. But form implants ten years before Branemark of Sweden.
Chercheve’s important contribution was to have founded He never took the time to develop the patent.
the courses in implantology at Labiboisier College of
Medicine. Thus it was the first university course in JACQUES SCIALOM, FRANCE
implantology. The Frenchman, Jacques Scialom,
invented in the early 1960s, the
tripodal tantalum pin or needle
implants. He used each of three
needles to form a leg of the tripod,
each pin being drilled independently
into the bone at a diverging angle
from the other two. Each pin, when considered
separately, was easy to pull out because of its narrow
width and lack of surface detail. Although initially the
individual pin implants locked together with cold cure
acrylic resin to form a tripodal abutment that was
extremely retentive, unless these pins were driven into
the palatal and buccal cortices of bone, many of them
were able to be moved a few mms. in bone after
functioning for a number of months. But it was a great
idea and when done properly a great success was
possible. He enjoyed thousands of followers and the
tremendous sale of his implants.
Front row left to right : Francesco Mangini (Italy); Raphael Scialom in the early 1960s, probably had the largest
Chercheve (France) Ronald Cullen (England) Back row left to implant practice throughout Europe. Naturally, he and
right: Alan Clairet (France) Gliaghi Mondani (Italy); Leonard Chercheve were bitter enemies because both of them
Linkow (USA) David Hoexter (USA)
were in the summits of their careers.
I am certain that much more could have been written
Ultimately it opened the door for other universities
about Jacques Scialom, but unfortunately he passed on
worldwide to allow courses in implantology to be
before I was able to gather much information. However,
presented. His second great contribution was to have
Scialom will remain one of the greats!
developed a main integral implant system, with a
uniform armamentarium for drills to be used, proper
taps, and insertion ratchets and instruments. This was a ARTHUR C JERMYN
uniform system for the selection and insertion of Arthur C. Jermyn was born in Denver,
implants. But of great importance he allowed men from Colorado on May 22, 1915. His parents
all over the world to come to the hospital and insert their moved the following year to
developments into the mouths of patients of the hospital. Rochester, New York, where his
After the course was over, Raphael Chercheve was left father found work as a machinist. As
with the construction of prostheses, and the after care of a boy, Arthur was very interested in
the patient, which in some cases were not excellent, and any machine work that his father
he was left with and accepted that responsibility. His would teach him. After high school
Part 2: The Pioneers 99

graduation, he attended the Mechanics Institute and later, retired to California but soon became very active in the
the Rochester Institute of Technology. He opened a optical field, with several inventions to help the blind.
machine shop in Rochester but was eventually persuaded He was commended for his inventions by several
by his brother-in-law, Dr. William Meckfessel, to consider associations for the blind, which continue to recommend
becoming a dentist. Shortly thereafter, he sold his shop and use these products.
and entered the University of Alabama for his pre-med Recently, in an effort to become more objective about
requirements and then matriculated at the University of his opinions on the efficacy of Multi-cup dentures, he
Buffalo, where he received his doctorate in 1942. had his few remaining solid anterior teeth removed in
During the Second World War, he served in the 12th order to experiment with the size and taper of trephine
Armored Division but was soon transferred to Billings drills. He was able to design and make better trephine
General Hospital for training in oral surgery. His work drills that he used to make himself several Multi-cup
there prompted him, after discharge, to seek further dentures. To test the retentive strength of the denture,
knowledge of surgical prosthetics at the University of he devised a yoke attachment that could show the
Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry. Reading of number of pounds of pressure necessary to dislodge the
Weinberg’s and Strock’s work on single-tooth implants, denture. This was demonstrated at a past meeting of the
he started experimenting with single implants made by Academy in Boston. He then lectured on this latest
a local Vitallium laboratory. When he heard of Goldberg technique, which is a viable option for edentulous
and Gershkoff s subperiosteal implants, he contacted patients for whom implants may be contraindicated.
them and started experimenting using their template Although an octogenarian, Art could always be found
techniques. He joined the American Academy of Implant in his office or in his machine shop, working on some
Dentistry in 1952 and became the editor of the Journal of new idea. He had also been awarded another patent on
Implant Dentistry from 1954 to 1962. Later, he was a new medical item. Unfortunately, he passed away in
appointed as an associate editor of the Journal of around 2003.
Prosthetic Dentistry, and served on several committees
of the Academy to which he was elected President in
1961. UGO PASQUALINI
Dr. Jermyn had been a guest lecturer at numerous Ugo Pasqualini was born in
universities and dental schools throughout the world. Bolzano, Italy in 1922 and died
He served as a consultant, lecturer, and clinician at the in Milano, 1998. Degree in
Veteran’s Administration Hospitals in Rochester and Medicine and Surgery from
Buffalo and has been on the faculty of the University of the University of Modena with
Rochester and the Eastman Dental Center. He was an a specialization in Dentistry
active member of several honorary and fraternal groups from Zhan and Kieferklinik in
and a member and officer in the Rochester Chamber of Innsbruck. Author of Clinical
Commerce and other groups. Dentistry and teacher for 25 years at the school of
His contributions have included numerous articles Dentistry at the University of Modena.
and research on different phases of dentistry such as Author of 72 scientific articles and the book “Occlusal
implantodontics, prosthetics, and related maxillofacial Pathology” which contains 600 pages and 1000 photos.
surgery. He was co-author of a text on prosthetics and a Researcher and Conference Ugo Pasqualini was one
contributor of chapters in several textbooks. He was also of the most important pioneers of modern implantology
responsible for coining new histopathologic terms in and a precursor of the techniques of implantology
implantology that have been included in Current practiced today.
Clinical Dental Terminology. We must give priority to his research and work in
Dr. Jermyn held numerous patents on inventions in the field of “osteointegration” both for biphasic and
several fields, including dental instruments and devices monophasic implants (1962–1972).
such as the Parallaid for parallel milling of teeth or Pasqualini was born in the heart of the Dolomites and
drilling of bone or implants. He also invented the was an excellent climber, skier and hunter. During the
Multicup denture and the Center-poise principles used Second World War he fought with the American and
in bridgework to stabilize loose teeth. English Allies in the mountains in Italy against the Nazi
An unfortunate incident in 1978 caused the loss of forces. He was married to Silvana and his nephew Marco
his right eye with concomitant loss of depth perception, Pasqualini continues his work in the studio in Galleria
necessitating retirement from his active practice. Jermyn Passarella 2 in Milan.
100 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

Birthplace : Bolzano, Tirol, Italy jacket I received gave me more courage to speak with
Date of birth : January 26,1922 the young girls who came to watch us play.
Died : January 10,1998 At the age of ten to twelve I was very excited to build
Education : Graduated from the University of World War I fighter planes, like those that flew for the
Modena with a degree in Medicine and “Flying Tigers” of Britain as well as those double-winged
Surgery with a Specialization in planes-all made out of balsa wood. At one time I had as
Dentistry at the University of Innsbruck, many as seven planes hanging from the chandelier and
Austria ceiling of my bedroom.
Professional At the James Madison High School on Bedford
Experience : Practicing doctor of dental surgery and Avenue in Brooklyn I became captain of the baseball team
teacher for 25 years at the School of after being on the varsity for two years. In 1944, we won
Dentistry at the University of Modena the city championship.
Author of 72 scientific publications Upon graduation a few of the real
including the 433-page book “Occlusal intelligent “brains” were called up to
Pathology” the podium to receive their awards.
Researcher, lecturer and clinician, Ugo Pasqualini The last one to be called up was the
was one of the most renowned pioneers in modern one chosen by eight athletic coaches
implantology. He was a precursor of the most advanced from the neighboring high schools for
and up-to-date concepts of implantology. the Physical Athletic Award. To my
To his research we must give scientific priority amazement I was the recipient. So
regarding the principles of “osteointegration” both for nervous as I walked to the podium I
submerged implants and immediate loading implants gave the audience a great and unexpected laugh as I
(1962–1972). tripped over some of the wires onstage and landed on
Professor Pasqualini was not only interested in my face.
perfection achieved at the end of a patient’s treatment At that time, baseball was my life: I ate and dreamed
but in the fundamental principles and origins of the baseball day and night. My parents, my sister Enid - five
initial pathologies he treated. years younger — and I, lived in a small single family
He was devoted to his work and research, which for house on Avenue T in Brooklyn. My bedroom was very
him was a hobby as well. He was also an excellent hunter tiny and it overlooked a narrow alley that was just wide
and Alpine skier and climber. enough for our family car to pass through to and from
He was married to Sylvanna but had no children. the garage.
However, his nephew Marco Pasqualini continued his At night before each baseball game I would gaze out
work according to his teachings. of the small bedroom window and look for stars. If no
He also is no longer with us, but his original work stars appeared I would get sick to my stomach thinking
showing bone directly in contact with his hollow basket it was going to rain, which would cause the game to be
implants and which proved osseointegration before postponed. I would spend hours repeatedly going from
Branemark will never be forgotten. my bed to the window, depriving myself of the sleep
that I needed.
LEONARD I LINKOW During one of my last games in high school,
Dr. Linkow was born on Mr George Mack, the head New York Giants baseball
February 25th, 1926, to his scout, came to watch me play as he had been previously
beloved parents Harold told about me. At the end of the game he called me over
and Rose. and asked if I would be interested in joining the New
As a young boy I was York Giants at their spring training camp. I almost fell
very shy until I became down from the excitement. Then he asked me a
active in sports on the devastating question, and I believe that for the first time
“Varsity Five” in basket- I had to tell a lie.
ball at Cunningham Junior “What is your
High School on Avenue S status in the armed
in Brooklyn. The bright services?” I lied by
green and gold basketball replying that I was 4F
(meaning some phy-
Part 2: The Pioneers 101

sical ailment prevented me from being accepted into the eyes until 5:30 a.m. I would get dressed, eat breakfast
military.) The sad fact was that before I had even reached and leave for my dental office. I guess I trained my body
18 years of age I had enlisted in the U.S. Air Force and to need very little sleep.
was waiting to be called. Mr. Mack said, “That’s great, I am the happy father of two lovely daughters, Robin
we can use guys like you.” and Sheree, and grandfather of four: handsome and
I appeared at the spring training camp the following beautiful children Steven, Michael, Stephanie and
March and learned for the first time that the training was Jennifer.
being held in Lakewood, New Jersey instead of Sarasota, I came a long distance from my maternal Russian
Florida, and they put up four or five of us high school grandparents and my paternal Polish ancestors.
hopefuls at the Monterey Motel. Unfortunately, my relentless drive to create an entirely
Carl Hubbel, one of the greatest left-handed pitchers new discipline in implant dentistry ruined several
of all time was just made the head of all minor league marriages, which are regretful.
teams and he liked me a lot. However, I was not too Dr. Linkow is one of the chief pioneers in
happy because he insisted I remain a pitcher because I implantology and is considered by many peers around
was left-handed too. I told him, however, that I preferred the world as “The Father of Implantology.” His
to play first base or the outfield because I was always the techniques and inventions integrate titanium implants
“clean up hitter” on most of the teams I had played with. into the human jaw to retain optimum function of the
I begged him to watch me bat. He said, “No, your place teeth. But his autobiography, How Green Were My
is on the mound.” Mountains? is much more than just about dental
About three weeks later I received word from my innovations. It is Dr. Linkow’s testimony to his battles
mother that I had to report to Camp Upton, somewhere with colleagues over the adaptations of new techniques
in New Jersey. and new technologies that would both open more doors
Thus, I was compelled to construct another lie. “Mr. in dentistry and help countless patients. Neither a
Hubbel, I just learned from my boss in Brooklyn that I medical textbook nor an expose, How Green Were My
have to appear at my job.” Oh, no, he said, “We are now Mountains? is a drama packed with fitting lessons on
your boss.” making a difference in life.
“But I have to go home and bring some clothes back This anecdote is of great importance to the young
because I don’t have enough here and I thought I dentists who have not as yet intrigued other dentists to
wouldn’t be needing them.” appear in their seminars.
“Alright,” he said, “I’ll give you a twenty-four hour I recall the very beginning of my career when I was
pass.” asked to give an all day seminar on dental implants to
Twenty-four hours became twenty-seven months the First District Dental Society in Manhattan. The day
before I was honorably discharged from the service. before the seminar I called up the Secretary of the
Less than three weeks after my discharge I entered continuing education committee and brazenly
Long Island University, and graduated in two years and announced that I was Dr. Linkow and how many doctors
six weeks! I believe this accomplishment was never had already signed up for my course. She excused herself
duplicated. for a moment and then came back and said, “I’m sorry,
Reluctantly, I entered New York University College but no one has signed up.” My heart sank to my knees. I
of Dentistry. Dentistry was the very last choice I wanted. then thought a moment and asked her “How many
I had my heart set on medicine but it was nearly doctors have to sign up before the course can be given?”
impossible to be accepted into medical school unless She replied it was a minimum of five and that the doctor
one’s father, brother, or uncle was an alumni since has to decide if he wants to give the course, which at
thousands of students were applying through the G.I. that time was $50.00 per doctor. I quickly told her that I
Bill, allowing most of them-us — a free education. will give the course if I was successful in having “old
Sadly, I entered the College of Dentistry in New York. man Weiss”, who I allowed to use one of my operatories
The nocturnal restlessness I exhibited in my youth for no charge because he was old, his daughter just
continued long after I graduated dental school and began committed suicide and his wife divorced him - to bring
to pioneer implant dentistry. I would stay up night after in four of his old “fogies” for which I paid a total of
night writing articles and books on implants and $250.00 for the five of them.
gathering my slides to prepare for an endless series of Worse than that was that after the course the powers
lectures and courses. I would work at these issues until in the First District Dental Society continued giving
two or three o’clock in the morning before closing my implant courses with one of the older doctors who knew
102 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

nothing about implants except what he learned that day.


However, because he was politically involved with the
society as the Ethics Committee chairman, he was their
man! I was considered too controversial!
From the very beginning my peers gave me a very
hard time.
So all you young fellows who cannot stimulate others
to take your courses or seminars just remember what I
had to go through.

applications were seen as intrusions on the safe and


insular circles of the profession that were comfortable
with the status quo.
Dr. Linkow befriended some passionate, large-living
characters, titans in their own right, with whom he shared
the spotlight: Isaiah Lew, Gershkoff and Goldberg,
Raphael Chercheve, Gerry Reed, Giorgio Gnalducci, Jack
Wimmer, Gustav Dahl, Shuman Otobe, Eiichi Kojima,
Hans Grafelmann - these and many more, famed in their
L to R: Hans Grafelmann, Prof. Carlo Sirtori, Giorgio Gnalducci, profession and revered by their patients, formed a
Leonard I. Linkow, Jack Wimmer, Antonio Moro Greco
cavalcade that for more than 40 years were a constant of
Dr. Linkow’s perpetual-motion life.
Facing a huge obstacle of skepticism and opposition,
In 1988, because of his 20 years of dedication in
and having very few allies, Dr. Linkow learned well the
teaching and surgical procedures, a street was named
values of perseverance, courage and dauntless ingenuity
after Dr. Linkow in Germany, making him the only
to prove that not only were dental implants successful
person at the time to have that distinction in Europe. In
and effective, but that vast odds arrayed against any
1992, New York University created the first and only
professional can be overcome.
endowed chair in implantology in dentistry in perpetuity;
From his dynamic youth in Brooklyn, to his stay in
Dr. Linkow was the recipient. Dental societies, institutes,
the Army Air Corps in the waning days of World War
study clubs and University special departments have
II, to his formative years as a student at the College of
often named Dr. Linkow their honorary president.
Dentistry at New York University, and then as a newly
minted graduate seeking to make a living and a name,
Dr. Linkow learned to innovate, and observed first-hand
the results of those who failed to do so. He came upon
the budding field of implantology in the early 1950s, and,
soon realizing that the first systems were limited or
inadequate, he immersed himself in research and began
to develop his own methodologies. By the 1990s, he had
been granted more than 30 patents, had traveled the
world - Italy, France, Germany, Switzerland, Romania,
Japan, China, South America, the Philippines, South
Korea, Russia and Ukraine - sharing his hard-won and
expanding knowledge in seminars and conferences, and
transformed his many implant designs into elegant and
practical realities for thousands of patients. But not
without personal or professional cost; his devices and
Part 2: The Pioneers 103

Leonard Linkow came to the Past President Institute for Endosseous Implants
dental profession almost by chance; And charter member:
as a young man, he was an ardent
baseball player and wanted to play Past Chief of Oral
professional baseball. But he had Implantology Jewish Memorial Hospital,
enlisted in the Army and was Washington Heights, NY
discharged in 1946. Six short but
stressful academic years elapsed in Charter Member: American Society for Dental
accelerated work at Long Island Aesthetics
University, in Brooklyn, and then at
New York University, College of Member: Pierre Fauchard Academy
Dentistry, before his first office, New York Academy of Science
followed by marriage, a family, and a thriving practice Federation Dentaire International
immersed in technical challenge, professional rivalry and American Equilibration Society
the consequences of principles. Dr Linkow retired in 2002, American Prosthodontic Society
after 50 years, and leaves a legacy of achievement. American Academy of Implant
He received the prestigious Aaron Gershkoff Award Dentistry
in 1974 and the Isaiah Lew Memorial Research Award
in 1977. He has four lovely and handsome grandchildren Honorary Member: Yorkshire Endosseous Implant
—Stephanie, Jennifer, Steven, and Michael; two great Society, England
daughters Robin and Sheree and one sister, Enid and Italian Dental Society
her two children, Richard, an anesthesiologist and Susan; England Implant Society of Great
and his last wonderful wife, Cecilia. Britain
Academy of Implant Dentistry of
CURRICULUM VITAE Australia
BS Long Island University, 1948 Japan Society of Plastic Dentistry
Society for Biomaterials
DDS New York University, College of
Dentistry, 1952
Honorary Professor: University Carol Davilla,
Professor: New York University, College of Bucharest, Romania
Dentistry, Dental Center,
Department of Implant Dentistry, Honorary American Society of Implant
New York, NY President: Dentistry
Pittsburgh University, School of Dental Medicine, CITIOS, Great Britain
Department of Fixed Prosthodontics-Pittsburgh, PA Great Lakes Society of Implant
Dentistry, Detroit, Michigan
Associate Professor, Charge ‘Enseignement, Lille
Japan Academy of Implant
University, Medical School, Department of Implantology,
Dentistry
Lille, France
American Academy of Implant
Former Clinical Professor Temple University, School of Dentistry, Southern District
Dentistry, Department of Removable Prosthodontics and Deutsche Geselleschaft fur
Implant Dentistry, Philadelphia PA Zahnarztliche Implantologie,
Visiting Lecturer: Loyola University, Maywood IL Bremen, Germany
Visiting Professor: Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan Hellenic Society of Oral
Fellow: Academy of General Dentistry Implantology, Athens, Greece
Academy of Implants and International Congress of Oral
Transplants Implantologists
Royal Society of Medicine Doctor honors lausa, University of
American Academy of Dental Bucharest
Aesthetics Societe Implantore International President of 7th
International Congress of Oral
President (past) American Academy of Implant
Implantologist, Munich, Germany,
And Fellow: Dentistry
June 24, 1984
104 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

Visiting Lecturer: Implants, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manilla, Philipines


Paris, France Brookdale Hospital Medical
Lebanon Hospital Center, Bronx, Center Brooklyn, NY
NY University of Louisville,
Brookdale Hospital Center, Louisville, Kentucky
Brooklyn, NY University of Missouri, Kansas
Clemson University, Clemson City, Missouri
South Carolina University of Tennessee,
University of South Korea, Seoul, Memphis, Tennessee
K. U.C.L.A., Los Angeles, California
Guest Lecturer: First Odonotological Dental University of Milan, Milan, Italy
Congress, Caracas, Venezuela, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan
1964 Institute for Graduate Dentists,
Continuing Boston University, Boston, New York
Education Massachusetts New York 7th District Dental Society,
Postgraduate University, New York, NY Rochester, New York
Instructor and University of Bari, Italy 10th District Dental Society,
Clinician: University of Athens, Greece Queens, New York
University of Munich, Germany 11th District Dental Society,
University of Detroit, Detroit, Brooklyn, New York
Michigan George Eastman University,
University of Indiana, Dental Clinic, Rome
Indianapolis, Indiana Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv,
University of Oregon, Portland, Israel
Oregon Royal Academy of Medicine,
Temple University, Philadelphia, London, England
Pennsylvania University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
University of Alabama, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
Birmingham, Alabama University of Marseille, Marseille,
University of Mississippi, France
Loyola University, Maywood, University of Zurich, Zurich,
Illinois Switzerland
Louisiana State University, University of Lisbon, Lisbon,
Medical Center, New Orleans, Portugal
Louisiana University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio
Albert Einstein College of de Janeiro, Brazil
Medicine, Yeshiva University, University of Antiqua, Medillin,
Bronx, New York Colombia
University of Puerto Rico, San University of Sidney, Sidney,
Juan, Puerto Rico Australia
Emory University, Atlanta, University of Bogota, Bogota,
Georgia Colombia
Ohio State University, Columbus, University of Bologna, Bologna,
Ohio Italy
University of Buffalo, Buffalo, Implant Seminars: Bremen, Germany
New York Munich, Germany
Washington University, St. Louis, Reggio Emilia, Italy
Missouri Carlo Erba Foundation, Milan,
University of Maryland, Italy
Baltimore, Maryland Copenhagen, Denmark
Tufts University, Boston, University of Mexico
Massachusetts Mexico City, Mexico
Part 2: The Pioneers 105

University of Imerpien 12. How Green Were My Mountains? www.


Athens, Greece xlibris.com
Paris, France 13. Legends of implant dentistry with the history of
Madrid, Spain implantology 2009
Hamburg, Germany
Postgraduate Honors: Man of the Year Award,
Frankfurt, Germany
Oregon University, Pbrtland, Oregon, 1971
Travemunde, Germany
Aaron Gershkoff Memorial Award for the
Lisbon, Portugal
Advancement in Implantology, 1974 Recipient of the
Milan, Italy
coveted Thomas P. Hinman Medallion Award for the
Pavia, Italy
Advancement in Implantology, 1972
Rome, Italy
Dr. Linkow holds 36 different patents in implantology
Rotterdam, Holland
representing at least 75 different implant systems.
Brussels, Belgium
Past President-American Board of Oral Implants/
Ube, Japan
Implant Dentistry 1993
Nara, Japan
Doctor of Medical Science - University Carol Davila,
Lima, Peru
Bucharest, Romania
Royal Society of Medicine,
In 2007, the Leonard I. Linkow Professorship of
London, England
Implant Dentistry at New York University College of
Medillin, Colombia
Dentistry has established the Leonard I. Linkow Library
Consultant (Past): University of Pittsburgh, of Implant Dentistry.
Pennsylvania He was one of the very first to introduce immediate
Haifa Center for Postgraduate loading of all three types of implants (subperiosteal in
Dental Studies 1952, his first self-tapping ventplant root form implant
(Chief of Implantology) in 1963 and his immediate load b1adevent implant in
Honorary Instructor: Lariboisikre Hospital, Paris, 1967). He inserted over 19,000 immediate loading
France implants during 50 years of practice, all of which were
Author: Author of thirteen books and documented regarding insertions and removals.
many articles in the Journal of On 9/21/1985 Dr. Amilka Ariza Gomez, the leading
Implant Dentistry implantologist in Colombia, South America organized
1. Book: Full Arch Fixed Reconstruction Simplified, the “Congress Latinoamerican de Implantologia Oral”
Springer Publishing Co., New York, NY 1962 in the city of Bogota.
2,3. Linkow, L.I., Chercheve, R., Techniques of Oral He invited leading implantologists from all over the
Implantology, (2 volumes) C.V. Mosby Co., St. world and the United States of America to participate
Louis, 1970 and lecture in ‘this grandiose program during which time
4. Vol. I-Maxillary Implants, A Dynamic Approach Dr. Ariza would announce the leading implantologist in
to Oral Implantology, Glarus Publishing, New the world— as he called it “the Nobel prize in
Haven, Ct. 1978 Implantology” (unquote).
5. Vol. II-Mandibular Implants, A Dynamic The program took place in a huge theater in Bogota.
Approach to Oral Implantology, Glarus The Congress ended with an artistic program where
Publishing, New Haven, Ct. 1978 groups of dancers dressed in their characteristic
6. Dental Implants Can Make Your Life Wonderful costumes presented dances specific to different region
Again, Robert Speller & Son Publisher, New York, of Colombia.
NY 198 Those doctors who probably could receive this honor
7. Without Dentures-Frederick Fell Publishers, 1989 were selected, but our committee had to evaluate once
8,9,10. Implant Dentistry Today-A Multidisciplinary again those who met all the conditions.
Approach, Piccin Nuova Libraria Publisher, Only one man has been chosen to be the best
Padova, Italy, 1990 (Vol I, II, III) implantologist of the world.
11. Linkow, L.I., Mangini, F: Implant Dentistry The topics evaluated were as follows: time dedicated
Today-A Multidisciplinary Approach, Color to oral implantology, investigations, projection of the
Atlas of Implant Techniques and Implant specialization, education experience, publications,
Prostheses. Piccin Nuova Libraria; Padova, Italy, teaching publications, quantity and quality of clinic cases,
1998 human qualities, etc.
106 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

In this opportunity only one man fulfilled completely Marital Status: Married - Marilyn Sunners Cranin - 1953
these requirements, a man who had dedicated his life to 3 children—Jonathan-1954, Andrew- 1957, Elizabeth -
develop, investigate, and teach without egoism what 1962
today most of the implantologists of the world practice.
Today I thank God that I have the pleasure to honor in Education: Swarthmore College-1947, New York
life this great man who has given so much to Oral University College of Dentistry-1951; Rose Hulman
Implantology, and wasn’t yet recognized by humanity. Institute of Technology- 1987.
Again, today I thank God that I am able to and over
Postgraduate: Mount Sinai Hospital, New York -
this prize, which will be the most important in the world.
Residency, Oral Surgery, 1951-52. Mount Sinai Hospital,
I venture to say that it is like the Nobel Prize of
New York - Fellowship, Anesthesia and Oral Surgery,
Implantology, and from now on that this man who will
1952-53. Institute for Graduate Dentists, - Basic Sciences
be the first in receiving it will transmit the honor in order
and Oral Orthopedics, 1953-54.
that all the implantologists of the world will desire it like
something unattainable. Now, ladies and gentlemen, I Military Service: USNR—1945- 46 (V5 program)
will call the best implantologist of the world, the Biennial USNR—1947-51 (Ensign, Hospital
Prize of Oral Implantologists 1985, the father of modern Corps)
implantology: Dr. Leonard Linkow.
Besides all of his contributions to implantology, his
Diplomacies
1963 introduction of the first self-tapping screw implant
1. Diplomate: American Board of Oral Implantology
called the Ventplant and in 1967 the introduction of the
(Founder 1966), 1989
immediate load blade and in 1984 subjugated tripodal
2. Diplomate: American Board of Oral Medicine, 1967
implant were all separate miles tones.
3. Diplomate: New York Board of Oral Surgery, 1957
For those who would like a complete Curriculum
4. Diplomate: American Board of Dental Anesthe-
Vitae of Dr. Linkow, please write to:
siology, 2000
Leonard I. Linkow, DDS DMSc
1530 Palisade Ave. - 11 B
Fort Lee, NJ 07024 Fellowships
1. Fellow, International Congress of Oral
Implantology, (F1COI) Paris 1990
NORMAN CRANIN
2. Honorary Fellow, Associacao Ciurgia
A Norman Cranin AB, DDS, D. Eng
Buccomaxillofacial do Brazil, May 1990
Director
3. Fellow, Academy of Dental Materials (FADM), 1984
The Dr Samuel Cranin Dental Center
4. Fellow, American Academy of Hospital Dentists,
The Brookdale Hospital Medical Center
(FAAHD), 1979
Place of Birth: Brooklyn, New York 5. Fellow, American Academy of Implant Dentistry
(FA.A.I.D.), I975
6. Fellow, International College of Dentists (F.I.C.D.),
1975.
7. Honorary Fellow, Brazilian College of Oral and
Maxillofacial Surgery, 1972.
8. Fellow, Royal Society of Health (FRSH), 1970
9. Fellow, American Dental Society of Anesthesiology,
(FADSA), 1969.
10. Fellow, American College of Dentists (FACD), 1994-
11. Fellow, Society for Biomaterials (FSB), 1989.
12. Fellow, American College of Oral and Maxillofacial
Surgeons

Hospital and Teaching Affiliations


1. Chairman of Dental and Oral Surgery, Oral and
Maxillofacial Surgeon, and Implantologist in- Chief,
The Brookdale University Hospital and Medical
Center, 1965.
Part 2: The Pioneers 107

2. Visiting Professor, Department of Implant 3. Who’s Who in the East, 1960 and subsequent issues.
Dentistry, Lille University, France, 1993. 4. 1966 American Dental Association National Science
3. Clinical Professor of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Writer’s Award, First Prize (Lever Brothers,
Biomaterials and Prosthodontics, and Director of sponsor).
Implant Services, UMDNJ - New Jersey Dental 5. Second Prize, Scientific Exhibits, American Dental
School - Newark, 1987. Association, 1969.
4. Clinical Professor of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 6. Third Prize, Scientific Exhibits, American Dental
and Implant Dentistry, New York University Association, 1971.
College of Dentistry 1975. 7. “Man of the Year”, Brooklyn Dentist’s Division
5. Adjunct Clinical Professor of Pharmacology and U.J.A., October 1972.
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The University of 8. Society for Biomaterials Award, Clemson
Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, 1994. University, April 1974 (Clemson Award) for
6. Associate Clinical Professor of Oral and
Outstanding Contributions to the Scientific
Maxillofacial Surgery, New York University College
Literature.
of Dentistry, 1973 -75.
9. American Student Dental Association, Honorary
7. Associate Clinical Professor of Dentistry, The Mount
Member, 1975.
Sinai School of Medicine of the City University of
10. Article describing “Cranin Techniques” for
New York, 1972.
8. Clinical Associate, New York City Technical mandibular reconstruction in “Contemporary
College, City of New York, 1977. Surgery”, October 1973.
9. Clinical Assistant Oral Surgeon, Mount Sinai 11. Admiral, Navy of the State of Nebraska - by
Hospital, 1954 - 55. Governor Morrison, 1968.
10. Adjunct Dental and Oral Surgeon, The Mount Sinai 12. Rene Lefort Medal- Brazilian Society of Maxillofacial
Hospital, 1955 - 62. Surgeons, Sao Paulo, 1979.
11. Consulting Oral Surgeon to the Corpus Christi 13. Tenth District Award for Outstanding Scientific
Monastery, Archdiocese of New York, 1957 - 60. Contributions (on their 75th anniversary), 1975.
12. Research Assistant for Special Prosthetics and 14. Honorary Member, Japanese Society for
Surgical Prosthetics, The Brooklyn Hebrew Home Biomaterials, 1986.
and Hospital for the Aged, 1959 - 60. 15. Honorary Member, Japanese Society of Implant
13. Associate Attending Orthodontist, The Unity Dentistry, 1981.
Hospital, Brooklyn, New York, 1959. 16. Man of the Year Award, 1981 UJA/Federation,
14. Chief Oral Surgeon, Department of Surgery and Brooklyn, New York.
Attending Oral Surgeon, The Cominunity Hospital 17. Award of Merit, Metropolitan Conference of
of Brooklyn, 1958-64. Hospital Dentists, 1982.
15. Consultant Oral Surgeon, Community Hospital of 18. Dental Alumni Award, NYU College of Dentistry,
Brooklyn, 1964-. 1980.
16. Attending Oral Surgeon and Chief of Clinic, 19. Teacher of the Year Award - NYU College of
Greenpoint Hospital, service of Mount Hospital, Dentistry, 1975,
1963-64. 20. President’s Plaque and Award, Metropolitan
17. Associate Attending Dental and Oral Surgeon, The Conference of Hospital Dentists, 1983,
Mount Sinai Hospital of New York, 1964. 21. NYU OKU Annual Distinguished Lecturer, 1981-82.
18. Visiting Professor, Department of Surgery, Mogi das 22. Honorary Member, International College of Oral
Cruzes University, S.P., Brazil, 1972,1995. Implantology, 1984.
19. Consultant Oral Surgeon, Brooklyn Developmental
23. Keynote Speaker - International Biomaterials
Center, Brooklyn, New York, 1968.
Symposium, Kyoto, Japan, June, 14, 1981.
Honors 24. Selected as Presenter for IADR Press Kit, New
1. Who’s Who in America, 1996-2003. Orleans, March 18, 1982.
2. Gold Medal, Scientific Exhibit on “Implants”, 25. Principal Speaker at the Inauguration of President
American Dental Association Centennial Meeting Samuel F, Hulbert at The Rose-Hulman Institute of
NYC, 1959. Technology, Terre Haute, Indiana, 1977.
108 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

All those interested in his complete CV write to: He was one of the most prolific implantologists in
Dr. Norman Cranin the world, placing thousands of his many different screw
209 Cedar Avenue and blade designs of all dimensions that he developed
Hewlett Bay Park, NY 11557 for all types of bone morphology.
Norman was always a sailboat enthusiast and
outdoorsman. He is one of the great pioneers and had STEFANO MELCHIADE TRAMONTE
developed and still oversees the “number one” maxi Stefano Tramonte was born in
course in the US Livorno, in the Tuscany, on July
3, 1921 in a train, while the
GIORDANO MURATORI family was moving to France.
Giordano, from Bologna, Italy, was one of the great But he never arrived in France.
implantologists of our time. He finished his studies in
Milano. His companion, of high
school years, was Ugo
Pasqualini. Between them a
great friendship was born and
they became a professional and
scientific team, a relationship
that lasted all their lives.
During the Second World
War, Tramonte was in combat
in Sicily. He was captured and
sent to prison in Africa, where he learned his poor
English. He escaped eight times from the prison camp.
The ninth time he returned to Italy by secretly embarking
on a ship.
When civilian life was re-established, Tramonte
obtained his Medicine and Surgery degree in the
University of Pavia, specializing in Odontology. Very
soon his great passion became the new rehabilitation
He developed many endosseous screw type implants science: endosseous oral implantology, in which he
as well as a universal blade implant that could be cut would become one of the pioneers and one of its most
into many different patterns. important worldwide representatives.
He was a very prolific writer and had published many In 1959, he designed and realized, with the help of
articles on implant dentistry in numerous implant his son Silvano, who used to make wax models for him
journals, totaling close to one hundred. in order to prepare the fusions, his endosseous implant
He authored at least five books in implant dentistry. made in chrome-cobalt-molybdenum, the first implant
He founded the very important. specifically designed for the immediate loading.
Italian Implant Society, GISI, which lasted for twenty- In 1963, he introduced the titanium implant and
five years until his death, and continues on today. inserted the first implant made of titanium into the mouth
He was one of the most perfect gentleman that I have of a patient.
ever met. In 1965, while in Sweden, a patient received the first
He was made visiting clinical professor of New York Branemark insertion. Dr. Tramonte was already a famous
University, College of Dentistry among his many other implantologist and presented his first results with the
accomplishments. Rational Endosseous Implant made in titanium, during
His many lectures and seminars took him all over the 4th International Reunion of the SEI in Madrid. He
the world many times. would continue being advanced for his time.
If anyone would stop a stranger in the street in Tramonte had been a prisoner of the Americans in
Bologna inquiring where the office of Dr. Muratori was North Africa and was used as a translator for the
they would be told immediately. American Army. As a result he learned, and at meetings
He was distinguished throughout the globe with entertained all by imitating the myriad of Italian dialects
many tremendous honors. from north to the south of the Italian peninsula.
Part 2: The Pioneers 109

His major implant is a surgical screw with wide 1957 Presentation of Doctoral thesis and final
threads, an excellent implant that holds very well. Then examination-passed with distinction.
following concepts of Michel Chercheve and Bob Bordon Title of the thesis:
(of Pau, France) and Lenny Linkow in New York, with “Epidemiological study of follicular and
his blade implant, there was a movement for pericoronary cysts”
development of implants for ridges with a minimum of Associate Professor of the Pierre and
thickness of ridge. Tramonte also developed a thin ridge Marie Curie Faculty of
narrow screw implant. Then for the concept of burying Stomatology in Paris
the implant to allow bone to attach itself (with or without Doctor Honoris Causa, University of Iasi
a fibrous lining), a separate healing screw was made, (Romania)
which later would be removed and an implant abutment Honorary Professor, University Carol
head would be placed into the implant. Davilla - Bucharest (Romania)
The head of another group of implantologists in Italy, Doctor Honoris Causa, University of
Ugo Pasqualini, developed a blade that in its form could Bucharest
be cut and shaped to the desired position of bone Doctor Elonoris Causa, University of
availability. Lisbonne (Portugal)
Tramonte was a dynamic individual, not only in
social gatherings but in the tremendous enthusiasm he University Maxillofacial Surgical Service,
showed in his lectures and continuous arguments with Training: University of Hamburg, under Professor
his peers. Schuhard
He fathered one of his children while he was in his Medical and Stomatological Service,
70s-a great accomplishment. University of Düsseldorf, under
He had a great passion for archeology and he Professor Reremann
explored, together with his son, excavations and Maxillofacial Surgical Service,
necropolises the world over, but particularly those near University of Berlin, under Professor
the Mediterranean. Neuochs
He had a stroke and passed away in the 1990s.
Stomatological Service of the School of
SAMI SANDHAUS Medicine of the Hopital de la Pitie
Dental Surgeon-Stomatologist-Doctor of Dental Salpetrikre, Paris, under Professor
Medicine Dechaume, presentation of a paper
entitled “Obturation of infected root
Birthplace: Czernowitz (Ukraine) canals”
Born: June 4,1927
Professional Institute, Laussane, from 1961 to present
Nationality: Swiss Activities: Consultant at the Cardio-vascular
Surgical Clinic of Genolier, Switzerland,
Education: Serednaia School, Czernowitz Stomatology Service

1945-1951 School of Medicine, Dusseldorf Teaching IMPLANTOLOGIE (1959 (I erst


(Germany) Experience: Bioccramique-implant)
1966-1983 Courses in Oral Rehabilitation at the
1951-1956 School Dental Medicine, Dusseldorf School of Stomatology in Karlsruhe
(Germany)
1956- 1959 School of Stomatology, Paris Professor at the GPP Academy of Rome
(Italy)
1945-1952 University Degrees: Diploma of the Permanent teacher at the Forum
School of Medicine and Stomatology - Odontologicum, Laussane
Düsseldorf, following 22 semesters of Professor at the Institute of Stomatology,
study Paris VI (France)
Doctor of Dental Medicine and Sami Sandhaus was one of the great pioneers in
Stomatology implant dentistry. He was the first to introduce and
110 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

develop a non-metallic root form implant that he called


the crystalline bone screw (synthetic sapphire). Later in
his career, he developed the alpha, beta, and gamma
robots for placing implants into patients by remote
control. He was one of the few geniuses to appear in the
field of implant dentistry.
For those who would like a complete Curriculum
Vitae of Dr. Sandhaus, please
write:
Centre Sevelin
4 Avenue de Provence
CH- 1007 Laussane
Switzerland

PAUL J MENTAG
Paul Mentag was born in Michigan City, Indiana on
August 15, 1922. He went to St. Mary grade school and
Marquette High School. Active in sports, earning varsity
position in football and basketball. Graduated third in In 1974, I had the opportunity to obtain a human bone
his class and was class president in his senior year and specimen at the time I removed it from Dr. Frank’s
also president of the Student Assembly. After graduation patient. A fellow staff member at Mount Camel Hospital
he entered the Univ. of Detroit, earning a B.S. with double arranged my study with a scanning electron analysis as
major of Biology and Chemistry, 1944. Entered University well as spectrographic analysis. This proved that bone
of Detroit Mercy Dental and graduated in 1947. During could grow on the surface of a titanium blade implant.
college years he was a member of Delta Upsilon Delta, This study along with the studies of Dr. Jack Lemons
Treasurer of Student Council, Psi Omega Dental were presented in a trial in District Court of Chicago in
Fraternity, Blue Key Honor Society. Practiced general 1994 to break a patent held by Nobel Pharma. This
dentistry from 1947 to 1951 and then enlisted in the US resulted in their loss of royalties from several implant
Army Dental Corps during the Korean War. Served at companies that I was assisting at the trial.
Fort McCoy Hospital in Wisconsin. Duties included In conclusion, the 58 years of practice with implants
prosthetics and oral surgery along with supervising the has been very enjoyable. My meetings with the ADA
camp dental technicians. My commanding officer told assisted the Council of Materials and Devices, made
me about dental implants and Dr. Frank Strake was things soften. As their representative to the International
involved in the early implant group study club. I was Standards meeting, other organizations in the world
his guest at the Chicago meeting of the group including were enlightened. This also gave me a voice with the
Gershkoff, Goldberg, Jermyn, Bodine, Al Milter, Norm ADA when impractical materials were evaluated.
Cranin, Phil Loechler, Marshall Mueller, Nick Berman,
Wayne Paullus, Ed Heindrick, and others I do not recall. Type of practice: General and implant dentistry
After meeting these men I decided to attend Tufts
University, where G and G gave a one-week course on Education: University of Detroit Mercy, BS; DDS
subperiosteal implants. On my return home I was
converted to the use of implants for dental cripples. After Academic OKU Dental Honor Society;
this exposure to this modality I attended many lectures
about dental implants and became a member of AAID. Honors: American College of Dentistry;
When endosteal implants became available, I studied and International College of Dentistry
became involved in their application. This was how I
became a friend of Len Linkow. When he gave his first Educational Clinical Professor, University of
lecture to the First District Dental Society in New York, Positions: Detroit Mercy Dental School,
he asked me to attend for moral support, which I gladly 1974-1992; Director of Implant Honor
did. Program for Senior Students
Part 2: The Pioneers 111

Professional American Dental Association; Presented Continuing Implant Education at following


Memberships: Michigan Dental Assn.; Universities: University of Detroit
Detroit American Academy of Mercy, University of Nebraska,
Implant Dentistry; American Harvard University, University of
Prosthodontic Society; Academy of Indiana, Loma Linda University,
Osseointegration; Oakland County UCLA, Baylor University Dental
Dental Assn.; Detroit Dental Clinic School, University of Minnesota,
Club; American College of Dentistry; Mayo Clinic Symposium Implant
International College of Dentistry; Prosthodontics, LSU Dental School,
OKU Honor Fraternity; Psi Omega Forsyth Research Institute,
Fraternity; Pierre Fauchard Academy University of South Carolina,
Leadership Past Pres., American Academy of Columbia University, University of
Positions: Implant Dentistry; Board of Trustees, Pennsylvania, University of
Michigan Dental Assn.; Board of Kentucky, Tufts University, US
Trustees, Oakland County Dental Bureau of Standards
Assn.; Past Pres. of Dental Alumni Foreign Countries: Canada, Argentina, Denmark,
Assn. University of Detroit Mercy; France, Germany, Hong Kong, Israel,
Director of Detroit Clinic Club; Pres., Italy, Japan, Republic of Korea,
Board of Directors, American Board Switzerland, England, Holland,
of Oral Implantology Republic of China (co-leader to
Professional Alumnus of Year, University of People to People Delegation of
Honors: Detroit Mercy, 1990; Gerschkoff Implant lecture session)
Award, Excellence in Implant
Dentistry, 1987; Diplomate, PHILIP J BOYNE
American Board of Oral e-mail : pboyne@llu.edu
Implantology
Hospital Formerly on staff at Grace Hospital
Present Position
Affiliation: of Detroit Med. Ctr; Providence
Professor Emeritus,
Hospital; V.A. Hospital; Mount
Department of Oral and
Carmel Hospital for 18 years where I
Maxillofacial Surgery School
placed subperiosteal implants with
of Dentistry, Loma Linda
general anesthesia in O.R.
University, Loma Linda, CA
Military Activity: U.S. Army Dental Corps
Professor, Attending Staff,
Civic Activities: Special consultant, FDA Dental
Division of Plastic and
Implant Section; Special Consultant,
Reconstructive Surgery,
American Dental Association
Department of Surgery, Loma
Council of Dental Materials; Monthly
Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA
radio show, Dental Spotlight,
Past Positions
answering public calls for 6 years for
7/2001-7/2002 Interim Program Director, Department
information at my expense;
of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery,
Arnerican Dental Association Rep to
School of Dentistry, Loma Linda
International Standards Organi-
University
zations for 6 years in the Dental
1979-2003 President, American Institute of Oral
Implant Section; Editor of the Journal
Biology
of Oral Implantology Magazine.
1996-1999 Member, Board of Directors, American
Referee of Publications for Journal of
Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Foundation
the American Dental Association
1999-2001 President, American College of Oral
Hometown: Birmingham, MI
and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Spouse: Mary
1995-1997 Vice President
Children: Paul Jr., John, Kathleen, Claudia and
1982-’83 President, American Board of Oral and
Susan
Maxillofacial Surgery
112 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

1980-present Attending Staff, Oral and Maxillofacial 2006 2006 Daniel M. Laskin Award, Oral and
Surgery Service, Loma Linda Maxillofacial Surgery Foundation
University Medical Center, Riverside (September, 2006)
County Regional Medical Center, and 2006 Distinguished Research Award, Loma
Arrowhead Regional Medical Center Linda University School of Dentistry
1978-1995 Professor, Oral and Maxillofacial (May, 2006)
Surgery, School of Medicine, Loma 2001 Pierre Fauchard Honor Award, Pierre
Linda University Medical Center Fauchard Academy (April, 2001)
1978-1995 Director of Graduate Training and 2000 Faculty of the Year Award, Division of
Chief of Service, Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery,
Surgery, Loma Linda University Loma Linda University Medical Center
Medical Center June, 2000)
1978-1986 Clinical Research Professor, 1999 Distinguished Service Award, Southern
Department of Surgery, University of California Society of Oral and
Miami, School of Medicine, Miami, FL Maxillofacial Surgeons (January, 1999)
1976-1984 Member, Board of Directors, American 1998 Distinguished Faculty Award, Loma
Board of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Linda University School of Dentistry
1973-1978 Professor, Department of Surgery, (May, 1998)
University of Texas Health School 1994 Honors of the Association, Highest
Center, San Antonio, TX honor given by the American Cleft
1974-1977 Dean, University of Texas Dental Palate-Craniofacial Association (May,
School at San Antonio, TX 1994)
1971-1974 Assistant Dean for Clinical and 1993 W. Harry Archer Award, Highest
Hospital Affairs, UCLA School of Award given by The American College
Dentistry of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
1968-1974 Chairman, Division of Oral Surgery, 1988 Distinguished Alumnus Award, Colby
School of Dentistry, UCLA College, ME
1968-1974 Professor, Department of Surgery, 1985 Research Recognition Award for
UCLA School of Medicine Contribution to the Specialty and the
Profession, American Society of Oral
Education and Maxillofacial Surgeons
1944-1946 BA, Colby College, Waterville, Maine
1981 Winner of the Audiovisual Award of
DMD, Tufts University School of
the Year for Film “Cleft Palate Grafting”
Dental Medicine, Boston, MA (Cum
1976-1983 Board of Directors of American Board
Laude), Graduate 2nd in class
of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery,
1954-1955 Resident, Oral and Maxillofacial
Secretary-Treasurer ’78181; Vice
Surgery, US Naval Dental School
President ’81-’82; President ’82-83
(Postgraduate Study), US. Naval
1977 Outstanding Achievement for Teaching
Medical Center, Bethesda, MD
by an Individual Faculty Member,
1960-1961 M.S., Georgetown University,
awarded by the Student body of the
Graduate School, Washington, DC
University of Texas Dental School, San
1961-1962 Resident, Oral and Maxillofacial
Antonio, TX
Surgery, US Naval Medical Center,
1976 Doctor of Science (Honoris Causa) ,
Bethesda, MD
University of Medicine and Dentistry
1976 DSc (hc), University of Medicine and
of New Jersey (June, 1976)
Dentistry of New Jersey
1975 Winner of the Bone Grafting
Audiovisual Award of the Year for film
Honors
“Cleft Palate Bone Grafting”
2006 Isaiah Lew Memorial Research Award,
American Association of Implant 1966-1973 Examiner, American Board of Oral and
Dentistry (October, 2006) Maxillofacial Surgery
Part 2: The Pioneers 113

1964 Winner of the Research Award of the 1972-1975 Member, Research Merit Review Board
Year, American Society of Oral and in Oral Biology Veterans Administration,
Maxillofacial Surgeons Washington, DC
1947 Graduate 2nd in class, Tufts University 1972-1974 Chairman, Committee on Education on
School of Dental Medicine Surgical Procedures,
1947 Omicron Kappa Upsilon (Dental Honor Southern California Society of Oral
Society) Surgeons
1970-1973 Member, Veterans Administration, Cell
Board of Certifications and Tissue Biology Research Evaluation
1962 American Board of Oral and Committee
Maxillofacial Surgery 1970-1971 Member, Oral Biology Training
Committee, Veterans Administration,
Washington, DC
Hospital Staff Positions
1970-1974 Member, Cell and Tissue Biology
Member Full-time
Research Evaluation Committee,
Teaching Staff, Department of Surgery, Loma Linda
Veterans Administration, Washington,
University Medical Center (Full
DC
privileges in Oral and Maxillofacial
1970-1982 Research Section Editor, Journal of Oral
Surgery)
and Maxillofacial-Surgeons
Member Staff, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Service
1970-1974 Consultant, Council on Dental
(Full privileges in Oral and
Education, American Dental Association
Maxillofacial Surgery), Arrowhead
1969-1972 Chairman, Committee on Research,
Regional County Medical Center, San
American Society of Oral Surgeons
Bernardino, CA
1969-1973 Member, Board of Directors, Attending
Member
Staff, Harbor General Hospital,
Visiting Staff, Eastern Maine Medical Center,
Torrance, CA
Bangor, ME
1969-1970 Veterans Administration, Muscular,
Skeletal and Connective Tissue
Extramural Committee Memberships Research and Evaluation Committee,
Present-1993 Member, Team Standards Committee, Washington, DC
American Cleft Palate—Craniofacial 1968-1973 Member, Committee on Research,
Association American Society of Oral Surgeons
1974 Member, Committee on Non- 1968-1970 Member, Veterans Administration
Destructive Testing (E07.03) American Dental Research and Education
Society for Testing and Materials Training Committee
2002 Member, California Association of Oral 1966-1972 Member, Advisory Committee,
and Maxillofacial Surgeons Legislative American Board of Oral Surgery
Committee
Past-1978-1981 Chairman, Operations Committee for
Study of Hepatitis in Dental Practice, University Committee Memberships
Veterans Administrations, Central 1994 - present Member, Research Committee, School
Office, Washington, DC of Dentistry, Loma Linda University
1976-1988 Member, Editorial Board, Post- 1986-1989 Utilization Review Committee, Loma
graduate Medicine Linda University Medical Center
1976-1980 Chairman, Education and Program 1989-1995 Coordinator, Oral and Maxillofacial
Committee, American Association of Area of the Dentistry Program,
Tissue Banks Graduate School, Loma Linda
1974-1978 Board of Directors, Southern Texas University
Health Education Center 1979-1998 Member, Operating Room Committee,
1974-1975 Special Workshop Panel, Research in Loma Linda University Medical Center
Orthognathic Surgery, NIDR, NIH 1978-1995 Member, Graduate Medical Education
1972-1979 Member, Review Panel ADA Fund for Committee, Loma Linda University
Dental Health Medical Center
114 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

1978-1995 Member, Graduate Committee, School Bethesda, MD


of Dentistry, Loma Linda University 1955-1957 Investigator, Oral Surgery Research,
1971-1974 Member, UCLA Hospital Operating Naval Medical Research Institute,
Room (Standing) Committee NNMC, Bethesda, MD
1971-1974 Chairman, UCLA Dental Operating 1957-1960 Oral Surgery, US Naval Dental Clinic,
Room Subcommittee Member, UCLA Washington, DC
Clinical Series Criteria Committee 1961-1962 Resident, Oral Surgery and Staff,
1971-1972 Member, Advisory Committee, Department of Oral Surgery, Naval
Veterans Administration Extended Dental School, NNMC, Bethesda, MD
Care Hospital, UCLA 1962-1963 Chief, Dental Service, US Navy
1970 Chairman, Ad Hoc Committee for Hospital, Key West, FL
Administrative and Divisional 1964-1968 Chairman, Dental Research
Restructuring, UCLA Department, Naval Medical Research
1970 Member, Special Search Committee for Institute, National Naval Medical
Director, Dental Research Institute, Center, Bethesda, MD
UCLA 1968 Retired
1970-1974 Member, Hospital Pharmacy
Committee, UCLA Medical Center Post Naval Academic Positions
1970-1971 UCLA Faculty Secretary; Chairman, 1968-1974 Professor, UCLA School of Dentistry
Search Committee for Oral Surgery and School of Medicine
Director, Charles Drew Medical School 1970-1974 Member, Attending Staff, Veteran’s
and Martin Luther King Hospital, Los Hospital, Wadsworth, Los Angeles, CA
Angeles, CA 1971-1974 Member, Attending Staff, Veteran’s
1969-1974 Member, UCLA Faculty Council Hospital, Sepulveda, Los Angeles, CA
1969-1970 Chairman, Committee for the 1971-present Member, Attending Staff, San
Consideration of Faculty Personnel Bernardino County Medical Center,
Proposals, UCLA San Bemardino, CA
1968-1970 Member, Area Assignments 1972-1974 Member, Attending Staff, Martin
Committee, UCLA Luther King, Jr. Hospital, Los Angeles,
1968-1973 Member, Intern and Residency CA
Program Committee, UCLA 1973-1978 Professor, University of Texas Health
1968-1969 Member, Committee on Clinical Center, San Antonio, TX
Research and Investigation Involving 1978 Professor, Loma Linda University
Human Subjects, UCLA Medical Center
1968-1969 Member, Curriculum Committee, 1978 Chief and Director, Oral and
UCLA Maxillofacial Surgery, Loma Linda
University School of Dentistry
Past Academic and Professional Positions Held
1949-1968 Service, US Navy, Final Grade Held- Professional Societies
Captain, Dental Corps 1976-1983 Member, Board of Directors, American
1947-1949 Insrructor, Department of Anatomy, Board of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Tufts University School of Dental (7-year term, elected 1976); and
Medicine President 1982-1983
1947-1949 Private Practice, Cambridge, 1967-1975 Examiner, American Board of Oral and
Massachusetts Maxillofacial Surgery
1962-present American Society of Oral and
Naval Service Maxillofacial Surgery
1949-1953 General Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Fellow Omicron Kappa Upsilon
Naval Hospital, Bremerton, Fellow American Association of Oral and
Washington Maxillofacial Surgeons (#02879)
1954-1955 Resident, Oral Surgery, Naval Dental Fellow American College of Oral and
School, National Naval Medical Center, Maxillofacial Surgeons
Part 2: The Pioneers 115

Life Fellow Int’l Association of Oral and BIBLIOGRAPHY


Maxillofacial Surgeons (#2637)
Professional Literature
Life Fellow California Association of Oral and 1. Boyne PJ. Dens in Dente: Report of three cases. JADA 1952;
Maxillofacial Surgeons (1/1/00) (45):209;8-209.
Member American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial 2. Boyne PJ. Supernumerary maxillary incisors—Incidence Report.
Association (#10132) Oral Surg Oral Med and Oral Path 1954; 7:901-905.
Member American Society of Testing and 3. Boyne PJ, Borges M. Fractura do Malar. Revista Naval de
Odontologia 1955; 2:13-23.
Materials (#AA1390400) 4. Boyne PJ. Gemination: Report of two cases. J Am Dent Assoc
Member American Trauma Sociery (#814522) 1955; 50(2):194.
Member The International Congress of Oral 5. Boyne PI. Comparison of oral calculus deposition in ship and
Implantologists shore based personnel. U.S. Armed Forces Med J 1955; 6:2
Member National Association of Seventh-Day 10-216.
6. Boyne PJ. Treatment of extravasation cysts with freeze-dried
Adventist Dentists homogenous bone grafts. J Oral Surg 1956; 14:206-12.
Member California Society of Oral and 7. Boyne PJ, Losee FL. Response of oral tissues to grafts of ethylene-
Maxillofacial Surgeons diamine-treated heterogenous bone. Nature 1957;
Member Society for Biomaterials 179-818.
Member Southwest Society of Oral and 8. Boyne PJ, Losee FL. Response of oral tissues to grafts of ethylene-
diamine-treated heterogenous bone. Research Report- Naval
Maxillofacial Surgeons Medical Research Institute, May 3, 1951.
Member Materials Research Society 9. Boyne PJ. Use of freeze-dried homogenous bone grafts in the
Life Member American College of Dentists surgical positioning of teeth. J Oral Surg 1957; 15:231-37.
(#0003051) 10. Boyne PJ, Losee FL. The use of anorganic bone implants in oral
Life Member International Association for Dental surgery. J Oral Surg 1958; 16:53-72.
11. Boyne PJ. Treatment of oral bony defects and heterogenous
Research (#0013 1251) anorganic bone 1958; 11:322-29.
Life Member American Associations for Dental 12. Boyne PJ. Incidence of osteosclerotic areas in the mandible and
Research (#0013125 1) maxilla. J Oral Surg, Anesth and Hosp Dent Service 1960; 18:486-
Life Member American Dental Association (# 120-47- 91.
0597) 13. Boyne PJ. Tooth transplantation procedures utilizing bone graft
materials. J Oral Surg, Anesth and Hosp Dent Service 1961; 19:47-
Life Member International College of Dentists 53.
14. Boyne PJ, Lyon HW, Miller CW. The effects of osseous implant
Licensure materials on the regeneration of alveolar cortex. Oral Surg Oral
Med and Oral Path 1961; 14:369-278.
• Maine
15. Boyne PJ. A study of the mseous healing of the post-extraction
• Massachusetts alveolus utilizing tetracycline induced fluorescence. Thesis,
• Texas Graduate School, Georgetown University, June 1961.
• Oklahoma 16. Boyne PJ, Miller CW. A study of tooth development by
• California (Special Permit) tetracycline induced fluorescence. J Dent Res 1961; 40: 1079.
17. Boyne PJ, Kruger GO. Topical implantation of oxyteuacycline
cones in extraction sockets. JADA 1962; 64:224-235.
Fields of Interest 18. Boyne PJ, Kruger GO. Fluorescence microscopy of alveolar bone
• Oral and maxillofacial surgery repair. Oral Surg Oral Med andOral Path 1962; 15: 265-281.
• Bone growth and repair, morphology of alveolar bone 19. Boyne PJ. Fluorescence microscopy of bone healing following
mandibular ridge resection. Oral Surg Oral Med and Oral Path
healing 1963; 16:749-56.
• Histopathologic studies of osteogenesis 20. Boyne PJ. Tetracycline fluorescence - Cover Story. Dental
• The use of osseous implant materials in surgery Abstracts, Sept 1965.
• Bone transplantation procedures and 21. Boyne PJ, Cooksey DE. Use of cartilage and bone implants in
cryopreservation of tissues for grafting restoration of edentulous ridges. JADA 1965; 71:1426-36.
22. Boyne PJ. Osseous healing after oblique osteotomy of the
• Bone response to metallic implants mandibular ramus. J Oral Surg 1966; 24: 125-133.
• Evaluation of bone inductor materials 23. Boyne PJ. Osseous repair of post-extraction alveolus in man. Oral
• Use of neutron radiographic techniques in the study Surg Oral Med and Oral Path 1966; 21:805-813.
of osseous pathology 24. Boyne PJ. Histologic response to sectioning by high speed rotary
instruments. J Dent Res 1966; 45;270-76.
116 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

25. Boyne PJ. Osseous repair and mandibular growth after 49. Boyne PJ, Whittemore WL. Neutron radiography of osseous
subcondylar fractures. ] Oral Surg 1967; 25:300-09. tumors. Oral Surg Oral Med and Oral Path 1971; 31: 152-156.
26. Messer EJ, Hayes DE and Boyne PJ. Use of intraosseous metal 50. Boyne PJ. Transplantation, implantation and grafts. Chapter in
appliances in the fixation of mandibular fractures. J Oral Surg Text: Dental Clinics of North America 15: 433-453, C.V. Mosby
1967; 25: 493-502. Co., 1971.
27. Boyne PI. The use of tetracycline in studies of bone healing. Adv 51. Boyne PJ, Whittemore WL. Neutron radiography of osseous
Oral Bio 1968; 13: 12 1-44. tumors. Nature, 1971; 230:461-462.
28. Boyne PJ. Review of the literature of cryopreservation of bone. 52. Whittemore WL and Boyne PJ. Biomedical application of neutron
Cryobiology, 1968; 4(6):341-57. radiography. Research Develop 1971; 22-24.
29. Kchter HE, Sugg WE, Boyne PJ. Stimulation of osteogenesis in 53. Newman MG, Boyne PJ. The effect of the calcified bone matrix
the dog mandible by autogenous bone marrow transplants. Oral on the osteogenic potential of hematopoietic marrow. Oral Surg,
Surg Oral Med and Oral Path 1968; 26(3):396-405. Oral Med and Oral Path 1971; 32:506-512.
30. Boyne PJ, Mikels TE. Restoration of alveolar ridges by 54. Rappaport I, Boyne PJ, Nethery J. The particulate graft in tumor
intramandibular transposition osseous grafting. J Oral Surg 1968; surgery. Amer J Surg 1971; 22:748-55.
26(9):569-76. 55. Mainous EG, Boyne PJ. State of the art of hyperbaric oxygenation
31. Luke AB, Boyne PJ. Histologic responses following autogenous in oral and maxillofacial surgery. Proceedings of the Oral and
osseous-dental transplantation. Oral Surg Oral Med and Oral Path Maxillofacial Surgery Technical Workshop, U.S. Navy Bureau
1968; 26:861-870. of Medicine and Surgery, Dec 1971.
32. Boyne PJ. Tissue transplantation. Chapter in Text: Textbook of 56. Boyne PJ. State of art of bone grafting. Proceedings of Oral and
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 3rd Edition, Gustav O. Kruger, Maxillofacial Surgery Technical Workshop, U.S. Navy Bureau
Editor. The C.V. Mosby Co., St. Louis, MO, 1968. of Medicine and Surgery, Dec 1971.
33. Boyne PJ. The use of tetracycline in studies of bone healing. 57. Boyne PJ, Sands NR. Secondary bone grafting of residual alveolar
Chapter in Text: Advances in Oral Biology. Peter H. Staple, and palatal clefts. J Oral Surg 1972; 3087-93.
Editor. Academic Press, New York, NY, 1968; Vol. 3, pp. 121- 58. Boyne PJ, Morgan FH. Evaluation of a compression intraosseous
144. fixation device in mandibular fractures. Oral Surg Oral Med and
34. Boyne PJ. Studies of the use of marrow transplants in effecting Oral Path 1972; 33:696-705.
osseous repair of facial bones. Transactions of the III International 59. Kratochvil FJ, Boyne PJ. Combined use of subperiosteal implant
Conference on Oral Surgery, 1968; 518-523. and bone-marrow grafts in deficient edentulous mandibles: A
35. Boyne PJ. Experimental evaluation of the osteogenic potential of preliminary report. J Prosth Dent 1972; 27:645 -53.
bone graft materials. Proceedings of the Amer Instit of Oral Biol 60. Nahum AM, Boyne PI. Restoration of the mandible following
1969; 13-21. partial resection. Transactions of the Amer Acad of
36. Boyne PJ. The response of alveolar bone to injury. Proceedings Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology 1972; 75:957-62.
of the Amer Instit of Oral Biol, 1969; 3-9. 61. Block C, Boyne PJ. Use of a metal intraosseous fixation device
37. Yeager JE, Boyne PJ. The use of bone homografts and autogenous for treatment of fractures of atrophic edentulous mandibles. J
marrow in restoration of edentulous alveolar ridges. J Oral Surg Souther Calif Dent Assoc 1972; 40:995-1000.
1969; 27: 185-189. 62. Boyne PJ. The use of marrow-cancellous osseous grafts in the
38. Hoennann KC, Balekjian AY, Boyne PJ. Some quantum aspects regeneration of mandibular bone . Trans Int’l Oral Surg 1973;
of the protein intermolecular interfaces in connective tissue. 458-63.
J Dent Res 1969; 48:661-70. 63. Boyne PJ. Methods of osseous reconstruction of the mandible
39. Boyne PJ, Yeager JE. An evaluation of the osteogenic potential following surgical resection. Biomed Materials Res 4:195-204,
of frozen marrow. J Oral Surg 1969; 28:764-71. 1973.
40. Richter HE, Boyne PJ. New concept: in facial bone healing and 64. Mainous EG, Boyne PJ, Hart GB. Hyperbaric oxygen treatment
grafting procedures. J Oral Surg 1969; 27:557-59. of mandibular osteomyelitis. JADA 1973; 87: 1426-1430.
41. Boyne PJ. Restoration of osseous defects in maxillofacial 65. Boyne PJ. Effective AIOB programs. JADA 1973; 86(3):534.
casualties. J ADA 1969; 78: 767-76. 66. Mainous EG, Boyne PJ, Hart GB. Elimination of sequestrum and
42. Boyne PJ. Physiology of bone and response of osseous tissue to healing of osteoradionecrosis of the mandible after hyperbaric
injury and environment changes. J Oral Surg 1970; 28:12-16. oxygen therapy: Report of case. J Oral Surg 1973; 31:336-39.
43. Boyne PJ, Yeager JE. Evaluation du Potentiel Ostéogénique de la 67. Boyne PJ. Enhancing the hospital experience of the dental
Moelle Congelée. Mgdecine et Hygiène. Journal d’informations student. J Souther Calif Dent Assoc 1973; 41: 394-97.
mkdicales, 1970; 28:62-99. 68. Rawlings CA, Boyne PJ. Repair of a mandibular fracture in an
44. Marble HB, Boyne PJ, Luther NK, Koutrakos J, Richter HE. Grafts irradiated monkey using intraoral immobilization and
of cancellous bone and marrow for restoration of avulsion defects intraosseous metal mesh fixation. Lab Animal Sci 1973; 23(4):551-
of the mandible: Report of two cases. J Oral Surg 1970; 28:138-43. 55.
45. Boyne PJ. A study of the chronologic development and eruption 69. Boyne PJ. Implants and Transplants: Review of recent research
of teeth in elasmobranches. J Dent Res 1970; 49:557-61. in this area of oral surgery. JADA 1973; 87:1074-80.
46. Boyne PJ. Autogenous cancellous bone and marrow transplants. 70. Mainous EG, Boyne PJ, Hart GB. Hyperbaric oxygen treatment
Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Res 1970; 73:199-209. of mandibular osteomyelitis: Report of three cases. JADA 1973;
47. Boyne PJ. New concepts in bone grafting. Chapter in Text: 87(7):1426-30.
Current Concepts in Dent 1970; 4:320-326, C.V. Mosby Co., St. 71. Mainous EG, Boyne PJ, Hart GB. Restoration of resected mandible
Louis, MO. by grafting with combination of mandible homograft and
48. Boyne PJ, Whitternore WL. Neutron radiography of osseous autogenous iliac marrow and post-operative treatment with
tumors. Mentalis 1971; 1(1): 20-21. hyperbaric oxygenation, Oral Surg Oral Med and Oral Path 1973;
35:13-20.
Part 2: The Pioneers 117

72. Boyne PJ. Induction of bone repair by various bone-grafting 93. Boyne PJ, Zarem H. Osseous reconstruction of the resected
materials. Proceedings of CIBA Foundation Symposium II Hard mandible. Am J Surg 1976; 132:49-54.
Tissue Growth, Repair and Remineralization, Excepts Medica 94. Boyne PJ. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Chapter in Text: Effect of
Amsterdam, 1973; 121-41. Increased Oxygenation on Osteogenesis Enhancement. Undersea
73. Pike RL, Hoyne PJ. The use of composite autogenous marrow Medical Society, lnc., Bethesda, MD, 1977; 205-216.
and surface decalcified dogenic bone (SBDA) grafts in 95. Calcaterra TC, Boyne PJ. Giant cementidying fibroma of the
mandibular defects. J Oral Surg 1973; 31(12):905-12. mandible. Transactions of the Am Acad of Opthalmology and
74. Boyne PJ. Evaluation of compression of fracture healing. Otolaryngology 1977; 84:120-23.
Yearbook of Dentistry, 1973, 202-204, Yearbook Pub., Chicago, 96. Boyne PJ, Cartwright D. Alloplastics in oral surgery. Chapter in
IL. Text: Current Advances in Oral Surgery. WB Irby, Editor. C.V.
75. Boyne PJ, Whittemore WL, Harvey AM. Neutron radiographic Mosby Co., St. Louis, MO, 1977; 434-56.
examination of soft and hard tissues of the oral cavity. Oral Surg, 97. Boyne PJ. Tissue transplantation. Chapter in Text: Textbook of
Oral Med and Oral Path 1974; 37(1):124-30. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 5th Edition, Gustav O. Kruger,
76. Boyne PJ. Restoration of deficient edentulous ridges by bone Editor. C.V. Mosby Co., St. Louis, MO, 1979.
grafting and the use of subperiosteal metal implants. Int’l J Oral 98. Boyne PJ. Special bone grafting in oral and maxillofacial surgery.
Surg 1974; 3:278-81. Chapter in Text: Clinical Transplantation in Dental Specialties.
77. Mainous EG, Boyne PJ. Hyperbaric oxygen in tota1 rehabilitation Peter J. Robinson and Louis H. Guernsey, Editors. C.V. Mosby
of patients with mandibular osteoradionecrosis. Int’l J Oral Surg Co., St. Louis, MO, 1980; 12:232-256.
1974; 3:297-301. 99. Boyne PJ. Bone grafts in dentistry. Chapter in Text: Current
78. Boyne PJ and Upham C. The treatment of long standing bilateral Therapy in Dentistry. C.V. Mosby Co., St. Louis, MO, 1980; 43:312-
fracture non- and malunion in atrophic edentulous mandibles. 28.
Int’l J Oral Surg 1974; 3:213-17. 100. Boyne PJ. Oral and maxillofacial surgery. Chapter in Text: What
79. Pike RL, Boyne PJ. Use of surface-decalcified allogeneic bone Dentists Do: A Patient’s Guide to Modern Dentistry. S. Sigmund
and autogenous marrow in extensive mandibular defects. J Oral Stahl, Editor. Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York, 1980.
Surg 1974; 32:177- 82. 101. Boyne PJ, James R. Grafting of the maxillary sinus floor with
80. Boyne PJ. Osseous grafts and implants in the restoration of large autogenous marrow and bone. J Oral Surg 1980; 38:613-18.
oral defects. Proceedings of the 11th Annual James English 102. Boyne PJ. Postexodontia osseous repair involving the mandibular
Research Symposium 1973. J Periodonto 1974; 145:(5)378-83,Part canal. J Oral and Maxillofac Surg 1982; 40:69-73.
II. 103. Boyne PJ, Fremming BD. Periodontal pocket elimination using
81. Boyne PJ. Use of marrow-cancellous bone grafts in maxillary durapatite ceramic implants. J Alpha Omega 1982; 75:17-22.
alveolar and palatal clefts. J Dent Res 1974; 53 (4): 821-24. 104. Boyne PJ. Impact of durapatite as a bone grafting material in
82. Leake DL, Lind KE, Tolin JH, Boyne PJ. Correction of oral and maxillofacial surgery: What are the possible future
discontinuity defect of the maxilla by bone grafting. J Oral Surg applications? J Cont Ed in Dent Supp 1982; l#2, 83.
1974; 32:467. 105. Boyne PJ. Periodontal pocket elimination using durapatite
83. Boyne PJ. Tissue transplantation. Chapter in Text: Textbook of ceramic implants. Proceedings of the Amer Instit of Oral Biol,
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 4th Edition, Gustav O. Kruger, 1982; 43-49.
Editor. The C.V. Mosby Co., St. Louis, MO 1974. 106. Boyne PJ. Impact of durapatite as a bone grafting material in
84. Mainous EG, Boyne PJ. Hepatic coma after multiple dental oral and maxillofacial surgery: What are the possible future
extractions. J Oral Surg 1974; 32:682-84. applications? Oral Surg 1983; 73:(5): 11-13.
85. Mainous EG, Boyne PJ. Lingual mandibular bone concavity. 107. Boyne PJ. The use of marrow particulate grafts and titanium
JADA 1975; 90:666-68. implants in the reconstruction of resected mandibles. Chapter in
86. Mainous EG, Hart GB, Boyne PJ. Healing of mandibular Text: Maxillofacial Trauma: An International Perspective. John
osteomyelitis in a narcotics addict: following hyperbaric oxygen: R. Jacobs, M.D., Editor. Praeger Publishers, New York, NY 1983;
Case report. Military Medicine, 1975; 140: 196-97. 19:212-18.
87. Boyne PJ. Transplantation and grafting procedures in oral 108. Boyne PJ. Fluorescence microscopy of durapatitie implants.
surgery. Chapter for Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 1975; 5th Proceedings of the Amer Instit of Oral Biol 1983; 53-57.
Edition, Vol 11, 15 12-1526, W. H. Archer, Editor, W. B. Saunders 109. Boyne PJ. The restoration of resected mandibles in children
Co. without the use of bone grafts. J Head and Neck Surg 1983; 6:626-
88. Christiansen RL, Hayward JR, Bell WH, Boyne PJ. Editorial. 31.
Research on Orthognathic Surgery - NIDR State-of-the-Art 110. Kent JN, Quinn JH, Zide MF, Guerra LR, Boyne PJ. Alveolar ridge
Workshop. J Oral Surg 1975; 33:907-20 augmentation using nonresorbable hydroxylapatite with or
89. Boyne PJ, Whittemore WL. Practical applications of neutron without autogenous cancellous bone. J Oral and Maxillofac Surg
radiography and gaging. Chapter in Text: Applications of 1983; 41(A10):629-42.
Neutron Radiography to Histopathology. ASTM STP 586, 111. Boyne PJ. Tissue transplantation. Chapter in Text: Textbook of
American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 6th Edition, Gustav O. Kruger,
1976; pp. 77-86. Editor. C.V. Mosby Co., St. Louis, MO, 1984.
90. Kratochvil FJ, Boyne PJ, Bump RL. Rehabilitation of grossly 112. Boyne PJ, O’Leary TJ, Cox CF. Hydroxylapatite, beta tricalcium
deficient mandibles with combined subperiosteal implants and phosphate, and autogenous and allogeneic bone for filling
bone grafts. J Prosth Dent 1976; 35A:452-61. periodontal defects, alveolar ridge augmentation, and Pulp
91. Boyne PJ. Tissue transplantation in dentistry. Transplantation capping. JADA 1984; 108:822-31.
Proceedings 8: #2, Suppl #1,83-87, June 1976. 113. Walters R, Boyne PJ, Schlenker WL, Lier A, Homer RJ. Lateral
92. Boyne PJ, Sands NR. Combined orthodontic-surgical expansion of the mandibles in the baboon following osteotomy
management of residual palatoalveolar cleft defects. Am J Ortho at the symphysis. Angle Orthodontist, July 1984; 54(3):183-198.
1976; 70:20-37.
118 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

114. Boyne .PJ, Rothstein SS, Gumaer KI, and Drobeck HP. Long-term 132. Boyne PJ. The use of biomaterials in mandibular reconstruction:
study of hydroxylapatite implants in canine alveolar bone. J Oral Clinical experience with biomaterials. Chapter in Text:
Max Surg 1984; 42:589-94. Contemporary Biomaterials. JW Boretos and M Eden, Editors.
115. Boyne PJ. Impact of recent oral surgical research on practice of Noyes Publications, Ridge Park, NY 1986.
dentistry. CDAJ 1984; 19-22. 133. Boyne PJ. The science of ridge augmentation. J Cont Educ in
116. Daly KM and Boyne PJ. Textbook: Nutrition and Eating Problmes Dent Supp 1987; l#2:49.
of Oral and Head-Neck Surgeries. Charles C. Thomas Pub., 134. Boyne PJ, Mathews FR, Stringer DE. TMJ bone remodeling after
Springfield, IL, 1984. polyoxymethylene condylar replacement. Int’l J Oral-Max
117. Boyne PJ. Performance of bone grafts in reconstructive surgery. Implants 1987; 2(1):29-33.
Chapter in Text: Biocompatibility of Natural Tissues and Their 135. Boyne PJ. Preprosthetic surgery for older patients. JADA Special
Synthetic Analogues. David F. Williams, Editor. CRC Press, Issue - Special Care in Dentistry, Jan-Feb 1987.
Liverpool, 1984. 136. Boyne PJ, Scheer PM. Maintenance of alveolar bone through
118. Heslop IH, Clarke PB, Becker R, Blenkinsopp P, Boyne PJ, William implantation of bone graft substitutes in tooth extraction sockets.
JL. Mandibular fractures: Treatment by open reduction and direct JADA 1987; 114(5):594-97.
skeletal fixation. Chapter in Text: Maxillofacial Iniuries. NL Rowe 137. Boyne PJ. Comparison of porous and nonporous hydroxylapatite
and JL Williams, Editors. Churchill Livingstone, London, 1985; and anorganic xenografts in the restoration of alveolar ridges.
Vol I, 9:293-336. Proceedings of ASTM Symposium on Porous Implants,
119. Boyne PJ. Correction of dentofacia1 deformities associated with Nashville, TN 1987; 359-69.
residual alvelar and palatal clefts. Chapter in Text: Surgical 138. Boyne PJ, James RA. Research in subperiosteal implant surgery.
Correction of Dentofacial Deformities New Concepts. W. Bell, Clinical Dentistry, AJ. B. Linppincott Co., Philadelphta, PA 1987.
Editor. W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA, 1985; Vol III, 12:560- 139. Boyne PJ. Preprosthetic adjunctive surgery in post-cancer
92. rehabilitation. A selection of papers presented at the First Int’l
120. Boyne PJ, Cole MD, Stringer DE, Shafqat JP. A technique for Congress on Oral Cancer and Jaw Tumours. Singapore pp. 244-
osseous restoration of deficient edentulous maxillary ridges. J 266, November 9-14, 1987.
Oral Max Surg 1985; 4347-91. 140. Boyne PJ. Reconstructive surgery of mandibular continuity
121. Jennings BD, Schlenker WL, Boyne PI, and Walters RD. The defects with composite autogenous bone grafts and alloplastic
effects of chronic absence of active nasal respiration on the growth materials. A selection of papers presented at the First Int’l
of the skull. Prog Clin Biol Res 1985; 187:403-12. Congress on Oral Cancer and Jaw Tumours. Singapore pp. 223-
122. Boyne PI. Early treatment of facial trauma. Postgraduate 243, November 1987; 9-14.
Medicine 1985; 75(5) :99-111. 141. Boyne PJ. Bone response to dental intraosseous implants.
123. Boyne PJ. Possibilities of stimulating bone reconstruction and Proceedings of the Amer Instit of Oral Biol, pp. , Palm Springs,
regeneration by use of graft materials. Proceedings of 8th Int’l CA, October 1987.
Conf on Oral Surgery, Quintessenzc Verlags-GMBH, Berlin, 1983; 142. Truitt HP, James R, Altman A, Boyne PJ. Use of computer
584-590 (Published 1985). tomography in subperiosteal implant therapy. The J of Prosthetic
124. Boyne PJ. Current clinical experience with durapatite. Dentistry 1988; 59(4).
Proceedings of Symposium on Alveolar Ridge Augmentation in 143. Boyne PJ. Bone induction and the use of HTR polymer as a vehicle
Edentulous Patients. Comm. Media for Education, Princeton, for osseous inductor materials. Compend Contin Educ Dental
1985; NJ 3:3-11. Suppl, 1988; 10, S337-S41.
125. Boyne PJ, Stringer DE. Allogeneic freeze-dried dura as a disc 144. Boyne PJ. Bone induction and the use of HTR polymer as a vehicle
replacement in temporomandibular joint surgery. Proceedings for osseous inductor materials. Compend Suppl 1988; 10:S337-
of International Congress on Tissue Integration in Oral and S41.
Maxillofacial Reconstruction, Brussels, May 1985. Published by 145. Bakland KL, Boyne PJ. Trauma to the oral cavity. Clinics in Sports
Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam, 1986; 227-31. Med 1989; 8(1):25-41.
126. Stringer DE, Boyne PJ. Use of freeze-dried dura as a disc 146. Boyne PJ. Free grafting of traumatically displaced or resected
replacement in temporomandibular joint surgery. Proceedings mandibular condyles. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1989; 47(3):
of International Congress on Tissue Integration in Oral and 228-32.
Maxillofacial Reconstruction, Brussels, May 1985. Published by 147. Boyne PJ. Host response to intraosseous implants placed in HA
Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam, 1986; 237-42. grafted mandibles. Mat Res Soc Symp Proceedings 1989; 110:2
127. Boyne PJ. Design and Methods. Proceedings of 1st Annual 19-27.
Symposium of the Amer Acad of Implant Dentistry Research 148. Boyne PJ. The study of interface bone formation resulting from
Foundation, 1985. J of Oral Implanto 1986; 12(3):333-38. the use of intraosseous titanium implants. Mat Res Soc Symp
128. Boyne PJ, James RA. Advances in subperiosteal implant Proceedings 1989; 110:561-69.
reconstruction. Dental Clinics of Worth America 1986; 30(2) 149. Westermarch AH, Sindet-Pedersen S, Boyne PJ. Bony ankylosis
259-68. of the temporomandibular joint: Case report of a child treated
129. Gongloff RK, Cole M, Whitlow W, Boyne PJ. Titanium mesh and with delrin condylar implants. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1990;
particulate cancellous bone and marrow grafts to augment the 48(8):861-65.
maxillary alveolar ridge. Int’l J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1986; 15:263- 150. Boyne PJ. Advances in preprosthetic surgery and implantation.
68. Current Opinion in Dentistry, 1991; 1:277-81.
130. Stringer DE, Boyne PJ. Modification of the maxillary step 151. Boyne PJ. Boyne grafting in the osseous reconstruction of alveolar
osteotomy with titanium mesh stabilization. J Oral Maxillofac and palatal clefts. Oral and Maxillofac Surg Clin of NA 1991;
Surg 1986; 44:487-88. 3(3):589-97.
131. Truitt HP, James R, Boyne PJ. Noninvasive technique for 152. Welch TB, Boyne PJ. The management of traumatic scalp injuries:
mandibular subperiosteal implant: A preliminary report. J of Report of cases. J of Oral and Maxillofac Surg 1991; 49:1007-14.
Prosthetic Dent 1986; 55(4):494-97.
Part 2: The Pioneers 119

153. Boyne PJ, Scheer PM. A long-term study of unilateral alveolar 169. Boyne PJ. Use of porous bone mineral to increase bone density.
cleft grafting comparing pregraft arch expansion to postgraft arch Materials Research Society Fall Meeting Symposium, Boston, MS.
expansion. Proceedings of the 4th Hamburg Int’l Symposium Mat Res Soc Symp Proceedings 1993; Vol 331, 263-68.
on Craniofacial Anomalies and Clefts of Lip, Alveolus and Palate, 170. Heslop IH, Cawood JI, Stoelinga PJW, Becker R, Blenkinsop P,
Germany, 1987. Published by Thieme, Stuttgart 1991 (S292-296). Boyne PJ, Williams JL. Mandibular fractures: Treatment by closed
154. Boyne PJ, Scheer PM. Long-term study of autogenously bone reduction and direct skeletal fixation. Chapter in Text: Rowe and
grafted bilateral alveolar clefts. Proceedings of the 4th Hamburg Williams’ Maxillofacial Injuries, 2"’ Edition. J. L. Williams, Editor.
Int’I Symposium on Craniofacial Anomalies and Clefts of Lip, Churchill Livingstone, London Vol I, 1994; 12A:341-86.
Alveolus and Palate, Germany, 1987. Published by Thieme, 171. Boyne PJ. Hydroxylapatite coatings on dental implants (Bone
Stuttgart 1991 (S349-355). response to hydroxylapatite). J of Oral Implantol Vol XX, No. 3,
155. Boyne PJ, Scheer PM. Stimulation of bone induction by 1994.
odontogenic epithelium in the treatment of alveolar clefts. 4th 172. Boyne PJ. Animal studies of application of rhBMP-2 in
Hamburg Int’l Symposium on Craniofacial Anomalies and Clefts maxillofacial reconstruction. Proceedings of the Portland Bone
of Lip, Alveolus and Palate, Germany, 1987. Published by Symposium, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR
Thieme, Stuttgart 1991 (S171-174). 1995; 602-17.
156. Boyne PJ. Bone response to dental intraosseous implants. Chapter 173. Boyne PJ. Use of HTR in tooth extraction sockets to maintain
in Text: Dental Implants: Principles and Practice. Charles A alveolar ridge height and increase concentration of alveolar bone
Babbush, Editor. WB Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA 1991; 17- matrix. General Dentistry 1995; 43(5); 470-73.
29. 174. Boyne PJ. Evaluation of the titanium-bone interface of dental
157. Boyne PJ. Bone graft systems in oral and maxillofacial surgery. alveolar implants. Chapter in Text: Encyclopedia Handbook of
Proceedings of the Portland Bone Symposium, Oregon Health Biomaterials and Bioengineering. Donald L Wise, Editor. Marcel
Sciences University, Portland, OR, July 1991. Dekker, Inc., New York, Vol 2, 1995; 1697-711.
158. Boyne PJ. Vergleich von bio-oss und anderen implantatioils 175. Herford AS, Boyne PJ. A comparison of the effects of tobacco
materialien bei der erhaltung des alveolarkammes des smoke and transdermal nicotine on alveolar bone growth in the
unterkiefers beim menschen. International Symposium on rat. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1997.
Modern Trends in Bone Substitutes, Lucerne, Switzerland. Hefte 176. Boyne PJ. Animal studies of the application of rhBMP-2 in
zur Unfallheilkunde, Heft 216, edited by AH Huggler EH Kuner maxillofacial reconstruction. Bone Suppl July 1996; 19(1):83-82.
(Hrsg.). Published by Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 1991 177. Boyne PJ. Osseous reconstruction of the maxilla and the
(S98-103). mandible: Surgical techniques using titanium mesh and bone
159. Lozada JL, lames RA, Boyne PJ, Lorca FJ. Valoracion clinicaly mineral. Lane Evensen, Editor. Quintessence publishing Co., Inc.,
respuesta histological de materials autologos y heterologs, Carol Stream, IL, 1997.
empleados en la elevacion del senomaxilar, para la colocacion 178. Boyne PJ, Stringer DE. Prevention of relapse of growth and
de implantes endoseos. Actualidad Implantologica. Organo de development of the midface following cleftal bone grafting and
Difusion del Club Espanol de Implantologia, Vol I, Marzo 1992. orthognathic surgery. Chapter in Text: Cleft Lip and Palate.
160. Hardesty RA, Zuppan C, Rouse G, Hasso AN, Boyne PJ. Fetal Samuel Berkowitz, Editor. Singular Publishing Group., Inc., San
kleeblattschadel cranium: Morphologic, radiographic and Diego, London, Vol 2 1996; 13:119-35.
histologic analysis. The Cleft Palate Craniofacial Journal, 1992; 179. Kan YK, Lozada JL, Boyne PJ, Goodacre CJ, Rungcharassaeng K.
29(4):363-68. Mandibular fracture after endosseous implant placement in
161. Boyne PJ. Maxillofacial surgery. Chapter in Text: Bone Grafts conjunction with inferior alveolar nerve transposition: A patient
and Bone Substitutes. Mutaz Habal Editor. WB Saunders, 291- treatment report 1997; 12:655-59.
98, 1992. 180. Tataryn RW, Torabinejad M, Boyne PJ. Healing potential of
162. Boyne PJ, Christiansen EL, Thompson JR. Advanced imaging of osteotomies of the nasal sinus in the dog. Oral Surg Oral Med
osseous maxillary clefts. Mahmood F Mafee, Guest Editor. The Oral Parhol Oral Radiol Endod 1997; 84(2):196-02.
Radiologic Clinics of N. America 1993; 31(1): 195-207. 181. Boyne PJ, Marx RE, Nevins M, Triplett G, Lazaro E, Lilly LC,
163. Boyne PJ. Analysis of performance of root-form endosseous Alder M, Nummikoski P. A feasibility study evaluation rhBMP-
implants placed in the maxillary sinus. J Long-term Effects of 2/Absorbable collagen sponge for maxillary sinus floor
Medical Implants 1993; 3(2): 143-59. augmentation. The Int’l J Perio and Restorativ Den 1997; 17:11-
164. Boyne PJ. Clinical evaluation of antibiotic-supplemented bone 25.
allograft (Discussion). J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1993; 51:986. 182. Boyne PJ. A comparison of vascularized and nonvascularized
165. Boyne PJ. Analysis of performance of root-form endosseous bone grafts for reconstruction of mandibular continuity defects
implants placed in the maxillary sinus. Proceedings of the Amer (Discussion). J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1997; 55: 1206.
Instit of Oral Biol, Palm Springs, CA, October 1993; 91-103., 183. Boyne PJ, Nath R, Nakamura A. The use of human recombinant
166. Boyne PJ. The use of bone graft systems in maxillary implant BMP-2 in reconstruction of cleft defects in macaca mulaeto
surgery. Proceedings of the Amer Instit of OraI Biol, Palm monkeys (Abstract). Int’l J Oral Maxillofac Surg, Suppl 1, 1997;
Springs, CA, October 1993; 107-114. 26:23.
167. Boyne PJ. Experimental effects of primary alveolar bone grafting 184. Nakamura A, Boyne PJ. Osseous reconstruction of the maxillary
on maxillofacial development in the rabbit (Commentary). The sinus floor with rhBMP-2. The Quintessence Yearbook 1997; 10-
Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal, 1994; 31:36. 13.
168. Boyne PJ, Herford AS. Effect of configuration of surgical burs on 185. Herford AS, Boyue PJ. A comparison of the effects of tobacco
osseointegration of dental implants: A pilot study. Implant smoke and transdermal nicotine on alveolar bone growth in the
Dentistry 1994; 3:47-50. rat. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radio Endod 1997.
120 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

186. Boyne PJ. Knochenwachstum und knochenrepair: Stand der 203. Boyne PJ. The evolution of guide tissue regeneration. Oral
technik bei knochentransplantaten und dem einsatz von Maxillofacial Surg Clin N Am 2001; 13(3):397-409.
induktionsproteinen des knochenwachstums Munich, April 1998. 204. Boyne PJ. The use of particulate bone grafts as barriers eliminating
187. Boyne PJ. An intraoral approach to the treatment of condylar the use of membrane in guided tissue regeneration. Oral
hyperplasia or high condylar process fractures using the intraoral Maxillofacial Surg Clin N Am 2001; 13(3):485-91.
vertico-sagittal ramus osteotomy (Discussion). J Oral Maxillofac 205. Boyne PJ. An evaluation of bone induction delivery materials in
Surg 56:571, 1998. conjunction with root-form implant placement. Oral Maxillofacial
188. Boyne PJ, Nath R, Nakamura A. Human recombinant BMP-2 in Surg Clin N Am 2001; 13(3):521-32.
osseous reconstruction of simulated cleft palate defects. Brit J of 206. Boyne PJ, Herford AS. An algorithm for reconstruction of alveolar
Oral Maxillofac Surg 1998; 36:84-90. defects before implant placement. Oral Maxillofacial Surg Clin
189. Boyne PJ. Bone grafting and maintenance of alveolar bone for N Am 2001; 13(3):533-41.
conventional prosthese. Chapter in Text: Contemporary Implant 207. Boyne PJ. Introduction. Chapter in Text: Osteointegratione
Dentistry, 2nd Edition. Carl E Misch, Editor. Mosby, St. Louis, Avanzata. Professor Franco Santoro and Professor Carlo
MO 1998. Maiorana, Editors. RC Librisrl, Milan, Italy 2001; 361-71.
190. Boyne PJ. Application of human recombinant morphogenetics 208. Boyne PJ, Herford AS. Use of new advances in distraction
protein-2 (rhBMP-2) in the reconstruction of mandibulectomy osteogenesis of the mandible. Loma Linda University Dentistry,
and maxillectomy defects. Chapter in Text: Tissue Engineering 2002; 13(1)A: 13-15.
for Therapeutic Use. Y Ikada and Y Yamaoka, Editors. Elsevier 209. Boyne PJ, Herford AS. Evaluation of a special collagen implant
Science BV, The Hague, Netherlands 1998; 127-137. material as a substitute for free mucosal or skin grafts in oral soft
191. Boyne PJ. The history of maxillary sinus grafting. Chapter in Text: tissue surgery. Proceedings of the Amer Instit of Oral Biol Palm
The Sinus Bone Graft. Ole T Jensen, DDS, MS, Editor. Springs, CA Oct 2002; 103-09.
Quintessence Publishing Co., Inc., Carol Stream, IL, 1999; 1-6. 210. Shabahang S, Bohsali K, Boyne PJ, et al. Effect of teeth with
192. Boyne PJ. Studies of the surgical application of osteoconductive periradicular lesions on adjacent dental implants. Oral Surg Oral
and osteoinductive materials. Chapter in Text: Tissue Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2003; 96:321-26.
Engineering: Applications in Maxillofacial Surgery and 211. Herford AS, Boyne PJ. Ankylosis of the jaw in a patient with
Periodontics. SE Lynch, DMD, DMSc, R J. Genco, DDS, PhD, RE fibrodysplasia ossificans progressive. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral
Marx, DDS, Editors. Quintessence Publishing Co., Inc., Carol Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2003; 96:680-84.
Stream, IL, 1999; 125-30. 212. Boyne PJ. Augmentation of the posterior maxilla by way of sinus
193. Shabahang S, Torabinejad M, Boyne PJ, Abedi H, McMillan P. A grafting procedures: Recent research and clinical observations.
comparative study of root-end induction using osteogenic Oral Maxillofacial Surg Clin N Am 2004; 16:19-31.
protein-1, calcium hydroxide, and mineral trioxide aggregate in 213. Boyne PJ, Herford AS. Distraction osteogenesis of the nasal and
dogs. J of Endodontics 1999; 25(1): 1-5. antral osseous floor to enhance alveolar height. J Oral Maxillofac
194. Boyne PJ, Nakamura A, Shabahang S. Evaluation of the long- Surg 2004; 62:123-30, Suppl 2.
term effect of function on rhBMP-2 regenerated 214. Boyne PJ, Jones SD. Demonstration of the Osseoinductive effect
hemimandibulectomy defects. Brit J of Oral Maxillofac Surg 1999; of bone morphogenetic protein within endosseous dental
37:344-52. implants. Implant Dent 2004; 13(2):180-84.
195. Steinberg P, Padwa BL, Boyne PJ, Kaban L. State of the art in the 215. Boyne PJ, Herford AS, Stringer DE. Prevention of relapse
oral and maxillofacial surgery: Treatment of maxillary hypoplasia following cleftal bone grafting and the future use of BMP
and anterior palatal and alveolar clefts. Cleft palate Craniofac J cytokines to regenerate osseous clefts without grafting. Chapter
1999; 36(4):283-91, (Review) in Text: Cleft Lip and Palate (2nd Edition). Samuel Berkowitz,
196. Boyne PJ. Current developments with growth factors and bone Editor. Springer-Verlag-Berlin, New York 2005; 587-600.
proteins. Dent Implantal Update 1999; 10(4):25-27. 216. Boyne PJ, Hou D, Moretta C, Pritchard T. The multifocal nature
197. Boyne PJ. Use of carrier materials in delivery of bone inductor of odontogenic keratocysts. CDA J 2005; 33(12):961-65.
substances. Chapter in Text: Biomaterials Engineering and 217. Boyne PJ, Lilly LC, Marx RE, Moy PK, Nevins M, Spagnoli DB,
Devices: Human Applications (Vol 1). DL Wise, et al., Editors. Triplett RG. De Novo bone induction by recombinant human
Huniana Press, Inc., Totowa, NJ 2000; 251-65. bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) in maxillary sinus floor
198. Kirsch WM, Conception W, Hakim N, Reich D, Anton L, Weldon augmentation. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2005 63: 1693-07 .
N, Zhu YH, Boyne PJ, Dickson C. Update on vascular clips: Can 218. Boyne PJ, Salina S, Nakamura A, Audia F, Shabahang S. Bone
they be used endoluminally and for venous repairs? regeneration using rhBMP-2 induction in hemimandibulectomy
Endocardiovascular Multimedia Magazine 2000; 4:2. type defects of elderly subhuman primates. Cell and Tissue
199. Boyne PJ. Maxillofacial surgical application of bone inductor Banking 2006; 7:l-10.
materials. Implant Dentistry, 2001; 10:2-4. 219. Boyne PJ. History of maxillary sinus grafting. Chapter in Text:
200. Boyne PJ. Application of bone morphogenetic proteins in the The Sinus Bone Graft. (2nd Edition). Ole Jensen, DDS, MS, Editor.
treatment of clinical oral and maxillofacial osseous defects. The J Quintessence Publishing Co., Inc., Hanover Park, IL 2006; 3-12.
of Bone and Joint Surg 2001; 83A:l46-50. 220. Herford AS, Boyne PJ, Williams RP. Clinical Applications of
201. Boyne PJ, Shabahang S. An evaluation of bone induction delivery rhBMP-2 in Maxillofacial Surgery. CDAJ 2007; 35(5):335-41.
materials in conjunction with root-form implant placement. The 221 Boyne PJ. Evaluation of surgical strategies to regenerate anterior
Int’l J Perio and Restorative Dent 2001; 21:333-43. maxillary and palatal clefts. Chapter in Text: Current
202. Boyne PJ. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinics of North Experimental Study for Treatment of Cleft Lip and Palate. N.
America: Alveolar Ridge Reconstruction and Guided Tissue Natsume, Editor. Quintessence Pub. Co, Lt., Tokyo, Japan, 2005.
Regeneration and Bone Grafting. PJ Boyne, Guest Editor. WB 222. Boyne PJ, et al. Reconstruction of the mandible in aging
Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA, August 2001. subhuman primates. J of Tissue Banking.
122 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

MAURICE FAGAN During the early 1960s, Dr. Fagan established a


In the world of dental Buckhead clinic treating dental problems of the disabled
implants, Dr. Maurice J. and aged. For 15 years, he was national president of the
Fagan Jr. was a trailblazer. Order of St. John of Jerusalem, an international charitable
He held ten patents, organization that raises money for people with medical
contributed to five needs, said Dr. Judy. Dr. Fagan retired in 1998.
textbooks, authored 17 As a favor to his friend the late Gene Eubanks, he
publications, and produced wrote a novel, “The Isle of Hope.” The 292-page historical
educational films on dental adventure, based on an outline Mr. Eubanks left him, is
implants. Dr. Fagan was born on December 4, 1921 in set in Savannah and tells the saga of four families before,
Coventry, Rhode Island and moved to Atlanta in 1956. during and after the Civil War. It was good enough to be
He completed his undergraduate training at Providence published by Dorrance Press in 1992 and adapted in 2000
College, was graduated from the University of Maryland as a movie,
School of Dentistry in 1947 and completed his oral “Battle for Glory.” Dr. Fagan played a small part in the
surgery and general anesthesia training at Boston City film as a minister.
Hospital from 1948-1950. He lectured in the Americas, Survivors include his wife, Ruth Fagan of Roswell;
Europe and Asia, keeping offices in London and Rome, three other sons, Mal Fagan of Norcross, Mark Fagan of
according to his dentist son, Dr. Jim Fagan of Roswell. Roswell and Mitchell Fagan of Duluth; two daughters,
Dr. Fagan retired from the U.S. Air Force with the Laurie Sikes of Duluth and Margo Kennedy of Marietta;
rank of Lt. Colonel after serving his country in World a sister, Sis Nichols of Boston; a brother, Thomas Fagan
War II, Korea, and Vietnam. He was a life member of of Coventry, R.I.; and 14 grandchildren.
the Disabled American Veterans Association. Dr. Maurice Fagan-Funeral Eulogy
“In the 1980s,” said his son, “he worked at the Vatican By Tim Kennedy, son in law
with Dr. Silvano Alesio, the personal dentist to the pope.” April 7,2004
“He was one of the pioneers in the field,” said Dr. Dr. Fagan lived for over 82 years. He accomplished more
Kenneth Judy of New York City, co-chairman of the in his lifetime than anyone I have ever known. I have
International Congress of Oral Implantologists. “Dr. only five minutes today to discuss his entire life. That is
Fagan was a very innovative, well-respected member of a very tall order.
the dental implant community. He founded one of the I’m sure Dr. Fagan is listening to me right now, and
major academies, the American Academy of Implant he probably thinks I’m going to spend this time
Prosthodontics, and was responsible for a lot of the discussing his many achievements. I’m not going to do
spread of the profession internationally.” that. I believe what made Dr. Fagan’s life truly
Dr. Fagan, 82, of Rosewell died of prostate cancer remarkable are not his own personal achievements but
Sunday at North Fulton Medical Center. The funeral how he affected the lives of those who knew him.
Mass was 1 p.m. at St. Thomas Aquinas Catholic Church. I knew Dr. Fagan for twenty-three years. During that
H.M. Patterson and Son, Arlington Chapel, was in charge time I observed four areas where I believe he impacted
of arrangements. other people’s lives. It is on those four areas that I want
The 1947, The University of Maryland dental school to spend this time today.
graduate moved to Atlanta in 1956 and established a “Importance of Family”
general dentistry practice. “He did everything from Dr. Fagan instilled in his children the importance of
extractions to fillings to oral surgery,” said his son, who having a close family. All of his six children live locally,
joined his father’s practice in 1981. But his skills at dental see each other often, and genuinely enjoy each other’s
implants led him to focus on that. company. While they may not always get along perfectly,
“I believe he was the first implant dentist in Georgia,” they always come together in time of need. I have never
said his son. “The field has evolved like computers, and met a closer family.
Dad kept up with the state of the art. He brought a lot of Dr. Fagan also had a large extended family. His home
innovation, a lot of imagination and a very personable was always open to anyone who was a friend. His home
chair-side manner to what he did. His implants was like a magnet to anyone who was a friend of his
reconstituted the quality of life for his patients, giving family. Many people over the years have told me that
them new self-esteem and confidence in their appearance they felt almost as if they were part of the Fagan family.
so they could go in public and function to their fullest. I was Dr. Fagan’s son-in-law for almost twenty-one
He could transform a dental cripple into a dynamic years and I can honestly say that he always made me
person.” feel more like a son than a son-in-law.
Part 3: The Innovators 123

Dr Marice Fagan (center) dresses in style for the 1985, Royal Ascot races in England,
which he attended with Dr. Ronald Culten (left) and his son Mitchell Fagan

Dr Maurice J Fagan, Jr. 1921-2004


Maurice J Fagan, Jr. (center), as a dental student at the
University of Maryland in 1944

student dentis T Maurice J. Fagan, Jr., treats a patient in the


dental school clinic of the University of Maryland in 1947
124 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

Dr. Fagan, future generations will continue this held anything back. He played the game of life with a
tradition of a strong sense of family based on the example passion that most of us will never begin to understand.
you set with your life. Dr. Fagan, you showed us what having true “passion
“Quest for Excellence” for life” really means. You made us expect more from
Dr. Fagan wanted to be the best and have the best of life than we would have without your example.
everything in life. 1 am convinced that when he arrived “Big Dreams”
in heaven last Sunday, after St. Peter showed him to his Dr. Fagan had big dreams. We don’t know why he
room, he said “I’m sorry, but I believe I’m supposed to did, but he truly had big dreams. He was born in a small
get the Presidential suite!” farmhouse, in a room his family called the “telephone
Dr. Fagan set very high standards for himself. He room.” It was called the telephone room because getting
expected those who knew him to aspire to those same their first telephone was such a huge event for his family.
standards. I remember after I had been his son-in-law He didn’t come from a wealthy family. Still, Dr. Fagan
for less than a month he came for a visit. The first thing had big dreams. He wanted everything that life could
he asked me was “So, Tim, have you gotten any big possibly offer. He never let anyone, anything, or any set
promotions lately?” I remember thinking, so this is what of circumstances convince him that his life’s dreams were
I have to look forward to! too big to realize.
Dr. Fagan had no place in his life for mediocrity. Dr. Fagan, our children will grow up knowing that
Something about him made you want to make him they should never be afraid to have big dreams. You
proud. You truly didn’t want to disappoint him, because proved through your own life’s example that we can have
you knew that he set the same high standards for himself. big dreams and that we have the power within us to make
He was always looking for ways to better himself. I them come true. You showed us that we could realize
remember about two years ago he came for a visit and our dreams no matter how grand they are if we are
with that sparkle in his eye that we all remember he told willing to work hard enough and never give up on what
me about the new web site he had just built. Most of us we really want out of life.
are just trying to get through the week and here was an Dr. Fagan, today is our day to thank you for what
eighty-year-old man learning how to build a web site to you gave us while you were with us. You forever changed
sell all his dental implants. the lives of those who knew you. You left us with more
Dr. Maurice Fagan (center) dresses in style for the than you ever realized.
1985 Royal Ascot races in England, which he attended
with Dr. Ronald Cullen (left) and his son Mitchell Fagan. RONALD CULLEN
Dr. Fagan, you instilled this spirit for your quest for Date of Birth: December 1, 1928.
excellence in those who knew you. You showed us that
we don’t necessarily have to accept the hand we are dealt
in life. We alone are responsible for what we achieve in
life. Each of us has the power within us to realize the
outcome we desire.
Dr. Fagan, you challenged us to be better than we
ever thought we could be without your example.
“Passion for Life”
There is an expression that anyone who has ever
played sports may have heard called “leaving it all on
the field”. It means that since there, is a finite amount of
time in a game, its important that you don’t hold anything
back during the game. You don’t want the game to end
knowing you could have done more to change the
outcome of the game.
Unfortunately, in life we don’t know when the game
is going to end so we tend to hold back. Dr. Fagan lived
his life knowing his time here would not be forever. He He has two daughters and two sons.
was a living example of “leaving it all on the field of He was champion of athletics at Sydney Technical
life.” Whether, it was his professional career, his family High School for students under thirteen years of age, and
life, or his pursuit of personal goals. Dr. Fagan, never from 1941 through 1946 he was the captain of the rugby
Part 3: The Innovators 125

Ronald Cullen at home with his wife


126 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

football team. lingual peripheral struts over the bone which also
He was named “Ronald” after his uncle who died included both edentulous posterior areas making it a full
from scarlet fever in 1928. arch subperiosteal implant.
He has two brothers, Jack, a physician to the Queen He was the recipient of the Aaron Gershkoff Award
(QHP), and Charles, the attorney general in Australia. in 1980.
He graduated dentistry, achieving the “WA Grainger In the 1950s and 1960s, he was a prolific lecturer and
Prize” in 1951. for a while he was affiliated with New York University,
He also graduated with his Doctorate from College of Dentistry where he lectured to the students.
Northeastern University in Chicago in 1953, where he
received his DDS. While there, he crossed the Grand NORMAN MULNIK
Canyon and back in one day, which had never been done Dr. Mulnik was an excellent
before. Later he climbed the Grand Teton Mountains. implantologist, using all of the
He returned to England and began his practice at No. 1 various implant disciplines that
Harley Street. were available. Unfortunately, he
He holds a clinical professorship at the Department died of a heart attack at a very
of Implant Dentistry at New York University College of young age and many of his friends
Dentistry. missed him greatly.
• He is presently a life member of the American Founder. Institute for
Academy of Implant Dentistry. Advanced Dental Research, Past
• He also holds many fellowships such as: President, Institute for Endosseous
• BDS—Bachelor of Dental Surgery, Sydney, Australia Implant
• FRACDS—Fellow Royal Australian College of American Academy of Implant
Dentistry Dentistry
• FICD— Fellow International College of Dentists Chief of Oral Implants at Northwest Hospital,
• FACD—Fellow American College of Dentists Chicago
• FADI—Fellow Academy of Dentists International He attended Long Island University with Dr. Linkow,
• FDFA—Fellow Pierre Fauchard Academy where they studied together many times each week
He was a tremendous all around athlete, especially during their premedical days. They also played on the
in the sport of water skiing. same baseball team called the Betsy Head Cardinals at
His famous article on “The Oral Burn Syndrome and the park of the same name in Brownsville, Brooklyn, and
Its Effects on Dental Implants” published in the Journal won the league championship.
of Oral Implantology gave the readers another reason
why implants can fail.
CHARLIE WEISS
Dr. Cullen was a great pioneer who enjoyed a very
Birthplace: Brooklyn NY
successful practice on One Harley Street in London. He
Birthdate: 1927
was an extraordinary human being.
He played a major role in
getting the blade implant
SAMUEL P WEBER fully accepted by the ADA.
Dr. Weber was a very established He created a “tissue tac”
implant dentist from the early surface of the interface of
1950s, to his passing in the late some of the blade implants.
1980s. He also introduced a “cold
He was the developer of the coining” process for
universal mandibular subperiosteal manufacturing the blade implants.
implant, which he preferred to use He lectured nationally and internationally on dental
instead of two posterior unilateral implants and practice management. He graduated New
subperiosteal implants. The York University College of Dentistry in 1952.
universal subperiosteal implant He was also responsible for many of the instruments
included any anterior teeth that still that were developed for the blade implants.
were functional by designing the Dr. Weiss is world renowned in the field of
implant to encircle the teeth with continuous labial and implantology, and responsible for the principal
Part 3: The Innovators 127

development of a United States system granted Full period Dr. Weiss’s interest in Dental Management
Acceptance by the American Dental Association. He is culminated in his teaching that discipline at New York
the 1996-1997 recipient of the prestigious American University. He wrote and lectures on “Establishing the
Academy of Implant Dentistry (AAID) Research Need and Creating the Desire for Optimal Dental Care”
Foundation Isaiah Lew Memorial Award for Basic and “Work Simplification and Time Motion Concepts
Clinical Research in Implant Dentistry. An Honored Applied to the Practice of Dentistry”. Dr. Weiss became
Fellow of AAID, Diplomate and Board Member of the a co-patent holder on a time motion dental unit
American Board of Oral Implantology/Implant manufactured by the S. S White Company, and a
Dentistry and one of the original authors of an AAID panoramic radiography unit manufactured by the J
application to the American Dental Association for Morita Corporation of Japan.
formal specialty acceptance Dr. Weiss was made Oratronics Inc., founded and chaired by Dr. Weiss
Honorary Professor of the Department of Oral has been providing implants and related armamentaria
Implantology at the University of Kaunas, Lithuania, and to the profession for over 35 years. As President of the
was appointed first Chairman of AAID Global, the Dental Implant Manufacturers Association, he
international effort of the American Academy of Implant represented the industry to the Food and Drug
Dentistry, in recognition of his long international Administration. As President of the United States
involvement and membership in about 30 domestic and Institute of Implant Dentistry, he has taught thousands
international dental implant societies. Dr. Weiss was of domestic and international practitioners about implant
selected by Mosby Inc., a recognized publisher of medical dentistry. The finest clinical trials in implant dentistry
and dental textbooks, to author with his son Adam, a funded and replicated totally independently by the
unique textbook that teaches the basics necessary to begin Veteran’s Administration at five hospital centers led by
understanding, inserting and restoring dental implants. Dr. Christian Kapur and the National Institutes of Health
Having continuously practiced dentistry for over at Harvard University, focused on a broad range implant
fifty-five years and multi-modal implant dentistry for system that is now known as the Osseopreservation
over forty years, Dr. Weiss’ depth of experience is Osteo-Loc Standard Blade Implant System.
recognized worldwide. He has taught implant dentistry Dr. Weiss is a past commissioner of the New York
to thousands of dentists at over 50 universities and City Youth Board and a member of the Board of the Deco
societies worldwide, holds more than 35 patents, has Society of New York. Dr. Weiss is an Academic Member
developed several research protocols and personally of the National Committee on American Foreign Policy.
participated in a number of implant-related research He pursues an interest in speechwriting for national
projects. Dr. Weiss graduated from New York University candidates on Middle Eastern and Atomic Power issues.
in 1952, completed a surgical residency at Harlem His office is in the Tower of the Chrysler Building- a most
Hospital, and lectured extensively on prosthodontics, famous Art Deco Landmark. Dr. Weiss is married. The
rising to Chief of Fixed Prosthodontics at Beth Israel family includes four married children, and is blessed with
Medical Center in New York City. During that same time ten grandchildren.

Curriculum Vitae
Author: Weiss/Weiss—Principles and Practice of Implant Dentistry - Mosby “Implant
Dentistry 101“ Textbook—C.V. Mosby ISBN 0323-00767-8
Board Member/Diplomate: American Board of Implantology/Implant Dentistry (ABOI/ID)
Member: National Committee on American Foreign Policy (NCAFP)
Honored Fellow American Academy of Implant Dentistry (AAID)
Trustee: American Academy of Implant Dentistry 1998-2001
Member: ABOI/ID - AAID Liaison Committees 1998-2001 ; 2003-2006
Chairman: AAID Global Committee 1998-2001
Fellow: International College of Dentists (FICD)
Chairman AAID Global Committee 1998-2001
Fellow: General and Scientific Chairman: World Congress of Oral Implantology 6; 2004
Founder: International Congress of Oral Implantologist (ICOI)
President: United States Institute of Implant Dentistry
Recipient: AAID Isaiah Lew Memorial Research Award
Patents: Implant Dentistry (25+), Accelerated Bone Healing, Endodontic Stabilization,
Intramucosal Inserts, Panoramic Radiography, Time Motion Dental Units
128 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

Principal Developer: Standard Osteo-Loc Endosteal Osseopreservation Implant System


Fully Accepted by The American Dental Association (ADA)
Principal Developer: Generation 10 and Osteo-Loc Plate/Blade Form Implant Systems Japan Dentists of
the Year
Clinician Multi-Modal Implant Dentistry (40 Hours/Surgical Demonstrations DVD
Series) (VEDCA)
Chairman Fixed Prosthodontics — Beth Israel Medical Center N.Y. 1958-1967
Author : Several Scientific Articles and Book Chapters
Lecturer NYU College of Dentistry—Practice Management 1960-1964
Elected Omnicom Kappa Upsilon (OKU) Dental Honorary Society
President 1st World Congress of Oral Implantology/Japan Division
Surgical Seminars Over Sixty-four Day Hour Surgical Seminars in U.S. and Overseas
Presentations Over Three Hundred and Universities and Societies in U.S. and
Overseas
Full-Time Practice Current
Honors Bestowed By Several Societies Overseas
Course Director AAID Maxi Course® / India 2004/2005
Developer 1st Titanium Tipped® Implant Instruments
1st Endosteal Implant (Tissue-Tac®) Interface Treatment
1st Process for Coining Titanium Endosteal Implants
Ramus Frame Assembly Implant System
Osteo-Loc Direct Bone Pin Implant System
Past-President Dental Implant Manufactures Association
Past-President Institute for Endosteal Implants (represented the Institute in its merger with
AAID—more than doubling AAID membership)
Founder Oratronics — Ist Public Dental Implant Co.
Founding Editor Implantologist:The International Journal of Oral Implantology
Editor Proceedings: World Congress of Oral Implantology
Past-Commissioner The New York City Youth Board (Mayor Lindsay)

Board of Directors Art Deco Society of New York


405 Lexington Ave.
Suite 6900
New York NY 10174-0360

ANTONIO MORO GRECO Dr. Moro Greco enjoyed an extremely large implant
Dr. Antonio practice and was very successful.
Moro Greco was He published numerous important articles on blade
born in Naples, implants and subperiosteal implants.
Italy in 1925, and He was a perfect and kind gentleman and many of
passed away in his colleagues have missed him. He attended many
the midd.le implant congresses throughout the world both as an
1980s. He had attendee and as a prolific speaker.
two sons, one an I can only repeat what I have written about some of
orthodontist and the other doctors—Dr. Moro Greco was one of the finest
the other one was human beings I have ever known.
his prodigy who
he had working JACK WIMMER
in his extremely Jack (Joachim) Wimmer was born on August 12,1923 in
busy office in Naples. Wieliczka, Poland, a saltmining city near Krakow. His
Part 3: The Innovators 129

childhood days were most the market several important and innovation products
enjoyable. He liked school and such as custom endosteal blade implants, the Startanius
sports, especially soccer. two-stage blade implant, and the Star-Lock two stage
Already as a young teen, Jack screw implants. Jack Wimmer owns patents and
was involved in dentistry, studying trademarks on his products.
and working as an apprentice to a For the past 45 years Jack Wimmer has lectured
dentist in Krakow. This association extensively throughout the world on many subjects. They
continued, and flourished until 1942, have included: “Step-by-step procedures of Subperiosteal
when the Nazis invaded and Implants”, “Step-by-step procedures of Blade Implants”,
occupied his home city. “Mucosal Implants”, “Radiographic and Fluoroscopic
The Nazis separated 19 years old Jack Wimmer from Detection of Internal Defects in Dental Castings and
the rest of his family. His father, mother two brothers Dental Implants”, “Startanius Two-stage Dental
and sister, were killed in Nazi concentration camps. He Implants”, “Root-form Implants”, and perspectives of
however endured constant privations and brutal osseointegration systems”. Dr. Leonard Linkow and Jack
suffering in many Nazi forced concentration labor camps Wimmer, traveled and lectured extensively in the 1970s
and survived the war. Jack was liberated by the Russians and late 1980s. Jack introduced to the Dental profession
in May 8, 1945. the Picotron Radiofrequency Plasma Glow Discharge
After the war, Jack met and married his wife Sally Surface Cleaning Treating System.
and they lived for five years in Munich, Germany, where Jack is a fellow of the International Congress of Oral
he started to rebuild his life. Jack completed his formal Implantologists an executive member of the New York
dental training in Wirzburg and began practicing State Dental Association of certified Dental Laboratories,
dentistry in Munich, where he quickly developed an and Honorary member of the American Academy of
excellent reputation as a talented, and most caring Implant Dentistry, a member of the Implant
practitioner. Prosthodontic Section of the ICOI. Jack served as vice
Jack, Sally and their three-year-old daughter Betty president of the Dental Implant Manufacturers
emigrated to the United States in February, 1951. They Association, an Associate fellow of the American Society
lived in New York where his son Howard was born in for osseointegration, and a member of the Board of the
1953. In 1957, Jack Wimmer and Lennard Johanson American Academy of Implant Dentistry Research
opened Park Dental Studios. Park Dental Studios became Foundation. He was also the Chairman of the Committee
one of the most widely known and well-respected dental for the Establishment of The Leonard I Linkow
laboratories in the world. Jack, possessing vast and Professorship in Implant Dentistry at New York
practical knowledge of both clinical dentistry and dental University College of Dentistry.
technology was regularly sought after by dentists As president of Park Dental Research Corporation
worldwide for his expertise and advice concerning Jack Wimmer is still sought after for his knowledge and
complex dental restorations. expertise. He and wife Sally live in Fort Lee, New Jersey,
By the late 1950s, Jack developed a great interest in where for many years Jack has been very involved in
the new field of dental implantology. He was community affairs. Jack and Sally are most proud of their
instrumental in the pioneering of dental implants children, grandchildren and especially their great-
working especially closely with “the father of grandchildren who can do no wrong!
implantology” Dr. Leonard Linkow, as well as other In 2001, Jack Wimmer was honored as the recipient
leaders in the field such as Drs. Aaron Gershkoff, of the prestigious Aaron Gershkoff Memorial Award by
Norman Goldberg, Gustav Dahl, Isaiah Lew, Raphael the American Academy of Implant Dentistry. According
Chercheve, Eric Baush, Jack Lemmons, Norman Cranin, to Dr. Kenneth Judy, Jack exemplifies the professional
Carl Misch, Charles Babbush, Kenneth Judy, Burton ethic required for such distinction—long-term service to
Balkin, Robert James, Bob Baier, and Professors Muratori, organized implantology and a truly moral relationship
Yanagisawa, and many others. with his colleagues. Jack, a modest man did not campaign
Jack soon became an authority in the dental implant for this award, but rather it was given to him by the wise
arena. He founded Park Dental Research Corporation, choice of AAID past presidents. For decades Jack has
which developed a reputation as a leading innovator in labored in the vineyards, and now can enjoy the
the rapidly growing field of dental implantology. Jack recognition of his peers for his on going efforts. Dr.
helped develop and lectured on subperiosteal implants. Leonard Linkow stated “Jack has a daily sense of
Jack and Park Dental Research Corporation brought to dedication. As president of his temple, each day he
130 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

commits to service and excellence in all areas of his life. Academic Appointments
Everyone who has known him can be proud of this Adjunct Clinical Professor of Oral Implantology and Co-
moment, of this honor.” Director of Oral Implantology Department of
Jack is not just a survivor. His story is a life of Periodontology
dedication, expertise, success and honor of which we can Temple University
all be proud. Philadelphia, PA 2004- Present
19 W. 34th St.
Adjunct Professor
New York NY
Department of Prosthodontic and Restorative Dentistry
University of Detroit Mercy School of Dentistry Detroit,
MI 2004-Present
CARL E MISCH
Date of Birth: November 17, 1947 Adjunct Professor
Birth Place: Detroit, Michigan USA University of Michigan, School of Dentistry
Private Practice: Department of Periodontics
Ann Arbor, Michigan 2003-Present
Advanced Implant Dentistry
Adjunct Professor
University of Alabama at Birmingham
Education School of Engr., Department of Biomedical Engr.
Birmingham, Alabama 1998-Present
Farmington High School 1965 Diploma
Clinical Professor
Farmington, Michigan Louisiana State University
Wayne Stage University 1969 Bachelor of Science School of Dentistry, Department of Periodontics
Detroit, Michigan 1973 Doctor of Dental New Orleans, Louisiana 2000-Present
University of Detroit Surgery Assistant Professor of Implant Dentistry
Detroit, Michigan 1989 Prosthodontics Lama Linda University, School of Dentistry,
University of Pittsburgh Certificate Department of Restorative
School of Dental Medicine Dentistry Lorna Linda, California 1998- Present
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Associate Professor
University of 1989 Oral Implantology Department of Prosthodontics University
Pittsburgh certificate of Pittsburgh, School of Dental Medicine,
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 1999-2000
School of Dental
Medicine Adjunct Associate Professor
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania University of Michigan, School of Dentistry
University of 1989 Oral Implantology Department of Periodontics
Pittsburgh certificate Ann Arbor, Michigan 1998-2003

School of Dental Associate Professor


Medicine Pittsburgh, Department of Periodontics
Pennsylvania University of Pittsburgh
School of Dental Medicine 1996-1998
University of Pittsburgh 1989 Master Dental
Director
School of Dental Medicine Science
Oral Implantology, Continuing Education 1995-2000
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
University of Pittsburgh, School of
Dental Medicine, Pennsylvania
Government Appointments
Panel Member June 13-15, 1988 Associate Professor
Consensus Development Conference on Dental Implants Department of Prosthodontics 1987-1996
National Institutes of Health, Food and Drug University of Pittsburgh, School of
Administration, Bethesda, Maryland Dental Medicine, Pennsylvania
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Part 3: The Innovators 131

Director Consultant, Princess Grace Hospital Monte Carlo,


Oral Implantology, University of Pittsburgh 1990-1996 Monaco 1996-Present
School of Dental Medicine - Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania 1990-1996 Courtesy Staff, Grace Hospital, DMC Detroit,
Michigan 1996-Present
Co-Director
University Oral Implantology Center 1986-1989 Courtesy Staff, Madison Community Hospital
University of Pittsburgh, School of Madison Heights, Michigan 1995-Present
Dental Medicine,
Department of Prosthodontics Courtesy Staff, Long Island College Hospital Brooklyn,
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania New York 1994-Present
Assistant Professor
University of Pittsburgh, School of Courtesy Staff, Monsour Hospital Monroeville,
Dental Medicine, Department of Pennsylvania
Prosthodontics Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 1983-1987
Attending Staff, Mercy Hospital Detroit, Michigan
Adjunct Associate Professor 1994-Present
University of Alabama at Birmingham
School of Engr, Depart. of Biomedical Engr. Attending Staff, Grace Hospital, DMC Detroit, Michigan
Birmingham, Alabama 1990-1997 1989-2000
Adjunct Associate Professor
Lorna Linda University, School of Dentistry Courtesy Staff, Botsford Hospital Farmington, Michigan
Department of Restorative 1989-1996
Dentistry Lorna Linda, California 1992-1994 Consultant, Veterans Administration Hospital Allen
Park, Michigan 1987-1995
Director off Campus Hospital Based Oral
Implantology Program
Certificate and Licensure
Lorna Linda University, School of Dentistry
Lorna Linda, California 1989-1995 Council of National Board of Dental Examiners 1973
IVorth East Regional Board of Dental Examiners 1973
Charge’ JI Enseignement (Associate Professor)
Faculte de Medecine (School of Medicine) Licensed Dentist, Michigan #l0560 1973
Lille, France 1988-1996 Licensed Dentist, New York #035005 1979
Associate Professor, Department of Oral Implantology Licensed Dentist, Pennsylvania #DS-025544-L 1985
Maimonides University
Diplomate, American Board of Implant
Buenos Aires, Argentina 1991-1995
Dentistry Oral Implantology 1990
Professor
Department of Implantology Journal Appointments
Universite Europeenne du Travail
Bruxelles, Belgium 1990-1995 2003 Advisory Board, Spectrum 2003

Assistant Clinical Professor Senior Associate Editor, Journal of


Temple University Oral Implantology 1998-Present
School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics Scientific Advisor, Implantodontie 1998-Present
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Clinical Faculty, University of Detroit Section Editor, Implant Dentistry 1992-Present
School of Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry International Editor, Implant Dentistry
Detroit, Michigan 1973-1974
International Editor, Implant Dentistry 1991-Present
Hospital Appointments Advisory Board, Dentistry Today 1989-Present
Attending Staff, Botsford General Hospital Farmington
Editorial Board Practical Periodontics
Hills, Michigan 1999-Present
and Aesthetics in Dentistry
132 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

Editorial Advisory Board, Dental Omicron Kappa Upsilon, Nu Nu Chapter


Implantology Update 1990 - Present
Dean’s List 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973
Consultant, Implant Quarterly, A Digest of
University of Detroit, School of Dentistry
Contemporary Implant Dentistry 1987-Present
Magna Cum Laude 1973
Editor, The International Journal of
University of Detroit, School of Dentistry
Oral Implantology 1985-1991
President of Class 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973
Co-Editor, The International Journal of
University of Detroit, School of Dentistry
Oral Implantology 1981-1985
Vice President, American Student
Assistant Editor, The Implantologist Dental Association 1972
University of Detroit, School of Dentistry
The International Journal of
Oral Implantology 1979-1980 President, American Student Dental Association 1973
University of Detroit, School of Dentistry
Assistant Editor, Journal of
Delegate, International Student
Oral Implantology 1988
Dental Association London, England 1973
Publications Committee, American Dean’s Key, Scholarship, Outstanding Leadership and
Academy of Implant Dentistry 1987-1988 Service University of Detroit, School of Dentistry 1973
Columbia Dentoform Award, Outstanding Contribution
Member of Committee University of Detroit, School of Dentistry 1973
Forgraduate Students Advisory
Simon Berstein, Evaluation of Narrow Diameter One Alpha Sigma Nu, National Honors Fraternity University
Piece Implant for the Restoration of Maxillary Lateral of Detroit 1973
and Mandibular Incisors, June 2006
Postgraduate Recognition
Duce Chung, The Significance of the Keratinized Mucosa Presidents Medal
in the Maintenance of Endosseous Implants with American Academy of Implant Dentistry 2003
Different Surfaces: A 3-Year Retrospective Study, June The Graduate Program in Implant Dentistry-Loma Linda
2005 University

Jennifer Steigenga, Effect of Implant Thread Geometry The Robert James Achievement Award 2001
on Strength of Osseointegration and the Bone-Implant Fellow International College of Dentists 2001
Interface. M.S., 2003 Aaron Gershkoff Memorial Research Award 1999

Jeffrey Korsnes, Effects of a Demineralized Bone Matrix Vermeil Medal of Merit, City of Paris, France 1998
Material on Alveolar Ridge Preservation. MS, 2002 Isaieh Lew Award, American Academy of Implant
Dentistry 1998
Academic and Dental School Honors Honorary Member, Turkish Society of
Doctor Honoris Causa 2003 Oral Implantology 1993

U of Bucharest Fellow, American College of Dentists 1991


Proclamation, Mayor of Dearborn, Robert Guido
Bucharest, Romania
Dr. Carl E. Misch Day, April 20, 1991 1991
Doctor Honoris Causa 2002
Honorary Member, Associazione Nazionale Impianto
University of Yeditepe
Protesi, Italy 1991
Istanbul, Turkey First International Prize, Dutch Oral Implantology
Honorary Member 1996 Society 1990
Part 3: The Innovators 133

Diplomate, American Society of Osseointegration 1990 Implantologists 1982


Honored Fellow, American Academy of Implant Honorary President, Columbian
Dentistry 1990 Dental Implant Society 1982
Diplomate, American Board of Oral Implantology/ Member of Honor, Primate Research Institute,
Implant Dentistry 1990 Argentina 1982
Silver Medal of Merit, City of Paris, France 1989 Member of Honor, Peru Dental Implant Society 1979
Implantologist of the Year, American Society of Fellow, Academy for Implants and Transplants 1978
Osseointegration 1989 Fellow, International Congress of
Proclamation, Mayor of Dearbom, Robert Guido 1989 Oral Implantologists 2004-05
Dr. Carl E. Misch Day, April 20, 1989 1989 Best Dentist in America 1998
Fellow, Academy of Dentistry International 1989 Who’s who, Life Member 1995

Member of Honor, Basilio Jaef Foundation 1987 Who’s who, Honored Member 1995
Mastership, American Academy of Implant Who’s who among American Executives,
Prosthodontics 1987 U.S. Registry 1993
Doody’s Rating Service:
Member of Honor, Le College International de
Recherches 1986 Guide to the 250 Best Health Sciences 1995

Implantaires de Lariboisike Books–contemporary Implant Dentistry 1983


Chairman immediate load consensus Committee, AAID
Member of Honor, Academia Italiana degli Impianti 1986 All those who wish Dr. Misch’s complete curriculum
Member of Honor, Deutsche Gesellschaft Fur vitae, please write to:
Zahnarztliche 1986 Dr. Carl Misch
16231 West Fourteen Mile Road
Implantologie Suite 200
Member of Honor, Canadian Society of Oral Bimington MI 48025
Implantology 1985
HAROLD DEVERE ROBERTS
Associate Fellow, American College of Oral
Born September 25, 1925
Implantology 1985
Ethnical origin: Scottish and German
Credentialed Member, American Academy
of Implant Dentistry 1985 Graduated in 1958 at University or Oregon Dental School.
Built the first endosseous blade implant in June 1963 at
Education Award, International Congress of Oral 1985
Loma Linda Alumni Research.
The Ramus implant was an improvement over the first
Implantologists
blade implant. USA patent no. 3577853 granted to Dr.
Member of Honor, Dutch Oral
Harold Roberts.
Implantology Society 1984
The Frame Ramus implant stabilizes the lower denture.
Fellow, American Association of
Hospital Dentistry 1984
Fellow, Academy of General Dentistry 1983
Fellow, Royal Society of Medicine 1983
Member of Honor, Venezuelan Dental Society 1983
Member of Honor, Australian Society of Implant
Dentistry 1982
Fellow, Primate Research Institute 1982
Associate Fellow, American Academy of Implant
Dentistry 1982
Diplomate, International Congress of Oral
134 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

USA patent no. 3641671 granted to Dr. Harold Roberts. course at the American Academy of Implants and
USA patents total 10. Transplants in Sacramento, California, Nov. 1979,
A Surgical Technique book written by Dr. Roberts, Beverly Hills, California, July 1980.
detailing surgery of placing the implants. In May 1975, lecture in Tampa, Florida, sponsored
by the Hillsborough County Dental Society.
A seven-page article (JADA, Vol. 84, Jan. 1972) written
by Drs. Harold Roberts, Donald L. Visiting clinician at the participation course at the
Alabama Implant Study Group, held September 11-12,
Cram and Lloyd Baum of Loma Linda University,
1975 at the University of Alabama in Birmingham
describing the surgery and function of the Frame
Lecturer at the Alabama Implant Congress, May 7-9,
implant.
1976.
Article on the Ramus endosseous implant (JSCDA, Vol.
Participant in the 25th Amual Scientific Program of
38, July 1970) written by Drs. Harold Roberts and Ralph
the American Academy of Implant Dentistry in Las
Roberts.
Vegas, November 11-13, 1976.
USA patent no. 3739476 has been granted on maxillary
Lecturer at the course held in the School of Dentistry,
frame implant. Patents in Canada and England have been
University of Alabama in Birmingham, December 11-12,
granted also to Dr. Roberts.
1977.
11 courses on Ramus implant at Loma Linda University.
Surgeries at Mexico Implant Study Group in Mexico
1 course at the Medical College of Georgia, School of City, July 1979.
Dentistry.
Similar courses at Birmingham, Alabama in 1978,
4 courses at the University of British Columbia. 1979, 1980, 1981.
I course at the University of Oregon. Courses at Baylor College of Dentistry (Dallas, Texas)
1 course at the Detroit Dental School (18 courses given in August 1979, December 1980, December 1981, June
by Dr. Roberts). 1982.
Courses in Birmingham, Alabama for the past
Movies and Lectures 14 years.
Lecture in October 1972 at Mexico City (XV World Dental 1984 Textbook of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Congress). 4 movie films on surgery techniques in Krugar Ramus Frame Implant.
placing implants, by Dr. Harold Roberts. 4 copies
purchased by the American Dental Association. The Dr. Harold Roberts was another of the few geniuses
movie on the Ramus implant was shown at ADA. we have had in implant dentistry, especially when he
Atlantic City, 1971. introduced his Ramus Frame implant.
Has studied dental problems of Ecuador, Trinidad, He was a very humble and religious person who usually
Japan (Tokyo), England, Germany, France (Paris). carried a Bible with him. As faith would have it, being
General Practice in Vancouver for 18 years. ahead of his time for many years “the powers that be” in
A lecture given in Spokane, Washington included his dental society disgraced him severely, unethically
slides and 3 movies on Ramus, Ramus Frame and Partial claiming his work was inferior to the standard of care,
Ramus Frame implants, showing implant cases with and eventually took away his license to practice. Dr.
summary of successful cases, percentage of failures and Roberts took it as “God’s will” but many years later he
years of service. The Ramus Frame and Partial Ramus acquired another license to practice in another state. He
Frame implants stabilize the lower denture and the lower was truly a great pioneer.
partial.
The two-day participating course instructed the
THOMAS S GOLEC
dentists with practicing the placement of the implants
in the lab, under supervision; dentists performed the Dr. Golec was a very skilled
surgery of placing implants in the patients, under maxillofacial surgeon from California.
supervision. Detailed movies and slides showed step- He did hundreds of subperiosteal
by-step the surgery techniques. Discussion: question and implants using hydroxyl apatite
answer sessions were conducted throughout the course. coatings. Everyone loved him, but
January 27, 1975, course at the School of Dentistry of unfortunately cancer ended his life at
the University of Alabama. Same kind of participation a young age.
Part 3: The Innovators 135

The following was written by Doug Kay to Doug in Orange County, California. Dr. James, inspired by his
Martin about Golec: Tom placed the first HA-coated early successes, wanted to know more about the
implants (subperiosteal and endosseous) on planet Earth. underlying mechanisms that were responsible for
I coated them for him. The first sub was on his design implant survival. He spoke with one of the faculty
with my coating, as developed at Calcitek. The first members, Lloyd Baum, who at the time was chairman
endosseous were actually original IMZ implants that we of the Department of Restorative Dentistry. With his
had obtained from Axel Kirch. When that potential encouragement, as well as that of professors Elmer Kelln
business arrangement (Calcitek-IMZ) failed, I drew up and Donald L Peters, Bob became enrolled in a masters
the first Integral Dental Implants, had them prototyped, program in the Department of Oral Medicine. Two
and when coated, had Tom put the first ones in. years later, he was awarded his MS degree, which
Dr. Golec was the first to utilize the Hydroxylapatite required a thesis. That publication was entitled “A
coatings in implantology. The Calcitec implant was Histopathological Study of the Nature of the Epithelium
Tom’s design, which utilized the IMZ form but Surrounding Implant Posts” [James RA Oral
eliminated the plastic bucket concept. Tom used HA- Implantology 1973; 3: 137-159] and it quickly became
coated implants and HA to develop bone to implant established as the authoritative source for those
interfaces and bone augmentation. Tom and John Kay interested in endosseous implant ecology. Very shortly
PhD developed the term biointegration for the unique thereafter, his lecture schedule, his newly established
type of integration found on HA- coated implants. The Implant Center at the university, and his clinical research
implants healed exactly like broken bone. The bone with primates made him known around the world. He
crystals formed epitaxially on to the crystalline HA- is responsible for having trained more implant-oriented
coatings. This bond Tom termed biointegration and is graduates than any other teacher in academia. The
unique to HA coated implants. Dr. Golec noted that the American Dental Association appointed him as its official
failure mode of the old designed non-coated implants spokesperson regarding the subject. Scientists held him
was settling and thought that the mico-movement of in their highest esteem for his discovery of the roles of
fibro-osseous implants contributed to the failure by hemidesmasomes and mucopolysaccharides at the
making the permucosal seal less effective. The interface.
biointegrated implant was proposed by Dr. Golec to be Through the years, until his untimely death in 1995,
a more stable implant and by bio-integrating would not Bob and Norman continued to visit one another for both
move. This was proposed to greatly enhance the survival social and professional reasons. His premature demises
of HA- coated implants. Dr. Golec also thought that the created a void in the national and international scientific
use of large particle HA which was thought to be non- community that may never be filled. At Loma Linda,
resorbable would prevent the settling of the custom arguably the most outstanding clinical, research, and
implant by providing a non-resorbable base for the educational implant center in the world, his inspiration
implant. Tom devised a mandibular augmentation is still responsible for their overwhelming reputation.
concurrent with implant placement. Tom was a teacher, I am grateful to have known him as a professional, and
innovator, clinician, scientist, father, husband, an AAID more importantly, as a wonderful friend. I will never
president as well as Maxillofacial Oral surgeon. Dr. Golec forget the inscription in his thesis: “To Norman, my father
was a man of vision who pushed the envelope of in implantology, a close friend, a constant source of
knowledge, and encouraged others to do so as well. encouragement and inspiration: my deepest gratitude
for all these and more.
ROBERT JAMES Robert James wrote that in June 1972. To this day, his
Dr. Robert James became a very close words continue to inspire me.
friend of Norman Cranin. He was a
recipient of the renowned Aaron RALPH A ROBERTS
Gershkoff Memorial Award in 1988. He My early years of life were carefree.
was highly experienced in I lived on a small house vegetable farm
subperiosteal implants and published in Lewiston, Idaho. There were nine
some outstanding papers on his results. siblings, six boys and three girls. Our
In 1970, when Bobby was ready for father had passed away while my twin
college, his parents wanted an brother and I were very young. Mother
Adventist education for him. They picked up all their tended to the home and we boys cared
worldly possessions and moved to Loma Linda, located for the farm. There was always plenty
136 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

to do. My twin brother and I managed to find sometime dentistry and one subject in particular would always
for extra projects. We made bicycles and motorized come up, dental implants. It was during my sophomore
scooters and later at eleven years of age, we reconstructed years that I fabricated an implant for the mandibular free
our first car, a Model T-Ford. This took place out at the end saddle. The implant is known today as the ramus
back of the barn, out of mother’s sight. blade.
I enjoyed my early years of farm and play. School came After completing my dental education, Harold and I
harder and I could take it or leave it. High school years worked together on designing several of the dental
were spent at a boarding academy. There, I found studies implants, the ramus blade, and several other sinus
a bit boring. Work was great and it consisted of working implants. I hold patents on the RA-3 frame and STR
on the school’s wheat farm and tending the steam boiler implants. The ramus frame is one of the immediately
during the winter months. I never thought about loaded implants in the industry. I am the owner of Pacific
becoming a dentist. When we were young, mother would Implant, Inc. We have provided implants and services for
take us to the dentist as needed and I remember the the past 35 years. I have lectured throughout the United
dental offices as the smell of cigar smoke and States and in Europe. It has been enjoyable meeting and
medicaments. One never forgets the sound of the belt working with other dentists with the same purposes in
driven handpieces and the smell of tooth structure as mind, restoring dental needs by using dental implants.
the drill got hotter and hotter and of course there was Dr. Linkow is certainly one of these great individuals
the undesirable feel of dental pain. It’s a wonder any of whom I admire and has given greatly to the cause of
patients survived those years and still have teeth to dentistry.
function with. These were the days before endodontic
treatment and anesthesia was scarce. Curriculum Vitae
Mother was a great candy maker and we children Date of Birth: June 23,1934
would sell it in the neighborhood to our favor. We did Place of Birth: Clarkson, Washington
not have a lot of junk food like the children of today. Spouse’s Name: Rita E. Roberts
Food was not abundant but adequate. Children’s names: Nancy Roberts-Mitchell
I attended Walla Walla College from 1953 to 1957. Joan Wilklow
During college things became more serious. I began to Donna Roberts
enjoy class work more but still did not see the importance Lisa Wallace
of writing term papers and studying English. Since that
time I have written and published several papers. In all University Education
honesty, I must say I still enjoyed the farmwork and Undergraduate
driving log trucks during the summer. I majored in 1953-1957 Walla Walla College (Pre-Dental,
business and minored in science. I began to focus on my Earned BS)
future life work, dentistry. While at college I met and 1957-1959 In US Army and taking night classes
courted my sweetheart and we married the afternoon of 1959-1961 Pacific University in Forest Grove,
graduation day. Six years after, we started our family Oregon
and have four wonderful daughters who have college BS in Natural Science
degrees and are happily married. 1961-1965 Loma Linda University, School of
Following college I was drafted into the US Army Dentistry DDS in 1965
for two years. It was there that I received my dental lab
training, which served as a great step toward dentistry. Academic Appointments
Shortly after being discharged I applied and was
1988-1998 Assistant Professor—Division of
accepted into Loma Linda School of Dentistry,
International Dentistry and
graduating class of 1965. The academic part was difficult
Department of Restorative Dentistry,
and required hours of diligent study. The practical
Staff Privileges, Dept. of Oral Surgery:
(clinical) was fascinating and enjoyable. My wife worked
Loma Linda University.
for the military base near the school. I spent my time
rebuilding damaged cars, which provided funds to pay Hospital Appointments
for dental school. 1983-1996 Staff—St. Joseph Hospital, Eureka, CA
One of my brothers was Harold, who had graduated 1980 Present Staff—Redwood Memorial
from the University of Oregon in 1958, and was currently Hospital, Fortuna, CA
practicing in Oregon. We would often discuss issues of 1983-1996 Staff—General Hospital, Eureka, CA
Part 3: The Innovators 137

Practice Activities Frame, Ramus Blade and STR implants


1965-Present (Full Time) General Practice of • Alabama Implant Congress: 1974-Present—Main
Dentistry and Implantology Podium Speaker and presented Limited Attendance
1999-Present Established Dental Clinic, L’viv, Clinics and Table Clinics, all pertaining to dental
Ukraine implants
• AAID National Meetings 1985-Present— Featured
speaker on Ramus Frames, Ramus Blades and STR
Professional Organizations
implants
• American Dental Association
AAID Western District Meetings 1970-Present—
• International Congress of Oral Implantologists
Presented lectures and clinical studies on the Ramus
Active member—1992-1997
Frame, Ramus Blade and STR implants at the following
• American Academy of Implant Dentistry
universities: Loma Linda University, University of
Active Member 1981
Oregon, Louisiana State University, University of
Credentialed Member (Fellow)—1985
California, San Francisco, and at Baylor School of
(Honored Fellow)—1994
Dentistry. Lectured at Implant Study Groups throughout
• American Academy of Implant Dentistry—Western
the following states: California, Texas, Colorado, Florida,
District
Idaho, Alabama, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota
Office of Treasurer—1994-1996
and Mississippi. Lectured
Program Chair—1997 and 1998
Internationally, twice in Moscow, Russia, during the ICOI
President—1999
1994 Annual CongressfAsian Pacific Section, Taipei,
• California Dental Association
Taiwan and England. Panelist at the WCOI 6 in Hawaii.
• Humboldt Del-Norte Dental Association
• National Association of Seventh Day Adventist
Dentists Century Club Publications
Roberts, Ralph A. Bridging with Ramus Implants
Licensure Patient Education Brochure 1982
State Licensure:
• 1965-Present—California State Board of Dental Roberts, Ralph A. Thinking About an Implant?
Examiners Patient Education Brochure 1982
• 1965-Present—Oregon State Board of Dental Roberts, Ralph A. The RA-2 Surgical Manual 1983
Examiners (Also includes surgical technique for
• 1965-Present—Washington State Board of Dental the RA-1)
Examiners Roberts, Ralph A. Implant Straight Talk
National Licensure : Doctor Education Brochure 1988
1965-Present—National Board of Dental Examiners Roberts, Ralph A. Implants Can Improve Your Smile
Patient Education Brochure 1988
Military Service Roberts, Ralph A. Surgical Manual
U.S. Army 1957-1959. Ramus Blade and STR
Implants 1990
Non-professional Activities
Roberts, Ralph A. The Ramus Endosseous Implant
• 1960-Present—Horseless Carriage Club of America
Harold D. Roberts Quintessence International 1970
• 1964-Present—Member SDA Church-Fortuna, CA
Vol. 1 - Oct. 1970 # 10 pgs. 33-39
Office of Elder
Church Board Member Roberts, Ralph A Ramus Frame Mandibular Implant:
• 1970-1974—Council Member-City of Rio Dell CA A 16 Years Preliminary Statistical
• 1976 -1980—Mayor-City of Rio Dell, CA Evaluation
• 1990-1994—Council Member-City of Rio Dell Clinical Dentistry - Harper and
• 1981-Present—President of Pacific Implant, Inc. Row, Phil 1987
Roberts, Ralph A. Types, Uses and Evaluation of the
Teaching Activities Plate-Form Implant
• 1974-Present—Main Podium Lectures, Table Clinics Journal of Oral Implantology,
and Clinical Instructor pertaining to the Ramus Vol. 22, No. 2,1996 1996
138 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

Roberts, Ralph A. Placement of Plate-Form Implants In 1983, Tatum participated with Morrow in a first
Using Osteotomes full maxillary bone graft. Le Forte, l down fracture supra
Journal of Oral Implantology premaxillary bone graft and full maxillary submergible
Volume 28 No. 6, pgs. 283-289 implants during a single surgical procedure.
2002 He received the Aaron Gershkoff award in 1998.
Roberts, Ralph A. A 24-Year Retrospective
Study of Bone AL EDELMAN
Edelman, USA, developed several types
Growth Following Implant of implant systems, one of which was
Placement the two-piece submergible blade. In the
In review at publishers 2005 late 1960s, he participated during Dr.
Linkow’s courses at the Institute of
HILT TATUM Graduate Dentists on East 60th St. in
New York City before the universities
O. Hilt Tatum Jr. DDS is an accepted Linkow’s theories and
implant dentistry pioneer who techniques of implantology.
never accepted limits as an
obstacle to enhance his patient’s
JEAN MARC JUILLET AND PIERRE DOMNS
health. He successfully
Jean Marc Juillet from Paris invented the endosseous
performed the first sinus grafts in
three-dimensional implant.
the early 1970s. His genius and
relentless focus have resulted in
“full circle” recognition of his
implant and surgical instrument
designs. Bone manipulation is a reality in his hands and
in the hands of those he has mentored Hill Tatum Jr is
one of the few true geniuses that we have in the field of
implant dentistry.
He introduced the lateral approach to sinus elevations
with substantial bone augmentation. He is the leader in
bone manipulation.
In 1972, Hilt Tatum did extensive work with various
bone grafting materials and techniques. He developed a
sinus lift implant technique that he used to raise the
maxillary sinus lining at the time of its placement. His
work led him to the development of the sinus To insert it into the bone required only a labial
augmentation procedure first using a vestibular approach. A T-channel would be created into the labial
approach and then the buccal window approach with a surface of the jaw bone, making sure that the horizontal
palatal incision commonly used today. He eventually portion of the channel was long enough and deep enough
progressed to develop bone expansion and augmentation so that portion of the implant could fit into the channel
techniques that are used today with only slight and deep enough towards the palatal surface of the bone
variations. so the labial portion of the implant would be buried at
In 1980, Tatum was the first to use tricalcium least 2 mm below the labial surface. The vertical portion
phosphate ceramic material as bone graft material to of the implant is then tapped into the vertical channel
develop bone for implants. In 1980, he developed a until it too is buried at least 2 mm below the labial surface
submergible implant system, as well as the submergible so that bone can grow over it. Before suturing, an
root shaped metal implant system. Later in the early internally threaded post was screwed over the threaded
1980s, he developed a sinus implant. In 1982, Tatum vertical portion of the implant until the base of the post
participated with Len Morrow and Mark Davis in the portion was directly against the ridge. Sterile Plaster of
first total replacement of the mandible and condyles with Paris or synthetic bone material was then placed over
a bone graft and full replacement with endosseous the entire labial or buccal portion of the implant and the
implants with full fixed restorative dentistry. tissue sutured.
Part 3: The Innovators 139

Unfortunately, Dr. Juillet prematurely died from an He was honorably discharged November 28, 1945 and
allergic reaction to the dye during a standard was eligible for the GI Bill. He studied at Georgetown
catheterization of his coronary arteries. University School of Dentistry in 1954.
Pierre Domns from Brussels did a great deal of work He had a private practice in Springfield, VA for 52
with tetracycline stains around various types of implants years and retired on July 14th, 2005.
showing the various degrees of bone growth in the areas. He married Josephine Naro on September 7, 1947 at
Both Jean Marc and Pierre were close friends and St. Leo’s Catholic Church, in Irvington, NJ and had two
worked together on many of these cases. daughters, Jo Ann E. Viscido and Diane J. Viscido.
Dr. Viscido learned implantology from Dr. Leonard
SEBASTIAN LO BELLO I. Linkow at the Institute for Graduate Dentistry, in New
The Italian Sebastian Lo Bello York City.
developed a very similar 3-D
implant at about the same time as Author:
Juillet, but the procedure was 1. The Submergible Blade Implant, Thirteen Year
much more difficult to perform. Update
Scortecci from Nice, France, 2. Prosthetic and Insertion Techniques for the
following Juillet’s idea introduced Submergible Expandable Retention
his 3-D disk implant in the early Endosteal Implants
1980s. However, since the disk 3. Telescopic Crowns and Fixed Restorations for
portion was round, much more Implants
labio/palatal or bucco/lingual 4. Prosthodontics for the Submerged Functional
bone thickness was necessary. Implants
However, due to the unique
design both the horizontal and the DR. H. FORD TURNER
vertical channels were done with Dr. Turner had a very active and
the movement of the contra-angle. successful practice. He taught
implantology to hundreds and
DR. ANTHONY J VISCIDO was one of the most prominent
Date of Birth: Feb. 11, members of the very active
1923 Alabama Implant Group. He
He was born in lectured nationally and
Newark, NJ and lived at internationally. Unfortunately,
173 Clinton Place. He he died many years ago and not
had a summer home in nearly enough of his many
Long Branch, NJ. His accomplishments were made
father, a fireman in the privy to me.
City of Newark, passed
away at age 30, in 1930. MILTON HODOSH
He was seven years old Birthdate: January 22, 1926
and his sister was six Birthplace: Providence, Rhode
months. His mother Island
decided it was best for The youngest of five children
them to live on the Jersey shore, in Long Branch. (three girls, two boys). My
He enlisted in the US Navy during World War II and mother was Eva Schoenfeld
was sent to gunnery school at little creck, VA. He Hodosh and my father is Samuel
graduated as a Gunners Mate Third Class. (GM 3/C). David Hodosh. My father died
He served on the USS Lance, an ocean going mine when I was two years old, and
sweeper, doing convoy duty in the South Atlantic. we were all raised by my
He was transferred to the Pacific Coast and went mother, a remarkable and extra-
through commando training in San Diego Burmo, CA, ordinary person. We all worked
then sent to the Pacific island by Okinawa and was in in my mother’s grocery store,
charge of the armory. and are a close family.
140 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

I attended Hope High School, taking a college and introduced the use of potassium into dentistry for
preparatory curriculum. I played four years of football, use in dental products.
four years of outdoor track and field (three times in the 1. Developed potassium nitrate as the essential
javelin, two times in the shot put). I was the Rhode Island ingredient in the leading desensitizing dentifrices
State Javelin champion (1942, 1943, 1944) and state record worldwide (all the Sensodynes, Denquel, Promise,
holder and state shot put champion in 1943 and 1944. Dentril (Germany), Formula-F for Sensitive Teeth
After graduating from high school, I entered the US (United Kingdom), Colgate Sensitive, Crest Sensi-
Navy. I graduated from the US Navy Physical tive, Oral-B Sensitive, Aquafresh Sensitive, Arm and
Instructor’s School and served as a hand-to-hand Combat Hammer Sensitive, Rembrandt Sensitive, Butler
Specialist assigned to the Naval Air Corps. I played Sensitive, generics, and others
football for three US Navy teams (Sampson, North 2. Discovered that potassium/dimethyl isosorbide is
Carolina and Saint Mary’s Preflight Schools), and an effective treatment for Aphthous Stomatitis and
excelled in the javelin, shot put, discus and hammer for other oral ulcers
the Alameda Naval Station. 3. Developed a tooth bleaching device and new
In 1946, I won the New England AAU Javelin technique for bleaching teeth. First to successfully
Championship, and was MIT Field Record holder. bleach tetracycline vital stained teeth.
I was offered 38 athletic scholarships to college, and 4. Developed Desens-F Desensitizing Gel.
opted to attend Brown University following an 5. Discovered that potassium combined with dental
Honorable Discharge from the U.S. Naval Air Corps, and cements (Preserve, Preserve Plus, Desens-Isomer,
received a B.A. Degree in 1950. Preserve Temp) heals pulp and maintains pulp
At Brown I played first team varsity football for four vitality, while diminishing the incidence and
years starting every game, playing both ways, from a severity of post preparation and restoration pain
freshman to a senior. I was selected first team for many 6. Discovered that dimethly isosorbide combined with
New England and All East teams, and was selected potassium enhances the effectiveness of the above
Honorable Mention United Press All-American in 1949. cements and others to heal pulp and prevent the
I was chosen first team linebacker (1946-49) for the Jay need for pulp extirpation endodontic therapy. This
Barry 75 year All-Time Brown University Football team makes glass ionomer cement biocompatible with
in 1953. I was inducted into the Brown University Hall dental pulp and eliminates post glass ionomer
of Fame July 19, 1973 (football). On March 10, 1985, I cementation pain completely.
was inducted into the Jewish Hall of Fame, was inducted 7. Discovered that Preserve Plus Cement is a superior
into the Providence Gridiron Club Hall of Fame I 1988. lining and pulp capping agent (direct and indirect)
As a member of the Brown University 1949 football team, with predictable and reproducible pulpal healing
it was inducted as a team into the Brown University Hall to diminish the need for radical pulp therapy and
of Fame on November 8, 1996. Chosen for the Brown to maintain pulpal health.
University All Decade Team (linebacker) of the 1940s. I 8. Discovered that potassium and postassium/
was selected as a linebacker for the 125th Time Brown dimethly isosorbide when combined with tooth
University Football Team from 1978-2003. Received 12 bleaching compounds (e.g. peroxides, carbamide
letters at Brown and was the Brown record holder in the peroxide, calcium peroxide, zinc peroxide,
javelin. I was asked to play in the NFL by six teams, but magnesium peroxide and the like) prevents post
chose to go to dental school. bleaching pain. Patent holder for this technology.
I attended Tufts University School of Dental Medicine 9. Developed Direct Pulpal Anesthesia for injection
in 1950, and graduated in 1954 with a DMD degree, free restorative dentistry, and Direct Pulpal
received the Periodontal Award, selected as the Senior Anesthesia /Gingival topical anesthesia for painless
Teaching Fellow in Gross Anatomy, and elected to hygiene maintenance treatments.
Omicron Kappa Upsilon. 10. Received 11 NIDR grants for using animal models
Following graduation I served a residency in Oral (baboons and other animals) to investigate clinically
Surgery at the Rhode Island Hospital. I have been in and histologically the effects of the implants by
private practice for 51 years to date, and practice changing the implant compositions, their
Comprehensive Dentistry with my two sons, Drs. Steven geometrical shapes, and surface porosity at the
H. Hodosh and Alex J. Hodosh. implant/host interface. As a result:
I discovered that potassium nitrate is the superior A. Established and verified histologically the
desensitizer for the treatment of Dental Hypersensitivity, principal of bony capture and osseous bridging
Part 3: The Innovators 141

for anchoring and fixating endosteal implants • Secretary, Rhode Island Board of Dental Examiners,
to jaws. 1963-1969.
B. Introduced the principle of implant surface • Assistant Research Professor of Oral Pathology, Tufts
pitting, microscopic porosity of the implant to Dental, 1969-1971.
enhance implant attachment and lessen • Instructor, Dept. of Oral Pathology, Harvard School
epithelial down growth at the implant/host of Dental Medicine, 1970.
interface. • Director of Research and Education, Rhode Island
C. First to establish clinically and histologically 1971-1980.
that an epithelial attachment to a synthetic • Assistant Clinical Professor of Oral Pathology,
implant material can be realized to seal off the Harvard Univ. School of Dental Medicine, 1974-1992
implant from the deeper tissues. • Adjunct Clinical Associate Professor of Dental
D. Established by modifying the implant’s Surgery, Biomedical School, Brown University, 1974-
composition, that the purer and less reactive 1991 (The first dentist to receive a professional
the implant material, the thinner the appointment to the Brown Univ. Medical School).
surrounding connective tissue’s peri-implant • Rhode Island Board of Dental Examiners, 1997-2000.
membrane. • Examiner, Northeast Regional Board of Dental
E. Altered porosity and methacrylate-based Examiners, 1997-2000.
materials with vitreous carbon powders and • National Board Oral Pathology and Radiology Test
microballoons, silica and other materials. Construction Committee, 1976-1981.
Implanted them in replica and non-anatomic • National Board Oral Pathology and Radiology Test
forms, and studied the host-tissue reactions. Construction Committee, 1998-2003.
This was called The Polymer Implant • President, Healex Products Co.
Concept and yielded much important • Licensor of dental cements to Sultan Chemists
information. (Sensitemp with and without fluoride, Sensiment,
F. Introduced coating metals to prevent waves Sensiment Resin Temporart)
of microlytic destruction, and provided for a • Holder of 73 US and foreign patents
porous implant with strength. • 71 publications of original research
G. First to establish the nature of the connective • Selected as a Rhode Island Treasure, 2003
tissues surrounding the implant, and that • Who’s Who in the East
connective tissues can insert into the implant • Men of American Science
to the depths and shape of the implant’s • Community Leaders of America
porosities. • Dictionary of International Biography
H. Our research introduced a scientific approach • International Registry of Who’s Who
to implantology that provided knowledge • Who’s Who in Frontier Science and Technology
from which basic implant principles for • Personalities of America
successful implementation were established. • American Biographical Institute
• Who’s Who in Rhode Island
Developed the Brush-off TM tooth home care system
• International Who’s Who in Medicine
Introduced the microwave to process customized dental
• National Directory of Who’s Who in Executive and
appliances.
Professionals.
Discovered and patented the principles involved for
giving a near painless injection and included them into
GERARD M SCORTECCI
a computerized injection device. The Dentsply Comfort
Control Syringe employs these principles. Education
Discovered that the enhancer/synergizer, dimethyl • Baccalaureat, Lycee Pare
isosorbide, in combination with potassium, is a powerful Imperial (Nice, France),
anti-inflammatory. This has opened new and effective Mathematics section (1964)
treatment modalities for oral, dermatologtical, and • DDS, University of Aix-
medical diseases, for which I am currently developing. Marseilles Medical School
(1969)
Professional and Research • Doctorate in dentistry,
• Research Member, Department of Oral Pathology, University of Aix-Marseilles
Tufts Univ. School of Dental Medicine, 1963-1969. Dental School (1974)
142 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

• Postgraduate, New York University (1982). Private practice: 19, Rue Rossini
• Postgraduate degree in odontological sciences, 06000 Nice, France
University of Paris (1983).
• PhD in Odontology, University of Aix-Marseille HANS L GRAFELMANN
Dental School (1988). Dr. Hans L. Grafelmann, born in Bremen, pioneer of
• University diploma in anthropology and forensic dental implantology in Germany.
medicine, University of Aix-Marseille (1991).
• University diploma in surgical implant dentistry
(1993) and implant prosthodontics University of Aix-
Marseille (1994).
• Advanced university degrees in biochemistry (1977),
prosthodontics (1978, 1979, 1981), and periodontics
(1982).
• US National Boards/Dentistry: Part I (NY 1982), Part
I1 (NY 1983).

Teaching Positions
• Director, Postgraduate Basal Implantology Dentistry
Program, University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis
• Clinical Professor of Periodontology, University of
Southern California Curriculum Vitae
• Visiting Professor, New York University Graduation School of Dental Medicine, University of
• Nationally Qualified Research Director (France) Hamburg-Eppendorf 1955
Specialization—Oral Implantology 1963
Official Positions Director, Founder—International Seminars for Oral
• Expert in oral implantology, Official member of the Implantology 1969
French delegation to IS0 WTC 8 for dental implants
(International Standards Organization) Founder, President—Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer
• Government appointed medicolegal expert in zahnaerztlich Implantologie 1970-1986
odontostomatology (Aix-en-Provence, France Court Honorary President
of Appeals) Visiting Professor—Nihon University at Tokyo and
• Government appointed medicolegal expert for the Matsudo 1973
French National Social Security System.
Associate Fellow—American Academy of Implant
Organizations Dentistry-AAID 1970
• Diplomate, International Congress of Oral Fellow—American Academy of Implant Dentistry-
Implantology Fellow, American College of Dentists
AAID 1985
• Fellow, International College of Dentists.
Honorary Member—Sociedad Venezolana de
Implantodontologos, Caracas 1985
Major Achievements
• Developer of the Diskimplant ® and Structure ® ICOI World President—The International Congress of
implant systems Oral Implantologists, Kyoto, Cairo 1975-1977
• Founder of the Nice-French Riviera International ICOI Vice President Europe, ICOI Diplomate—The
Dental Meeting (1975). International Congress of Oral Implantologists 1978
Curriculum Vitae Founding Member, Mastership—American Academy of
Director, Postgraduate Implant Dentistry Program Implant Prosthodontics 1983
University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, France Associate Professor—Department of
Clinical Professor of Periodontology, Prosthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, 1985
University of Southern California University of Pittsburgh, USA 1991
Visiting Professor, University of New York School of
Associate Professor—Department of Oral and
Dentistry
Maxillofacial Implant Surgery 1986
Part 3: The Innovators 143

School of Medicine, University of Lille, France 1986 Advisory Division of The International Congress of
Honorary Member Centro de Implantologia Oral Oral Implantologists, New York
Amilkar Ariza, Bogota 1986 Board Founder 1994
Dr. honoris causa, Faculty of Dentistry, PYM. Grafelmann Department of Oral Implantology,
University of Istanbul 1989 Karnatak University, Sri Dharmasthala

Founder— 1 Wf. Dr. Grafelmann Clinic of Oral Manjunatheshwara College of Dental Sciences,
Implantology, Department of Oral Implantology, Dhanvad, India
University of Istanbul 1989 Ordinario Accademia del Mediterraneo, Rome 1955
First Honorary Member—The Turkish Society of Oral Honored Fellow
Implantology 1989 American Academy of lmplant Dentistry 1995
Life Member
Founding Member—International Federation of
University Implant and Biomaterials Honorary Member, Accademia Chirurgia Orale
Educators-FUlBE 1989 Abruzzese e Molisana ACOAM, Chieti Scalo,
Italy 1995
Graduation DMD— Universidad Nacional Federico
Villarreal, Lima, Peru 1990 Founder Department of Oral Implantology 2001
Commendatore “AI Merito della Repubblica Italiana”, Graduation, School of Dental Medicine,
The Government of Italy, Rome 1990 University of HamburgEppendorf 1955

Universidad Maimonides, Buenos Aires, Specialization in Oral Implantology and


Argentina 1991 Implant Prosthodontics 1963
Founder, President Deutsche Gesellschaft fur
Visiting Professor
zahnarztliche Implantologie (DGZI) 1970
Universidad Catolica Argentina, Instituto de 1991
Ciencias de la Salud, Buenos Aires Active Member/Fellow, American Academy of
Visiting Professor, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Implant Dentistry 1970
Facultad de Odontologia, Mendoza, Argentina Honorary President, DGZI 1986
First Honorary Indian Academy of Aesthetic Dentistry,
Bombay 1992 Associate Professor, Dept. of Oral and
Maxillofacial Implant Surgery, Universitat Lille 1986
Member Honorary Fellow, Indian Society of Oral
Dr. HC, University of Istanbul, Faculty of
Implantologists, Bombay
Dentistry, Founder Dept. of Implantology 1989
Honorary President, Associacion Federal de ICOI World President (World Congresses,
Implantologia Oral, Argentina 1992 Kyoto 1975 and Cairo 1977) 1975
Diplome d’Honneur, Faculty of Medicine, ICOI Vice President, Diplomate, Germany 1990
University of Lille, France 1993
Diplome d’Honneur, Faculte de Medecine,
Associate Clinical Professor, New York University, University of Lille/France 1993
Department of Implant Dentistry 1993
Associate Professor, Founder Dept. of Oral
Honorary President, Turkish Society of Oral Implantology, SDM College of Dental Sciences,
Implantology 1993 Karnatak University, Dhanvad, Indien 1994
Visiting Professor, Universidad de Guadalajara, Honored Fellow, Life Member American
Mexico 1993 Academy of Implant Dentistry 1995
Associate Professor, Karnatak University SDM Founder, Dept. of Oral Implantology,
College of Dental Sciences, Dharwad, India 1993 University of Goa, India 2001

Member, Board of American Academy of Implant Founder, Associate Professor, Dept. of Oral
Dentistry Research Governors Foundation Implantology, Coorg Institute of Dental Sciences,
Member, International Implant Dentistry Coorg, India 2003
Research and Education Foundation, a Scientific 1993 Author, Clinician, Inventor, Patent holder.
144 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

Grafelmann graduated in dentistry at Hamburg were involved in research and development. So I


University, founded his own dental office in Bremen in concentrated more and more and more on oral
1955, specialized in oral implantology since 1962, and implantology and implant prosthodontics. When I
was the first in Germany to publish and apply this new returned from stays in the USA, I inserted the first blade
therapy at the end of the 1960s. In 1970, fuer founded Linkow implant into a patient from Bremen. Her implant
the first German implantology association along with a bridge is still in function today. I learned the blade
few advanced, the Deutch Gesellschaft fuer implant technique in 1968 from Dr. Leonard Linkow of
zahnaerztliche Implantology (DGZI). He was elected New York City.
President from 1970 to 1986 and chief editor of the first Nobody believed in it.
German journal on the subject of oral implantology Dr. Grafelmann: Actually there was a strong headwind
(“Orale Implantologie”). For the first ten years or so, the of skepticism especially from the universities. The young
DGZI Congresses were based on the Linkow Systems of discipline was criticized as being non-scientific and lacking
Oral Implantology which included blades, self-tapping proof. We were practicing dentists who were going against
root forms and subperiosteal implants. a fixed medical teaching theory which said that a foreign
Today, Grafelmann is Honorary President of DGZI. body— such as implants— would be rejected by the
The Bremen implantologist was President of the world human organism. But the new thinking went on and could
association of ICOI (International Congress of Oral not be stopped when it became clear that implants
Implantologists, New York) from 1975 to 1977 and remained stable in the jawbone and could bear prosthetic
engaged in presiding two world congresses in Kyoto and constructions. In 1969, the first German congress on oral
Cairo. Grafelmann who is also constantly involved in implantology took place in Bremen with Dr. Linkow at
the development of surgical and prosthetic techniques the distinguished Park Hotel - and obtained enthusiastic
as well as clinician, course chairman, editor and lecturer, resonance. More than 80 interested dentists attended, two
received several appointments as academic lecturer at of them from universities.
universities in the USA (New York University), France Where is your special field now? Were the difficult
(Univ. Lille), Turkey (Univ. Istanbul), and India (at Univ. early years worth the effort?
Dhanvad, Goa and Coorg). He is founder of several Dr. Grafelmann: In Germany alone, approx. 400,000
implantology departments worldwide and of numerous implants are being placed annually, and there will be
national implant academies. more in the future. This therapy method has gained
Dr. Grafelmann assigned his many patents to the reputation as being advanced also among the patients,
company Oraltronics and is scientific advisor of the and the dentists are increasingly asking for implants.
company in the areas of advanced development of The cooperation with universities is functioning well.
implants and instruments as well as education since 1979. Especially, the technical modalities have been improved
Grafelmann who still performs implant insertions for in surface treatment of the implants. Just think of the great
educational purposes transferred his dental office in prospects of creating bone growth in the jaw by means
Bremen in 2000 to his successor Dr. Andreas Lindemann of synthetic membranes — it is fantastic! It is a proven
who continues to take care of Prof. Dr. Grafelmann’s fact today that implants do function. We are now
patients who have received implants during the last 35 concentrating on achieving esthetic solutions for tooth
years. replacement which are a reality. And there are multiple
An Interview with the pioneer of oral implantology choices for oral implantology, if applied in restorative
in Germany-Oraltronics Scientific Advisor, Prof. Dr. surgery of accident and cancer patients.
Hans L. Grafelmann. In your long years of professional life, you have
Prof. Grafelmann, you were the first dentist in gathered a great amount of knowledge and experience
Germany who did not want to just give in to conventional which you are passing on to younger colleagues. Has
prosthetics. I had noted that remaining teeth often did the oral implantology finally arrived in the education
not cope with supernatural pressure of the dentures and programs of the universities?
became loose after a relatively short-time. Stable strategic Dr. Grafelmann: The German universities have
abutments were lacking. I was fascinated by the idea of started relatively late, approximately 10 years later. In
comfortably anchoring a stable tooth replacement in the general, the academic education lacks a reference to
jaw and to even stimulate the bone with an implant. practical experience.
During the sixties, I traveled a lot and participated in Implantology is a complex field: Surgery, periodonto-
international congresses where I met colleagues who logy, diagnosis and functional treatment planning,
Part 3: The Innovators 145

prosthodontics — all this is included. The best place for My university years were mixed up between Navy
education and training is the chairside at surgery. This flight training and regular college.
principle has guided my whole professional life. I served five years as a Navy carrier pilot and left the
Would you say: The introduction of oral implantology Navy when I was 22 years old.
in Germany and the further advanced development — My college credits during flight training were from
this has been your lifework and achievement? Trinity College in Hartford, Connecticut, Colgate Univ.
Dr. Grafelmann: I would call it my “life’s work.” I and the Univ. of Georgia. I started back in college, after
was accompanied in this task by a few far-sighted leaving the Navy in 1948, at the Univ. of Pennsylvania
colleagues whom I invited as lecturers to 25 congresses and entered the University of Pennsylvania Dental
in Germany. For 20 years I ran the “Linkow” conferences School in September 1949. I graduated in 1953. Summer
which really started Germany on implant dentistry. jobs included being a Tasty Kake driver an escort for the
This life’s work made me travel throughout the globe Miss America contest and ferrying Navy planes.
in order to get familiar with the different medical views I started studying implantology with Dr Leonard
and techniques and many interesting cases. When we Linkow and Aaron Gershkoff in the mid 1960s. I would
started with oral implantology during the early 1970s, I travel to New York and Boston. Dr. Linkow taught the
traveled around the world with a group of 30 dentists, “Vent Plant, Subperiosteals and Tripodals” and
from New Orleans to Asia and the Middle East. And I Dr Gershkoff taught Subperiosteals. Both of them created
was a guest lecturer at universities in different countries in me a desire to get involved. I placed my first Vent
and performed surgery for demonstration. Today, I am Plant in 1968. I did not see the patient for 25 years and
involved in giving some of these experiences which I was when I did the Vent Plant was still in place.
able to gather back by supporting the establishment and I started lecturing in many cities in the United States
equipment of implantology departments at universities, and lectured in 1972 in Tokyo and Thailand. Dr Norman
like Istanbul or different places in India. There are a lot Cranin was aware of my lectures and said I should join
of plans and activities. I have many ideas, but actually the AAID. I went to Texas to take the examination and
there is not enough time for placing all of them into they were surprised at all my cases including many
action. subperiosteal implants. I received my Associate
PO Box 102747 Fellowship in the AAID in 1974.
28027 Bremen, Germany I was instrumental in forming the Delaware Valley
Leonard I Linkow DDS DMSc Implant Study Group and was its first President. I was a
past President of the Alabama Implant Study Club and
the Flying Dentist Association. I received my Fellow in
WALTER E KNOUSE JR the AAID in 1985 and became an Honored Fellow in 1989.
Date of Birth: August 16,1925. Became a Diplomate in the ABOI in 1990; the first year
Birthplace: Philadelphia, PA. they had the Diplomat examination. Served on the
My childhood days were normal. Examining Board of the AAID and later became the
I played varsity baseball, football Chairman of the AAID Examining Board.
and basketball in junior high I have many implants in for over 35 years. Implants
school. I broke my right arm are successful!
playing football. I was president Dr Knouse has a reputation with those who have
of my class for one year. known him as a very talented and honorable man.
I graduated from Cheltenham
High School in 1943. I was CHARLES A BABBUSH
president of my class for one year. Director, Dental Implant Center,
Played varsity football, basketball and baseball. I was in Lyndhurst, Ohio; Clinical
a fraternity. Because of the war we had military training Professor of Oral and Maxillo-
and physical exercise everyday after school to prepare facial Surgery and Director of
us to serve our country. I took examinations for Navy Implant Research, Case School of
Officer Training V-121 at the beginning of my senior year, Dental Medicine, Case Western
October 1942, and passed to go into the Navy on July 1, Reserve University, Cleveland,
1943 a week after completing high school. Ohio.
146 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

Born in Detroit, Michigan 011 March 12, 1938, reconstruction. This stimulated his interest in the implant
Dr. Babbush lived in Michigan throughout his formative field. Convinced that implants would one day be an
years, along with his mother, father, and older sister. He important aspect of dentistry, Dr. Babbush initiated
attended one of the Detroit city elementary schools, and research on the tissues and histology surrounding the
enjoyed building airplane, ship, and car models, along bladevent, a subject that up to that point had been
with creating art projects. At Detroit’s famous Mumford unexplored. He successfully carried out surgical
High School, he played tennis and received a letter in reconstructions in the jaws of a series of dogs,
the sport. He also was manager of the varsity football documenting the efficacy of the bladevent implant and
team, for which he earned a letter. A trumpet player since its impact on tissue and publishing his findings. Dr.
the age of seven, he played with the high school band, Linkow gave him his first opportunity to present his
continuing a pastime that he began in middle school. findings orally at a national seminar in New York. In
Throughout his high school career, he was active in the 1968, Dr. Babbush also placed his first implant, a blade-
student government and held various offices, including vent, in the maxilla of one of his patients.
that of class president during his senior year, 1955-1956. That year he also received a faculty appointment as a
From 1956 to 1958, he studied at the University of clinical instructor at Case Western Reserve University
Detroit and held several leadership positions in the Phi School of Dentistry in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.
Sigma dental fraternity, as well as playing trumpet for Since then, Dr. Babbush has served as a senior visiting
the university’s marching band. He was accepted to the oral and maxillofacial surgeon at Mt. Sinai Medical
University of Detroit School of Dentistry in 1958, Center, as well as a consultant to the Kaiser Foundation
graduating in 1962 with a DDS degree. He married and the Veterans Administration Hospital in Cleveland.
Sandra Ellen August of Muskegon, Michigan in 1961, An active staff member at Hillcrest Hospital, he
and the couple moved from Detroit to Boston. There ultimately was appointed Chief of Oral and Maxillofacial
Dr Babbush began his first year of graduate studies in Surgery and held that post for a five-year period. In 1972,
oral and maxillofacial surgery with the grandfather of he received a Master of Science in Dentistry degree from
oral surgery, Dr Kurt Thoma, at Boston University’s Boston University. He was appointed Head of the Section
School of Graduate Dentistry. The Babbush’s first of Dental Implant Reconstructive Surgery at Mt. Sinai
daughter, Jill, was born in Boston that year. After Medical Center in 1987.
concluding his graduate studies, Dr. Babbush was Over the years, Dr. Babbush has served in many
accepted into a two-year residency program at Mt. Sinai capacities in numerous organizations.
Medical Center in Cleveland, Ohio. The Babbush’s
He was treasurer of the Cleveland Chapter of Alpha
second child, Jeff, was born in 1964 in Cleveland, and
Omega in 1971 and has been a member of the fraternity
Dr. Babbush completed his training as chief resident in
ever since. A longtime member of the Board of Directors
July 1965.
of the Cleveland Dental Society, he chaired the society’s
In 1965, he was called to active duty with the United
annual meeting in 1972 and oversaw the Program
States Navy Dental Corp as a lieutenant. Stationed at
Committee from 1973 to 1975. He served on the first
Parris Island, South Carolina, he spent one and a half
Advisory Committee of the American Dental Association
years as one of two oral and maxillofacial surgeons at
for Dental Implants when the committee was founded.
the Marine Corps Recruit Depot there. As the Vietnam
He was also program chairman of the Ohio Dental
conflict intensified, he was transferred to Taipei, Taiwan
Association Annual Meeting and a delegate from the
Headquarters Support Port Activity at the US Navy
Cleveland Dental Society to the Ohio Dental Association.
Hospital and served as the oral and maxillofacial surgeon
for the US Army, Air Force, Navy, and Marines. He also In 1976 he was appointed to the Judicial Council and
consulted for the Chinese Army and the Chinese Military became an assistant editor of the Cleveland Dental
Academy, teaching and lecturing each weekend. The Society newsletter. Elected president of the American
Babbush’s third child, Amy, was born in Taiwan, and Academy of Implant Dentistry in 1978, he was the first
Dr. Babbush was discharged from active military service specialist to hold that position. He became editor of the
in January 1968. Journal of Oral Implantology in 1980. In 1984 he chaired
Returning with his family to Cleveland, where the the scientific program for the International Annual
Babbush’s fourth child, David, was born, he entered Meeting of Alpha Omega Dental Fraternity that took
private practice with his former chief of oral and place in Cleveland, Ohio. In 1985 he served as chairman
maxillofacial surgery, Dr. Daniel Verne. During this of the Committee on Dental Implantology for the
period, Dr. Babbush began reading the works of Dr. American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial
Leonard Linkow regarding blade-vent implant Surgeons. In 1992 he became a national spokesperson
Part 3: The Innovators 147

for that organization, addressing countless audiences on He resides in Pepper Pike, Ohio with his wife Sandy.
the topic of implants. The Alpha Omega Dental Both take pride in their four children and seven
Fraternity presented him with an International Honor grandchildren. Alex, Lexie, Joey, Sam, Sydney and Grace.
Award in 1998.
Throughout the years, Dr. Babbush has also served JACK HAHN
as a consultant, lecturer, and researcher for many My life began on January 6,
commercial entities in the field of implants and 1940 in Akron, Ohio. I am the
reconstructive surgery. youngest of my mother Sarah
He has received research grants from organizations and my father Joel’s three
such as ER Squibb, Oratronic, Vitradent Cop., Interpore, sons. My brother Irwin is 75
Columbia Scientific, Noble Biocare, the Straumann and my brother Harvey is 78.
Institute, and other companies. More recently he has been My mother and father
associated with the Camlog Implant Division of Sullivan were in the bar and restaurant
Schein. In the course of these associations, he has business. In 1947, our family
conducted numerous research studies involving many moved to Los Angeles. We
phases of implantology in both animals and humans. His lived on a street that was also
numerous honors and awards include status as a the entrance to the 20th Century Fox movie studio. Many
Diplomate of the American Board of Oral and famous movie stars passed our house everyday. Gregory
Maxillofacial Surgery and a Founding Fellow of the Peck, Alan Ladd, Betty Grable, Rita Hayworth, Jimmy
International College of Oral Implants in Paris, France. Stewart and Victor Mature to name a few. My best friend
In 1993 he received the International Congress of Oral was Harper Carter, who was in the original Titanic
Implantology International Education Award. He has movie. My father again was in the liquor business in
also received fellowships from the American Dental downtown Los Angeles.
Society of Anesthesiology, the American College of In 1951, we moved back to Akron due mainly to the
Dentists, the American Academy of Implant Dentistry, fact that my mother missed her eleven brothers and
the Academy of Osseointegration, and the International sisters. In 1953, we moved to Florida until 1956, then
College of Dentists. moved back to Akron for the same reason that we moved
Dr. Babbush is the author of more than 50 articles back from California. I graduated junior high school in
published in refereed journals, dental periodicals, and Florida. My main interests were football, baseball and
trade magazines. He also has written more than a dozen building model cars and planes. Again, my parents
textbook chapters, as well as three of his own textbooks: resurrected their bar and restaurant business. I began
Surgical Atlas of Implant Techniques (1980), Dental working at age 12. A paper route in Florida and in Akron.
Implants: Principles and Practice (1991), and Dental I caddied and sold shoes through high school, college
Implants: The Art and Science (2001). He has delivered and dental school. From 1954 through 1958, I pursued
more than 600 scientific presentations at hospitals and baseball more seriously. In high school I pitched three
dental societies, as well as local, regional, and inter- no-hit games and had the record for strikeouts—eighteen
national seminars and congresses. Most recently he in a single game. This record held for ten years. In my
extended his educational outreach to the general public senior year of high school, besides selling shoes I worked
with the publication of As Good As New: A Consumer’s cleaning an oral surgeon’s office as well as doing some
Guide to Dental Implants. This received a national assisting works.
literary award from the Independent Publishers of I became very interested in surgery and dentistry and
America in 2004 in the field of Health/Medicine/ made a decision that I wanted to be an oral surgeon. I
Nutrition. Dr. Babbush has been listed in Who’s Who in graduated Akron Buchtel High School in 1958, the same
the Midwest in 1984-85, Who’s Who in the World 1984- year my father was diagnosed with myasthenia gravis,
1985, and The Best Dentists in America 2004-2005. a nerve muscle disorder. Medical bills became a
He continues to practice oral and maxillofacial tremendous financial burden on the family. My part-time
surgery and implant reconstruction in Lyndhurst, Ohio, jobs and my brothers earnings helped support the family.
where he directs the Dental Implant Center. A clinical In the fall of 1958, I entered Ohio State University
professor and Director of Implant Research at Case and followed the pre-dental curriculum. I studied eight
School of Dental Medicine in Cleveland, he is also a hours a day and sold shoes at Lazarus Department Store
visiting professor at the University of Miami in Miami, evenings and Saturdays, as well as a waiter in the Sigma
Florida and Nippon Dental University in Niigata, Japan. Alpha Mu Fraternity House. I received a Bachelor of
148 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

Science Degree in two years with a grade point average February 1970, my first potential patient came to my
of 3.8. In the fall of 1960, I entered Ohio State University office for a consultation. She was bilateral partially
College of Dentistry. I kept the same study habits, as well edentulous in the mandible with what appeared to be
as keeping the job of selling shoes. adequate height and sufficient width for blade implants.
While in dental school, I met my wife of 44 years, The patient wasn’t wearing her partial and told me she
Barbara. We were married June 17, 1962. I graduated would “kill herself’ if she had to go through life in this
dental school on June 12, 1964, and our daughter Julie situation. I told her that I had taken an implant course
was born on June 13, 1964 the day after graduation. and I didn’t know if they would last “ten months or ten
During my senior year of dental school, I received years”. The patient scheduled for the procedure. On
acceptance into the oral surgery residency program. Our March 9, 1970, I placed my first blade implants. I did not
financial position at that time did not allow for me to sleep the night before the procedure. I reviewed the steps
enter the program. I needed to enter private practice in in my mind over and over.
order to support my family. The implants were placed, two abutment teeth
In July of 1964, I was fortunate to be offered a position prepared for a fixed provisional prosthesis immediate
in the best restorative office in Cincinnati, founded by function. The patient was so happy and I was so elated
Dr. Harry Greenberg. The office had an in-house full that since that day to the present I only want to practice
service laboratory that was unusual for that time. There implant dentistry. The patient passed away thirty years
were no board certified periodontists in Cincinnati and later, in October of 2000, with her dental implants
I saw an opportunity to attract new patients if I became functioning perfectly for all those years.
proficient in periodontics. Boston University and the I became consumed with implant dentistry, learning
University of Michigan offered mini-residencies in and developing more skills and joining the American
periodontics for general practitioners. These were each Academy of Implant Dentistry. I gained more experience
ten weeks with hands-on participation. In 1966, I began from Dr. Linkow and others who were willing to share
devoting my attention to periodontics and perio- their experiences and knowledge and expanded my skills
prosthesis professional development. in blade implants to subperiosteal, various root forms
On October 10, 1966, our son Jeff was born and in and grafting procedures.
April of that year, my father passed away. Our third By 1974, I gained publicity in the community.
child, Greg, was born on October 5, 1967. Professional jealousy took over. As far as the Cincinnati
In the summer of 1969, my professional life was about Dental Society was concerned, I was an outcast. They
to change. A patient came to the office with seventeen even placed a paid advertisement in the newspaper
sets of dentures in a shoebox. Both she and her husband saying that implants were experimental, expensive and
asked what could be done to help her. She had no quality unethicaI. I threatened litigation and they allowed me to
of life, could not eat and became socially inhibited. I told write a factual article on dental implants that was later
them I could make the eighteenth denture that would published in the paper. Dr. Linkow gave me the courage
probably go into the box with the others. The patient’s to continue to practice implant dentistry and fight for
husband was an orthopedic surgeon and asked me about the profession. Since that time, I have been a speaker on
dental implants that he read about in an orthopedic implants for the local society.
publication. I told him that they were experimental and After 1976, my life in implant dentistry has been a
not successful. This was an uniformed answer on my wonderful journey. In 1977, I helped develop the Miter
part. Late fall, I saw the patient and her husband at a Blade and Titanodont Root Form implant with Mr Tom
party. They told me that they went to New York and she Driskol. The Titanodont root form was the precursor to
received a mandibular subperiosteal implant by the Bicon implant. In 1982, I met Dr. Alfred Feigel from
Dr. Leonard Linkow. She was so happy to be able to eat Switzerland at an AAID meeting in Dallas. He became
and regain her self-confidence. Her husband said that like a father to me until passing in 1997. I would go to
he watched the procedure and that he thought that Zurich for one week every four months and place
implant dentistry was the future. This, to me, was a implants. I gained valuable experience and a wonderful
powerful wake-up call. friendship. In April of 1988, my mother passed away at
In December I attended the Greater New York the age of 93.
Meeting and looked up Dr. Linkow. He told me that he In February 1984, I met Dr. Ralph Stem, who owned
had a course in February that would be good for me. I The Denar Articulator Company. I wanted to start an
took the course on blade placement directed by implant company. Based on my experience utilizing
Dr. Linkow, assisted by Drs. Buhite and Edelman. Late in various implant devices, I designed and named the
Part 3: The Innovators 149

Steri-Oss root form blade implants. Since April, 1985 to lecture break at one of the AAID meetings. Jack recalled
the present, I have been involved in various on-going how Linkow was screaming at them while defending
clinical studies: Hydroxyapatite, immediate extraction, himself and his various implant designs after Vitreous
immediate function, Replace tapered implants and the Carbon had previously and often bad-mouthed him at
one-piece direct implants to name a few. many of their lectures. Jack remembered how Dr. Linkow
In 1996, I developed what became the number one told them that their Vitreous Carbon implant was no
implant in the world: the Replace tapered Implant good and would soon be taken off the market. The only
System. The implant was launched under ownership of reason it had grown popular was because of the great
Steri-Oss. In 1998, Nobel Biocare acquired Steri-Oss. In amount of promotional money they had behind them.
1998, I introduced Replace Osteotomes and the In his anger Dr. Linkow pulled off the entire white sheet
Immediate Provisional Transition Implant System. that covered the table on which dozens of their implants
Being involved exclusively in implant dentistry, I were displayed. In just one second they all flew into
realized the need for bone grafting and various alloplastic space. So my first impression of Dr. Linkow was that he
materials. In 1986, I met Mr. Andy Tofe who owned a was off his “rocker”! I soon thought differently.
company called Ceramed. I began using his hydroxy-
apatite. In 1996, I began human clinical studies with Dr. Jack Kahn
peptide particulate material and in 1999 the peptide gel 9 10 Barry Lane
material and published the first human histology on these Cincinnati, OH 45229- 1743
materials.
In 1998 I met Mr. Doug Proudlock of the Perio SHELDON WINKLER
Institute where we began teaching general dentists I was born on the Lower
simple, safe and successful implant dentistry. We have East Side of Manhattan in
been doing these courses throughout the United States 1932, a neighborhood
and we have hundreds of doctors placing implants with known for its toughness in
predictable results. I developed hands-on models that the movies and media. The
are now used worldwide. I have authored articles on neighborhood was known
blade implants, subperiosteal, various root form, results as “Hell’s kitchen,” and the
of clinical studies, co-authored a chapter on immediate joke circulating among
extraction replacement (Implant Dentistry: The Art and comedians performing at
Science) by Charles Babbush. the Loew’s Delancey
In January 1999 I began working with the Chicago theater at that time was
Center for Advanced Dentistry in Russia and Ukraine that you grew up to be a
as Chief Consultant of Oral Implantology. judge or went to jail (in
Professional Honors: Fellow, Honored Fellow of some cases both).
American Academy of Implant Dentistry, chairman of the Fortunately, I escaped these options and became a dentist
Fellowship Committee, Diplomate of the American Board instead.
of Oral Implantology and Implant Dentistry, President My mother graduated from Hunter College and was
Elect of the ABOI, Diplomate of the International Congress an elementary school teacher. She was an excellent
of Oral Implantology, Fellow of Academy of pianist and my first piano teacher. In her later years she
Osseointegration and fellow of the American Academy became a reporter and columnist for the East Side News,
of General Dentistry. In 2004, I was the recipient of the our local newspaper. My father, after graduating from
Aaron Gershkoff Award, which has been the highlight of New York University with an accounting degree, went
my career. I have been blessed to be associated with and into the retail shoe business.
influenced by many wonderful people who shared their In his middle years he decided to take advantage of
knowledge and friendship over the past thirty-six years. I his college education and became comptroller of Pulver
have also been blessed by a loving and supportive family and Company, a major importer of imitation and
in my wife Barbara, daughter Julie, two sons Jeff and Greg, semiprecious stones in New York City.
son-in-law Dr. Peter Hill and my granddaughter Lily, who I had two brothers. Martin was the victim of a botched
always puts a smile on my face. tonsillectomy before I was born. My younger brother
Jack had often reminded Dr. Linkow of how he first Allan attended Pace University and worked for the
saw him, which was very scary. He noticed Linkow United States Postal Service. He was an aspiring poet
outraged in front of the Vitreous Carbon booth during a and songwriter. Unfortunately, he was murdered on the
150 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

Lower East Side just as he was beginning to enjoy some In September 1961, I received my belated wedding
limited success as a lyricist and poet. After his untimely present from Uncle Sam, a recall notice from the United
death, I published a number of his poems and song lyrics States Army. I hired a young dentist to look after my
in a small book for family and friends, which also practice, Sandy left her job, and we moved to a motel in
included a short biography of his life. Browns Mills, New Jersey, outside of Fort Dix.
After graduating from Stuyvesant High School in Fortunately, I scored extremely well on my intelligence
Manhattan, I attended Washington Square College (New tests and was assigned to work with the Federal Bureau
York University) and was admitted into New York of Investigation. This assignment more or less assured
University College of Dentistry in 1952. The program I that I would not be sent outside of the United States.
was selected for awarded me RA and DDS degrees after I was discharged from the army in August 1962 and
7 years. Sandy and I again rented an apartment in the East River
I was active in student affairs in high school and Houses. As the young dentist I hired to work for me left
college and served as editor of my college and after only a few months, I had to re-establish my practice.
professional school yearbooks. At Washington Square Sandy obtained a teaching position in an elementary
College, I was one of the school’s delegates to the school on Ninth Street and First Avenue in Manhattan.
National Student Association and was elected to the As the rebuilding of my practice was not going as fast as
Student Hall of Fame. I had hoped, I accepted a position as Director of Materials
My mother started teaching me piano when I was Research at CMP Industries, Inc., in Albany, New York.
very young. I then studied with a number of excellent CMP was the parent company of a number of small and
teachers. I formed a band when I was in high school and mid-sized dental and medical companies, including
we played at college dances, social functions, and in the Ticonium and the Lemon-Benshoff Company.
Catskills until I graduated from dental school. My son Mitchell was born in Albany, New York.
Being a musician did not keep me from being active Mitchell graduated from Temple University magna cum
in athletics. I was athletic director at the Goldman Hotel laude and is now a tennis instructor and coach. In 2002,
in Pleasantdale, New Jersey, during my college years and The Philadelphia Inquirer named him girls’ tennis coach
also spent time on the athletic staff at Grossinger’s and of the year when his team (Paul VI High School) won
the Flagler Hotels in the Catskills. its first ever South Jersey Parochial A Tennis
After graduating from dental school I was Championship.
immediately called into the United States Army. After I soon realized that being full-time with a dental
several weeks of basic training, I was sent to Schwaebisch manufacturing company was not for me, so I accepted a
Hall, Germany, where I commanded the dental clinic. full-time position at New York University in removable
Upon my return to the United States, I accepted a half- prosthodontics. I was also made Acting Director of the
time teaching position in the Department of Denture Department of Dentistry at Goldwater Memorial
Prosthesis at New York University and opened a practice Hospital. In 1968, the State University of New York
in Peter Cooper Village, a few blocks from the dental Buffalo offered me a full-time position, which presented
school. research and educational opportunities that were not
Things were working out exceptionally well for me. available at New York University, so I accepted and we
I was well liked at New York University, became moved to Buffalo.
Dr. Louis Blatterfein’s substitute lecturer when he was Buffalo offered me the opportunity to enroll in the
away, and my practice was growing. I became deputy advanced education program in prosthodontics while
(faculty advisor) of the Sigma Epsilon Delta Fraternity maintaining my faculty position. One of my fellow
chapter at New York University and received a few students was Dr Harold F Morris, Dr. Morris and I
teaching awards. collaborated on a number of research projects and
In March 1961, met Sandra M Cohen, a senior at City publications during our graduate student days, a
University of New York. It was love at first sight for both collaboration and friendship that has continued to this
of us and we were married in August of that year. After day.
graduation, Sandy was able to get a position as an English In Buffalo I completed the editing of the first geriatric
teacher at Corlears Junior High School on the Lower East dentistry textbook published in the United States.
Side, a school that I attended. We rented an apartment Dentistry for the Special Patient: The Aged, Chronically
in the East River Houses overlooking the river and were in and Handicapped was initiated at Goldwater
extremely happy. Memorial Hospital with Drs Arthur Davidoff and
Part 3: The Innovators 151

Mathew H M Lee (later Director of the Rusk Institute of dontics, and a journalism award from the International
New York University Medical Center). I became editor College of Dentists for Implant Dentistry. I was appointed
on the untimely death of Dr. Davidoff The book was an Honorary Professor at Pierre Fauchard Dental School,
published in 1972 by WB Saunders Company. I retained Asuncion, Paraguay, in 1999, and served as honorary
Dr. Davidoff s name as senior editor. chairperson of three implant congresses in Bangkok,
I was quickly promoted to associate professor and Thailand.
started preparing Essentials of Complete Denture Throughout the years I have served as a consultant
Prosthodontics, with the assistance of my colleagues. I for a number of manufacturing companies, including
became interested in dental implants in Buffalo and made Lever Bros., Coe Laboratories, Inc., Myerson Tooth
polycarbonate molds from gold masters for wax patterns Corporation, Ivoclar Vivadent, Inc., LF Jelenko and Co.,
of blade implants in the early 1970s. CMP Industries, Inc., and Nobilium. I have presented
My daughter Lori was born in Buffalo. She attended numerous lectures, continuing education courses, and
Temple University School of Communications and later seminars at dental schools, hospitals, medical centers,
in Philadelphia and graduated summa cum laude. She and before professional organizations throughout the
then attended Temple University School of Law, and is world, many times arranged by my former advanced
currently a practicing attorney. She married Evan education students. My daughter Lori accompanied me
Kesselman, a New Jersey state trooper, in August 1997. on the majority of these speaking engagements,
I left Buffalo in 1979 to become Professor and Chair- beginning when she was very young.
person of the Department of Removable Prosthodontics I am in constant contact with many of my advanced
at Temple University. Throughout the years I have had education students around the world and continue to
a number of positions at Temple, including dean of collaborate with them on research projects and
advanced education, research, and continuing education publications. One of my graduate students, Lara Bakeen
(on 3 occasions), and Professor and Chairperson of the of Jordan, was awarded first place in the prestigious John
Department of Prosthodontics (fixed, removable, and J. Sharry Research Competition of the American College
maxillofacial). Today I am professor of Restorative of Prosthodontists in San Diego in 1998. Two other
Dentistry at Temple and direct the removable graduate students of mine reached the semifinals of this
prosthodontic clinic and the undergraduate implant- competition in other years. I served as Master of Science
course for the Department of Restorative Dentistry. in Oral Biology thesis advisor of these three students.
I founded the journal Implant Dentistry, which I Several of my advanced education students have become
edited for six years. I am currently senior editor of the prosthodontic department chairpersons, and another
Journal of Oral Implantology. Essentials of Complete was dean of a dental school and then acting provost of a
Denture Prosthodontics was published by WB Saunders university.
Company in 1979. Second editions were published by It was a source of pride to include six of my former
Mosby-Year Book, lEA, and PSG. I edited three editions advanced education students as contributors to my
of Dental Clinics of North America on complete dentures, complete denture textbook.
acrylics in dentistry, and removable prosthodontics. I have always been interested in the history of the
I am the recipient of approximately two million Second World War and collect wartime artifacts and
dollars in educational and research grants. I serve as sheet music. I have contributed articles to World War II
educational and prosthodontic consultant to dental History magazine and I am currently writing a book on
schools in Chile, Egypt, Jordan, Paraguay, and Thailand. the music of the Second World War.
I developed the pour (fluid resin) technique for denture
base processing, which accounts for approximately 10%
of the removable prostheses completed around the world Curriculum Vitae
today. Education
I am President of the American Academy of Implant 1949 Stuyvesant High School New York,
Prosthodontics and also serve as Executive Director of New York Science Diploma
the Academy. I have received numerous awards, Washington Square College New York
including the International Education Award of the University BA (Chemistry), New York
International Congress of Oral Implantologists, the University,
Outstanding Personality in Implant Prosthodontics College of Dentistry, D.D.S.
Award of the American Academy of Implant Prostho- 1960 Walter Reed Army Institute of Research
152 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

1958-1961 Postgraduate Courses in Oral Surgery Director of Materials Research


and Prosthodontics CMP Industries, Inc.
1971 State University of New York at Buffalo Aug. 1,1963 Albany, New York
School of Dentistry Mar. 1, 1965 (Vernon-Benshoff Company, Ticonium
Certificate in Prosthodontics Division)
Sept. 11, 1986 Acting Director of Research
Academic Appointments
Dec. 3 1, 1986 Temple University School of Dentistry
New York University College of
Dentistry Hospital Appointments
Department of Denture Prosthesis Assistant Clinical Visiting Dentist
1858-1961 Instructor 1958-1961 Sydenham Hospital, New York City
1961, 1966 Assistant Clinical Professor Visiting Dentist and Assistant Director
1966-1968 Assistant Professor, New York City Department of Dentistry
Community College, Department of New York University Medical Center
Dental Hygiene Goldwater Memorial Hospital
1968-1970 Lecturer, State University of New York 1966-1968 New York City
at Buffalo School of Dentistry, Consultant in Prosthodontics
Department of Removable 1975-1979 EJ Meyer Memorial Hospital
Prosthodontics Buffalo, New York
1970-1979 Assistant Professor 1979 to date Consultant in Prosthodontics
1979-1980 Associate Professor, State University of Temple University Hospital
New York at Buffalo, School of Health Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Related Professions 1989 to date Consultant in Prosthodontics and
1976-1979 Department of Health Science Geriatrics
Education and Evaluation, Clinical Veterans Administration Hospital
Associate Professor Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
1978 Erie Community College, Department
Private Dental Practice
of Dental Laboratory Technology,
Jan. 1959- 440 East 23rd Street, Suite MA
Acting Director
Aug. 1,1963 Peter Cooper Village
Temple University School of Dentistry
New York, New York 10010
Department of Removable
Prosthodontics Honors
Professor, Chairman, and Director of May 1960
Advanced Removable May 1967 Awarded plaques by The Student
1979-1986 Prosthodontics, Department of Council, New York University
Prosthodontics (Removable, Fixed, and College of Dentistry for outstanding
Maxillofacial) teaching
1986-1997 Professor and Chairman (1993-1996), Outstanding Layman of 1974, The
Department of Restorative Dentistry Vocational Technical
Professor (Preclinical Coordinator 1997- Education Alumni and Student
1999; Director of Association,
1997-to date Removable Prosthodontics 1999 to date) May 23,1974 State University College
Assistant Dean for Advanced Buffalo, New York
Education, Continuing Education and International Education Award,
1993-1995 Research, Temple University School of August 7,1992 International Congress of Oral
Dentistry (Acting) Implantologists
Temple University Graduate School November 4, 1993 Journalism Award for Implant
1979-to date Professor of Oral Biology 1993 Dentistry
International College of Dentists
Research Appointments Honorary Consultant
Nov. 1,1962 Research Assistant Professor Jan. 10-12, 1995 First Thailand International Dental
Aug. 31,1963 New York University College of Implantology Congress
Dentistry Honorary Chairman
Part 3: The Innovators 153

January 18-20, Second Thailand International Dental • Founder and past president of Clinical Implant
1997 Implantology Congress Society in Japan 1973-1977.
Honorary Chairman • Oversea Editor of Newsletter of the American
January 25,27, Third Thailand International Dental Academy of Implant Dentistry
1999 Implantology Congress • Active member of the American Academy of Implant
Honorary Professor Dentistry, 1975
• President of Asia Implant Academy, 1983
June 1999 Pierre Fauchard School of Dentistry
• Fellow Onorario: Gruppo Italiano Implantari, 1974
Asuncion, Paraguay
• Honorary member of the British Dental Implant
Honorary Chairman
Association, 1977
January 30-3 1, Fourth Thailand International Dental • Lectured on Implantology to the American Academy
2001 Implantology Congress of Implant Dentistry in Washington in 1974, Chicago
November 23,2002 Outstanding 1975, Las Vegas 1976, Miami 1977, Las Vegas 1978
Personality in Implant Prosthodontics • Lectured on Implantology to the International College
Award of Oral Implantologists in New York, Lectured on
American Academy of Implant Prostho- Implantology to the British Implant Society, 1977
dontics • Lectured on Implantology to the Swiss of Oral
Anyone who wishes a complete CV of Dr. Winkler please Implantology, 1977
write to: • Lectured on Implantology to the Japan Society of
Dr. Sheldon Winkler Implant Dentistry in Hakata 1974, Okayama 1976,
8672 East Eagle Claw Drive Tokyo 1977, Gifu 1978, Ube 1979
Scottsdale AZ 85262-1058 • Participated in a one-day course seminar to the
Northeast Louisiana Implant Study Group in
SHUMON OTOBE DDS (1928-1994) November 1975
• Participated in two-day permanent courses, 28 times
Professor of Hagi Woman’s College in Tokyo, 1973-1977.
• 1977-Nihon University, School of Dentistry in 1954,
DDS
Lecturer, Instructor and Author
• Tokyo University, School of Medicine, Department
of Oral Surgery, 1954-1956. Major books published:
1. Implant Blade Inserting Method
Practiced in Central Tokyo
2. Implant
• Associate Editor of Journal of Japan Dental
3. Oral Implantology
Association, 1969-1973
4. Philosophy of Implantology
My thirty years of experience in implants applying Dr.
Linkow’s system:
The Curriculum Vitae of Dr. Linkow is introduced in the
pamphlet Dr. Hoshino prepared for us. Therefore, I
would like to take the opportunity to speak about the
thirty years during which I’ve had the honor of knowing
Dr. Linkow.
It’s no exaggeration to say that Dr. Leonard Linkow
is the founding father of implants in Japan. He has
developed the Blade Vent Implant called “Linkow Blade”
which has had an evolutional impact on modern dental
implantology. We all know that he has made a great
contribution to the development of implants, and if we
think of implants we immediately think of Dr. Linkow.
He is a great implantologist.
The Root Form, which is the most common
intraosseous implant, was originally introduced as
Ventplant implant by Dr. Linkow and was the very first
154 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

self-tapping root form implant. The Blade Vent implant on me, since from the end of October until the middle of
expands the thin ridge and successfully functions in knife November I was studying at his office.
edge and shallow ridges. The Tuber Blade is inserted Wanting to introduce the dental implant techniques
distal to the maxillary sinus into the maxillary tuberosity to Japan, Dr. Otobe and myself decided to make the
and immediate loading has been applied as standard following three requirements for young dentists training
procedure. The well-seasoned examples in clinical in Japan:
experiences are the same with the Subperiosteal Firstly, it was decided that every young dentist
Implants, in which even today nobody can match him. member shouId attend the AAID meeting.
Today all the leading implantologists are able to benefit Secondly, they were requested to present their
from Dr. Linkow’s requirements in many different ways. practical experiences.
This is not only applicable to Japan, but to many other Finally, they would have to visit Dr. Linkow’s office
countries too. in New York to see his implant operation and hear his
In December 2002, an impressive event was held at lecture.
New York University organized by the ICOI (Inter- Since, the AAID Meetings were held in autumn at
national College of Oral Implantologists) in which Dr. different places every year, it was a wonderful
Linkow received a special prize upon his retirement. opportunity for me and I always looked forward to it.
About 500 people attended this event from countries all However, financially at that time, it was hard for me to
over the world including Germany, Italy, Sweden, the travel to America every year. I worked hard with the
UK and many more. It’s a great honor for us to welcome aim of participating in the MID meeting, an event that I
Dr. Leonard I. Linkow today in Tokyo. We would also had always dreamed of taking part in. Many dentists,
like to celebrate his great contribution to implantology. not only from America but also leading dentists from
overseas, visited Dr. Linkow’s office on the occasion of
the MID meeting. Dr. Linkow was kind enough to
EICHI KOJIMA introduce me to implantologists from America and
Dr. Linkow’s English was too different countries, which was a great chance for me to
fast for me to follow, but Dr. deepen my friendship and exchange professional
Anna spoke slowly and information with them.
explained in a plain language, My memorable experiences in 1975 at 24th MID
which helped me very much to meeting: In 1975, I attended the 24th Annual Scientific
understand the practices. I was meeting of MID that took place at the Pick Congress Hotel
simply impressed by Dr. in Chicago from 23rd to 25th October. Dr. Shumon Otobe
Linkow’s skill in operation, and myself took an exam to become Active Members
which was so dynamic, speedy and were the first Japanese to do so. Among the
and accurate—it was nothing candidates were leading implantologists, such as
but beyond human power: I Dr. Ronald Cullen from the UK, Dr. Alfied Feigel from
learned a wealth of knowledge about practical realities. Switzerland, Dr. Hans Grafelmann from the Federal
I still believe that no one can match him in this field. He Republic of Gerrnany, Prof. Giordano Muratori from
is absolutely the number one in the world. Italy, Dr A. Mira Yasinovsky, from Mexico and Dr.
Shumon Otobe as well as myself from Japan. What was
Dr. Linkow and AAID a novelty for the Americans was that implantologists
Dr. Linkow’s office was located in the center of from six different countries were participating at the
Manhattan in New York and he specialized in dental same time. Of course all of us passed the exam and we
implants. For loss of teeth he would apply dental still keep in touch as good friends. However, I regret to
implants, which meant that depending on the mandible say that we are missing three of them: Dr. Alfred Feigel,
and maxilla’s condition either an Endosseous Implant Dr. Shuinan Otobe and Prof. Giordano Muratori. We will
or a Subperiosteal Implant was applied and the number always have fond memories of them.
of cases were huge. In 1974, when Dr. Linkow chaired There was one more event in the same year that I
the 2nd AAID Annual Scientific Meeting held in hold in fond remembrance. My friend Dr. Gerald M.
Washington DC, a number of renowned implantologists Reed of Chicago invited us MID members to his home
from all over the world including Japan visited and two or three charter buses were required to take all
Dr. Linkowls office. This fact made a lasting impression the guests to the party. I still remember the heavy rain
Part 3: The Innovators 155

we encountered and the strong thunder and lightening I There are a lot more to be mentioned, but in closing I
had never experienced before in Tokyo. It was a gathering should mention how much Dr. Otobe learned about the
of about sixty guests including Dr. Otobe, myself and philosophy of dental implants from Dr. Leonard I.
five other members from Japan. Dr. Reed’s wife Linkow and how grateful he was for what he had gained.
welcomed us together with their two lovely daughters. He directed his views towards global implantology and
Mrs. Reed was a tall lady — taller than myself — slender every year attended the meetings of the AAID, the global
and very beautiful, and if I remember correctly she was leader of implantology.
working as a pediatrician. We enjoyed their hospitality He was always impressed by the high quality of
with exquisite cocktails and singular delicious food. It American implantology. The AAID meeting was
was an unforgettable night and we were extremely attended by implantologists from all over the world, and
happy, because this was the very first visit to the here he gained such impressive and valuable
residence of an implantologist. Dr. Gerald M. Reed was information. Therefore, he asked us not only to attend
already retired as dentist and now he enjoys his golden the AAID meetings but also to make presentations to
age in Florida with his hobbies such as designing and improve our professional skills.
polishing jewelry. Today, the Clinical Implant Society of Japan is
Another unforgettable experience for me was, when recognized internationally and among its members are
I was invited to the wedding of Dr. Linkow’s second many who are leading and active figures in Japan’s
daughter Sheree. Renowned implantologists from all dental implantology.
over the world gathered and I had the great honor to I would like to introduce former Chairmen in
attend as the only Japanese at the wedding ceremony, chronological order starting with the first generation who
which of course was my first experience of a Jewish worked so hard to introduce the clinical implant:
wedding. • Dr Shumon Otobe
When I chaired the Clinical Implant Society of Japan, • Dr Eiichi Kojima
I celebrated its 10th Anniversary with an event called • Dr Toshiyuki Sato
“A Japanese Summer Night” in Manhattan and I invited • Dr Shukicbi Aiura
many implantologists from the AAID. The venue was a • Dr Masaki Fukai
Karate-Dojo (Karate Center) founded by one of my good • Dr Noriharu Ikumi.
friends. For the party we brought over from Japan food It was a great loss that Dr. Otobe passed away from
and drinks, such as Sake (rice wine), smoked cuttlefish liver cancer on the 10th November 1994, despite all
and octopus, rice cookies as well as other snacks, and in medical efforts. I wished I had the chance to tell Dr. Otobe
New York we managed to order Sushi, Yakitori (Japanese that a single seed he had sown would grow into such a
fruitful tree.
grilled chicken) and more. That night our guests enjoyed
I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to Dr.
a Karate performance where a martial artist split a board
Leonard I. Linkow for selecting me as one of the great
in two with one blow of his bare hand, and then broke a
pioneers of Implant Dentistry. This is the greatest honor
baseball bat with a kick called an “Ashigeri”, We
and pleasure in my life.
presented a testimonial and gift in the name of the Society
Thank you so much 28th August 2005, on my 69th
to Dr. Linkow and Dr. Weiss (1983).
birthday.
I believe that there are a number of implantologists
who contributed to the development of dental Childhood days and years
implantology in Japan, but I should mention the In August, 1945, when I was nine years old the Second
following names if it comes to specific areas: For surgical World War ended. The central area of Tokyo was lying
procedures and implant profession, the late Dr. Toshio in the dust. The war had deprived us all of daily
Yamane, for biomaterial, Prof. Emeritus Haruyuki necessities: Food and other commodities were short in
Kawahara of Osaka Dental College for prosthodontics stock and eventually ran out. Those were the days when
in clinical medicine, Prof. Emeritus Toshitaka Kaketa of everyone in Japan was exhausted and hungry, both
Iwate Medical College, Dentistry Faculty, for the practices physically and mentally.
in subperiosteal, the Blade Implant and the Linkow Fortunately, however, in various parts of Tokyo, there
System, the late Dr. Shumon Otobe. were still the remnants of nature, and I remember myself
These implantologists were excellent leaders in Japan, chasing after and collecting my favorite dragonflies and
and always worked with global goals in mind. cicadas, catching sinall fish in brooks and ponds.
156 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

High School and Experiences Study Group Fellow and Diplomate, International
I graduated from Yutakayama High School, affiliated to Congress of Oral Implantologists (ICO1), Pierre Fauchard
Nihon University. Academy (PFA).
Ten years after the end of the World War, peace finally
returned to our society. The availability of food had Dr Leonard I Linkow and the Development of Dental
improved thanks to our parents working hard for the Implants in Japan
nation’s economic recovery and further development. It Last year on July 11, we invited Dr. Linkow to the
was under such environment that I spent my days of Celebration at the Clinical Implant Society of Japan’s
youth. I practiced Judo at Koudoukan (a Judo gym) that Anniversary and we had the honor of welcoming him as
helped me a great deal in training myself both physically a Guest Speaker in front of 200 members. The event was
and mentally. I was awarded with a Black Belt a great success.
Championship. When I look back to the early days of our research in
The Faculty of Dentistry is a 6-year course. In the first- dental implants, Dr. Shumon Otobe, one of the pioneers
two years, we receive lectures on general subjects, and of dental implants in Japan, in particular stands out in
in the latter 4 years overall studies on dentistry and my memory. It is now more than 30 years since be
medicine through lectures and clinical practices. During introduced the modern concept based on Dr. Linkow’s
the final year, we entered the Internship Program and System to Japan.
actually treated patients. After the course was completed,
we were ready to take the national dentistry examination.
This was the time when dentistry had gone through Foundation Period
drastic changes. What had been withheld during the At that time, Dr. Otobe was actively involved as a core
years of the Second World War, the new information, member of the “Dentists Association” in the Ginza area
the new equipment and new materials started to flow in of Tokyo, the center of the metropolitan area. He came
from European countries and the United States, and we to learn that there were a number of highly respectable,
were absorbing them at an incredible speed. renowned young dentists in the area, and consequently
founded a study group in Ginza called “Nikakai” with
the aim of deepening their studies in clinical medicine
Graduation from Dental School and broadening their knowledge in various fields.
After graduating from the Faculty of Dentistry, I passed On the second Tuesday of every month, they
the national dentistry examination and joined the Oral assembled in Dr. Kaneda’s office located in Ginza to
Surgery Department at the Tokyo University affiliated discuss problems concerning their daily clinical practices,
hospital. There I studied oral surgery for three and a half and also for their personal improvement outside of the
years. After that I had the opportunity to study medical field. Dr. Kaneda invited executive guest
prosthetics. Thereafter, I gained experiences thanks to speakers from different fields so that the members could
Dr. Muraoka, an authority in prosthetics in clinical acquire new knowledge. It was a valuable experience
treatment. In 1972 I opened a dental clinic in the WTC shared among colleagues and friends. Of course this
Building in Tokyo. gathering still continues.
On one occasion, Dr. Otobe, a seasoned traveler, took
Official Positions part in a Safari tour of Africa and there met Prof Isidore
Lecturer, Department of Oral Surgery, School of Samuels of New York University (Outpatient
Medicine, Defense Medical College. Lecturer, Department of Pedodontics). This decisive encounter
Department of Periodontology, Nihon University School sowed the seed of dental implants in our country. In 1972,
of Dentistry. President, Clinical Implant Society, Tokyo, we held a “Farewell Party” with the members of
Japan. Director, Japan Society of Implant Dentistry- “Nikakai” before Dr. Otobe departed for the United
Adviser, Active Member, Committee for Japan Society States. Dr. Kaneda was highly respected by everyone in
of Implant Dentistry. Director, Kanto-Koshin-Etsu the dental profession, and thanks to his social
District, Japan Society of Implant Dentistry. President, contributions, we had the privilege of staying in a very
Asian Implant Academy. distinguished executive Japanese restaurant which was
a favorite place of our former Prime Minister Sato.
Member In the decorative corner of the room Dr. Kaneda hung
Honored Fellow of American Academy of Implant a painting of a famous Japanese artist Yokoyama Taikan,
Dentistry (AAID). Active member of American Academy which portrays a saying “The tiger travels 3000
of Implant Dentistry (AAID). Fellow, Italian Implant kilometers and returns the same distance.” Dr. Kaneda’s
Part 3: The Innovators 157

message was, “when you undertake such a long journey AAlD held in Washington, D.C for the first time and
to Americat we trust that your stay will be fruitful.” made a presentation as well.
With this kind message of encouragement he left for I made the decision to deepen the subject of dental
America. implants and consulted Dr. Otobe whom I met on the
Dr. Otobe was interested in many pursuits. He not airplane that day and told him about my desire to study
only participated in car racing with his A-class license, under Dr. Raphael Chercheve in France. However, due
but also was an automobile connoisseur, and also, thanks to Dr. Chercheve’s age (he was about 70 at that time), he
to his excellent writing skills he contributed to many strongly recommended me to study under Dr. Linkow
magazines. When it came to wines his knowledge was in New York. He was willing to write a recommendation
impressive by Western standards and as for sports he to Dr. Linkow, who was actively and progressively
loved Sumo. Additionally he was an extremely good working in implant practices. “Go to New York” was
player of the Japanese board games Go and Shogi, which the clear-cut message. I was given the opportunity to
he played with acumen and was able to judge what other study the philosophy and the technique of dental
people were thinking. With these characteristics he could implants from Dr. Linkow and since then, our
foresee the future and this was probably the reason his relationship had been continued.
studies with Dr. Linkow were so fruitful. My New York address was Park Avenue at 20th in
Dr. Otobe loved to follow pursuits as fully as possible. New York recommended by Dr. Otobe. It was the same
In the end he reaped the rewards fully, as all his efforts place where Dr. Samuels lived with his wife. It was near
bore fruit. the birthplace of Theodore Roosevelt, the former
President of the USA in an affluent residential area. The
1st floor was the office and I lived alone on the 4th floor.
Dr. Otobe and Dr. Linkow’s First Meeting It was safe, easy to reach by car and it took me just 20
Dr. Otobe went alone to New York and Dr. Isidore minutes to get to Dr. Linkow’s office, just five stations
Samuels kindly introduced him to Dr. Leonard I. Linkow, away on the subway. Dr. Samuel and his wife Mrs.
who was one of the leading surgeons in Dental Implants. Florence lived in 40 Strawbury Lane Roslyn Height, in a
Dr. Otobe was somebody with strong characteristics, calm area of Queens district and he traveled to the office
probably stronger by five or ten times than an ordinary by car. When I had the opportunity to study under Dr.
person. It was perhaps because of this strength that he Linkow, his office was located on the 13th floor in 30
could train himself under a leading figure. He didn’t like Central Park, South Professional Building in Manhattan.
to look humble and sometimes even made an impudent I was impressed to see on the infomation board about
impression. But in front of Dr. Samuels, Dr. Linkow and 30 names out of which most were dentists sending
Dr. Kaneda he was willing to bow deeply. Since Dr. patients and a few MDs’ referrals, which would have
Kaneda supported him while encouraging him to work been simply unthinkable in Japan. From the dental office
independently, he called him “Uncle Kaneda” out of on the 13th floor we could look over Central Park, and
respect, and loved him more than anyone else. sometimes I reminisced about Tokyo and felt homesick
Dr. Shumen Otobe was the first true pioneer in looking at the autumn scene in the sunset. It was
implantology in Japan. He formed the Clinical Implant November, the leaves were falling and it was getting dark
Society of Japan. He not only lectured in Japan but also quite early. I remember that Dr. Linkow would see an
in international implant seminars. I will never forget how average five to six patients a day, and I was so surprised
much Dr. Otobe contributed to the awareness of our CISJ. that all of them were receiving dental implant treatment.
For me it was also a cultural shock, since this would have
been impossible to imagine in Japan where we had not
My First Meeting with Dr. Linkow even a single expert in dental implants.
It was in August 1974, I made a presentation at an Dr. Linkow concentrated on dental implants and had
academic conference of dental implants in Fukuoka, six to seven staff in his office and his first Assistant was
when the 3rd Japan Society of Implant Dentistry Dr. Anna Kohen of Greece, a stunningly beautiful female
Conference was held under Prof. Tsuneo Suetsugu dentist who reminded me of Venus de Milo in Paris. She
(prosthodontics) of Kyushu University. The title was was at work preparing for the US dentists license. Today
“The Use of Nitro Oxide as an Analgesic in Blade Implant she is a practicing dentist, having obtained her license at
Dentistry”. In October of the same year, I attended the the New York University.
158 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

AAID PRESIDENTS 1952-2001

Norman I Goldberg Aaron Gershkoff Wayne S Paullus


1952-1953 1954 1955

Isaih Lew Marshall Mueller Roy L Bodine


1956 1957 1958

Wilbur E. Pernell
Frank Strake Arthur Jermyn
1959
1960 1961
Part 3: The Innovators 159

Victor Beck John Leonard


Theodore Lee
1964 1965 1968

A Norman Cranin Eugene Wozmak Leonard I Linkow


1969-1970 1973 1974

Samuel P Weber Paul J Mentag Burton E Balkin


1975 1976 1977
160 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

Leo C Ward Charles A Babbush Maurice R Brett


1978 1979 1980

Victor I. Sendax Wesley Halpert Louis J Naman


1981 1982 1984

H Ford Turner Thomas S Golec Ronald W Evasic


1985 1987 1988
Part 3: The Innovators 161

Richard A Guaccio Thomas E Braly J Thomas Chess


1989 1990 1991

Paul A Schnitman Carl E Misch 0 Hilt Tatum, Jr


1992 1993 1994

Ira R Titunik Donald H Masters Perry J Bingham


1995 1996 1997
162 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

Terry J Reynolds Craig D Cooper Arthur K Molzan Emile Martin


1998 1999 2000 2001

To our regret, picture were unavailable for the following Presidents. Arthur A Kulick, 1962; Edmund R Hinrich, 1963; Horace
C Martin, 1966; Gail Spaite, 1967; Gerald Northcutt, 1971; and Irwin E Zimmerman, 1972

Paul Johnson, DDS Edward J Mills DDS Francis J DuCoin, DMD


2002 2003 2004

Kevin J O'Grady, DDS Kim A Gowey, DDS Frank LaMar, DDS


2005 2006 2007
Part 3: The Innovators 163

Manuel Chanavaz, Eugene Roberts, Leonard I Linkow and O Hilt


Manual Chanavaz and Leonard I Linkow
Tatum at a June 2006 implant meeting in Marrakech, Morocco

Pierre Domns, Leonard I Linkow and L to R, standing: Robert James, Gerry Reed, Len Linkow, Julian Franko,
Jean-Marc Juillet in Paris, 1970 Rich Guaccio, Hilt Tatum and Jon Wagner Seated: Paul Mentag, Burt Balkin,
and Louis Sandor, Jr.

Giorgio Gnalducci, Leonard I Linkow, Jack Wimmer, Antonio


Leonard I Linkow and Giorgio Gnalducci at an implant More-Greco and Professor Carlo Sirtori, of the Carlo Erba
course in Italy in 1971 Foundation in Milano
164 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

Richard Guaccio, his financé Judy, and Leonard I Linkow at a Michell Chercheve and Leonard I Linkow did much
surprise party for Dan Root, 2003 work at Lariboisiére Hospital in Paris, 1970

Dr. Lew and Dr. Linkow seriously gazing at a preoperative


panoramic roentgenogram before deciding what to do

Leonard I Linkow, Raphael Chercheve and Ronald Cullen


Part 3: The Innovators 165

Standing rear: Alain Clairet, Gliaghi Mondani, Leonard I Linkow and David Hoexter
in front: Francesco Mangini, Raphael Chercheve and Ronald Cullen, about 1990

Dr Cullen’s daughters, Suzy and Melody—1972


166 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

One of the first courses on implant dentistry that Dr Linkow presented at the Institute for Graduate Dentists. Leonard I Linkow,
Aaron Gershkoff, from Providence, Rhode Island, AI Edelman, of New Jersey, Raphael Chercheve from Paris, Hans Orlay from
England, Max Lieb, head of the Institute for Graduate Dentists, and Isaiah Lew (seated), 1969

Leonard I Linkow and Norman Mulnik, 1969


Part 3: The Innovators 167

Leonard Linkow and Giordano Muratori and friends on Capri, 1997

Shuman Otobe, Leonard Linkow and his Daughter, Robin, 1993


168 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

L to R Richard Ricciardi, Gerald Reed, Leonard I Linkow and


Jack Wimmer, Dr Jerry Reed enjoyed a very successful implant
practice originally in Chicago and then in Houston, Texas. He
was President of the American Board of Implantology/Implant
Dentistry in 1995 and present, and is enjoying his retirement
from dentistry. Jack Wimmer was owner of Park Dental
Research. For many years he ran the Park Dental Laboratory
Shuman Otobe and Dr Isidore Samuels that delivered hundreds of subperiosteal implants to his
customers as well as a massive amount of fixed bridgework.
He was a recipient of the Aaron Gershkoff Memorial Award in
2001

Ugo Pasqualini and Leonard I Linkow Leonard Linkow and Dennis Tarnow, 2006
Part 3: The Innovators 169

Dennis Tarnow, Leonard Linkow and Jon Reed Wagner, 2001

Leonard Linkow and Antonio Pierazzini (rear) Giordano Dan Root, Boyd Harris and Leonard I Linkow, 2003
Muratori and Franceso Mangini (front), 1994
170 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

HOLGER E BÜRKEL LEBENSLAUF


Dr. med. dent. Holger E 1968 Probation zum Zahnarzt an der Universitat
Bürkel Freiburg
Zahnarzt Leonard- 1969 Promotion zum Dr. med. dent.
Linkow-Stralbe, 3 seit 1970 Eigene Praxis in Kappel
D-77966 Kappel- seit 1973 Implantatbehandlungen
Grafenhausen seit 1975 Mitglied der Deutschen Gesellschaft fur
Zahnarztliche Implantologie
Date of Birth: 08.06.41 seit 1975 RegelmaBige Kurse in der eigenen Praxis
I was born as fourth seit 1976 Mitglied der AS10 (Schweizer Gesellschaft).
child in Gengenbach seit 1985 Ehrenmitglied der kolumbianischen Gesel-
(region of Baden). lschaft fur orale Implantologie
At this time my seit 1987 Active member der American Academy of
father was in the war. Implant Dentistry
My mother, as a
seit 1988 Mitglied von der Wissenschaftlichen
housewife, was at home. During the state of war, we
Gesellschaft fur
stayed with grand-parents in Ettenheim, as this small
funktionsbezogene, Zahn-, Mund- und
town was more safe than the city of Karlsruhe, the
Kieferheilkunde
residence of my father Walther Bürkel. My mother came
seit 1988-1991 Prasident der Deutschen Gesellschaft
from a tanning family in Ettenheim named Riegger. Here
fur zahnarztliche Implantologie
I grew up, went to primary school and later on to the
seit 1989 President elect from European Union for
secondary school. Subsequently I completed my studies
Clinicians in Implant Dentistry
in dental medicine at the University of Freiburg. My
course of life was already printed. seit 1991 Professor der Universitat New York
After the examination at the secondary school in seit 1991 Professor der Universitat Chengdu, China
Ettenheim, I studied dental medicine at the University seit 1991 Member of the President’s Council, New York
of Freiburg im Breisgau. seit 1991 Ehrenburger der Stadt Alta Gracia,
The years of studying had been burdensome, as Argentinien
meanwhile I had to work a lot with the farming at home, 1992 Mitglied des wissenschaftlichen AusschuBes
too. After the war there was a very critical financial der Academy Advanced Oral Reconstruction
situation. Somehow the family with four children had and Esthetics, USA
to be nourished. But anyhow the studying I liked very seit 1993 Mitglied vom Bundesverband der
much. A pity was, that there had been not many niedergelassenen implantologisch tatigen
professors and lecturers. Very often this circumstance Zahnarzte in Deutschland
encountered difficulties to me and spoiled my joy in seit 1995 Vorsitzender von Fbrderkreis zahnarztl iche
learning. Implantologie (FZI)
My thesis was about the subject “The position of seit 1996 Ehrenburger der Stadt St. Petersburg
dental medicine in the French encyclopaedia”. After the seit 1998 Professor der Universitat Tiflis, Georgien
studies in dental medicine, which I finished with success;
my road changed in the direction of “Dental Seit 1978 erteile ich Fortbildungskurse an
Implantology”. I will never ever forget the first slides of verschiedenen Universitaten:
Prof. L Linkow, that I saw during the first Linkow • Universidad Madre y Maestro, Dominikanische
Seminar in Germany! “This is the future”. It caused a Republik Universitat Sydney, Australien
sensation in my head. This is how it remains until today. • Universitat Pretoria, Sud Afrika
From this follows automatically my vocational career (see • Universitat St. Petersburg, Ru5 1 and
enclosure). • Universitat Chengdu, China
My great thanks to Lenni Linkow was the change in • Universitat Tiflis, Georgien
name of the street where my residence is from “Vogesen • Universitat Budapest, Ungarn
- Street” to “Leonard-Linkow-Street”. It was my hearty • Implantologenzentrum Cordoba, Argentienien
wish to realize this already during your lifetime. Universitat Moskau
Part 3: The Innovators 171

Vortrage bei nationalen und internationalen unremitting will to conduct


Veranstaltungen: research, a will sustained
1978 Universitat Amsterdam IIBS from the beginning of his
1980 Kongreβ Kyoto scientific career until his
1980 Groote-Schuur Klinik in Kapstadt death.
1981 DGZI Linkow-Seminare in Munchen It could scarcely have
1982 Jubilaumskongrerβ in Durban been predicted that he was
1983 Universitat in Western Cape to play such an outstanding
1983 Internationales Symposium in Munchen role in the field of dentistry
1984 Universitat Sydney in his difficult student
1984 Universitat Bombay period, stricken as it was by worldwide events. He began
1984 Universitat New Delhi with medicine but had to break off his studies when the
1985 Asian Implant Academy Second World War threatened the borders of his home
1985 Implantologenzentrum, Bogota country, Switzerland. Conscious of his duty, he did his
1986 Weltkongreβ in Carracas, Venezuela military service. After that, he resumed his studies,
1987 DASA-Kongreβ in Pretoria switched to dentistry, and finally was awarded his
1989 AAID-Kongreβ in New Orleans diploma in 1943.
1990 Universitat Pretoria Dentistry became a sphere of activity in which he was
1990 Universitat in Chengdu, Erffnung des able to give free rein to his many talents. Happily for us
1. Lehrstuhles in China all, he decided as early as 1956 to advance the
1991 Inplantologenzentrum Argentinien, Cordoba development of oral implantation at a time when this
1991 Universitat Chengdu, China scientific discipline was still in its infancy. He became
1992 Vortrag in New York one of the major pioneers in this sphere worldwide. One
1992 Weltkongreβ Sendai of his greatest achievements was to popularize
1992 Besuch der American Society of implantology in Europe. He set the first milestone for
Osseointegration, USA this technique in Switzerland and helped the
1993 Tagung in Wien breakthrough, despite strong opposition. He also
1993 Kongrerβ in Peking promoted new, unusual, and yet safe techniques for
1993 Kongrerβ in Bombay, Indien operations, and was always ahead of the field in this
1994 Kongreβ in Peking, OP Kurs in Chengdu context.
1994 Kongre β in Goa In 1974, he founded ASIO, the Swiss Association of
1995 StPeterburg Tagung Oral Implantology, to disseminate ideas of the subject
1995 Meeting of EUCID in Lyon, Frankreich and served as its President for 10 years. He was elected
1995 Vortrag in Budapest its Honorary President in the last year of his life.
1996 Tagung in Tiflis incl OP-Kurs He grew from being a general practitioner into a
1996 ‘Tagung in St. Petersburg splendid scientist who examined every new problem
1997 Fortbildung FZI auf Mallorca with considerable acuity and worked toward solutions
1998 OP-Kurse in Tiflis, St. Petersburg, Wien quickly and decisively.
1999 OP Demonstration Bayreuth, Vortrage in St. In his way he became an inspiring fighter for science.
Petersburg At the end of his life, he could look back on honorary
2000 Eroffnung Implantologiecenter in Chengdu memberships of many implantologic associations
(China) worldwide, but the AAID was always his favorite.
2000 Wissenschaftlicher Austausch San Diego But despite all his scientific fame, it was Fredy (Alfie)
(USA) Sulzer Medica Feigel, the human being, whom all his friends remember.
2001 Ritterschlag vom Malteserordens He was warm-hearted and kind, dignified, humorous,
2001 Prof. (h.c.) Universitat Moskau and charming; he was brave and had the courage of his
2001 Commander vom Malteserorden convictions when it was called for. Anyone who had the
good fortune to spend an evening with him in a relaxed
ALFRED FEIGEL atmosphere will never forget his impulsive and
We mourn the passing of our dear and highly esteemed imaginative wit, his extraordinary kindness and
friend and colleague, Alfred Feigel. His full-life is an sensitivity, and above all, his charming nature.
example not only of great human warmth, but also of an We all will miss him and will never forget him.
172 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

DINO GARBACCIO • His mentor was the French implantologist Jacques


• Birthplace: Biella (Italy) Scialom, who invented the tantalum pin implants. Luigi
Mondani was the supporter and spokesperson for pin
• Birthdate: 07/02/1923.
implants. His work to enhance the efficacy of the
• High School in Biella. technique led to the invention of the intraoral electric
• Graduate in Medicine solder in 1980. The solder evolved from 1982 to 2002.
and Surgery in Modena • His on-going pursuit of new implant solutions led to
University 1949. the following developments: TV implant (1985),
• Stage a year in “St. Mondani’s tripodal implant (1989), self-threaded self-
Yoseph Hospital”-New directional endosseous pin implant. All this brought
York 1950/51. to the concept of implant integration which
revolutionized the field of oral implantology and set
• Stage a year in “Benedectine Hospital”- Kingstone
forth a new guideline which stated that no single
1951/52.
implant can be adopted to all cases but that with each
• Surgeon in “Clinica Vialarda” Biella 1953/1972. case the bony area and type of bone to be implanted
• Director of the “Clinica di Odontostomatologia e provide indications for the right implant.
Implantoprotesi” in Arona (Novara) until 1982.
• Inventor of “Bicortical Selftapping screw System” Memberships and Awards
(first Patent 1968-last Patent 2001), after many years • Member of the lnternational Academy “LEX ET
of experience with other systems. SCIENTIA” - Delaware, USA
• Over 100 Conferences in Italy and in the world. • Implantology Award: “ESCULAPIO D’ORO”
• Member of the “TIBERINA ACADEMY” for scientific
• In 1984 nominated “The implantologist of the year”.
research in oral implantology
• Professor honoris causa GRUBEI (Brasile). Professor • Academician of the “LEGION D’ORO” for his worthy
“Universite Europeenne du Travail” (Bruxelles). services in the field of oral implantology
• Member of the most important Italian and • Member of the Academy of “THE HISTORY OF
International Associations. MEDICINE”
• Author of many publications about Bicortical System. • Honorary member of SEI - Spanish Association of
Implantology - Spain
• His system can be seen in the website
• Honorary member of the Greek and Brazilian
www.garbaccio.it and www.bicorticalscrew.com (in
Associations of Implantology
English).
• Honorary member of the “Recherches Implantaires
de Lariboisiére” - Paris, France
PIER LUIGI MONDANI • Honorary member of the “Deutsche Gesellschoft zur
• Professor Pier Gliaghi zahnarzfliche Implantologie
Mondani • Universitat Munchen” - Germany
• Born Desenzano (BS) • Honorary member of the “Instituto de investigaciones
December 20,1922 Genova- experimentales en primates”-Buenos Aires,
Died on November 13.2003 Argentina
• Graduated in Paviae • Merano Award for the best scientific film - 1982
Specialized In Genoa • Professor Mondani published over 50 scientific papers
• Professor of Surgery and on oral implantology and 35 on the history of
Anesthesiology at the post- medicine.
graduate school of Clinical Dentistry • Inventor of the “intraoral solder”, of the endosseous
• University of Modena pin implant, and of several other techniques.
• Researcher and lecturer. One of the greatest pioneers • Order of Knights of the “Anisetiers du Roi” - France
of modern implantology and the •forerunner of the • Brazilian “Commendatore” “Pierre Fouchard” per his
current concepts of oral implantology. worthy services to science and implantology
• His research laid the scientific foundations for the • Honorary Professor - UNICEF - Recife, Brazil
principle of implant integration with the use of • Founding member of IRCOI - International Research
intraoral electric soldering. Committee of Oral Implantology
Part 3: The Innovators 173

• Conferences, Courses, and Practical Workshops in and claimed to acquire “osseous-integration” after
Italy, the US., Brazil, France, Germany, Spain, Greece, leaving the implants buried for many months. His
Switzerland and Japan. research charts and results were very scientifically
presented. It is mostly accomplished on individuals with
PER INGRAM BRANEMARK a great deal of bone height and width and mostly in the
Dr. Per Brånemark was anterior ridge in the mandible or maxilla only. The
born in Sweden in 1926. insertion of Branemark’s implants requires more
In 1960, Brånemark critically controlled surgical techniques.
became Chair of the Since they lack a natural shock-absorbing ligament,
Department of Anatomy they cannot be predictably employed in conjunction with
of Goteborg University natural tooth abutments for the support of a fixed
in Sweden and pursued prosthesis. Thus, their prime use would be in totally
further studies of blood edentulous situations or for single implants. On the light
circulation in bone, microscope level the Branemark implants have been seen
embedding tiny titanium to have between a 30 to 50 micron space between the
chambers into the arms bone and their interfaces, which is equivalent to a fibrous
of volunteer subjects. tissue encapsulation from 3 to 5 cells thick — so it does
Working with Richard Skalak, an American trained as not always osseointegrate. On certain Levei-Lazco stains
an engineer, Branemark did extensive research in a thin blue layer can be seen separating the titanium
animals, implanting into bone various shapes and sizes implant from the bone which is a proteoglycin (mucopoly
of titanium implants. In all cases, the results were saccharide) layer.
astounding. All the implants became so closely locked The implant system began with research dating back
to the bone as to be virtually unremovable. In some cases, to 1965. Branemark introduced the first Nobelpharma
the bone had adhered to the titanium so tightly that the commercial implant in 1982 made of pure titanium.
bone fractured or the implant broke before it could be They quickly became the standard by which all root
removed. form implants and manufacturers were to be measured.
Dr. Branemark coined the term “osseointegration” Clinicians were often drawn to it because it was well-
to describe the state achieved when titanium “fixtures” tested, well-documented, and well supported with
(the term he preferred to “implants”) are placed into extensive research. Dr. Branemark was research
bone. He experimented with numerous designs and oriented. His research, drive, and sponsorship of years
treated hundreds of patients with excellent results. And of clinical study formed the groundwork for the
because of financial support from the Swedish “Branemark Phenomenon” in dentistry. His implant
government, Branemark was able to conduct intensive, system was heavily promoted in 1984. It took only a
long-term research covering all aspects, biological as well few years for him to reverse the image of dental
as mechanical, related to the development of a practical implants from experimental and risky to credible and
implant. Remarkably, his implants were clinically tested promising.
for 17 years before being marketed. In general, his Branemark’s first implant interests began with
implants are titanium tubes or screws in a wide variety orthopedic needs. For convenience, access, and ease
of sizes and shapes. Clinical research has shown that it during the surgical placement of his implant prototypes,
is best to leave the implant free of any load until sufficient he selected the jaws of dogs. Stress prosthetic components
bone growth has taken place. Even micromovement of led to his interest in using his osseointegration findings
the implant before then has shown that the osseous- to develop dental implants for the edentulous ridge.
implant interface is disrupted. Branemark directed his marketing program to ADA
Branemark System of implants have been produced approved specialists, setting up training programs to the
and marketed by Nobelpharma, a company based in exclusion of the general dentist and implantologist,
Göteborg, Sweden, but with worldwide production causing an extensive degree of alienation and fostering
and marketing facilities. And Dr. Branemark, in a “snobbish” image.
recognition of his pioneering work in the field, was The Branemark implant became a classic, a
named the first honorary member of the Academy of commercially pure titanium screw shape with an external
Osseointegration. hex. Only a screw design was available from 1982 to 1993.
Branemark and his Swedish associates more or less He now developed immediate loaded implants following
followed the sleep away design of Chercheve and Benaim Linkow.
174 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

CHARLES ENGLISH was declining. Josef, a skilled copper and metal smith,
Charles English, DDS, a settled in Los Angeles and worked for Duesenburg.
prosthodontist, was in the forefront of Cars were he hand crafted with brass coach lanterns.
disseminating proven, learned and The English translation of the German name Wagner
current information regarding the means wagon builder and Josef fit the mold. In 1911 Josef
prosthodontic aspects of implant invented and patented the copper tube and fin
dentistry until his untimely death on automobile radiator, the same basic design principle as
November 3, 2005. His article, modern radiators. He sold the patent to Harrison
Biomechanical Concerns With Fixed Radiator, which is a division of General Motors today.
Partial Dentures Involving Implants In 1922 Josef established an auto body and radiator shop
(Implant Dent 1993; 2:221-242) is in Anaheim, California and bought a ranch that included
considered to be classic, and is one that a 10 acre orange grove. In the shop, Anaheim Auto Sheet
should be emulated by contributors to Metal Works, Josef handcrafted radiators and did custom
all journals. His conceptualization of body work for Harry Miller Racing Cars of Los Angeles.
the “anterior-posterior spread” in the Several Miller cars Josef crafted are in the Indianapolis
planning and development of implant Motor Speedway Museum today. Jon’s father John
prostheses for the totally edentulous continued with the autobody business into the mid 50’s.
arch was, and continues to be, a Unfortunately his father allowed the business to fail due
guideline for both clinicians and laboratory technicians. to alcoholism.
Prior to the passing of Dr. English, the ICOI had Jon grew up in Southern California, graduating from
established the Annual Charles E. English Award that is Anaheim Union High School in 1953. In his youth his
to be selected and given through its flagship publication, principal interests were reading, hot Rod cars, sport
Implant Dentistry. The sum of $2,500 is to be awarded to fishing, duck hunting and skiing. He was unsure of a
the author(s) of the most significant article that will have career to pursue, dropped out of college after one
appeared within the section, Clinical Science and semester and worked at numerous jobs for seven years.
Techniques. The article is to be original, not having been After working in the defense industry as a precision
published elsewhere, not having been ghostwritten, and instrument mechanic for a year, Jon, seeking adventure
noncommercially oriented. In essence, like the namesake went to sea. He became a commercial fisherman working
of this award, it should be a significant contribution to on 50-60' sport and commercial Albacore tuna vessels
implant dentistry. for three seasons. Jon bait fished Albacore using cane
(Jack) poles in the Portuguese style. He made many trips
JON REED WAGNER of 3-4 weeks duration offshore Baja and the California
Jon Reed Wagner was born in 1935 at coast, working as an apprentice house painter in the off
St. Josephs Hospital in Orange, seasons.
California. His family was of English After Jon’s leisure interests changed from hot rod
and German decent and resided in building and drag racing to snow skiing he and a friend
nearby Anaheim. His mother took a trip to Europe on a freighter and spent the winter
Elizabeth’s family, the Aliens and of 1958 skiing in Austria and Switzerland. With the
Reeds, were early English settlers in encouragement and help of his fiancee Sharon Nall, Jon
the Jamestown Colony, Virginia. finally settled down and seriously pursued a career in
Migrating to Western Arkansas in dentistry. He worked as a Civil Engineering Aid doing
1835, their families homesteaded preliminary and construction surveys for flood control
farmland. Army Doctor Walter Reed, dams and channels and worked nights at Disneyland to
whose family remained in Virginia, save money for college. During his first two years of
was Elizabeth’s maternal great uncle. college Jon held a full time night job at North American
Jon’s aunt, Margaret Allen, was Aircraft as a Senior Navigational Instrument Mechanic
married to Hall of Fame baseball doing the final assembly of the NSG Inertial Guidance
player “Arky” Vaughan who played for the Pittsburgh System for the long-range nuclear warhead Hound Dog
Pirates and Brooklyn Dodgers in the 30s and 40s. missile. Jon also assembled a marine variation of the NSG,
Jon’s paternal grandparents, Josef Wagner and Anna the N7A that enabled the first Polaris submarine
Conrad were Donau Schwaben and emigrated from to navigate under the polar icecap on its historic
Austria to the U.S in 1900 when the Hapsburg Empire mission.
Part 3: The Innovators 175

Jon married Sharon in 1960 two years after starting Linkow and Chercheve book, Theories and Techniques of
college. They moved to Eugene, Oregon where he Oral Implantology, attended a course with Dr. Linkow and
finished his pre-dental studies at the University of placed his first blade implant in 1976.
Oregon. After completing the pre-dental program Jon In 1980 Jon sold his general practice in Wisconsin,
returned to Southern California and worked as a took the Florida Board Examination and moved to
journeyman carpenter until entering Dental School in Pensacola, Florida. After taking almost a two-year break
September 1962 at Marquette University in Milwaukee. to study implant dentistry, enjoy the family, and Gulf
Jon and Sharon’s first child, Suzanne, was born in Coast fishing, he with Sharon’s help started a dental
Milwaukee during his first year at Marquette Dental practice that was limited to implant Dentistry and Full
School. During his four years at Marquette Jon and Mouth Reconstruction. Their daughter Suzanne became
Sharon worked at various jobs during the school year. a Dental Hygienist who worked and traveled for them
Jon worked for Schlitz Brewers every summer as a union for almost 20 years helping to maintain and treat their
brewery worker. implant patients.
After graduation in June of 1966 they returned to Jon became a member of the International Congress
California and Jon passed the California Board Exam. of Oral Implantology (ICOI) in 1976 and the American
Searching for a practice location in Orange County Academy of Implant Dentistry (AAID) in 1981. He was
Sharon and Jon became disillusioned with their home examined By Leonard I Linkow and inducted as an
area because of the radical demographic changes that Active Member (Fellow) of the MID in 1983, and achieved
had occurred while they were gone. They decided they Diplomat status in the ICOI in 1989. He was also a
did not want to live in Southern California again and member of The Academy of Implants and Transplants,
returned to Wisconsin to make their home. Their second and The Academy of Implant Prosthodontics. Jon was
child, Jonathan, was born in Milwaukee in October 1966, Scientific Program Chairman at the 1989 annual meeting
three weeks before Jon went into private practice in a of the MID in Phoenix, Arizona and became an Honored
small town near the Fox River Valley in East Central Fellow of the MID in 1994. Jon with his wife Sharon
Wisconsin. served as co-editors of the review of current literature
Their youngest son, Jason, was born in Neenah, in section of the AAID Journal of Implant Dentistry from
1969. The Wagner family lived in Neenah, Wisconsin for 1990 to 1998 with Editor Dr. Norman Cranin.
14 years. They bought a large house that was originally After attending a lecture on the Mandibular Tripodal
built by one of the paper barons. The home was built on Subperiosteal Implant in Chicago by his number one
the shores of an island located at the mouth of the Fox mentor and dear friend, Dr. Linkow, he worked very
River where it joins Lake Winnebago. It was a perfect closely with him over the years in developing and
location to raise three children who all loved boating, promoting that technique through lectures and
fishing and duck hunting. publications.
The practice was very successful with Sharon Jon gave his first lecture on the Tripodal Subperiosteal
managing it. Since there were no oral surgeons in the Implant at the Alabama Implant Congress in 1986 and
immediate area, Jon acquired extensive knowledge and lectured extensively on that subject throughout the U.S.
experience in oral surgery and was the Chief of the Dental in Europe and Japan for many years. Jon coauthored a
staff at two area hospitals. paper with Dr. Linkow and Dr. Manuel Chanavaz, A
Jon became a charter member of American Society of fifteen-year retrospective study of the Mandibular
Preventive Dentistry. Under the ASPD tenets of Tripodal Subperiosteal implant in 1995.
nutritional guidance, maximizing home care and patient Jon lectured on the Tripodal Subperiosteal technique
education, tremendous progress by the Wagners was for several years as part of the MID Maxi course program
made in improving the overall dental health and at the Medical College of Georgia and at Howard
awareness of his patients. It was within the ASPD where University.
Jon was first introduced to implant dentistry by some of In addition to the Tripodal Subperiosteal Implant, Jon
the ASPD founders; Don Masters of San Antonio, Richard lectured on and had numerous articles published in
Whitehouse of Milwaukee, and George Robbins of scientific journals on the use of resorbable hydroxyl-
Houston, Texas in the mid 1970s. Jon attended a lecture appatite in bone grafting and sinus augmentation with
by Leonard Linkow in Chicago in 1973, which motivated endosseous implants. Jon worked closely as a consultant
him to dedicate his career to expanding his knowledge with Dr. Andy Tofe of Ceramed and Maurice Valen of
and ability in the field of Implantology. He bought the Impladent performing clinical trials and histological
176 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

studies of resorbable HA materials. He coauthored an • National Examiner and Consultant


article on the use of these materials in sinus augmentation • American Board of Oral Implantology. Chicago, II.
with Tatum, Misch, Smiler, et al in a Mosby Dental Clinics 1991 and 1992
of North America publication in 1989. • Board of Governors: American Academy of Implant
Working closely with Dr. Hans Grafelmann of Dentistry
Bremen Germany Jon performed numerous implant • Research Foundation.
cases in Bremen, and was a consultant to Dr.
Grafelmann’s company, Oraltronics Gmbh. Curriculum Vitae
As an examined diplomat of the American Board of • Undergraduate: University of Oregon and D.D.S.
Implantology (ABOI), Jon holds ABOI certificate No. 11. • Marquette University School of Dentistry,
He served as a consultant to the ABOI in examining Milwaukee, Wisconsin 1966
board candidates in 1992-93 and as a member of the test • Diplomate the American Board of Oral Implantology
writing committee for 3 years under the direction of Dr. /Implant Dentistry sponsored by the American
Burton Balkin. Academy of Implant Dentistry. (Passed the 1990 1 st
In addition to the individuals already mentioned two day board examination at ADA headquarters,
some of the others who contributed to his knowledge Chicago, n.)
and perception were, Dr. Tom Golec, Dr. Surindar • Member of the American Dental Association
Bhaskar, Dr. Boyd Harris, Dr. Dale Hall, Dr. Jack Hahn, • Member of the Florida Dental Association
Dr. Maurice Fagan, Dr. Hilt Tatum, Dr. Giordano • Examined Active and re-examined Credentialed
Muratori, and Dr. Nobuyuki Inada. member and lecturer of the American Academy of
Jonathan, Jon and Sharon’s second child, tragically Implant Dentistry.
lost his life in an auto accident in 1986. Retiring in 2006, • Diplomate, Fellow and lecturer of the International
Jon and his wife still reside in Pensacola near their Congress of Oral Implantology
daughter Suzanne and their four grandchildren. • Member, surgeon and lecturer for the Academy of
Retirement years are planned so they can spend several Implants and Transplants.
months a year in Thailand or in Germany at one of the • Fellow of the American College of Oral Implantology
residences of their youngest son Jason. • Charter member of the American Society of
• Diplomate: The American Board of Oral Preventive Dentistry
Implantology of Implant Dentistry • Member and Lecturer of G.I.S.I. The Italian Implant
• Diplomate: The International Congress of Oral Study Group
Implantologists • Member of the Academy of General Dentistry.
• Credentialed Fellow: American Academy of Implant • Past-clinical researcher of synthetic bone and collagen
Dentistry grafts; University of New Jersey
• Diplomate: The American Society of Osseointegration • Medical School’s, G Shultz, Orthopedic Bone
• Master:The American Academy of Implant Research laboratory and GBD Corp’s Medical
Prosthodontics Division
• Fellow: The International Congress of Oral • Member and lecturer of the D.G.Z.I. The West
Implantologists German Implant Association.
• Fellow: The American Academy of Implant • Founding Fellow of the Dr. Leonard L. Linkow
Prosthodontics Department of Oral Implantology at New York
• Fellow: American College of Oralmplantology University Dental School, New York, N.Y.
• Post-graduate Instructor in Advanced Oral • Member of the American Academy of Implant
Implantology Medical College of Georgia and MID Dentistry Research Foundation
• Fellow: The American Society of Osseointegration • Fellow, and lecturer for the American Academy of
• Clinical Research Consultant for: CeraMed Corp., Implant Prosthodontics
Health-ne Inc, Tronics-oral- Ultirnatics Inc : and • Past-Associate Professor of Clinical Dentistry-
Corp. Marquette University School of Dentistry,
• Member; The Academy of Implants and Transplants Milwaukee, Wisconsin
• Member; The American Academy of • Chief of Dental staff: Calumet Memorial Hospital,
Osseointegration Chilton, Wis. (1 967-1981)
• Associate Editor of the Journal of Oral Implantology • Dental staff; Kaukauna Memorial Hospital,
for Current Literature Reviews Kaukauna, Wis. 1974-81
Part 3: The Innovators 177

• Dental staff; Santa Rosa Medical Center Hospital annual Pentathlon athletes at the public school that I
Milton, Florida 1982-91 attended and played in several basketball leagues.
• Consultant to Oraltronics of Bremen West Germany. I attended DeWitt Clinton High School in the Bronx
Manufacture of plasma sprayed pure titanium and again was an average student because my attentions
endosseous blade implants distributed by illtimatics were given to sports and getting into the military before
of Springdale Ak., U.S.A. 1984- present the war ended. Due to having been advanced one year
• National Chairman of the American Academy of while in grade school I entered Fordham University
Implant Dentistry Educational Committee for 1987- College of Pharmacy but only attended one semester
1988 when I literally coerced my family into signing my U.S.
• Consultant and clinical researcher for Oraltronics of Navy enlistment papers at age seventeen.
Bremen, West Germany for the titanium bicortical After my discharge from the Navy after the war I
screw implant. 1986-present attended Long Island University and became very serious
• Mastership awarded by the American Academy of and devoted to my studies. I had determined that I
Implant Prosthodontics November 1987 in San wanted to enter dental school after undergraduate school.
Francisco, CA. I entered LIU in 1947 and graduated in 1949 with a
• Author; Advance Implant Reconstructive Dentistry; Bachelor of Science degree.
The American Academy of Implant In 1949 I entered NYU, College of Dentistry and
• Dentistry’s official brochure regarding the new graduated with a Doctor of Dental Surgery degree in
developments in oral implantology sent out to the 1953. I went directly to a one year Residency at
profession or other interested parties Montefiore Hospital in the Bronx. After completion of
• 1st publication; 1987 to present my Residency I entered private practice for a very short
• Winner of the 1987 Outstanding clinic of the year on: time in the Bronx and then to my own office in
Subperiosteal implants; the designs and surgical Manhattan. My interests centered on prosthetic dentistry.
techniques. American Academy of Implant Dentistry However, I quickly became disenchanted with full and
36th annual meeting, Los Vegas, NY partial dentures as representing the best that dentistry
• Author; 26 page scientific article on subperiosteal had to offer our patients. I was most fortunate then to
implants; A Precise Bone Impression Technique for learn of the work that Dr. Leonard Linkow was doing
Todays Highly Evolved Mandibular and I enthusiastically registered for one of his courses
• National 1989 Scientific Program Chairman for the for beginning implant surgeons. Dr. Linkow was my
American Academy of Implant Dentistry mentor and I quickly began to appreciate the impact that
• Week long seminars on solving problem and complex implantology would have on our profession and on the
implant cases. treatment we could then offer our patients. I continued
All those interested in the complete CV of Dr. Wagner to study this discipline assiduously.
write to: I became active in the American Academy of Implant
Dr. Jon Wagner Dentistry and had served as the Chairman of the
Suite 9 Admissions and Credentials Board for four years,
71 00 Plantation Road National Secretary for two years and finally as National
Pensacola FL 32504 Vice President for one year. I also served as Secretary of
the American Board of Oral Implantology.
HERB GROSS I am one of the founders of the Department of
Date of Birth — 8/27/27 Implantology at NYUCD and was appointed as Clinical
Place of Birth: Bronx New York Professor in that department. I am grateful to have been
Raised in the Bronx and able to serve as fund raising chairman for the Linkow
enjoyed a happy childhood Chair in that department which did ultimately become
and adolescence playing all a reality that honored Dr. Linkow. I am a:
kinds of sports. I played ball all • Fellow in the International College of Dentistry
day long at the expense of the • Fellow in the American College of Implant Dentistry
time I should have been • Fellow in the Academy of General Dentistry
studying. World War II was on • Fellow in the American Academy of Implant
and somehow studying did Dentistry
not seem important. I was • Diplomate in the American Board of Oral
selected as one of the ten Implantology
178 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

• I have lectured on implants in many states in the U.S., • 124 E. Lincoln Highway - Schererville, Indiana 46375
Europe, Asia, Central America and the Middle East. - 219-865-3050.
I am also a published author of implant papers
• I functioned in Israel for one month as a volunteer Professional Offices
dental surgeon for which I was awarded the ADA • Board of Directors Northwest Indiana Dental
Foreign Service Award Association 1981
• Currently I am retired from private practice but • President Central District American Academy
continue to teach at NYUCD as a full time Clinical of’Implant Dentistry 1983-84
Professor. • Treasurer American Academy of Implant Dentistry -
National Officer 1985-86
ANTHONY RICCIARDI • National Vice-President American Academy of
Dr. Ricciardi was an excellent Implant Dentistry 1986-87
implantologist who had done • President-Elect American Academy of Implant
many subperiosteal and Dentistry 1987-88
Pasqualini blade type implants. • President American Academy of Implant Dentistry
He had written numerous 1988-89
articles on implantology. • President American Board of Oral Implantology/
Unfortunately, he Implant Dentistry 1989-92
succumbed to prostate cancer.
• Member Indiana State Board of Dental Examiners
Born in 1924, he passed away
1992-2001
in the mid-1990s.
• Secretary Indiana State Board of Dental Examiners
• Temple University, School of Dentistry
1994-95
• Active Member of American Academy of Implant
• President Indiana State Board of Dental Examiners
Dentistry
July 1995-96
• Program Chairman for the 1974 Convention
• Founding Member of the International Congress of • Vice-President Indiana State Board of Dental
Oral Implantology Examiners 1196-97
• Attending (Implant Section) Dept. of Dentistry,
Mountainside Hospital Academic Appointments
• Author and Lecturer • 1975 Instructor in Periodontics
“A Case Report on the Universal Endosteal Dental Prairie State Dental Hygiene School
Implant” • 1979 - Present Faculty Practitioner
• Dr. Ricciardi was a fighter pilot in World War II. He Indiana University Dental School - Extramural
was also a very sought after gymnast and he often Program.
referried athletic programs.
Fellowships
RICHARD GUACCIO • American Academy of Implant Dentistry
• Academy of General Dentistry
Curriculum Vitae
• International College of Oral Implantologists
Education • Italian Implant Study Group - Bologna Italy
• 1967 - Marquette University • American College of Dentists - 1996
Dental School - D.D.S. • Midwest Implant Institute - 1996
• 1972 - Bachelor of Science - • International College of Dentists - 1997.
Loras College
• Awards: 1967 - Excellence in
Credentials
Undergraduate Periodontics.
• Credentialed Member American Academy of Implant
License Dentistry 1985
• Indiana - #6450 Wisconsin - #5000420 • Diplomate - American Board Oral implantology and
• California - #DK-020364 Dentistry - 1990

Private Practice Professional Memberships


• 2213 E. 13 8th Street - East Chicago, Indiana 463 12-2 • American Dental Association - Indiana Dental
19-398-9040 Association - Northwest Indiana Dental Association
Part 3: The Innovators 179

• American Endodontic Society • Chairman Scientific Session Annual Meeting -


• Clinical Implant Society of Japan—Asian Implant Washington, D.C. 1983
Academy • Chairman By-laws Committee - 1985-1988
• Italian Implant Study Group: • Chairman Fellowship Committee - 1985-1988.
• American Academy of Implant Dentistry
• Academy of Implants and Transplants International Hospital Appointments:
College of Oral Implantologists • Community Hospital - Department of Surgery -
• Royal Society of Health in London—Academy of Munster, Indiana 1984-1993
Osseointegration - American Prosthodontic Society • Community Hospital - Chairman Subsection
Dentistry - Munster, Indiana 1991-1992
Articles Written • St. Margaret Mercy South - Department of Surgery -
• Oral Implantology - Volume V - Number 1 - Summer Dyer, Indiana 800 West 129 th Ave.
1974 • Crown Point Indiana.
• “Endosteal Blade Implants - Abutments for Routine
As Well As Complicated Restorations” GERALD M REED
• The Dental Clinics of North America - July 1990 I entered dental school after 3 years
• “Intramucosal Inserts for Retention of Removable of college. I completed all my
Maxillary Prostheses” requirements for dental school in 3
• New York Dental Journal - August 1988 years since I had all the airline
• “Eclectic Approach to Implant Dentistry” stewardesses as patients and never
• Journal of Oral Implantology - Volume XVlll - needed to go to the clinic pools other
Number 1 - 1991 than for pediatric patients. Since the
• “Dentistry and the Law Conference - November 9, school required four-year attendance
1990” I spent the last year as a student
• New York State Dental Journal - June/July 1991 teacher in Operative, C and B and
• “Implant Dentistry, The Specialty”. Oral Anatomy.
After graduating I went immediately into the U.S.
Lectures and Courses Given Navy Reserve Dental Corps. Since I had been in the
• Presented table clinics and limited attendance clinics Marine Reserve in high school and college and joined
at I.D.A. Annual Meetings 1982-1988 the Naval Dental Reserve in Dental school when entering
• Dr. Guaccio has given many lectures throughout the into the service I had 10 years of service longevity. This
United States, Asia, Canada and Europe as well as made me the ranking Lt. in the Naval Dental Reserve at
special lectures on implants at numerous dental schools. the age of 25. This was important as my seniority allowed
• Chairman Section on Implant Education WCOI-6 - me to choose my stations and also to have a choice of
March 2004. what I did. Since I had been in the Marine Reserve I was
in the Navy but stationed with the Marine Corp. My first
Committee Assignments— 9 months were spent at the Marine Corp Recruit Depot
Northwest Indiana Dental Society (MCRD) in San Diego, CA. and I was then transferred to
• Board of Directors - 1981 - Present Okinawa, Japan and took over the Dental Clinic at Camp
• Component Editor - Journal of IDA - 1984-1986 Courtney. After a couple of months I was transferred to
• Program Chairman - 1986 — 1987 the 3rd Marine Div headquarters dental clinic at Camp
• Journal of IDA 1984-1986 Hansen. At this time Vietnam was being escalated and
• Editorial Board (Journal of Oral Implantology) - 1988 the 1st Mar Div was brought to Okinawa to be made
- Present battle ready while the 3rd Mar Div was rotated back to
• Public Relations Chairman - 1985 - 1987 the states. I was in charge of certifying that the lst Mar
• Editorial Board - 1991 - Present Div was dental ready for combat.
• AAID Journal. There were 21 dentists in Okinawa but I opted to do
the oral surgery. The exams were done by others. Since
Committee Assignments - American Academy of there was no time to do anything other than simple
Implant Dentistry operative, any tooth that was a potential problem in
• Program Chairman - Scottsdale Meeting - January 6- combat had to be removed. There were 25,000 marines
7, 1978 in a Division and over 2,700 of them needed some type
180 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

of surgery. I set up 3 operatories 1st anesthetize, 2nd During the 70’s I never missed an implant meeting,
anesthetize, 3rd anesthetize. Then back to Op 1 for lectured and demonstrated dental implantology all over
surgery on to Op 2 for surgery - on to Op 3 for surgery - the world. During this time I was never interested in the
back to one to anesthetize .... etc. There were trays of politics of dental Implantology since there was so much
instruments on each side of each patient so it was an professional in-fighting within all the implant societies
assembly line. Surgery 4 hours - off 1 hr - Surgery 4 hours and ego’s were rampant. I felt that it was better to stay in
- off 1 hr - Surgery 4 hours - sleeps 4 hours - Surgery 4 my office to treat patients rather than running around
hours .... etc. I averaged 64 patients a day and went the world to impress others and lose income.
straight through for 42 days. In 1981 I decided to retire from dentistry, sold my
After leaving the service I returned to Chicago to enter practice and became a floor trader on the Chicago Board
into a partnership with a dentist that did reconstructive Options Exchange. I developed high blood pressure and
dentistry. I was teaching at the University of Illinois retired from the CBOE in 1984. After 6 months of doing
Dental School in Oral Anatomy and C/B clinics while I nothing, I decided to go back into dental practice but
was building my practice. It took me 7 months to have moved to Houston, Texas (my home town) since I had a
the practice full-time. non-compete for Chicago and wasn’t willing to commute
I got out of the service in 1965 and placed my first to downtown for a practice. I’ve never been more than
implant that same year. Took a course on Scialom Pins 10 minutes from home to office and wasn’t about to start
and started right in. Tried other systems for the next 3 now. In Houston I limited my practice to dental implants
years and everything was failing. In 1970 Linkow came and implant prosthodontics. While in Houston I found
to Chicago for a lecture that I attended and invited me that the cases referred were cases that no one else could
to come to NY. or were willing to do. Most of these cases needed some
During that period there were many doctors that type of grafting or bone reconstruction so I did a
came to watch Linkow but none would do anything other fellowship in craniofacial plastic surgery and was
than watch. Not me, however. From the day I walked in allowed cranio-facial privileges at the main hospital in
Lenny and I had a father-son relationship and I would Houston doing this type of work.
do whatever he needed to help. I finally became heavily My practice over my last ten years became
involved with implants, doing blades, subs, grafting, internationally known and the mix was 40% local, 30%
pins, inserts, whatever Dr. Linkow taught me I did. out of state and 30% international. During the late 80’s
Over the years I would head back to NY (got a NY and early 90’s the dental profession was starting to
license) to spend a week with Dr. Linkow here and there recognize dental Implantology as a legitimate entity and
and became a member of all the implant societies. The progress was made by establishing credentialing and
70’s were the formative years for dental Implantology forming a certification program for specialization. I felt
and I was always involved on the cutting edge. My this was a worthwhile endeavor and joined the newly
practice was 50% general dentistry and 50% organized American Board of Oral Implantology/
Implantology. Implant Dentistry and chaired the committee to write
During the 70’s I diversified and formed other the first exam to become Board Certified in dental
businesses in addition to my practice. I started Reed and implantology. I was subsequently elected to the Board
Associates—a marketing/advertising/public relations of Directors and ascended to the Presidency of the ABOI
company devoted strictly to the dental industry. I also in my last year of practice.
started Healthcare Communications—a software Our children were now finished with school and my
company that developed office management computer wife wanted to move back to Chicago so I retired again.
software for medical and dental offices. I was just going to close the practice. I decided to place
My last undertaking was a partnership in a tool and one ad in the ADA journal since I felt that anyone that
die company - GEC Industries that made the horn inserts could do the type of work I did would have no need to
for all General Motor cars as well as assorted dental purchase a practice. Fortunately, there was a dentist in
implant instruments. Chicago that had been an associate in an implant practice
I sold all of these businesses when I retired from for 5 years who wanted his own practice. A marriage
dentistry in 1981. In 1976 Lenny considered a partnership made in heaven. He didn’t have any money but bought
if I would move to NY but I had no interest in raising my the practice with a partial loan from my bank because
family in NY. I’ve often wondered if I had done it what they knew the practice and a 5-year note from him to me
the practice would have become with me handling the for the balance. I stayed with him for a year turnover
business and Lenny just doing surgery and lecturing. and then returned to Chicago. He is still practicing and
Part 3: The Innovators 181

has never missed a payment. I have been retired since Past Teaching Positions
age 55 and for the past 11 years enjoy my hobbies of • University of Illinois College of Dentistry
making jewelry, model British, French, and U.S. gun Department of Endodontics
ships of war from the 17th and 18th century, golf and Department of Fixed Partial Prosthodontics
travel. I’ll close by saying thank you to Leonard Linkow Department of Operative Dentistry
for being my mentor and my friend whose teachings Department of Oral Anatomy
guided me on the path to a lifetime of enjoyment and • Director/lnstructor Illinois Dental Laboratory
success in the field of dental implantology. He is truly • Assoc. Chicago Certified Dental Assistants
the father of Dental Implantology. Association
• Board Examiner - Illinois Dental Association
Curriculum Vitae Certification Program.
B.S. University of Texas /University of Illinois 1962
D.D.S. University of lllinois College of Dentistry, 1963 Past Staff Positions
• Highland Park Hospital - Highland Park, Illinois
Position: Past • Fort Bend Community Hospital- Missouri City, Texas
• Past President, Board of Directors, Examiner - Formulator Dental Section
American Board of Oral Implantology/lmplant • Methodist Hospital- Houston, Texas
Dentistry • Saint Lukes Hospital- Houston, Texas
• Co-Chair Committee for Formulation of Residency • Saint Joseph Hospital- Houston, Texas
Guidelines for Dental Implantology - American
Academy of Implant Dentistry Lecturer
• Past President and Board of Directors - American • Chicago Dental Society
Society of Osseointegration • Illinois State Dental Society
• Formulator, Past Chief - Dental Section, Ft. Bend • American Dental Society
Community Hospital, Missouri City, Texas • Minnesota Dental Society
• Editorial Board - Implantologist - The International • Michigan State Dental Society
Journal of Oral Implantology • Wisconsin State Dental Society
Advisory Council- International Congress of Oral • York, Pennsylvania Dental Society
Implantology • Texas Dental Association
• Past President - American College of Oral • Academy of General Dentistry
Implantology - Southwest District • American Academy of Implant Dentistry - 1974-
• Co-chairman - Membership Committee - American Present
Academy of Implant Prosthodontics • Illinois Dental Laboratory Association
• Chicago Dental Technicians Society
Prior Consulting Positions • Reed Dental Implant Seminars - U.S. and
• Texas State Board of Dental Examiners - Provided International
guidelines for practice of dental implantology in State • Houston District Dental Society
of Texas • American College of Oral Implantology
• American Dental Association - Council on Dental • American Academy of Implant Prosthodontics
Practice (Computers in Dentistry) • British Implant Society - London, England
• American Hospital Corporation • Gruppo Studi Italiano Implantare - Milan, Italy
• Litton Industries - Dental Division • Soviet American Symposium, Moscow, U.S.S.R.
• Van-R Dental Products • Austro-Hungarian Congress of Maxillofacial Surgery-
• Clevedent Dental Products Budapest, Hungary
• General Atomic Corporation - Medical Division • International Biomaterials Seminar - Paris, France
Xerox Corporation
• Impladent Corporation Implant Courses Presented
• 3-M Corporation - Dental Division • Chicago, Illinois
• Anchor Implant Systems, Inc. • Milwaukee, Wisconsin
• HTR Sciences Division of US Surgical • Dallas, Texas
Bio-Interface, Inc. • Washington, D. C.
182 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

• Las Vegas, Nevada Below is a wonderful speech that Dr. Amilkar Ariza
• Bologna, Italy read during the handing over of the Biennial Prize of
• Quebec, Canada Oral Implantology in 1985.
• Tokyo, Japan
• Moscow, Russia Centro de Implantologia Oral Amilkar Ariza
• Peoria, Illinois The Biennial Prize of oral implantology had been
• Ft. Lauderdale, Florida established for honoring those men who have
• Houston, Texas consecrated their lives to Oral Implantology. Men who
• New Orleans, Louisiana investigate, study and develop this specialty-which is the
• Amsterdam, The Netherlands future of oral rehabilitation.
• Florence, Italy The Oral Implantology Centre and its Academic
• Toronto, Canada Committee established some requirements needed and
• Osaka, Japan the consultative international council of our organization
• Atlanta, Georgia proposed to me names which fulfill the requirements.
• York, Pennsylvania Then doctors who probably could receive this honor
• New York were selected, but our committee had to evaluate once
• Leawood, Kansas again those who met all the conditions.
• Paris, France Only one man has been chosen to be the best
• Frankhrt, Germany implantologist of the world.
• London, England The topics evaluated were as follows: time dedicated
• Okinawa, Japan to oral implantology, investigations, projection of the
For those interested in receiving Dr. Reed’s complete CV, specialization, education experience, publications,
write to: teaching publications, quantity and quality of clinic cases,
Dr. Gerald Reed DDS human qualities, etc.
10 Crescent Drive In this opportunity only one man fulfilled completely
Glencoe IL 60022 these requirements, a man who had dedicated his life to
develop, investigate, and teach without egoism what
OLE KROSGAARD JENSEN today most of the implantologists of the world practice.
Dr. Jensen was the founder of Today I thank God that I have the pleasure to honor in
the Implant Academy of life this great man who has given so much to Oral
Denmark. He was an excellent Implantology, and wasn’t yet recognized by humanity.
surgeon and implantologist and Again, today I thank God that I am able to hand over
had great talent. this prize, which will be the most important in the world.
Unfortunately, his personal I venture to say that it is like the Nobel Prize of
life went very bad for him - so he took his own life - a Implantology, and from now on that this man who will
terrible tragedy for those who knew and loved him. be the first in receiving it will transmit the honor in order
He had many talents - he played the piano that all the implantologists of the world will desire it like
magnificently and had a great passion something unattainable. Now, ladies and gentlemen, I
for life. will call the best implantologist of the world, the Biennial
Prize of Oral Implantologists 1985, the father of modern
AMILKAR ARIZA GOMEZ implantology: Dr. Leonard Linkow.
Dr. Gomez was an excellent
implantologist from Bogota, MANUEL CHANAVAZ
Columbia. He enjoyed a very Prof. Chanavaz has trained over
large practice. He was a truly 300 doctors from 27 countries.
great sculptor and artist of oil They have obtained postdoctoral
painting. He organized his own degrees in implant dentistry. 272
implant society but have obtained their Master of
unfortunately with all the drug Science degree in Practical
activity in Columbia, the Fundamental Implantology, after
situation grew progressively a 2-year program. 17 have
worse and he had to slow down with many of his talents. obtained Master of Medical
Part 3: The Innovators 183

Degree in Implantology and Reconstructive Surgery, • He is affiliated with a number of scientific associations
after two more years. 7 have obtained their PhD degrees in implantology, maxillofacial surgery, anatomy and
in the Sciences of Biomaterials. physiology
• He is the author of 2 academic books on (1) Medical
Manuel Chanavaz born August 1940 Screening of Patients Prior to Implant and Invasive
M.D. (Lille University 1966) Dental Procedures and (2) Serial Anatomy of Head
D.D.S (Lille University 1971) and Neck.
M.Sc.(Anatomy: Lille University 1988) • He has published more than 104 papers in medicine
M.M.Sc.(Physiology, option periosteum: Lille University of which 57 have been implant related.
1995) • His research on Quantification of Periosteal Blood
1st Doctorate of University Research 1995 (equivalent of Supply has .won him a national scientific award in
US Ph.D.) FRCS-FGDP 2002 (Fellow of Royal College of 1995.
Surgeons of England, Faculty of General Dental • He is currently writing two textbooks on (1) Basic and
Practitioners), Clinical Sciences of Invasive Dental Procedures,
2nd Doctorate of University Research Ceremony to be Implant and Reconstructive Surgery and (2) Surgical
held in January 2007 equivalent of US Ph.D.) and Prosthetic Techniques of Implant Dentistry
Dr. Chanavaz is Professor and Chairman of Department • He has been the president and scientific chairman of
of Oral and Maxillofacial Implant Surgery (Chef de numerous international congresses and symposia
Department, Responsible Pedagogique d’Enseignement) including:
at Lille University • President of World Congress of Implantology and
Medical School, France. He is the founder and director Biomaterials Paris 1989
of two Post-Doctoral Degrees (2 two-year programs) in • President of Rouen International Congress of
Implant and Reconstructive Surgery at Lille University Implantology and Biomaterials 1991 etc.
Medical School, created in 1985 • Editor or Associate Editor of 5 Scientific Journals
• He has been Senior Surgical Consultant at Lille • List of Publications:
University Hospital Since 1975. 31-M. Chanavaz, Anatomy and histophysiology
• He also holds Adjunct Professor position in the of periosteum. Quantification of the periosteal
University of Indiana School of Dentistry since 1988 blood supply to the adjacent bone with 85 Sr and
and Loma Linda University (1986-2001). gamma spectrometry. The Journal of American
• He is the founder of Lille University’s postgraduate Institute of Oral Biology, p19-29, Oct-1995.
extension programs in a number of overseas countries 32-M. Chanavaz, Sinus grafting related to
(King Abdul Aziz, Saudi Arabia, Bombay in India implantology. Statistical analysis of 15 years of
and Casablanca in Morocco). surgical experience (1979-1994).The Journal of
• He was awarded an Honorary Fellowship of Royal American Institute of Oral Biology, p33-45,Oct-1995.
College of Surgeons of England, Faculty of General 33-M. Chanavaz, J.P. Francke, Serial Anatomy:
Practitioners in 2002. Clinical and radiological anatomy, livre publie par
• He has conducted numerous intensive courses in la Fac.de Medecine de LiIle, Dec. 1995.
serial anatomy and cadaver dissection in 34-M. Griess, S. Matyszczy, and M. Chanavaz, The
collaboration with the universities of Loma Linda, Matyszczyk Classification of Bone Defects in
Indiana, Gotenburg and others around the world. Implant Surgery, 3rd Mediterranean Congress of
(1988-2006) Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, International
• He is a founding member of French Association of Proceedings Division, Monduzzi Editore S.P.A.
Implantology. Bologna (Italy),p 9 -94, June 1995.
• He is a Ministry of Justice appointed Legal Expert in 35-M. Chanavaz, Sinus grafting related to
medicine and oral and maxillofacial surgery (1987- implantology. Statistical analysis of 15 years of
2004). surgical experience (1979-1 994). The Journal of
• He is a Past-President of ICOI (1 992- 1994). Oral Implantology VoI.XXI1, No.2, 1996, p33-45,
• He has been a Keynote speaker in over 242 Oct-1995.
international scientific meetings. 36- M. Chanavaz, Le Perioste: “Cordon Ombilical”
• He is an Honored Fellow of the AAID and is the Past de I’0s. Quantification de la vascularisation
President of the Board of Governors of AAID’s corticale osseuse d’origine periostee. Rev.
Research Foundation (1995-1998) Implantodontie No 2 1, p7-16,2eme Trimestre
184 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

1996. Periosteum: “Umbilical cord of the bone n. management of segmental bone deficiencies of
Quantification of periosteal blood supply to the atrophied mandible.
adjacent bone. 46-C. Authelain, G. Khoury, D. Dupont, M.
37-M. Chanavaz, J. Ferri, M. Donazzan, Sedation Chanavaz, Apport des greffes autogenes dans les
intra-veineuse en implantologie orale et ‘dentations sectorielles. Information dentaire NO
maxillofaciale, Rev. Stomatol. Chir. maxillofac., 2 15 Janvier 1998, p. 83-84.
Vol 98 No 1, p57-61, Mai- 1997. 47- M. Griess, B. Reilmantt, M. Chanavaz,
Sedation in implant and maxillofacial surgery. Telescopic retained overdentures in mentally
38-Ch. Veron, M. Chanavaz, Rehabilitation handicapped and schizophrenic patients — a
implantaire des atrophies mandibulaires distales, retrospective study. Eur. J. Prosthodot. Rest.
Rev. Stomatol. Chir. maxillofac., Vol 98 No 2, p17- Dent.,VoI.6, No.3,91-95, 1998 FDI World Dental
22, Nov-1997. Press.
“Implant rehabilitation of atrophied posterior Overdentures stabilisees par ancrages
mandible”. telescopiques chez les handicapes mentaux et
39-M. Chanavaz, Sedation intra-veineuse en patients chizophreniques.
implantologie, Rev. Implantodontie No 27, p9- 48-M. Griess, B. Reilmantt, M. Chanavaz. The
14,4eme Trimestre 1997. multi-modal prosthetic treatment of mentally
40-M. Chanavaz, J.P. Francke, Livre “Serial andicapped patients - Necessity and challenge.
Anatomy of Head and Neck”, publie par la Faculte Eur. J. Prosthodot. Rest. Dent.,VoI.6, No.3, pI15-
de Medecine Henri Warembourg, Universite de 120, 1998 DI World Dental Press.
Lille 1 1,6 Dec. 1997. (Traitements multidisciplinaires des handicapes
Anatomie serielle de la tete et du cou. mentaux - Necessite et deft).
41- M. Chanavaz, J.P. Francke, Livre” Dissection 49-L. Linkow, J.R. Wagner, M. Chanavaz, Tripodal
Manuel of Head and Neck”, pub lie par la Faculte mandibular subperiosteal implant: basic sciences,
de Medecine Henri Warembourg, Universite de
periodontal procedures, and clinical data. The
Lille 1 1,6 Dec. 1997.
Journal of Oral Implantology Vol. XXIV, No. 1,
Manuel de dissection de la tete et du cou.
1998, pI6-36, ept. 1998.
42-M. Chanavaz, H. Tatum, Repositionnement
L’implant sous-perioste tripodal: bases
chirurgical du nerf alveolaire inferieur, Rev.
scientifiques, protocoles chirurgicaux et resultats
Stomatol. Chir. maxillofac., (Sous presse 1997).
cliniques.
Inferior alveolar nerve repositioning.
50-M. Chanavaz, P. Farellone, C.H. Roux,
43- M. Griess, B. Reilmantt, M. Chanavaz. The
Incidence de Petat de sante sur la perennite des
prosthodontic treatment of mentally handicapped
implants t la reconstitution osseuse. Quintessence
patients. Challenge and necessity under
du Congres d’ADF 98, p8 1-87, Nov. 1998.
economical aspects?, Rev. Oral and Maxillofacial
Impact of general health on long-term implant and
Implants, Quintescent, (Sous presse 1997).
Rehabilitation prothetique des patients bone reconstruction success.
mentallement handicapes. Deft ou necessite SUr 51-M. Chanavaz, Patient screening and medical
Ieplan ecomonique? evaluation for implant and preprosthetic surgery.
44-M. Chanavaz, Livre” Dissection Manuel of The Journal of Oral Implantology Vol. XXIV, No.4,
Head and Neck”, publie par la Faculte de 1998, pI2-19, Dec. 1998.
Medecine Henri Warembourg, Universite de Lille Maladie s systemiques et evaluation de la sante
11,6 Dec. 1997. generale avant la chirurgie implantaire et
Manuel de dissection de la tete et du cou. preprothique.
45-M. Chanavaz, H. Tatum, Repositionnement du 52-M. Chanavaz, Patient screening and medical
nerf alveolaire inf6rieur pour la gestion evaluation for implant and preprosthetic surgery.
implantaire es insuffisances osseuses Implantodontie, N034, 3° Trimestre 1999, p5-26,
segrnentaires de la mandibule atrophitie, Rev. Mai 1999.
Stomatol. Information dentaire NO2 du 15 Bilan de sante du patient et evaluation medicale
Janvier 1998, p84-85. avant chirurgie implantaire et preprothetique.
Inferior alveolar nerve repositioning for 53-M. Chanavaz, Anatomy and histophysiology
of the periosteum: quantification of the periosteal
Part 3: The Innovators 185

blood supply to the adjacent bone with 85Sr and Missouri Implant Study Groups. Dr. Harris received his
gamma spectrometry. Oral Implantol. 1995; D.D.S. from the University of Missouri School of
21(3):214-19. Dentistry. Dr. Harris had continually demonstrated live
PMID: 86995 15 [PubMed- indexed for MEDLINE] subperiosteal implant surgery as part of the Alabama
54-M. Chanavaz, Screening and medical Implant Study Group, the Arkansas Academy of Oral
evaluation of adults:contraindications for invasive Implantology, International Congress of Oral
dental procedures, Indiana Dental Association Implantologists, and the American Academy of Implant
Journal,Vol78, N03, JIDA Fall 1999, p9-17, 1999. Dentistry continuing education courses and had given
Bilan de sante du patient et evaluation mMicale numerous main podium presentations for these and
avant chirurgie implantaire etpreprothhique. other groups.
55- M. Chanavaz, Evaluation and selection of the Unfortunately, he is partially immobilized due to a
implant patient. Chapter in Atlas of Oral very terrible automobile accident many years ago which
Implantology, orman Cranin, Michael Klein, Alan has taken him from active practice. He is confined to a
Simons, Mosby, p10-16, 1999. wheel chair. He had always been very interested in
Evaluation et selection du patient pour livestock and at one time had several hundred expensive
implantologie. cattle and a horse farm for breeding.
56-M. Chanavaz, Sinus graft procedures and
implant dentistry: A review of 21 years of surgical GIORGIO GNALDUCCI
experience (1979-2000). Position paper.
Born: Milano, Italy
The Journal of implant Dentistry Vol. 9, No.
Dr. Gnalducci was a
3,2000, p197-2003. es greffes sinusiennes et
great promoter of
I’implantologie: L ‘analyse de 21 annees
implant dentistry. I did
d’experience chirurgicale(1979-2000).
surgical procedures in
57-M. Chanavaz, Patients’ state of health before
his huge busy office
and after implant surgery: A review of 27 years
every six weeks for five
of surgical experience (1973-2000). Second
to six years in the 1970s.
Position paper. The Journal of Implant Dentistry.
He had eleven excellent
Vol 10, 2000. sous-presse). Etat de sante de patients
technicians. His “claim
avant et apres la chirurgie implantaire. L’anal yse
to fame” was when he
de 27 ans d’experience.
placed two huge
special-order blade implants with large canine teeth—
BOYD HARRIS almost tusks, compared to human teeth — into the jaws
Boyd W Harris, D.D.S., of “Jumbo the Circus Lion.” With the help of and
practiced in Fayetteville, armamentarium from Seamans dental company and
Arkansas, where he had about six of their men assisting him he completed the
specialized in implantology procedure for the suffering animal that had lost her teeth
for the last 14 years. Past due to disease. He made the front cover and middle
president of the Arkansas section of Oggi Magazine, with one of the largest
Academy of Oral distributions in Europe.
Implantology and a member Gnalducci was a man of honor who loved life. He
of the American Academy of was living for at least five years on dialysis because both
Implant Dentistry, Dr. Harris of his kidneys went bad -but he never once complained.
received national recognition We became very good friends and through my help he
for his work in the field. He purchased a 72-foot yacht with a captain and a cook. At
won four Arkansas State table various times he would be driving several styles of
clinics, authored a scientific Bentleys, then switch to Rolls—Royces. He purchased a
article on subperiosteal implants, and lectured and Mercedes for one of his sons, an American Jeep for
demonstrated implant surgical techniques extensively another son. He had condos in Milano, Pisa, Monaco and
throughout the country. He was a member of the another on the border of Italy and Switzerland called
American Dental Association, Arkansas Dental Super Crans. Unfortunately, he passed on in the 1970s.
Association, Northwest District Dental Society, Academy He was very talented in implant dentistry and his
of Implants and Transplants, and the Kansas and technicians were superb.
186 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

DR GERHARD HEIM supplemented after the age of five at a local school.


He was very active in implant Assuming that life during the war was conventional;
dentistry. He placed in many blade playing with personal rabbits and my mother’s dog are
and root form implants and was things I still remember. There were many other animals
very efficient in using the Linkow outdoors my father kept and the maids took care of. The
Five Piece Syrnphyseal ramus “colorful chickens”, as they were referred to, were given
implants. He was a very dear friend to me as a job to make sure they did not eat their eggs at
of mine but unfortunately both he their nest. I simply had to chase them with a stick outside
and his wife passed away one year in the yard, and collect the eggs.
apart in early 2000. They had one However, at this time in life, things were turning from
daughter together who is actively bad to worse. One very early morning, a frightening thing
practising implant denstistry. happened to me. This I remember very vividly. Our
house door was being broken down. Hearing the noise,
MAURICE VALEN the maid and I ran to the door and were confronted by
I was born at home in two German officers, one in a black uniform and one in
Thessalonika (Salonika), a brown leather coat. My mother was dragged out of
Greece, on February 1, 1939, bed, beaten and arrested and imprisoned. Later I found
by my Christian Greek out from our maid that my father had threatened to blow
Orthodox name of Vasilis up the railway yard unless she was released; she
Valentis. Between two maids eventually was. Unfortunately, my father was also
and my nanny. I understand involved with the underground. Many railroad tracks
they were able to manage and yards were blown-up toward the end of the War.
everything, as my father was My life, as I knew it up to then, was coming to an end
often busy traveling for his very rapidly. My father’s reasoning powers did not
two business interests. My prevail. He spoke fluent German, studied engineering
father, a religious man, went to Sunday mass regularly, in Germany, came from an educated family and wealth,
which I had the pleasure of attending from a very young to say the least. However as I was later told, the Germans
age. World War II had just started and the quality of life had shot him. Just being accused of wrongdoing was
was changing from bad to worse on a daily basis, as the enough and having wealth during the war made one a
story was told by my mother throughout my life target.
intertwined with unforgettable events. Our estate and all of our wealth and possessions were
My grandfather, an architect, had managed to send taken from us, including nine members of my mother’s
his two sons to the best modern engineering schools in families. One maid took me to her farm for one year; the
Europe. Due to family inheritance, my father had two other maid took my mother to her home.
business interests established for 10 years by the time I Eventually, my mother and I were reunited some
was born. His passion was railroad locomotives, of which time late in 1945 and we moved to Athens. From a silver
he owned three, in addition to a wholesale farm spoon in my mouth to a one-bedroom apartment, 10
equipment business. My railroad traveling stories as a minutes from the Acropolis, did change my life as I
child during the war were exciting and traumatic to say remember it. Fortunately, a small pension was left from
the least. My father’s position as the director of the my father’s estate. Having learned the art of fashion
railroad station in Salonika had many forms encumbered design at an early age, my mother established herself
with favors. as a ladies dressmaker. Eventually it became apparent
Greek was the predominant language spoken at to me that Mother had two favorite winter coats that
home, with occasional French between my governess and she very often sewed the linings over and over again.
my mother who graduated from a local French school She managed to save, from the war, all of her jewelry
run by the nuns. Although I did learn some French, I to supplement her income. At the age of seven, my
understand that my mother preferred speaking French mother enrolled me in one of the best schools in Athens,
with my nanny to have her wishes met, not only for me, Likion Athinon.
but in front of maids who did not understand the Her dress store was doing well. Five or so years later,
language. Mother marries an American man and by 195 1 moved
Part of my schooling during the war was at home by to New York. Following boarding school, I moved to
a diligent nanny who taught me French and was America at the end of 1955 to join Mother. A six-month
Part 3: The Innovators 187

crash course in English sustained my enthusiasm to enter Sometime by the end of 1979, I had the good fortune
education at Jamaica High School. A patent contest in of being granted the appointment of Adjunct Assistant
Europe, which I won, provided my engineering professor with the University of Medicine and Dentistry
enthusiasm and the foundation for innovation by my of New Jersey, participating in animal and human clinical
good teachers. Education was challenging, to say the studies, gave me a new perspective in dental material
least, due to the lack of my English language in high science. My original two animal studies on the product
school. However, mathematics, and especially OsteoGen® were conducted at that school. I attended
engineering drafting, was not. With an average of 98.5% classes on a part-time basis, wrote papers and conducted
in drafting, I was able to secure a good job with Name dental implant studies in wet human mandibles. By the
Plate in Flushing, New York, after high school. However, end of 1984, the offer for full-time dental schooling to
life did get interesting with a part-time job at 16 years of finish one year of clinical studies became a reality.
age with Dr. Leonard Linkow. To say that he was However, married with three children, a new house, child
dynamic, full of challenging innovations in dentistry support from a previous marriage did not make it a
would be an understatement for the time. Implantology possible consideration. Developing the product
in the dental field in 1956 was just starting, with a OsteoGen® took six years, with considerable sums of
questionable outlook as it was portrayed by the money over $120,000. Financially, I was broke and had
establishment. Lucky for me, I was in the middle of it all to give up distribution to other business associates.
with the Father of Implantology no less. Working Writing papers, surgical manuals, patents and FDA
parttime for Lenny, and going to Queens College in the documents provided the discipline and adaptability and
afternoon was a way of life for me for some time. courage to write government grants for which my
Studying dental anatomy in my spare time provided me company received 50% above average. This approach
with the knowledge and opportunity to advance far investigated several putty bone augmentation products
enough that within six months on the job I was able to with three additional patents pending and product line
waxup, cast and place acrylic facings or porcelain on a for the benefit of the dental implant field.
14-unit “roundhouse” in one day. New crown and bridge Thereafter, 1988-2002, I was granted an Adjunct
design for implants was a preoccupation for me, for Assistant Professorship with New York University
which Lenny filed for a patent. Implant blade designs, College of Dentistry, Departments of Biomaterials and
new subperiosteal designs and the understanding of Dental Implants and as Lecturer on Restorative and
bone physiology and function were my daily obsession Prosthodontic Sciences.
night or day, and I was taught by the best. Maurice Valen has been actively involved in research
I was fortunate to be with this genius of a man and to and product development for over 35 years. He
watch him work every day on a full-time basis (for Lenny conducted his basic research in animal and clinical
that was 12-14 hours a day, including Saturdays). He studies at the University of Medicine and Dentistry of
was impressed enough with my talents and enthusiasm New Jersey (UMDNJ) as an Adjunct Assistant Professor
for the field of dental implantology that he literally from 1979-1984, followed by development of ten products
offered to send me to dental school. That I never forgot and 15 patents. He lectures worldwide and has published
to this day. What I have learned from Lenny, they simply many clinical and scientific papers in the field of dental
do not teach in schools. Fortunate for me, I was able to implants and synthetic bioactive resorbable grafts. He
see him surgerize and to sometimes assist. Audrey, his was formerly with New York University College of
head surgical assistant, would go for very long summer Dentistry, Departments of Biomaterials and Dental
vacations. Implants as a Lecturer on Restorative and Prosthodontic
My curiosity and good fortune eventually prevailed Sciences. He served on the Board of Directors for the
to be his surgical assistant by the time I was 19 years old. American Academy of Implant Dentistry’s Research
Not only I learned dentistry, creativity, innovation and Foundation, and was the honored recipient of the
patentability, but also the world of business. At such a Academy’s Isaiah Lew Research Award for continued
young age, I simply absorbed everything like a sponge. dedication to the advancement of imp implantology. By
Sometime thereafter, I opened my own laboratory. From invitation, on three separate occasions, he has lectured
a three-man lab to 14 employees within ten years, I have before the Dental Products Panel of the Food and Drug
truly enjoyed design, engineering, innovation, Administration on the topics of dental implants and cell
manufacturing and industry, and most of all applied response to various bone filling and augmentation
dental science which eventually evolved into many materials, and has received government grants for putty
patents and products for the last 50 years. grafts with or without BMP.
188 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

Maurice Valen is the innovator, developer and Professional Accomplishments


manufacturer of the product Osteo-Gen{g), the first non- 1981 First to manufacture HA coatings on dental
ceramic, synthetic bioactive resorbable bone graft with implants (FDA 5 10(k) K812321).
over 17 years in clinical use. He received the first FDA 1984 Innovator of OsteoGen® synthetic resorbable
51 O(k) approval for HA Coating on Dental Implants bone graft (FDA 5 10(k)
(#K8 12321 -Hydroxi-Flex, October 198 1) and ASTM K843398/A; K881662/A; K9233 10).
records confirm Maurice as the first in the world to 1998 BioSplintTM/SuperSplinFM prosthetics,
develop and manufacture hydroxylapatite coatings on attachment and armamentarium.
dental implants. 1996 Innovator of LaminOss® Osteocompressive
He is also the developer of OsteoTapeTM resorbable Implant System and Immediate splinting
barrier membrane, LaminOss {g) Osteo-compressive systems with associated attachments and
Immediate-Load Implant Systems and the SuperSplintTM prosthetics (FDA 510(k) K933705 and
immediate implant splinting system, including K98295)
associated instrumentation, attachments and prosthetics. 1993 Innovator of OsteoTapeTM Resorbable Barrier
Membrane
Memberships 1988 Present President and Director of R and D,
• American Academy of Implant Dentistry AAID Impladent Ltd., Holliswood, New York.
Research Foundation Board of Directors (1999)
• AAID Research Foundation Board of Trustees (1998) Research Experience
• AAID Research Foundation Board of Governors (1 1958-1963 Research and Development, Dr. Leonard I.
997) Linkow, Private Practice
• Fellow of International Congress of Oral 1974 Research and Development, Oratronics, Inc.,
Implantology Titanium Cage Implant
• Academy of Osseointegration 1976 Co-Principal, Interstate Dental Supply Co.,
• Columbia University Mineralized Tissue Seminar Wironium Ceramic Metal
Study Group 1979 Principal, Franklin Laboratories, Inc.,
• ANSI/ADA Committee for Standardization of Dental Crystalline mineral and growth factor
Implants research and development
• American Society for Testing and Materials Panel on 1980 Principal, Impladent, Ltd., Formulation of
HA Materials HA bonding to titanium implants
• Society for Biomaterials 1980-1981 Co-Principal, UMDNJ, “Oral appliances for
• American Academy of Implant Prosthodontics treatment of reflex spasm in masticatory
• International Association for Dental Research muscles”
• Institute for Advanced Dental Research 1981 Co-Principal, UMDNJ, “Response of dog
• Academy of Dental Materials. alveolar bone to HA bonded titanium
implants”
Professional Experience 1982 Co-Principal, UMDNJ, “In vitro comparison
1960-1962 Technical DrafismanIMachinist (contractual) of wedge blade and F1 exi-Cup® implant in
1962-1972 Valen Laboratories, Owner/Operator human mandibles”
1972-1989 Franklin Laboratories, Inc., Owner/ • Co-Principal, UMDNJ, “Comparison of wedge, blade,
Operator/R and D and Flexi-Cup® implants in dogs”
1987-1988 Impladent Ltd. (Division of Franklin • Co-Principal, NYU College of Dentistry, “Bioactive
Laboratories, Inc.) Implant device ceramic HA, zirconium/columbium composite
development prosthetics” Co-Principal, Hospital for Joint Diseases
1987-1989 G.B.D. Marketing Group, Inc., Rand D/ Orthopaedic Institute, “New canine model to evaluate
Consultant the biological response of intramedullary bone to
1991-1994 Stryker Corporation (Dental Division), implant materials and surfaces”
RandD/Consultant • Co-Principal, LSU School of Dentistry (Periodontics),
1988 Present President and Director of R and D, “Histologic evaluation of new endosseous dental
Impladent Ltd., Holliswood, New York. implant-LaminOss® osteocompressive screw”
Part 3: The Innovators 189

• Co-Principal, Hospital for Joint Diseases Orthopaedic 1981: Teacher honoris causae of Implantology-
Institute, “Evaluation of OsteoGen® bone substitute E.S.P.J.-Paris, France
implant material in canine implantable chamber 1981: Teacher honoris causae of Implantology-
model” Université Europkéne-Brussels, Belgium
• Co-Principal, Brookdale Hospital Medical Center 1982: Teacher honoris causae of Implantology-
(Dental and Oral Surgery), “Clinical study of the Universidad Federal do Espirito Santo-
LaminOss® osteocompressive endosseous dental Brazil
implant” 1986: International Consultant - Congress of Oral
• Co-Principal, University of Texas Health Science Implantologists - New York, N.Y. U.S.A.
Center, “Clinical study of the Lamin Oss ® 1990: Founding member of the Department of
osteocompressive endosseous dental implant” Implantology of New York University.
• Sponsor, University of Medicine and Dentistry of
New Jersey (Department of Periodontology and • Student of the Scuola Norrnale di Pisa. Graduate cum
UMDNJ School of Medicine) “Animal study (six dog) laude in Medicine and Surgery
of OsteoTapeTM graft material • Pisa-Specialized in Dentistry - University of Pisa
1989 • Radiology-University of Padua
1990-1991 • Orthopedics-University of Pisa
1992 (Spring) • Degree honoris causae-Universidad Federal do
1993-1994 Espirto Santo-Brazil
Please write Professor Valen to obtain his complete CV. • Implantology-Université Europkéne du Travail-
Prof. Maurice Valen Brussels
198-45 Foothill Ave. • I.R.C.O.I. Diplomate-New York
Holliswood NY 11423-1611 • Founding Member of I.R.C.O.I. Italia
• Fellow G.I.S.I- Bologna
ANTONIO PIERAZZINI • Honorary Member of the Sociedad Venezolana de
ORAL SURGERY AND Implantologia - Caracas
IMPLANTOLOGY • Honorary member of the Sociedad Odontologica
DENTAL AND Latino-Americana de Implantes Aloplasticos- Rio de
IMPLANTOLOGICAL FORENSIC Janiero
MEDICINE • Honorary member of the C.I.R.I.L.-Paris, France
• Honorary member and diplomate of the American
Society of Osseointegration-Philadelphia
Curriculum Vitae
• 1992: Diplomate of the American Society of
Place and date of birth: Cascina (Pisa-Italy)-January 12,
Osseointegration-Philadelphia.
1924
1941: High School diploma - Classical Lyceum -
score 8/10 - Liceo Gallelei, Pisa -ITALY Career
1941: Passed Competitive Admissions Exami- 1947-1952: Director of the Ward of Orthopedic
nation - National Medical College - Scuola Surgery, Emergency and Radiology-
Normale di Pisa Hospital Ordine di Malta no. 15-
1941-1947: Student at the National Medical College - Calambrone (Pisa, ITALY)
Scuola Nomnale di Pisa. Exam scores: 30/ 1952-1953: Assistant-Surgical Clinin, Univerisity of
30 cum laude Pisa, ITALY
1947: Degree in Medicine and Surgery- University 1953-1981: Specialist of Radiology, Orthopedics and
of Pisa-Final score 110/110 cumlaude Dentistry, consultant and doctor operating
1951: Specialization in Radiology - University of under the “National Health Insurance
Padua - Final Score 40-40 cum laude System” and then with the “National
1963: Specialization in Orthopedics and Trauma- Health System”
University of Pisa - Final Score 40140 cum 1952-1981: Consultant Radiologist and Orthopedic
laude Surgeon for I.N.A.I.L, the Italian National
1967: Specialization in Dentistry and Oral Institute for Occupational Accidents and
Prosthodontics-University of Pisa-Final Work-related Diseases - Massa Carrara,
score 40/40 cum laude ITALY
190 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

Since 1990: Medical expert for the field of implantology Dott. Antonio Pierazzini died in 2006.
at several Italian Courts (Massa, Viareggio,
Lucca, Florence, Asti, Turin, Rome, DONALD H. MASTERS
Salerno, etc.) Appointed as Medical Expert Dr. Masters received his D.D.S.
by numerous practitioners throughout degree in 1948 from the
Italy University of Texas School of
Dentistry. He practiced General
Professional and Academic Association Dentistry in Freeport, Texas
Since 1970: Member or Founding Member or Ordinary 1948-1950 followed by an
Member of the following Associations. internship in Periodontics at
• Gruppo Italiano Studi Implantari-Italian Group of Lackland AFB 1951-1952. He
Implant Studies - Bologna was in the private practice of
• Consultant for IMPLANT ORALTRONIC - New York Periodontics in San Antonio
• Italian Academy of Implants - Milan from 1952 - 1998 and in Implant
• European Academy of Implants - Milan Dentistry from 1979-1998. In
• International Research Committee for Oral addition to the standard
Implantology-Trento education necessary to become a specialist in two
• International Congress of Oral Implantologists - New disciplines (periodontics and Implant Dentistry) he has
York had further training in the areas of bone physiology and
• Italian Association of Oral Implantology - Bari pathology, occlusion, TMJ Pain Dysfunction and related
• Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Oral Implantologie - Diagnosis and treatment of myofascial pain of the head
Dusseldorf and neck. He became a Diplomate of the American Board
• American Society of Osseointegration - Philadelphia of Oral Implantology/Implant Dentistry in 1991. He is a
• Sociedad Venezolana de Implantologia - Caracas Life Member of the following: ADA, IDA, American
• Grupa Brazilero de Studios Implantares - Sao Paola Academy of Periodontology and the Southwest Society
do Brazil of Periodontists.
• Sociedad Colombiana de Implantologia - Bogota A partial list of Honors and Appointments includes
• 1970 Tiberina Academy - Rome the following: Honored Fellow, American Academy of
• 1971 Accademia dei 500 (Academy of the 500) Rome Implant Dentistry; Who’s Who in American Dentistry;
• 1983 Diploma of GRUBEI - Sao Paulo Honorary Fellowship, International College of Dentists,
• 1984 Commanding Knight of the Order of the Saint Texas Chapter; Special Citation of Merit, American
Sepulchre and of Saint Brigida-Sweden Academy of Periodontology, 1975. Dr. Masters has been
• 1988 Official Cavalier of the Republic of Italy a consultant and/or lecturer to: Department of
• 1988 Honorary member of the College International Periodontics, Wilford Hall Hospital, Lackland AFB (1 5
Lariboisiére - Paris, France years) and Dental Sciences Division, School of Aerospace
Since the age of four years the child Pierazzini was Medicine, Brooks AFB, San Antonio (10 years). He was a
interested in surgery and illustrations of medical books. consultant to the Dental Advisory Committee, HEW,
For this reason and for his vivacity he was admitted at 1971-1972; Advisory Panel on National Health Insurance
the courses of elementary schools at the age of 4 years to the Subcommittee on Health, House Ways and Means
instead of 6 years as usual. This permitted him to obtain Committee, Washington, D.C.; Lifecore Biomedical
the laurea in medicine and surgery at the age of 23 years (Sustain Implant System); Core Vent Implant
so that for two years he was the youngest physician in Corporation; Steri-Oss Implant Corporation, Ozelle
Italy. Pharmaceuticals (Research Coordinator). He has
At the age of 14 he remained orphaned of his father. published 2 1 articles and 4 book chapters and produced
Desiring strongly to obtain the laureate of medicine, he 7 instructional movies and videos.
began to work as a clerk in several offices, to have the Dr. Masters has lectured in 19 Dental Schools and
possibility to maintain himself at the studies. In 1961 he has served as designated guest lecturer in five of these
was a winner of a national concourse in the “Sevoca schools. In the past 30 years, he has given over 1000
Normale Superiore E Collegio Nazionale Medico di presentations to dental schools, dental societies, study
Pisa”, the most prestigious and important university clubs and other institutions. Over 900 dentists have taken
course in Italy. private courses in implant dentistry from Dr. Masters.
Part 3: The Innovators 191

For six years he gave 2-day courses at the mini-resident In spite of improved therapies, there still remained
implant program at Medical College of Georgia. people whose oral disease state was beyond redemption
and lost their teeth regardless. For many, conventional
Board and Executive Experience prosthetics was inadequate for their perceived needs. For
• Southwest Society of Periodontology 26 years as a Periodontist, I had faced these pitiful cases
• Vice President, President Elect, President, Editor without a good solution until Implant Dentistry came
• American Academy of Periodontology Treasurer, into focus for me. In 1978 I began to study this concept
Executive Council ( 4 terms), Editorial Review Board and several of its modalities.
• American Society of Periodontists Treasurer, Board I considered dental implants to be a work in progress
of Directors (2 terms) but the challenge to me was strong and I became
• American Society for Preventive Dentistry Vice “hooked”, another shift in direction. Several pioneers had
President, President Elect, President significant influence on my budding new career
• American Academy of Implant Dentistry. including: Linkow, Weiss, Niznick, Tatum, Branemark
• Vice President, President Elect, President (2 terms), et al. Joining and becoming involved with the American
Editorial Review Board Academy of Implant Dentistry and all its stalwarts was
• Board Ozelle Pharmaceuticals (5 years) a great opportunity to advance my understanding and
In 1987, for reasons of quality control, he formed and skills in implant dentistry. It is remarkable how the field
directed Masters Dental Group, bringing under one roof of Periodontics and Implantology are complimentary.
the principle disciplines necessary to successfully treat However, 20 years ago it was considered radical by the
difficult, advanced cases of dental deterioration; American Academy of Periodontology and I being
periodontics, minor oral surgery, implant surgery, among the few early participants, came under heavy
implant and periodontal prosthodontics, endodontics, criticism from certain conservative members of the AAP
and miscellaneous restorative dentistry. who wanted to take away my specialty status for doing
His associates are continuing the practice since he implants. Cooler heads prevailed and it was not long
retired in January 1998 after providing fifty years of before the AAP gave me their blessing and approved
quality dentistry. implant dentistry as part of periodontal practice and the
graduate school curriculum as well.
I found that the best way for me to practice
Comments
reconstructive dentistry was to develop a “team
My career choice at high school graduation was
approach” so that all relevant areas of dentistry could be
Journalism and Music, but before college enrollment, I
coordinated. For me, having these practitioners under
changed to Pre-Med/Pre-Dental. In fact my professional
one roof was the most productive and gratifying.
life has been marked by several changes in direction.
I feel very fortunate to have had a long and illustrious
After being in General Practice for two and a half years
practice career intermixed with research, teaching,
I decided to become a Periodontist, but my educational
product development and organizational involvement.
plans were interrupted by the Korean War. Fortunately
Also, I have been able to take recreational time for my
shortly after entering the United States Air Force in 1950
hobbies of golf, fishing, hunting which gave good
I was able to get into a newly formed Periodontal
diversion from the intensity of dentistry. Now in
Internship at Lackland Air Force Base and continued
retirement I do miss direct involvement in patient care
until discharge in November 1952 at which time I entered
but I have associates, including my daughter (perio-
private practice in San Antonio.
dontist/implant dentistry) who still continues the
The decision to be a periodontist was an important
practice that I started.
one, which required a focus on helping patients save their
natural teeth. To do so was a treatment challenge in those
early years and because so little was known about the JULIAN M FRANKO
cause of periodontal disease. I was fortunate to be Born August 27,1935
influenced by two giants in their respective areas of • Grew up in southwest Detroit
expertise: Sumter Arnim (The Dental Microcosm) and • Went to Holy Redeemer
Emanuel Cheraskin (Host Factors vs. Disease). Again a Catholic grade and high school
shift occurred in treatment direction toward holistic • Graduated as class salutatorum
methods of controlling the local environment and in 1952
influencing the systemic substrate by gaining the • Enlisted in U.S. army in 1952
patient’s active participation. • Served with the U.S. Rangers in
192 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

Korea 1952-1953. Was wounded and prisoner of war • Honored Fellow of AAID 1991 International College
exchanged in April 1953. Recuperated in army and of Implantology
VA Hospital from 1953-1955
International College of Implantology
• Started at University of Detroit January 1956
• Member 1972
Accepted and started at the University of Detroit
• Fellow of ICOI 1988
Dental School 1957-1961
• Diplomate of ICOI 1998.
• Received a Doctor Dental Surgery degree in 1961
• Was shown how to do a subperiosteal implant by Dr.
Aaron Gershkoff in July 1961 Private Honors
• Did my first mandibular subperiosteal implant on my • Masonic Order
mother in August 1961 Past Master of Lodge 32 Degree Mason
• This implant had it’s 45th anniversary August 4th Shriner
2006 • Holy Redeemer Hall of Fame 1989
• Authored a paper on use of Multiphasic Blood Scan • Boys and Girls Club of America Hall of Fame 1992
determining the Surgical Risk of implant surgery on
patients ARTHUR ASHMAN
• Lectured on the use of preoperative drugs and post Dr. Ashman is the co-inventor
operative drugs on surgical implant patients of Bioplant ® HTR® Synthetic
• Collaborated with Drs. Milton Smithoff and Michael BoneTM lloplast and founder of
Fritz on development of perioimplant abutments Bioplant Inc. Prior to founding
• Helped with the development of a dental implant the company, Dr. Ashman was
program in the 1970’s at the University of Michigan the founder of MBS, a research
• Helped develop the regional districts of American and development company
Academy of Implant Dentistry which developed HTR and was
• Lectured in the United States and Europe on 20, 25, sold in 1986 to U.S. Surgical
and 30 years retrospective studies on long term Corp. Dr. Ashman served in
viability of full mandibular subperiosteal implants private practice for over 35 years
• Lectured on Implant Dentistry at several Universities and has remained active as a
in the United States, Canada and Europe researcher and professor at the
• Appeared on National Health Institute Panel on New York University College of Dentistry. In addition,
Indication and Contraindication of Subperiosteal Dr. Ashman has served as Chief of Dental Research at
Implants Mt. Sinai Hospital New York City, an Associate Professor
• Member of Education Committee for the Detroit doing research at Columbia University College of
District Dental Society for 30 years Physicians and Surgeons, and Clinical Professor of
• On staff of Cranio Facial Reconstruction at Providence Dentistry in the Ashman Department of Periodontology
Hospital, St Johns and St Mary’s Hospitals and implant Dentistry at the New York University
• Started, equipped and maintained a free dental clinic College of Dentistry. Dr. Ashman has over 30 patents
with Robert Wood Foundation for the Boys and Girls issued or pending and has published numerous studies
Club of Southwest Detroit relating to synthetic bone replacement materials and
• On a committee to keep open Holy Redeemer dental implants and over 85 articles appearing in
Catholic High School which is the oldest Catholic professional and academic publications. Dr. Ashman has
High School over 120 years in the same location in conducted over 800 lectures at schools, dental societies,
Michigan. conventions and organizations. In addition, he is a
member of numerous honorary and professional
Honors in Dentistry societies, including: the Academy of Osseointegration;
Diplomate, American Academy of Implant Dentistry;
American Academy of General Dentistry Fellow of AGD 1974 and Diplomate, International College of Oral
• American Academy of Implant Dentistry Active Implantologists. Dr. Ashman is a graduate of Columbia
member 1966 University School of Dental Medicine and the founder
• Credentialed Member 1985 of the Ashman Department of Periodontology and
• Fellow of AAID 1979 Implant Dentistry at New York University College of
• Diplomate of AAID 1991 Dentistry.
Part 3: The Innovators 193

In 2005, he started his third company: Bioplant R and Private Dental Practice
D, LLC for the express purpose of developing new light- 1964-1991 in New York, NY
hardened, strong bone replacement materials for use in
orthopedics, Ob-Gyn and esthetic and implant dentistry. Professional Appointments
The other two companies MBS and Bioplant Inc. were 1991-present Clinical Professor of Dentistry - Arthur
sold to U.S. Surgical Corp. and Kerr/Sybron respectively. Ashman Dept of Implant
Dentistry, New York University
Curriculum Vitae College of Dentistry, New York, NY
ARTHUR ASHMAN DDS, DAAID, DICOI, FAGD, 1957-1990 Associate Clinical Professor of Dentistry
FAAID - Dept. of Biomaterials,
New York University College of
Education Dentistry, New York, NY
• 1957 BS 1967-1978 Head of Dental Research, Mt. Sinai
• 1961 DDS Research Center (ATRN), New York,
• 1978 FAGD NY
• 1985 FAAID 1971-1975 Research Associate Professor,
• 1986 FICOI Columbia University College of
• 1990 FADI Physicians and Surgeons, New York,
• 1993 ABOI NY
1968-1974 Cleft Palate, Maxillofacial Prosthetic
Military Service Team, Mt. Sinai Hospital, New York,
• Queens College, NY. After completing 21/2 years of NY
college via Professional Option 1964-1968 Clinical Assistant, Prosthetic, Crown
• Columbia University, New York, NY School of Dental and Bridge Depts., Mt. Sinai Hospital,
and Oral Surgery New York, NY
• Fellow, Academy of General Dentistry 1964-1966 Clinical Assistant Professor, Diagnosis
• Honored Fellow, American Academy of Implant Dept., Columbia
Dentistry Diplomate, International College of Oral University School of Dental and Oral
Implantologists Fellow, Academy of Dentistry Surgery, New York, NY.
International Diplomate
• American Board of Oral Implantology-Implant Honorary and Professional Societies
Dentist 1993-present Diplomate, American Board of Oral
• 1962-1964 Captain, U.S. Dental Corps ULM, West Implantology
Germany. 1991-present Member, Academy of Osseointegration
1986-present Diplomate, International College of
Licensure Oral Implantology
• 1961 New York State Boards 1985-present Honored Fellow, American Academy
• 1961 National Boards of AAID
1984-1985 National V.P. Academy of Implant
Specialty
Dentistry
1962-1966 Oral Surgery
1983-1984 President, NE District Academy of
1975-1993 Rehabilitative Dentistry with Implants
Implant Dentistry
1982-1983 V.P. NE District Academy of Implant
Fields of Major Experience Dentistry
• Implant Dentistry 1980-present 1842 Club, Columbia University School
• Rehabilitative Dentistry of Dental and Oral Surgery
• Research - Bioplant® HTR TM Synthetic Bone Alloplast 1979- present Y.M.P.L. (Young Man’s Philanthropic
• Inventor - Bioplant® HTRTM Synthetic Bone Alloplast League)
• Founder, Ashman Department of Implant Dentistry, 1977-present Fellow, Academy of General Dentistry
New York University, 1971-1977 Chairman, Dental Division, United
• College of Dentistry Jewish Appeal
194 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

1970- present Member, American Medical Writers • Denmark (1 997)


Association • England (1972,1975,1978, 1981, 1985, 1991, 1992, 1993,
1969-1980 Member, New York State Society for 1995, 1999)
Medical Research • France (1 972, 1974, 1982, 1983, 1989, 1992, 1993, 1996,
1968-present Member, Academy of Implant 1999, 2000)
Dentistry • Germany (1 98 1,1984,1992,1993,2000)
1968-present Member, Institute for Advanced Dental • Israel (1967, 1970, 1972, 1974, 1978, 1979)
Research • Italy (1972, 1975, 1980, 1981, 1983, 1984, 1993, 1996)
1964-present Member, American Association for the • Hong Kong (1997,1998, 1999)
Advancement of Science • Hungary (1995, 1996)
1964-1968 Member, Academy of Endosseous • Japan (1978, 1995)
Implants • Korea (1997, 1998, 1999)
1964-present Member, Academy of General Dentistry • Malaysia (1995, 1996, 1997)
1964-present Member, Academy of Psychosomatic • Mexico (1973,1978,1985, 1987,1989,1991)
Medicine • Philippines (1995, 1996, 1997)
1964-present Member, Academy for the Study of
Those wanting Dr. Ashman’s complete CV please write:
Headache
Dr. Arthur Ashman
1961-present Member, American Dental Association
191 Post Road West
1961-present New York State Dental Society
Westport CT 66880-4625.
1961-present Member, New York City First District
Dental Society
MOHAMED SHARAWAY
1961-present Member, Eastern Dental Society
Prof. Mohamed Sharawy
1961-present Member, Midtown Dental Society
received his bachelor of
1961-present Member, Alpha Omega Dental
Dental Surgery with Honor
Fraternity
(B.D.S.) in 1962 followed by
1972-present Over 500 lectures given at dental
three years of oral surgery
schools, societies, conventions, and
training from Cairo
organizations
University, School of
Seminars averaging 6 to 8 per year.
Dentistry, Cairo, Egypt. He
received his diploma and
Examples of Lectures (1972 - Present) science medallion from the
• Columbia University School of Dental and Oral resident of Egypt for the
Surgery, New York, highest achievement
• NY New York University College of Dentistry, New among graduating dentists
York, NY in Egypt in 1963. Dr.
• Israeli Dental Society, Haifa, Israel Sharawy received a
• American Academy of Implant Dentistry Fulbright Scholarship to
• Greater New York Dental Meeting, New York, NY study for his PhD in the USA.
• Academy of Implant Dentistry, Atlantic City, NJ He then received his Ph.D. degree in Anatomical
• Eleventh District Dental Society, Long Island, Sciences from the School of Medicine and Dentistry,
• NY Tenth District Dental Society, Jamaica, NY University of Rochester, Rochester, N.Y. in 1970. Dr.
• Mt. Sinai Hospital, New York, NY Sharawy accepted a position at the Medical College of
• American Dental Association, New York, NY Georgia, Schools of Medicine and Dentistry in 1970. He
• Perio-Prosthetic Study Group, New York, NY is one of the initiators and developers of the MCG School
• Academy of Implant Dentistry, Las Vegas, NV of Dentistry in Augusta, Georgia. He is currently
• Eastern Dental Society, New York, NY Professor and Director of Anatomy in the Department
• First District Dental Society, New York, NY of Oral Biology and Maxillofacial Pathology and
• San Francisco Dental Society, San Francisco, CA Professor of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department
• Midtown Dental Society, New York, NY of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery at the Medical College
• U.S.A. (Yearly 1969 to present) Argentina (1997) of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia. He is also Professor of Cell
• Belgium (1 993, 1997, 1999,2000) Chile (1997) Biology and Anatomy at the MCG School of Medicine
Part 3: The Innovators 195

and Professor at the School of Graduate Studies. the past 27 years. He presented the surgical anatomy
Dr. Sharawy served as a mentor and major advisor for course for 30 consecutive years at MCG and in numerous
over 30 national and international PhD students. The countries in Europe, Asia and the Middle East.
research projects often addressed questions related to Dr. Sharawy has received numerous awards among
bone and implants. Dr. Sharawy is co-editor and which are:
contributor to Orban’s textbook of Oral Histology, Senior • Bachelor of Dental Surgery with Honors - First in
associate editor of the Journal of Oral Implantology, Class of 1962.
author of the Companion of Applied Anatomy and • Award for Achievement and Proficiency from the
contributor to several symposia and books of oral Egyptian Academy of Dental Surgery, 1962
implantology and TMJ. • Medal for the highest achievement among graduating
Prof. Sharawy has authored over one hundred dentists from Egypt, presented by the President of
original research papers and over 200 abstracts. He is the United Arab Republic on Science Day, March 1963
primarily interested in applied research related to bone • Fulbright Fellowship - 1965 - 1970
regeneration, bioengineering using bone cells, polymers, • Fellow in Dentistry and Dental Research, University
local growth factors and implants. He has presented his of Rochester - 1965 - 1970.
findings at numerous national and international research • Certificate of Merit for Achievement, Proficiency and
and education meetings. Prof. Sharawy is the President promise in the field of Oral Medicine, American
of the Anatomical Board for the State of Georgia. He Academy of Oral Medicine, 1970
was recently elected to the Board of Governors, American • Elected faculty member to Omicron Kappa Upsilon,
Academy of Implant Dentistry Research Foundation and 1978
the Chairman of the Research Committee. He is a • Medal and certificate from the American Academy
member of many professional societies among which are: of Implant Prosthodontics Founding member, 1983
International Association of Dental Research, American • Medal and certificate for outstanding contribution to
Association of Anatomists, American Association of the field of dentistry from the Egyptian Dental
Implant Prosthodontics and American Dental Syndicate on the 50th Anniversary of Dentistry in
Association. Egypt, February 1983
Prof. Sharawy is the author of two volumes of the • Distinguished Faculty Award for Education from the
Companion of Applied Anatomy, co-editor and MCG School of Graduate Studies/ May 20, 1992
contributor to Orban’s Textbook in Oral Histology, • Silver plate Award for Outstanding Contributions to
contributor to Misch’s contemporary Implant Dentistry, the Art of Dentistry/awarded by the Governor of
and several books of implantology and the TMJ. Alexandria/ Egypt1 at the 8th International Meeting
Prof. Sharawy, through the AAID, was one of the of the Dental Congress at Alexandria/ Egypt/
initiators and developers of the MAXI course in the USA. October 3 1/1992
The course provides over 300 hours of instructions that • Board of Governors, American Academy of Implant
include 50 hours of surgical anatomy for implantologists. Dentistry Research Foundation, 1995
The Maxi course is in its 14th year at MCG. He is also a • Recipient of the Isaiah Lew Memorial Research
significant contributor to the Maxi Course at Howard Award by the American Academy of Implant
University and at the University of Irbid, Jordan. Dr. Dentistry Research Foundation, October 2005.
Sharawy has participated in the Perceptorship Program
in Implantology at San Antonio School of Dentistry for AXEL KIRSCH
the past 13 years. He also presents an advanced course The IMZ osteointegrated implant
in bone graft and implants at the same institute. He is a system was introduced to the North
visiting Professor at Misch International institute for American dental profession in early
Implants since its inception and the course director for 1986. This, of course, was preceded
the surgical anatomy course. Dr. Sharawy was the past by almost eight years of clinical use
interim dean and one of the initiators and developers of of the system in Europe. Dr. Alex
the School of Dentistry at King Abdul-Aziz University Kirsch of Stuttgart, Germany
at Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. developed the IMZ implant. He has
Prof. Sharawy serves as a consultant to the Oral and enjoyed being one of the world
Maxillofacial Surgery Programs for the U.S. Army. He leaders in implant dentistry for
presented the surgical anatomy course at five forts for many years.
196 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

NOBUYUKI INADA Research Experience


1976-1981 Research Associate (Dental
Pharmacology)
Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka,
JAPAN
(Chief: Professor Yasuo Omagari)
I
1982-present Research Associate (Bacteriology)
Kyushu Dental College. Fukuoka.
JAPAN
(Chief Professional Choji
Uchiyama)

Employment and Business Experience:


1965-1974 Chief, Dental Department
INADA General Hospital
1974-1996 Director, INADA General
Hospital
1997-present President, The International
Curriculum Vitae Implant Center INADA
Name in full: Nobuyuki Inada (male)
Date of Birth: November 18. 1935
Professional Positions at Academic Societies:
Place of Birth: IVara, Japan
1980 Active Member ofAAlD
Marital Status: Married (two children)
1980 President of The Linkow Academy
Citizenship: Japanese
of Implant Dentistry
Office: The International Implant center
1984 Member of ICOI
lNADA 1486
1985 Fellow of ICOI
Takabatake-cho Nara 630-830 1
1985 Credentialed Member of AAID
JAPAN
1986 International Member of AAIP
Phone: (0742) 2a-6020.
1989 Diplomate Statue of ICOI
Facsimile: (0742) 23-661 11
1991 Fellow of AAID
e-mail: bue@m4.kcn,ne.jp
1997 President of The International
Implant Center INADA
Education and Professional Training 1997 President Clinic of Dentistry
1953 -1957 LL.B. Doshisha University, Kyoto, INADA
JAPAN 1997 Director of The Clinical Training
1957-1959 LL.M. Doshisha University, Kyoto, Institute designated by the
JAPAN Ministry of Health, Labor and
1959-1965 D.D.S. Kyushu Dental College, Welfare
Fukuoka. JAPAN
(Graduated first)
1965-1970 Senior Resident at INAD General Lecture and Advisory Activities
Hospital 1974 The Japan Implant Society
Postgraduate training of 1982 The Japan DentalAssociation
Maxillofacial surgery 1983 The Japanese Society of Oral and
(Chief-late Dr. Saichi Nakajima. Maxillofacial Surgery
ex.Dean of Nara Medical College) 1983 The Japanese Society Implanto-
1993 (July) Degree of Ph.D. awarded by logy
Kyushu Dental College (Immuno- 2001 The Japanese SocietyotOra, Dental
logy) Materials and Device
Part 3: The Innovators 197

2001 The Japanese Society of Laser council, and president of my classroom. Five years ago,
2001 The International Research Project my high school honored me by having a painted portrait
of Magnetic Dentistry of myself added to the school’s “Wall of Fame”.
I started college at “Harris Jr. College”, in St Louis
Organization of Meetings majoring in Chemistry. After getting my Associates of
1980 - present Chairman and Organizer of Arts Degree in January 1962 I applied to Howard
Annual Meeting of Linkow University (because I ultimately wanted to go to dental
Academy of Implant Dentistry of school there) and was accepted for that September.
Japan During the interim semester I attended Washington
University and took several courses in Psychology which
impressed me causing me to change my major at Howard
Major Lecture and Speech
to Psychology. During college I became a member of
1981 A Lecture on Clinical Implants at
Omega Psi Phi Fraternity and recently received my 40th
the Main Podium in Kansas
year membership plaque.
1988 The Scientific Session on Table
I started dental school at Howard in 1965 after
Clinics at the 37th AAID Annual
working a year to earn tuition. During that four-year
Meeting (The 1 st place award)
experience I was fortunate enough to meet a young lady
2003 (July) The Linkow Academy of Implant
(Audrey Christler) who was at Howard getting her
Dentistry at Nagoya
Masters Degree in Math. She simply stole my heart and
“Immediate loading implants with
we were married in my senior year and will celebrate
magnet retention in the maxilla
our 37th anniversary in December of this year.
and mandible”
I joined the U.S. Air Force after dental school and
served for two years as a captain in the Air Force dental
TERRY J REYNOLDS core. I took my first continuing education course during
I was born in St. Louis, that time and it was on the Scialom pin tripod implant.
Missouri on September 5, When I got back to the base I talked to the Colonel who
1941. I grew up in St Louis was chief of the dental clinic about doing implants in the
with my mother, dad, and dental clinic. He was impressed and curious. He decided
younger sister. I was to let me practice Implant Dentistry while I was in the
somewhat introverted as a service. This started me and further prepared me in this
kid and developed field. And, I have never looked back.
responsibility early because
my mother had a job and my Vitae Highlights
father had at least two eight- • Howard University 1964 BS Psychology
hour jobs at all times. • Howard University School of Dentistry 1965-69 DDS
Fortunately, through I lived • Externship-Oral Surgery-Freeman Hosp.
in a community that was very Washington, DC-1969
watchful and protective of • US Air Force-Captain 1969 -71 Honorable Discharge
the children who lived there. The most important event • Externship-Lariboisiére Hosp-Implant Dent-Paris
of that time was the evening my father, who was a man France-1973 Dental
of few Words, came home after a hard day at his job of • Boards: Missouri, California, Washington, DC
labors and asked me to come sit next to hm (I was seven • Georgia, NY, North East Regional-1969 -1971
years old). He told me that he wanted me to become a • Past President of the Georgia Dental Society (not to
doctor when I grew up so that I wouldn’t have to work be confused with the Georgia Dental Assoc.) -1976
for anybody but myself. When I was older father never Over one hundred lectures and courses given
remembered telling me that. nationally and internationally
I went to Summer High in St Louis. It was a good • Fellow-Academy of General Dentistry
school and these were the happiest times of my young • Fellow- International College of Implant Dentistry
life. My successful participation in sports (track and (ICOI) -1980
football) did a lot to bring out my personality and • Fellow- Academy of Implants and Transplants - 1980
enhance my popularity. I was a good student, in the • Mastership-Academy of General Dentistry (AGD) -
accelerated learning group, member of the student 1982
198 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

• Past President Southern District American Academy ISRAEL BINDERMAN


of Implant Dentistry - 1982/83 Dr. Binderman was very active in bone physiology. He
• Honored Fellow AAID - 1985 also developed his own implant that allowed him to cut
• Developer of American Academy Implant into numerous blade designs.
Dentistry’s:
• Maxi Course in Implant Dentistry - 1987 Fellow
American College of Dentists - 1989
• Past Chairman - Admissions and Credential Board
(AAID)

Publications In Referred Journals


• The Flangeless Fixed Denture Journal of Oral
Implantology Vol. IX - # 1,1980 PG 45
• Collective Conference on the Utilization of
Subperiosteal: Implant - In Implant Journal of Oral
Implantology (AAID) VOL 26, #2; 2000
• A Multi-Modality Approach to Saving an Implant
Case Failure
• Accademia Italiana di Stomatomologia Implant-
oprotescia. PG 425-427 OCT-2002 (For International
Congress)
• Fellow American Academy of Implant Dentistry
(AAID)-1991
• Outstanding Alumnus Award Howard University DANIEL L ROOT
School of Dentistry-1991 Daniel L. Root, COT. is
• Diplomat American Board of Implant Dentistry - 1991 president of Root
• Past Co-Director of Lorna Linda satellite residency Laboratory, Inc., a full-
program with AAID in Implant Dentistry - 1993, 94, service laboratory
95 which specializes in
• Director of Implant Maxi Course at the Medical subperiosteal implants
College of Georgia for 7 years - 1988-1994 and prosthetics for all
• Fellow American Academy of Implant Prostho- dental implants. They
dontics - 1995 0-Assistant Professor of Clinical Affairs currently process more
at Howard University School of Dentistry 1996-1901 than 1500 subperiosteal
• Co Director: Maxi Course in Implant Dentistry at implants per year for
Howard University School of Dentistry 1996, 1998,99, over 300 doctors in 39
00, and 01 states and 8 foreign
• Past Treasurer of AAID-1994 countries. He has been
• Past Secretary of AAID-1995 active in the
• President American Academy of Implant Dentistry - development of dental
1997/98 implants for the past 16 years; presented technical
• Co-Director of Howard University Implant Center - implant clinics at the Arkansas-and Oklahoma State
2000-01 Implant Study Groups; cliniced for the past five years at
POSTGRADUATE RESIDENCY PROGRAMS the Alabama Implant Congress in Birmingham; and
ORAL IMPLANT TREATMENT CENTER cliniced the past four years at the National meeting of
Suite A the American Academy of Implant Dentistry. He is a
1421 Peachtree St. NW consulting member of the Florida West Coast Study Club,
Atlanta GA 30309 associate member of the American Academy of Implant
Part 3: The Innovators 199

Dentistry and the President’s Club of the International restoration of root form and blade implants than anyone
Congress of Oral Implantology and a member of the in the world.
Arkansas, Kansas and Missouri Implant Study Clubs. Since the early 1970s Dan Root has been a member of
Dan Root was born on June 26, 1939. After World the Alabama, Arkansas and Oklahoma Implant Study
War II, his father moved the family to rural suburban Groups, an associate of the American Academy of
Kansas City where he grew up in an old farmhouse. For Implant Dentistry, and a member of the International
15 years he watched as the neighborhood built up around Congress of Oral Implantology. For the past 15 years he
them. He fished, hunted and played most sports and was has been on the faculty at New York University as well
a bit on the wild child. He went to Center High School as the Medical College of Georgia. He is also an associate
and in the summers of 1954 and 1956 attended the Kansas of the American Academy of Implant Prosthodontics.
City Art Institute. In the fall of 1955, at age 16, Dan left Dan Root has recently been awarded the ICOI’s
school to work in a dental lab and continued his International Education Award. Since 1970 he has
education at Westport Jr College in the evenings. attended over 1500 lectures and given over 500 lectures
His first job was as a denture packer. They said he on implants not only in the US but in France, England,
was the head packer so they called him packer head. Japan and South America. In 2005 Root received the
While working for Holman Dental Lab, a nationally Gershkoff award.
known quality lab, it merged with a high volume cut-
rate lab in 1964. This forced him to open his own lab at RAUL R MENA
age 25. Through his father’s connections, he went to the I was born in Havana, Cuba
Kansas City Dental Society Meeting when very few and came to the United
technicians were allowed to attend: meeting with States on September 11,
dentists. In 1968, Dr. Boyd Harris first made him aware 1960, one year after the
of implants and introduced him to Dr. Leonard I Linkow. Communist takeover. My
He was fortunate enough to train under the best: parents were Raul F. Mefia,
Dr. Leonard Linkow, Dr. Roy Bodine, Dr. Tom Golec, DDS, MD. and Ernestina M
Dr. Bob James and Dr. Ken Judy. By 1972 Dan built his Mefia. My father was an
first roundhouse bridge on Linkow blades. ENT specialist, Head and
He has been doing lab work for 50 years, beginning Neck Surgeon and an Oral
in 1955. For the past 41 years he had been president of and Maxillofacial Surgeon.
Root Laboratory, Inc., a full service dental laboratory He was the Dean of the
which manufactures crowns, bridges, dentures, partials Dental School at the
and highly specialized implant devices for over 3000 University of Havana
dentists. Root Lab started as a one-man laboratory and before the Revolution. A year after the communist regime
has now grown to over 140 employees. It has been located took over the country and the government started to
at its present address in Leawood, KS since 1985 and enforce Marxism-Leninism, he refused to incorporate
has held live surgical implant courses there at a rate of their doctrine into the Curriculum. Therefore, my parents
six per year. Over the last 35 years, Root Lab has decided to leave the country, but the government would
manufactured over 100,000 units on blade implants, not allow them to leave. My parents took advantage of
restored over 150,000 root-form implants, and Hurricane Dona of 1960 and the confusion that it brought
manufactured over 19,000 subperiosteals for dentists in to the island. They went to the airport and managed to
49 states, 23 foreign countries, and in 18 universities. It escape with my brother Cesar and me. We boarded a
has been his honor and pleasure to know and work for Cuban Airlines (Cubana de A viacion) flight in which
past and present presidents of the American Academy even the pilot, a good friend of the family, asked for
of Implant Dentistry. The very first Gershkoff award Political Asylum when we arrived in the US. Eventually,
recipient was the technician Eric Bausch from Austenal my father, after revalidating his license, opened a Dental
Laboratories in NYC. Later on, Jack Wimmer fiom Park Practice in Queens, NY, and my mother Ernestina helped
Dental Research in New York became another recipient him trun the office. Years later my parents moved to
of the Gershkoff award. Now, more than enough time Miami where he practiced as a physician. My brother
has elapsed for Dan Root to be the next recipient. He is a Cesar is now a veterinarian and specializes in exotic
very humble, low keyed and honest individual who fauna.
during the past number of decades has accomplished I finished my last year of high school at Miami Beach
more in subperiosteal implant castings and the High School, where I met my wife Sara. She also had
200 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

fled from Cuba with her family. After graduation, I went and grafting techniques and also hold patents for Dental
to the University of Alabama to pursue pre-dental Implants, Dental Abutments, Instrumentations, Trays
studies, while Sara stayed in Miami pursuing a degree and Grafting Techniques.
in Accounting. We were married and I finished pre- Having lectured in the US, Europe, Latin America,
dental and at the same time became a ceramist and Egypt and the Middle East has been very rewarding and
studied gnathology and oral rehabilitation. Sara has brought about many friendships. Also organized
graduated from college. Later on, we moved to Augusta, different implant meetings in the US and overseas has
Georgia where Sara went back to school and graduated given me the opportunity of being exposed to many
Cum Laude in Psychology and I received a DMD degree different techniques and approaches to implantology
from the Medical College of Georgia, School of Dentistry. When Sara and I find free time we enjoy golfing,
While I was a student at MCG, I participated in a photography and traveling.
project on ceramic dental implants during a summer
enrichment program. My skills as a ceramist were JOE FRANCIS WARRINER
applied successfully to immediately duplicating in Dr. Warriner was born
ceramics the extracted teeth of dogs. We, then, placed in Iowa City, IA in
and immediately loaded the custom ceramic implants 1931. He received his
that I had crafted into the fresh extraction sites. My DDS from St. Louis
passion for Implantology was then ignited. University in 1955
Being in charge of the Crown and Bridge Lab at the where he was elected
Medical College of Georgia from 1971 to 1972 gave me a to membership in
wide perspective of the disciplines of Prosthetics and Omikron Kappa
Occlusion. During the enrichment project at MCG, while Upsilon honorary
researching the literature I came across the writings of dental society. He
Dr. Leonard Linkow and from then on, I continued in began his general
the path of research and acquiring knowledge of implant practice in St. Clair,
dentistry. Knowing the father of Modem Implantology MO in 1955.
early in my life and later becoming his friend is among • He was Captain with the United States Air Force,
one of the greatest rewards an implantologist can claim. based in Kadena, Okinawa, 1956-58.
Other mentors while at MCG were the late Dr. Ralph • He began his general practice in Oklahoma City, OK,
McKenney, whose contributions to implantology are in 1960.
worth mentioning, and Dr Mohamed Shaaraway, • He became an active Member of the American
scientist, valued professor, researcher and good friend. Academy of Implant Dentistry in 1977, a Credentialed
After graduating from dental school, I did a one-year Member of the Academy in 1985, and received his
hospital dentistry in Atlanta at the GRC Center. Later, Fellowship in 1991.
we moved to Florida and established my own practice • He became a Member of the Academy of General
where I continued involvement with implant dentistry. Dentistry, 1977, received his Fellowship in 1983 and
I completed a Hospital Based Residency in Oral and his Mastership in 1990.
Maxillofacial Implantology at Cedars Hospital in Miami • He is a Diplomat of the American Board of Oral
under the mentorship of the world renowned Anthony Implantology.
Wolfe, MD, Craniofacial Reconstructive Surgeon, and Dr. • He is a Member of the Alabama Implant Study Group,
Carl Misch, my friend, who needs no introduction. I 1978; American Dental Association, 1955; Oklahoma
became a Diplomate of the American Board of Oral Dental Association, 1960; Oklahoma Implant Study
Implantology/Implant Dentistry when the first test was Group, 1977.
administered. I am Fellow of the American Academy of • He served as Secretary/Treasurer of the Oklahoma
Implant Dentistry. Also a Fellow and Diplomate of the Dental Association, 1991-92 and 1992-93.
International Congress of Oral Implantology. • He has published in the Journal of Oral Implantology,
I am President and Founder of Quantum Vol. VIII No.1, 1978; and in General Dentistry, Vol.
BioEngineering Ltd. I have a unique and wonderful 42 No.5,1994.
relationship with my wife Sara, who is Vice President in • He has given main podium presentations at American
charge of Quality and Regulatory affairs for Quantum Academy of Implant Dentistry Meetings; Alabama
Dental Implants. I have developed and designed the QVS Implant Study Groups and continuing education
Implant System. Other developments include surgical courses at Universities and Study Clubs around this
Part 3: The Innovators 201

country. He has also lectured in Egypt, France VICTOR SENDAX


Germany, Brazil, Japan, Hungary, Russia and Mexico. Victor I Sendax, DDS
• Oklahoma Dental Foundation Board of Directors
• Oklahoma Academy General Dentistry Board of Curriculum Vitae
Directors, Oklahoma County Dental Society • Diplomat and Past
• Program Chairman 1995 and 1996, Staff Dentist for President: ABOI/
REST Homeless facility Implant Dentistry
• Volunteer Missions VIM foreign medical missions • Past National President
• American Dental Association Commendation and Honored Fellow,
• Fellow of ICOI International Congress of Oral AAID
Implantologists • Recipient, Aaron
• Diplomat of ICOI Gershkoff Memorial
Award, AAID, 1996
• Member, of American College of Oral Implantology
• First Director and Former Associate Professor,
Member of American Society of
Implant Prosthodontics Resident
• Osseointergration
• Training Program, Columbia University
• Associate member of Chicago Dental Society
• School of Dental and Oral Surgery and Columbia-
• Part time teacher at Sugar Creek Kamp (foundation Presbyterian Hosp.
for disadvantaged children). • Associate Attending Oral Implantologist: St. Lukes/
• Den Pac Board of Directors AAID Honored Fellow Roosevelt Hospital Center
Type of Practice: General • Mini Implant Program (General Practice Residency)
Years in Practice: 50 years • Active Member: Academy of Osseointegration
Education: Washington U. St. Louis U. 1955. DDS • Fellow, American College of Dentists
Academic Honors: Omicron Kappa Upsilon Dental • Fellow, International College of Dentists
Honor Soc. • Fellow, Royal Society of Medicine, Great Britain
• Implant Consultant, DentaI Research Programs
Professional Memberships: AAID; AGD; OK Dental Advisory
Assn.; Alabama Implant Study Group; OK Implant Study • Committee, National Institute of Dental Research,
Group; Chicago Dental Soc. NIH
Leadership Positions: • Participant: NIH-Harvard Dental Implant Consensus
Secretary/ Treasurer. OK State Dental Assn. 1991-92, Development
1992-93: • Guest Editor: Dental Clinics of North America - 1992
Program Chair. OK County Dental Soc. 1995-96; • Recognized in: Who’s Who in America and Who’s
Secretary / Treasurer. OK Implant Study Group Who in Frontiers of Science and Technology
• Member: New York Academy of Sciences
Professional Honors: Master. • Patent-Holder and Pioneer: Sendax Mini Dental
AGD; Fellow. MID; Diplomat, American Board of Oral Implant System
Implantology • FDA-Approved for MDI Long-Term Applications.
Military Activity:
US Air Force DAVID HOEXTER
Civic Activities: Dental Staff. REST Shelter for the Born in Manhattan, New York
Homeless; Dental Staff Volunteers in Mission. United City, December 26, 1938, one of
Methodist Church; Past Grand Commander of Knights three siblings to Jack and Fern
Templar of Oklahoma. Hoexter. I went to local schools
until high school when I went
Other: Published: ‘Journal of Oral Implantology. Vol. VIII to Horace Mann Preparatory
No. 1, 1978. ‘General Dentistry’, Vol. 42 No.5, 1994. School. There, besides the
stringent academics, I played
Hometown: Oklahoma City, OK
varsity sports in: Football (all
Date of Birth: 07-07-1931
city); Wrestling (Ivy League
Spouse: Laura
championship) captain;
3315 A. N.W. 63 Street
Bowling; Baseball; Track (school record holder of the
Oklahoma City, OK 73 116
202 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

javelin and the discus records). In college I played varsity • Past President of American College of Oral
football. Implantology (ACOI)
In my senior year I was elected Captain. Besides being • Past President, NB, American Academy of Implant
named to the “All East” team as well. I received the Dentistry
“Outstanding football player for the last three years” • Executive Board Member, American Academy of
award. I was elected to the School’s Student Government Implant Dentistry
Board, and as well a Class Officer. I was also a member • Trustee, Board of Directors, American Academy of
of a fraternity and graduated from Hobart College with Implant Dentistry
a B.A. Drafted by teams in the National Football League • National Officer, American Academy of Implant
and in the Canadian Football League to play football, I Dentistry
instead entered dental school. • Credential Member of the AAID.
Tufts University of Dental Medicine in Boston, Mass. • Past President, New York County Dental Society,
was my choice. I graduated with a D.M.D. After opening New York, NY
a dental practice in New York City and practicing general • Governor, New York State Dental Society
dentistry for years, I returned to graduate school. In the • Delegate to the AAID
New Jersey College of Medicine And Dentistry I received • President, International Academy of Dental Studies
my degree in Periodontics. After practicing periodontics • Outstanding Dentist of the Year, by the MDS of the
in New York, I moved to Florida and my practice was New York County Dental Society
limited to periodontics. There I became Co-chairman of • Kodak Gold International Award of Dentistry
the Implant Department at Dade County Dental Research • Leader in Continuing Education. Dentistry Today
School. It was the first Implant course in a teaching • Contributing Editor, Spectrum
institute in this country. The next year we started a similar • Contributing Editor, Dentistry Today
department at Palm Beach Dental Research School, • Executive Advisory Board, Spectrum
where I was Co-chairman there as well. These were two- • Editorial Board Scientific Committee, Le Fil Dentaire
year courses and are still continuing today. • National and International Author
I was the first periodontist to participate in organized • National and International Lecturer
oral Implantology. My first publication on Implants was • Fellow, American College of Dentistry (F ACD)
published in 1973. Having published nationally and • Fellow, International College of Dentistry (FICD)
internationally, I also contributed to books. Lecturing and • Fellow, American Academy of Implant Dentistry
presenting nationally and internationally has allowed me (FAAID)
to be exposed to almost every country worldwide. • Fellow, International Congress of Oral Implantology
• Clinical Professor of Periodontics and Implantology, (FICOI)
Temple University, Phil., Pa. • Fellow, American Society of Dental Esthtics (FASDE)
• Clinical Professor of Periodontics , Univ. of Pitt, Pitt., • Fellow, International Academy of Dental Studies
Pa. (FIADS)
• Associate Professor of Periodontics, Tufts Univ. of • Fellow, Society of Oral Physiology and Occlusion
Dental Medicine Boston, Mass. • Fellow, International Academy for Dental Facial
Assistant Clinical Professor, Mount Sinai School of Esthetics (FADFE)
Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical School, New York, • Fellow, Pierre Fauchard Academy (FPFA)
New York • Honorary Fellow, Helenistic Implant Society
• Chief of Periodontics Dept., Hospital for Joint • Honored Fellow, American Academy of Implant
Diseases, New York, NY Dentistry
• Chairman, Periodontal Department, Cabrini Medical
Center, New York, NY LOUIS J NAMAN
• Director, International Academy for Dental Facial Dr. Louis J. Naman is Past
Esthetics Chairman of the American
• Diplomate of Implantology, International Congress Academy of Implant Dentistry
of Oral Implantology Research Foundation, and he is a
• Diplomat of Implantology, American Society of Fellow, Honored Fellow, and Past
Osseointegration President of the Academy, as well
• Diplomat of Esthetics, American Board of Aesthetic as a Diplomat of the American
Dentistry Board of Oral Implantology.
Part 3: The Innovators 203

He was a 1998 recipient of the Aaron Gershkoff — President of Sigma Alpha Kappa Fraternity
Memorial Award and the 1999 Isiah Lew Memorial — Treasurer of Third Degree Knights of Columbus
Research Award, the highest honor the Academy can — Inducted into the Fourth Degree Knights of
bestow. He is a Fellow and Master in the Academy of Columbus in 1952
General Dentistry, a Fellow and Master in the Academy • Attended Tulane University in 1953
for Implants and Transplants, a Fellow in the • Graduate of University of Alabama School of
International College of Oral Implantology, and a Dentistry in 1956 with a degree in Doctor of Dental
Diplomat in the Society of Osseoitegration, and Past Medicine.
President of the Alabama Implant Study Group. Honors:
Dr. Naman is on the lecture faculty of Howard — Served as president of Xi Psi Phi dental fraternity.
University Oral Implantology Maxi-Course and has also • Commissioned Lieutenant in the US Navy Dental
served on the Implant Maxi-Course faculty of the Corp in 1956.
Medical College of Georgia. He has presented lectures — Served as dental officer for the Third Marine
and seminars at many universities and dental societies Division Fleet Marine Force in Okinawa, Japan.
throughout the United States and abroad, and was — Became Dental Officer of the Navy and Marine
appointed an associate professor at Vilnius University Corps Training Center in Mobile, AL, retired with
School of Dentistry in Lithuania. the rank of Lieutenant Commander in 1976, and
Dr. Naman is a graduate of McGill Institute and now serves in the Retired Reserve
received a BS degree in Biology and Chemistry from • Began the Practice of General Dentistry in
Springhill College. He also attended Tulane University 1960 until present time
and received the degree of Doctor of Dental Medicine • Professional honors:
from the University of Alabama School of Dentistry. — Board Certified by the National Board of Dental
Upon graduation from dental school, he was Examiners of the American Dental Association.
commissioned a Lieutenant in the United States Navy — Board Certified by the American Board of Oral
Dental Corps and performed a rotating dental internship Implantology.
at the US Marine Corps Training Center in Buford, South — Fellow and Master of the Academy of General
Carolina, Camp Hague in Okinawa, and the US Naval Dentistry.
Hospital in Yakuska, Japan. He also served at the Naval — Fellow and Master of the Academy for Implants
Hospitals in Charleston, South Carolina and Northfolk and Transplants.
Virginia. Following his tour of duty with the Third — Diplomate of the Society of Osseo-intergration.
Marine Division, Fleet Marine Force, he served as the — Appointed Associate Professor at Vilnius
dental officer for the US Navy and Marine Corps University School of Dentistry in Lithuania.
Training Center in Mobile, Alabama, where he retired — Received the Aaron Gershkoff and the Isiah Lew
with the rank of Lieutenant Commander. Memorial Research Award from the American
Academy of Implant Dentistry.
Curriculum Vitae — Past president of the American Academy of
• Attended the Cathedral of the Immaculate Implant Dentistry.
Conception Grammar School. — Past chairman of the Research Foundation of the
• Graduate of McGill Institute in 1948. American Academy of Implant Dentistry.
Honors: • Professional Associations:
— Vice-pres. Sophomore class Active member of:
— Played all intramural sports — American Dental Association
— Lettered 2 years in varsity football — Mobile Area Dental Society.
— Selected senior of the month 1948 — American Academy of Implant Dentistry
— Honor roll student — Academy for Implants and Transplants
• Graduate of Springhill College in 1952 with a BS in — Academy of General Dentistry
Biology and Chemistry. • Civic Activities:
Honors: — Junior Chamber of Commerce
— Vice-pres. of Sophomore Class — Chamber of Commerce
— Representative of Student Council — Lions Club
— Mobile Heart Fund
204 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

— Past president of the National Alliance of Houston, Texas in 1961 and Wilford Hall USAF Medical
Lebanese Americans Center, Lackland AFB, Texas in 1962.
— Past president of the American Lebanese Club of He is presently Clinical Professor in the Department
Mobile of Periodontics, with a cross appointment in the
— Recipient of the M O Beal Scroll of Merit Department of Prosthodontics, University of Texas
— Mobile Mystic Societies Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas from 1992 to
— King of Gulf Coast Mardi Gras Society in 1962. the present time. Prior to 1992, he served as Director of
• Church related Activities: the Postdoctoral Program in Periodontics (1984-92) and
— Served 15 years as alter boy . as Chairman of the Department of Periodontics,
— Lector for Carmelite Monastery -Provided free Louisiana State University, New Orleans, Louisiana from
dental services for: 1986-92. He also served as Director of the Postdoctoral
– Catholic Social Services, St. Mary’s Home for Division in Periodontics, 1974-79) and as Acting
Homeless Children-Priests and Nuns at Holy Chairman, Department of Periodontics, University of
Family Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas from
– Brothers of Sacred Heart at McGill Institute 1979-83. He retired from the United States Air Force with
— Provide free dental services for: the rank of Colonel in 1974, having served as Training
— All nuns at the Cloistered Carmelite Officer and Chairman, Department of Periodontics,
Monastery in the dental clinic I built there as well as Wilford Hall USAF Medical Center in the 1960s and
in my private office many Catholic Priests and Nuns of 1970s.
the archdioceses of Mobile. Dr. Meffert is a Diplomate and former Director of
the American Board of Periodontology, having served
ROLAND M MEFFERT as Director from 1990-96 and as Chairman of the
Date of Birth: June 30,1932 American Board of periodontology in 1996. He is also
Place of birth: Waunakee, a Diplomat of the International Congress of Oral
Wisconsin Implantology (ICOI), the American Society of
Education: Osseointegration (ASO), a Fellow of the American
High school: Middleton High College of Dentists (ACD), the International College of
School, 1945-49 Dentists (lCD), holds a Mastership in the American
University of Wisconsin, Academy of Implant Prosthodontics and an Honorary
Madison Wisconsin, 1949-1951 Member of: Panamanian Society of Periodontology,
(pre-dental) Mexican Society of Periodontology, South African
Marquette University, Society of Implantology, the Australian Society Dental
Milwaukee, Wisconsin 1951- Implantology, the College Mediterranen d’ Implantlogie
1955 Orale and the Centro de Implantologis Oral Amilkar
Certificates in periodontics from: Ariza
University of Texas, Houston 1961. In 1988, Dr. Meffert was named as Oral
Wilford Hall USAF Med. Ctr. 1962. Implantologist of the Year by the American Society of
Dr. Roland “Rollie” Meffert was awarded the Osseointegration. He has received International
Distinguished Alumnus in Dentistry from his alma Education Awards from the International Congress of
mater, Marquette University School of Dentistry. Oral Implantologists (ICOI) in 1992 and 1994 and was
Recognized for his many contributions to honored at the Roland M Meffert International
periodontology, implant dentistry and his long history Syniposium in New Orleans in January, 1994. He has
of education in the field, Rollie was honored at a fete at received two Special Citation Awards and was named a
Marquette, April 28, 2006. As an ICOI Past-president, Fellow of the American Academy of Periodontology in
Board of Director, Editor Emeritus or our journal, Implant 1994. In 1999 Dr. Meffert was honored at the annual
Dentistry, and still on numerous ICOI committees, we meeting of the AAP in San Antonio in a special ceremony
join in saluting Rollie’s success. by national and international implantologists.
In June, 1997, Dr. Meffert was honored by having the
Curriculum Vitae Meffert-mutlu Implant Institute named for him in
Dr. Roland M Meffert received his dental degree from Ankara, Turkey and was the Honorary President at the
Marquette University in 1955 and certificates in Meffert International Symposium in Bodrum. Turkey in
Periodontics from the University of Texas Dental Branch, September, 1998.
Part 3: The Innovators 205

In activities associated with the American Academy the editor’s red penciling. All authors sumbit manuscripts
of Periodontology, Dr. Meffert has served on the to implant dentistry at their own risk/peril.
Executive Council from 1983-89, the Committee on One of his claims to fame was that he purchased
Research, Science and Therapy from 1988-94, a Dr. Aaron Gershkoff’s office after he was killed in an
Consultant to the In-service Test Construction airplane crash in the early 1970s.
Committee from 1992-96 and in the past has sewed on
the Education Committee, Committee on Dental WESLEY HALPERT
Implantology and Therapeutic Modalities, and as I was born on April 18, 1922,
speaker, moderator at numerous annual meetings. . . all in New York City, in the
for the American Academy of Periodontology. Bronx, and lived on the Grand
He was also Past-Chairman of the Periodontics Concourse when I was a
Section of the American Association of Dental Schools youngster. Later my family
(AADS), Past-President of the European Association of moved to Washington
Military Periodontists and Past-President of the Heights, Manhattan. After
Southwest Society of Periodontists. some time spent in the military
Dr. Meffert is Editor-Emeritus of the Journal of and I lived in Westchester. I
Practical Periodontics and Aesthetic Dentistry (PPandA), moved to Manhattan and have
Co-editor of Implant Dentistry, and as Reviewer for the lived here in Manhattan ever
International Journal of Periodontics and Restorative since.
Dentistry and the Journal of Periodontology. I had a very happy childhood. I began taking piano
Dr. Meffert is actively involved as Co-Director of the lessons when I was 13 and I continue playing the piano
Preceptorsihip in Dental Implantology at The University to this day. I also joined the Boy Scouts when I was in
of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas my early teens. I attended Stuyvesant High School and
(UTHSCSA) and has been involved with clinical research then went to City College of the City of New York at
on various implant systems and grafting materials, 137th Street. After that I enrolled in Columbia’ s School
techniques for the past 30 years. He is the primary or of Dental and Oral Surgery fi-om which I graduated in
secondary author in over 70 refereed articles and 11 1946.
chapters in textbooks, both bere and internationally, on I did research at Brooklyn Jewish Hospital on
grafting and implantology-related topics. “Enzyme generation” and published a paper in the
Dr. Meffert is Past-President of the International Journal of General Physiology, a publication of
Congress of Oral Implantologists (ICPI) and the Rockefeller University.
American Society of Osseointegration (ASO) and has • Date of birth: April 18, 1922
lectured and represented the disciplines of periodontics • B.S. City College of New York, 1943
and dental implantology nationally and internationally • DDS Columbia University, School of Dental and OraI
in Asia, Europe, Central and South America, Canada, Surgery, 1946
Australia and Mexico. • Omicron Kappa Upsilon, 1946
• Fellow Columbia University, 1950-53
MORTON PEREL • Fellow National Institute of Health, 1953-56
Dr. Morton Perel, Editor- • Associate in Biochemistry, Columbia Univ., 1956-58
in-Chief, of Implant • Associate Clinical Professor of Dentistry, Columbia
Dentistry, has changed his University, School of Dental and Oral Surgery, 1968-
nom de plume to 74
“Platinum Perel”. We • Course Director, Columbia University School of
gues this relates Dental and Oral Surgery, 1970-79
somewhat to his hair color • Module Director, Columbia University School of
(i.e. age), but probably to Dental and Oral Surgery, 1974-83
his recent earning of black • Clinical Professor of Dentistry, Columbia University
belt in taekwondo, a School of Dental and Oral Surgery, 1974-83
Korean martial art. This • Assistant Attending Dentist, Presbyterian Hospital,
blood on Mort’s hand (see 1975-Present
photo), it is said, was from • Associate in Community Dentistry, Georgetown
an author who questioned Univ. Dental School 1979-80
206 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

• Lecturer, Greater Long Island Dental Meeting, April high school; I spent a year in
1979, “The Subperiosteal Implant” Argentina as an international
• Lecturer, West Virginia Dental Society, March 1980 exchange student, living in
“Survey of Dental Implants” Cordoba and Buenos Ares,
• Course coordinator and speaker, “Ceramic Implants: attending both high school
A Practical Demonstration Course”, November 1-2, and a first year of college and
1980 at the First District Dental Society medical school there. Upon
• Lecturer, Essex County Dental Society, NJ “Perio- returning to the United
Prosthodontic Considerations in Implants”, Feb, 1980 States, I began college at
• Lecturer, Hamburg, West Germany, “Endosteal Blade Fairleigh Dickinson
Implant” September 1980 University in New Jersey and
• Lecturer on Dental Implants, Greater New York during that time played
Dental Meeting, November, 1980 college basketball and
• President, Northeast District, American Academy of lacrosse. I graduated college after three years, entering
Implant Dentistry, 1981 the dental school at Farleigh Dickenson and completed
• President, American Academy of Implant Dentistry, school in 1972, finishing dental school in 1975. Following
1982 dental school I began my residency in oral maxillofacial
• Lecturer, Texas Implant Study Group, Houston Texas, surgery at the combined program of Boston University
“History and Overview of Dental Implants.” Nov., and Tufts University. I finished formal training of oral
1982 maxillofacial surgery in 1978 and I began practice in
• Lecturer, Scientific Session, Greater New York Dental Hartford, Connecticut a short time thereafter. I have been
Meeting, November 27, 1982 in practice now for 25 years in Manchester, Connecticut
• Lecturer, University of Tennessee Dental School, and live in Glastonbury, Connecticut with my fiancee
“Survey of Implants”, December, 1982 Doreen Candee and three children Sarrah, Jordan, and
• Course coordinator and speaker, “Finalizing Your Tyler. On my enclosed CV I have some of the patents
Restorations”, March 16, 1983 at the First District and publications I have been involved with. I have also
Dental Society had the opportunity to be trustee for both the American
• Essayist, “Restoring the Edentulous Maxilla or Association of American College of Oral Maxillofacial
Mandible with Implants”, Greater New York Surgeons as well as the American Academy of Implant
• Dental Meeting, Chairman, Ethics Committee, Dentistry. The most important thing I feel that I have
American Academy of Implant Dentistry, 1983-84 accomplished in the field of implant dentistry is the
• Fellow, New York Academy of Dentistry teaching of immediate loading of implants as well as
• Fellow, International College of Dentists primary impression taking to develop emergence profiles
• Chairman, Fellowship Committee, American and immediate provisional as well as full-loading
Academy of Implant Dentistry, 1983-84 following second stage surgery on two-stage implants. I
• Lecturer, University of Alabama Medical School at have been involved over the years with a number of
Mobile, “Anatomy of the Head and Neck”, January implant companies as consultants as well as bone-
1984 grafting companies and have worked as an FDA
• Guest Lecturer, Chest Church, “The Healthy Mouth, investigator on numerous medical devices as well as
an Aspect of Total Health”, March 24,1984 drugs and medications. I look forward to continuing in
• Guest Lecturer each semester in Implant Dentistry at this extremely exciting field of implant dentistry and see
Columbia University, School of Dental and Oral some of the resurgence of some of the things that have
Surgery to General Dentistry residence students. been done in the past coming back to the forefront of
• Fellow, American College of Dentists implant dentistry in the future. With some of the new
• Diplomat, American Board of Oral Implantology technologies that we have, I see no reason that more
• Honored Fellow of American Academy of Implant immediate restorations, customized implants, and a
Dentistry understanding of materials and their use to be
tremendously expanded upon.
JOEL L ROSENLICHT
I was actually born today, as I am dictating this letter, on Education OMS
November 18, 1950. I grew up in Long Island attending • Boston University School of Graduate Dentistry and
Farmingdale Senior High School and prior to graduating Tufts University School of Medicine, 1978
Part 3: The Innovators 207

• Boston, MA DMD 1997 #5,954,769 Surgical Drill Positioning Guide; JL


• Fairleigh Dickinson University Dental School, 1975 Rosenlicht
Teaneck, New Jersey B.S.
• Biology, Fairleigh Dickinson University, 1972 Professional Dissertations
• Rutherford, New Jersey • SmartSteps Implant Dentistry, April 30, 2003 Zimmer
• International Exchange Student, University of Dental, Columbus, OH
Cordoba and University of Buenos Aires, Argentina,
• Smart Implant Dentistry: Making Implant Dentistry
1968
Simple, Fun and Profitable March 26, 2004
• Academic and Professional Honors
• Summit 2004 the Centerpulse International
• 2004 - Present, Trustee, American College Oral
Symposium, Stiges, Spain
Maxillofacial Surgeons
• 2003 - Present Trustee, American Academy of • Key Concept for Bone Grafting, March 19, 2004
Implant Dentistry, Northeast District 1999 - Connecticut Dental Implant Institute, Park, City, Utah
• Present, Chief of Surgery, EHCN Department of Oral • Differential Diagnosis - Treatment Planning -
Surgery, since 1999 2003 Director, Connecticut Maintenance: Diagnosis Protocols March 5,2004
• Study Club for Excellence in Dentistry, since 1998 • World Congress for Oral Implantology, Honolulu,
• 1994 Fellow, Pierre Fauchavd Academy, an Hawaii
International Honor Dental Organization • SmartSteps Implant Dentistry, February 11, 2004
• 1994 Fellow, The American Academy of Implant Centerpulse Dental, Charlotte, NC
Dentistry • Early Provisional or Immediate Loading of Dental
• 1992 Editorial Advisory Board, The Implant Society Implants, December 5,2003 MOMS, Chicago, IL
• 1991 Assistant Clinical Professor, New York • Smart Implant Dentistry, November 5,2003 MID,
University College of Dentistry Hollywood, FL
• 1991 Diplomate, The American Board of Oral • Oral Maxillofacial Surgery of Today, October 30, 2003
Implantology/lmplant Dentistry GCC Fellowship, Glastonbury, CT
• 1990 Diplomate, The International Congress of Oral • SmartSteps Implant Dentsitry, October 24, 2003
Implantologists Centerpulse Dental, Chicago, IL
• 1990 Associate Fellow, The American Society of • SmartSteps Implant Dentistry, October 9, 2003
Osseointegration Centerpulse Dental, Salt Lake City, UT
• 1987 Associate Fellow, American College of Oral • Pre-Surgical Planning For Implant Placement with
Implantology Bone Grafts and Platelet Rich Plasma, May 1, 2003
• 1985 Fellow, The American Association of Oral and
• The Oral Surgery Wisdom Study Club, Huntington,
Maxillofacial Surgeons
NY
• 1984 Fellow, The International Association of Oral
• Block Grafts - Graft Material Choices -
and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Interrelationship of Implant Surgery, Prosthetics and
• 1982 Fellow, The American Dental Society of
• Maintenance. May 2,2003
Anesthesia
• 1980 Diplomate, The American Board of Oral and • Miami Implant Dentistry Continuum 2003, North
Maxillofacial Surgery. Miami Beach, FL
• Smart Implant Dentistry, February 27 Coffee with the
Experts, March 1 Academy Osseointegration, Boston,
Professional Experience
MA
1978 Private Practice in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery,
• Smart Implant Dentistry Utilizing Primary
Manchester, Connecticut
Impression, Surgical Risks and Handling
1994 United States Patents
Complications,
#5,3 12,254 Sterile Application of Implants in
Bone; JL Rosenlicht • March 14 Connecticut Dental Implant Institute,
#5,374,188 Electro-surgical Instrument and Telluride, CO
Method for Use with Dental Implantation; M For a complete CV of Dr. Rosenlicht, please write:
Frank Riverdale, NY; JL Rosenlicht Joel L Rosenlicht, D.M.D.
#5,915,962 Dental Implant Positioning Guide; JL 483 Middle Turnpike West
Rosenlicht Manchester, CT 06040-3864
208 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

CHARLES S MANDELL JACK KRAUSER


• Date of Birth: April 11, Date of Birth; July 5 1951.
1940 Childhood: Spent in Bellemor,
a suburban town on New
• Born: Brooklyn, NY.
York’s Long Island. Worked
Brighton Beach section;
hard at school. Was an honor’s
moved to Bronx at age 7
student, National Science
• Attended James Monroe Foundation Grant, and
High School; moved back lettered in three sports-varsity
to Brooklyn at age 14 level for three years. Co-
• Attended and graduated Captain of Football team and
James Madison High Track and Field team. Made
School All County-Nassau second team in football and first team
• Colleges attended: T&Field. Went to U Connecticut and lettered in Lacrosse
Brooklyn College, Wagner College, Long Island and two years in football. Active in various college
University, Hartwick activities. Went to U Pennsylvania School of Dental
• College, Temple University School of Dentistry. Medicine. The Periodontal Department was very
• Joined the United States Army for two years. influential in my career choice to become a Periodontist.
Stationed at the Surgical Clinic at Fort Gordon, Friendship with Mort Amsterdam and Frank Matarazzo
Augusta, Georgia were the inspirations for me. Attended Boston University
Periodontal certificate. My leaders were several,
• Private Dental Practice in Hollywood, Florida for 42
however, Gerry Kramer and Ron Nevins were key
years
influencers and teachers. Many of the faculty are still
• Staff position: The Dade County Dental Research involved with friendship with me today.
Center Jackson Memorial Hospital Complex: Career started with master clinicians Burt Langer and
University of Miami School of Medicine Stephen Stein in NY and Scarsdale. After learning a lot
1. Hands-on Multi Modal Implant Dentistry course of techniques and management, went on own with
38 years in duration. affiliations with Ira Kotler and Howard Marshall in
2. This program has been responsible for training Westchester and NYC, respectively. After getting “stuck”
over 600 Florida dentists in the Multi-modal in the blizzard of 1982, I decided to move to Florida.
Concept of Implant Dentistry. Started practice in Palm Beach County in late 1982. I
3. The course has now expanded from a Basic presently have two offices in Boca Raton and N Palm
Division to include an Advanced Division. Beach/Palm Beach Gardens. The Boca office has a
We meet two full days a month for 2 years in each classroom teaching center. I have run several types of C
division. All meetings are hands on and didactic. Ed and courses at the Center. I have learned a lot from
my mentors in implant dentistry including: Len Linkow,
Main Project Accomplishments Jack Hahn, Chuck Babbush, Morton Perel, Carl Misch,
1. Combining the field of Forensic Odontology and Ken Judy and Gerry Niznick. I have been blessed by their
Implant Dentistry to identify the unknown remains friendship and guidance.
in mass disasters of the United States or international. • High School: John F. Kennedy- Bellmore, New York,
2. Currently involved with promoting legislation on a University of Connecticut, Storrs, Conn
Federal level making all Orthopedic appliances • University of Pennsylvania SDM, Philadelphia, PA
(dental implants) maintain a serial # with a central 1977, Boston University - Periodontics 1979, Boston
bank in Washington as a national registry. Mass.
3. Accomplishments: American Board of Oral Implan- • Several Universities have honored me with academic
tology, Diplomat International College of Oral positions: LSU, USC, U Pittsburgh, UMiami School of
Implantology, Fellow American Academy of Implant Medicine, as well as a PhD from U Aachan Germany
Dentistry, Assoc Fellow AAID, Fellow ICOI, Fellow • Prof H Spiekermann Presently Treasurer of ICOI,
Dentistry International, Fellow Dade County Dental soon Secretary. Diplomate and Fellow of ICOI.
Research Center, Fellow American Academy of Member of AAP, FSP, AAID AO-Fellow.
Osseointegration, President Academy of Clinical Oral Offices in Boca Raton and N. Palm Beach/Palm Beach
Implantology. Gardens, FL
Part 3: The Innovators 209

SIDNEY I BERGER but rather I shall concentrate on giving a bit information


In order to be able to about the great European Innovators. Forgive me if I
understand the present or should leave some names out, it is not done
the future you must know intentionally—but I shall list those in America who I feel
of the past—the history have influenced me most greatly and imparted
that made possible the knowledge to me at every opportunity. They are of course
development that leads to the following men:
whatever knowledge we Gershkoff and Goldberg, Isaiah Lew of Polyclinic
have today, and what shall Hospital, Norman Cranin of Brookdale-NYU Hospital,
be forthcoming in the Lenny Linkow of the Institute for Graduate Dentists, Ford
future. Turner and his team of the Alabama Study Club and
In order to understand University of Alabama, Maurice Fagan of the University
the history that brings us of Georgia.
together to today we I shall impart what knowledge I have had of the great
should know and European teachers we have, and whom I have had the
appreciate the efforts of the men who committed pleasure of dealing with and learning from personally,
themselves to the art of implantology. as did many other Americans who took time to go to
We should be proud of the efforts of these men who Europe in quest of more knowledge.
faced opposition of all kinds from the medical and dental On my list of great European teachers of implantology
experts who made dire predictions of the evil is my good friend and mentor and brother who not only
consequences of doing implants ... certainly implants that excelled in dentistry and facial surgery, hypnotic
might be left exposed to infections that might occur. relaxation procedures, but also a man of great culture
In the past other “so called experts” recommended and humor, who taught me much in “how to live and
extraction of all teeth where there might have been minor enjoy life,” but most important how to give of ourselves
perio problems, or extraction of teeth for patients with to others. Everyone who came in contact with him felt
kidney disease or arthritis, etc. These founders, this aura. In Japan, he is almost considered a national
developers, “the Brave ones,” fortunately ignored the treasure! This man is Raphael Chercheve of Paris.
diatribes of the health communities at great emotional As I said before, at the Medical College (Lariboisiére
and often economic expense to themselves. Hospital Surgery and lecture halls) many pioneers came,
It was these great men who lead us to the point where who later formed their own groups.
today, our peers, in legal cases, ask of us who have made All of the European group owe its beginning in
treatment plans, “Have you offered the patient the implants to Dr. Formiggini, an eminent surgeon dentist
alternative of having implants, rather than a fixed from North Italy. He was being hunted by the Nazis, but
bridge?” If you, the diagnosing and treatment planner, was saved by French and Italians in Alto Savoia, who
did not offer this alternative, you could be held liable in hid him during those trying years.
a court of law. At one point following an extraction procedure he
Who were these men—I am amazed at the lack of inserted iodoforrn gauze into the extraction site. After a
knowledge of men who claim they are expert period of time he found bone enveloped the gauze and
implantologists, of these heroes. I will give you a short he could not remove it. He then hand fashioned tantalum
list of some of these founders in modem times. Upon twisted wire and then used this device to insert into the
meeting these men, I expected them to be ancient. They bone, and by using the exposed portion was able to use
were filled with energy and they in turn imparted their the implant spiral to support a tooth. The concept was
energy and excitement to the younger novices like presented to all of the Europeans, and so scholars as Ugo
myself. They were sharing and giving and helpful to all Pasqualini, Tramonte, Muratori and others from Milan,
of us. Some were Americans, and others were Europeans started to develop techniques and study the physiology
and some Brazilians who were important. Amazingly of their devices.
enough, most of the Americans came from the Boston This was later modified to be buried until healing took
area, and the New York area, and finally from the place. Then the implant would be exposed and an
southeast, the Alabama Study Club, which became a abutment head inserted.
driving force. In Germany two schools led to the development of
I will but mention some of the American school, who the Deutsche Geselleschaft Zahnarztlich zu Implanto-
were important to all of us but I shall not discuss them, logie. Benedict Heinrich developed a blade copied from
210 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

Linkow with bendable shoulder extensions that would Graduate Dentists where, I had the good fortune to get
be bent to the cortical bone to prevent settling of the blade to know the great Leonard Linkow. I say great because I
implant. He also utilized many Scialom tripodal honestly feel that were it not for Dr. Linkow, hardly
implants. And also from Bremen, Hans Grafelman, who anyone would have the courage to perform implant
commercially produced copies of blades, screws, treatment, in any part of the world. It was he who taught
instruments (well made) and root forms, which he all over the world and bore the brunt of recrimination
incorporated into his company called Oraltronics, after for the occasional failure that led so many to attempt to
Charlie Weiss’s Oratronics. deride him. His honesty and devotion to implantology
We must give a great deal of credit to the Austenal knew no bounds, and at great personal expense,
Company and to Mr Eric Bausch, who headed their monetarily and healthwise.
dental laboratory division, who helped us to develop Then I studied with Norman Cranin at Brookdale and
metals and subperiosteal implant techniques etc. so that worked and taught with Isaiah Lew at the Polyclinic
the field of implantology could progress. Hospital, and with Erik Bausch of the Vitalium
In Brazil much work was originally done by Benjamin corporation (Austenal) who also helped to develop the
Bello who wrote one of the first books on implantology Vitalium hip implant, under medical colleague
in South America for worldwide consumption. Dr. Frederick Thompson’s tutelage of St. Lukes Hospital.
As a final thought, it must be said that were it not for For teaching both surgical and prosthetic procedures
Lenny Linkow, Raphael Chercheve, Giordano Muratori, in France at the various University Hospitals of France, I
Gershkoff, Goldberg, Cranin and Lew, very few implants received two of the highest medals offered by France and
would be done in the world today. These were the men the city of Paris, the medals of Vermeille and of Silver.
who took most of the brunt of criticism, and legal I became active in implant societies and became
vituperation for their efforts, and still take those nasty Credentialed and an Honored Fellow of the AAID and a
references today. They were the pioneers who made it diplomate of the ICOI and of the Society for
possible so that today, if implants are not offered as a Osseointegration.
potential treatment plan along with other valid plans, I have had the good fortune to learn and to share
the dentist is potentially liable for a legal suit. information with all greats in implantology including the
Graduated from NYU with 2 honors amongst five very Italian group that was led by Prof Giordano
granted to students. Muratori in Bologna, with his colleagues Professors
A. OKU—the honorary dental society Tramonte, Pasqualini and Mondani, etc.
B. The Medal for General Excellence during the student As a result of my trips to Europe I spent much time
years at NYU in Bienne and in Neuchatel, in Switzerland with the
Interned for an extended internship at Montefiore great companies that developed most of the attachments
Hospital, a great learning experience, and again, with that are used for Prosthetics. Indeed, I was lucky.
wonderful teachers on the staff, a great and pleasant Chercheve, I and Marty Baskas launched with our
learning experience. lecturing, the Alabama Study Group, under the tutelage
I joined the army and entered with a specialty of of Ford Turner and the University of Alabama, that
Prosthodontics. It was interesting to meet excellent men became one of the most vibrant groups in implantology,
from other parts of the United States, with different along with the other group led by Mr Maury Fagan of
training, and different concepts ...great for my maturation Atlanta in the US
and development as a dentist. Along this learning pleasure trail, I received a
Became bored with the techniques, and even diploma in Orthodontics and lectured extensively and
frustrated in dentistry. Heard about a course in Paris, wrote many articles.
about a field at that time that was generally unaccepted. Dr. Chercheve was the recipient of the prestigious
I went to Paris and started my implant studies under the Aaron Gershkoff Award in 1978.
tutelage of the father of implantology in Europe, at the In August of 1990 Linkow received this letter from
very famous Lariboisiére Hospital Medical School of Raphael Chercheve. I corresponded with him many
Paris. All of the great teachers of implantology in those times in over a quarter of a century of collaboration and
beginning days took of their time to visit and see what friendship, but this missive was especially fulfilling:
was doing at Lariboisiere Hospital. And ultimately many Dear Lenny,
neophytes from all over the US and other parts of the I shall never forget the exceptional moments that we
world came to see Chercheve to see what was going on. have spent together.
When I returned I went to study under the US The words I use are frozen but the impetus of our
innovators, the pioneers. I started to visit the Institute of friendship is still wonderfully stimulating.
Part 3: The Innovators 211

We know sufficiently of the world to be able to • Ass. Academition International Academy of


distinguish truth from falsehood. This is why the Informatics Moscow 1996.
authentic pleasure that we feel when we smile at each • Ass. Member UN1996, Academician 1997.
other or when we shake hands is truly exceptional. • Vice president ICOI section Israel 1988 .
I must admit that for many years after you took over • Chairman of board of Israeli Linkow Dental Assoc.,
for me in Lariboisiére Hospital in Paris during my annual and founder.
course in front of hundreds of students I became very • Organizer of 6 International Congresses on Oral
jealous. Do you remember when my implant would not Implantology.
fit tightly into the maxilla of the woman patient and you • Recipient K.C.M Knight of Malta 1987, KCG - Knight
successfully inserted your vent-plant after I finally gave of Grece 2001.
way to your pestering? • Certificate of Achievement Allegheny County Pitts.
However, in time I realized that my own days of glory 1996.
were long and great and it was time for me to let go. The • Man of the year American Biografical Institute 2001.
years that followed proved to me that you, Linkow, • Master AAIP (Hall of Fame Celebrated Pioneer 1996)
became the greatest implantologist in the world. I’m • Acheivements include patents for quick hardening
proud that you still call me “mon pere.” of bone with soft laser, and appliance to measure the
You are very lucky and you must realize it. You have difference of potential in the bucal cavity.
recognition and this recognition is so strong that it
• One of the students and promoters of Prof. Linkow’s
muzzles your enemies: whatever they try to do you are
systems and knowledge.
and will remain the great Linkow.
• Lectured in many Implantological Congresses all over
The photograph I send you is in my eyes the symbol
the world Israel, USA, Italy France
of a great pride. It is your hand that is around my back
• Germany, India, Egypt, Russia
and I feel stronger from your presence.
• Wrote many articles in various Journals of
On top of all what you have already done, the book
Implantology.
which we are going to publish brings a new prospect
and a new dimension to your work.
It will be a book full of life and this time with a real
FRANCESCO MANGINI
collaboration of the two of us. With my love, yours, R.
Prof. Francesco Mangini was
Chercheve.
born in 1952, the same year
that Linkow graduated from
SAMUEL KAUFMAN New York University College
Curriculum Vitae of Dentistry. He graduated
• Birth place: Secureni, Medicine and Surgery in 1976
Ukraina and specialized in dentistry.
• Birth date: Sept. 8, 1944 He was appointed
Son of Leopold Assistant Professor and Fellow
(dentist) and Fani. of the Institute of Clinical
• Arrived in Israel 1979 Dentistry at the University of
and married Liliane Bari, Italy and was nominated Head of the Regional
Kaufman (Herscovici) Center for Oral Rehabilitation and Implantology at the
MD’ children Elyia & University of Bari, Italy.
Lior. Prof Mangini taught periodontics and dental surgery
• Graduated Inst. of Medicine Timisoara, Romania at the Postgraduate School of Dentistry at the University
1972-MD, DDS of Bari. He also teaches Dental Hygiene at the same
• Certified Implant Dentistry, School of Dentistry university. He was also officially elected to the Faculty
University of Pittsburg 1992. of the School of Medicine and Surgery at the University
• Diplomate ICOI-ASOI, AAIP of Foggia, Italy, to teach the course of clinical dentistry.
• Consultant French Hospital and Polyclinics NY 1976. He is currently the European director of the Linkow
• Clinical asst. Dusseldorf Germany 1977, Berlin 1978-79. International Institute of Advanced Implantology and
• Head Dental Clinic Kiriat Bialik Israel seance 1980. Reconstructive Dentistry and clinical Associate Professor
• Clinical Ass. Prof. Dept. of Prosthodontics Univercity of Implant Dentistry at the College of Dentistry at David
of Pittsburgh 1991. B. Kreiser Dental Center of the New York University. He
212 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

lectures regularly on topics concerning dentistry, oral Curriculum Vitae


surgery and oral implantology. Personal Data
Prof Franceso Mangini has been the organizer and Born May 28, 1946, Brooklyn, New York Married– Wife
president for the past fourteen years of the Linkow Karen, Son- Derek
Institute held in Capri and Bari, Italy. He also co-authored
Linkow’s book, Vol. V Color Atlas of Implant Techniques Education
and Implant Prostheses-Picini Publications, Padua, Italy. • BA, Brooklyn College, 1968
• DDS, New York University, College of Dentistry, 1972
DENNIS TARNOW • Rotating Dental Internship, Brookdale Hospital,
Dr. Tarnow was born in Brooklyn, New York 1973
Brooklyn NY in 1946 to • Chief Resident, Periodontic Program Veterans
Russian immigrants. Administration Hospital New York, New York 1975
He went to Madison • Postdoctoral Program in Periodontics
High School and then to • New York University College of Dentistry, 1973 - 1976
the city institution of Certificate Received 1976
Brooklyn College because • Postdoctoral Program in Prosthodontics New York
he couldn’t afford private University, 1973-1976
college. He was admitted
to NYU dental school in Present Appointments
1968 through 1972. He had Professor and Chairman—Department of Periodontology and
one year of General Implant Dentistry
Practice residency at New York University College of Dentistry September—
Brookdale Hospital under Dr. Norman Cranin. Then 2005 to present
NYU started a program combining full training in • Professor and Chairman—Arthur Ashman Depart-
Periodontology and Prosthodontics. He received a ment of Implant Dentistry
certificate in both and went on to get his Board New York University College of Dentistry September—
Certification in Periodontology in 1985. 1998 to 2005
He became director of the clinic in PG Periodontology. • Adjunct Assistant Professor of Dentistry
He was later placed as Director of Implant Dentistry at Columbia University School of Dentistry—1982 to
NYU and then later became the first Chairman of the present
new Department of Implant Dentistry which was formed • Assistant Attending—Division of Dentistry
because of the Linkow Chair in Implant Dentistry. Today Manhattan Eye, Ear and Throat Hospital, New York,
the two departments are combined into the largest New York—1994 to present
implant training program in the world. It is now the • Attending-Perio-Prosthesis Department, New York
Department of Periodontology and Implant Dentistry. Hospital Medical Center of Queens Flushing, New
He also has a multidisciplinary practice with five York—1995 to present
prosthondontists, two periodontists and one orthodontist • Attending in Periodontics Veterans Administration
in New York City. Hospital, New York, New York—1985 to present
Dr. Tarnow has been married for 23 years to Karen, • Clinical Professor Ad Honorem Republic of
with one boy. Argentina, Maimonides University Dentocranial and
Professor and Chairman of the Department of Maxillofacial Faculty of Health Sciences Institute of
Implant Dentistry at New York University College of Investigations—April 2006
Dentistry, he is the first winner of the Morton L. Perel
Annual Award for Dental Implant Educators. Tenure Status
Dr. Tarnow was recently made Professor and September 1998
Chairman of the Department of Periodontology, making
him chairman of both departments. His implantology Past Appointments
department probably has more post-graduate students • Associate Professor and Chairman
attending than any other implant department in the • Arthur Ashman Department of Implant Dentistry,
world. New York University College of Dentistry, New York,
Dr. Tarnow is one of the most sought after lecturers New York—1993 to 1998
in the world and is currently lecturing around the globe. • Associate Professor, Department of Periodontics,
Part 3: The Innovators 213

New York University College of Dentistry—1993 to Professional Membership


1998 • American Academy of Implant Dentistry: Fellow,
• Associate Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, Diplomate Past President
New York University College of Dentistry—1993 to • American Board of Oral Implantology/Implant
1998 Dentistry: Diplomate
• Acting Chairman and Clinical Professor, Arthur • International Congress of Oral Implantology:
Ashman, Department of Implant Dentistry, New Diplomate
York University College of Dentistry, New York, New • Academy of General Dentistry: Fellow
York—1991 to 1993 • AALD Southern District: Past President
• Clinical Professor, Department of Periodontics, New • Academy of Implants and Transplants
York University College of Dentistry—1987 to 1993 • Alabama Implant Study Group: Past President
• Clinical Professor • LD Pankey Institute Alumni Association
• Department of Prosthodontics, New York University • American Dental Association
College of Dentistry—1987 to 1993 • American Congress of Oral Implantology
• Chief of Perio-Prosthesis Department, New York • Florida Prosthodontic Study Group
Hospital Medical Center of Queens, Flushing, New
York—1976 to 1994 Research and Professional Publications
• Director of Implant Dentistry, NYU College of • Member National Institute of Health Research Group
Dentistry, New York, New York 1989 to 1999 for the Study of Periodontal Disease and Oral
• Director of Postgraduate Clinical Periodontics New Implants
York University College of Dentistry—1982 to 1990 • Halcion: An Oral Alternative to IV Sedation: Florida
• Associate Clinical Professor, Department of Dental Journal
Periodontics, New York University College of Clinical and Microbiology Findings on Newly
Dentistry—1982 to 1987 Inserted HydroxyApatite Coated and Pure Titanium
• Associate Clinical Professor, Department of Human Dental Implants: Clin Oral Imp Res 1991.
Prosthodontics–Advanced Education Division, 6809 South Dixie Highway
New York University—1982 to 1987 West Palm Beach, FL 33405
• Assistant Clinical Professor, Department of
Periodontics, New York University College of MARC N BENHURI
Dentistry—1976 to 1982 Dr. Marc N. Benhuri was born
• Assistant Clinical Professor, Department of in Teheran, Iran in a Jewish
Removable Prosthodontics, New York University— ghetto on March 18, 1944. He
1976 to 1982 went to St. Louis Elementary
School (French missionary
Those wanting Dr. Tarnow’s complete CV, please write to school) for 6 years, where he
Dr. Dennis Tarnow learned French and
50 East 58th Street Suite 3200 Christianity. After that he
New York, New York 101 55 went to Adib Islamic School
for 6 years were he learned
ARTHUR K MOLZAN Arabic and Islam. After High
• Date of Birth: April 22, 1952 School he worked 2 years in
• Childhood Days: Three Teheran Bazaar to tutor
different areas in Cleveland, students in order to have enough money to buy a one-
Ohio way ticket to the USA. With only $460.00 to start a new
• High school graduation; life in the USA..
Brecksville High School, He has two brothers, one of them is a Cardiologist
graduated 1970 and the other is an Internist Practitioner in New York,
• University Years: Ohio he also has three sisters, all married and living in New
Wesleyan University, BA York.
Degree 1974 Dr. Benhuri has 4 children: Rebecca is 33 years old,
Cleveland State University: Graduate School 1976 she is a lawyer living in San Francisco, California. Robert
• Dental School: Ohio State College of Dentistry 1980 is 30 years old, he is married and he is getting his
214 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

Doctorate Degree in Oriental Medicine. Michael is 22 • Fellow and Diplomat of the American Society of
years old and has just finished college and he was Osseointegration.
accepted for September 2007 for a Ph.D. program in • Fellow of the American Academy of Implant
Harvard and Columbia University in History and Dentistry.
Government. Dr. Benhuri is married for the 2nd time, he • Member of the Board of Directors of the American
and his wife Yana have a 13-month-old son named Ariel College of Oral Implantol ogists.
Shalom. • Member of the American Dental Association.
Dr. Benhuri lives in Manhattan and his practice is on • Member of the Federation of Prosthodontics.
5th’ Avenue and 57th Street. Dr. Benhuri started research • Member of the Alpha Omega Fraternity.
and development of Dental Implants in the 1970s. He
was also an Engineer with a Master’s Degree in Publications
Mechanical Engineering in an Original Group of • “Hypnosis; Fact and Fiction.”
Researchers in Dental Implant. • “Management of Pain Associated with TMJ
Later on he did research in Tempero-Mandibular Joint Disorder.”
Dysfunction in 1976, and he started a Department of • “Mercury Poisoning.”
Dental Implants at Columbia University School of
• “Nitrous Oxide.”
Dentistry as an Associate Professor. He left Columbia
• “On the Subject of Human Behavior.”
University in 1984 and became visiting Professor to the
• “Scanning Electron Microscopy of Implant Surface.”
Royal Society of Medicine in England, for 10 years he
• “Sterilization Technique for Oral Implant.”
was visiting professor at the University of Bologna in
Italy; University of Zurich, Switzerland; University of • “TMJ Syndrome.”
Copenhagen in Denmark; University of Hamburg, • “Today’s Dentistry.”
Germany, University of Tokyo, Japan and University of • “Young, Succcesful Executive Killer, Tension, Worry,
Teheran. Anger.”
In 1994 he became Clinical Professor of Prostho- • Engineering Aspect of Human Head and Neck.
dontics in the University of Pittsburgh until 2004, where • Temporal-Mandibular Joint Dysfunction.
he conducted research in bone implants. Encyclopedia of Diet and Nutrition (Co-Author), to
be published.
Following is Dr Benhuri’s CV • Price of Freedom (Fiction) to be published.
• BS Mechanical Engineering, 1968
University of New Haven Appearances
New Haven, Connecticut. • CBS Six O’clock News. “The Overall View of Dental
• Doctor of Medical Dentistry, 1974 Implants.” New York, October 2, 1990.
University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
• MS Prosthodontics, 1975. NBC: Today-Show. “Dental Implants.” National
University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Coverage, July 12.
• MS Mechanical Engineering, 1979.
Fairleigh Dickinson University
ARTURO HRUSKA
Teaneck, IVew Jersey.
• Clinical Professor of Prosthodontics and Co-Director Curriculum Vitae
of Research in Dental Implants. Arturo Hruska was a
University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Medical Doctor specialist in
• Former Editor of American Academy of Implant Dentistry. He graduated at
Dentistry. the Medical School of the
• President of AAID for North East, USA. University “La Sapienza” in
• Regional Vice President, The American Academy of Rome in 1965. After
Oral Implantology, for 12 years. graduation he practiced for
• Former Associate Professor of Prosthodontics at six months as a general
Columbia University School of Dentistry. surgeon at the S Giacomo
• Fellow and Diplomat of International College of Oral hospital in Rome and for
Implantologists. another six months at a
• Fellow and Master of the American Academy of missionary hospital in
Implant Prosthodontics. Mozambique.
Part 3: The Innovators 215

He specialized at the Dental school of the same His grandfather was the dentist of Nicholas, the last czar
University in 1967 and practiced for one year at the of Russia, his father and his uncle were the dentists of
maxillofacial surgery department of the University in the Italian and Dutch royal families and of two popes:
Hamburg with Prof. Rerhman. He attended the following Pius XII and John XXIII.
years the periodontal department of Tuft University in Dr Hruska passed away in 2006.
Boston with Prof Glickman and gnathology at the
University of Malmoe in Sweden with Prof Posselt. S SHANKAR IYER
Furthermore, in the same years, he had been in the
private offices of Prof C Pincus and PKThomas in Los Education
Angeles. 1999-2002: Certificate in Graduate Prosthodontics
He practiced implantology/prosthodontics since Advanced Education in Prosthodontics
1969, following its evolution from Scialom needle and Occlusion, New York University
implants, Linkow blades, various root-form implants and College of Dentistry, NY
different subperiosteals, to the actual techniques of 1992-1994: Doctor of Dental Surgery
guided tissue regeneration, sinus elevation, bone grafts New York University, New York
and nerve repositioning. 1988-1990: Master of Dental Surgery
His teachers and partners were the most important (Prosthetic Dentistry)
implantologists in the world, including Chercheve, Bombay, India
Linkow, Hahn and Tatum. 1983-1987: Bachelor of Dental Surgery
Fellow of the American Academy of Implant Annamalai University, India
Dentistry (AAID) for more than ten years, member of
the International Congress of Oral Implantologists
(ICDI), member of the European Academy of Aesthetic
Dentistry (EAED), active member of the Academy of
Osteointegration (AO).
He has been lecturing in implantology and
prosthodontics at various international meetings in
Germany, France, United States and Italy since 1984.
Author of 28 original articles on Italian and foreign
dental magazines (“11 Dentista Moderno,
Dentalcodmos” quintessence International”, “Die
Quintessence”, “Journal of Oral Implantology”, “The
International Journal of Prosthodontics”, “Journal of
Prosthetic Dentistry”). He obtained 9 international
patents for the intraoral welding machine and the
decontamination device for titanium castings, which
allowed him to start applying for the first time in the
world since 1987 crowns, bridges and subperiosteal
implants cast in titanium.
In 1998, he had been elected as President of the AISI
(“Accademia Italiana di Stomatologia
Implantoprotesica). Dental School Honors and
In 2001, he received a European and American patent Extracurricular Activities
“ Healing Post for intrasurgical immobilization of dental • Deans’ List, NYUCD, New York
implants for immediate loading”. • Fixed Honors Program, NYUCD
In 2004, he became an active member of the Italia- • CCAP A Honors Program
Chine Association. • President of Student Council, Dental College,
In 2004, he was nominated Global Advisor of the Annamalai University
American Academy of Implant Dentistry and in • Ciba Geigy Gold Medal in Periodontics, India
November of that year he was elected Honored Fellow. • Silver Medalist, combined overall performance
Arturo R Hruska comes from a third generation during the 4-year Dental Program
family that includes 14 dentists in a period of 120 years. • Annamalai University, India
216 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

Specialization Publications
• American Board of Oral Implantology-Diplomat • Iyer S: Effect of drills speeds on heat production in
dental implant osteotomysites, (abstract). Journal of
Postgraduate Experience Oral Implantology - Vol XVII - 1991.
• Clinical Instructor: Comprehensive Care and Applied • Weiss CM, Fuentes DA, Iyer S: Implant Dentistry for
Practice the General Practitioner, Journal of Philippine Dental
Administration, NYUCD Association, Vol 32,4: 5-12, March - May 1997;
• Iyer S et al: Effects of drill speed on heat production
Honors and the rate and quality of bone formation in dental
• Recipient of the Kenneth Adisman Book - For implant osteotomies: Part I: Relationship between
Outstanding performance in AEPP, NYU drill speed and heat production, Int J Prosthodont,
• American Equilibration Society Award, New York 10:411-4 - Sept/Oct. 1997;
• Bernard Rudner Memorial Award, CCAP A, NYUCD • Iyer S et al: Effects of drill speed on heat production
and the rate and quality of bone formation in dental
Fellowships implant osteotomies: Part II: Relationship between
• Fellow - American Academy of Implant Dentistry drill speed and healing, Int J Prosthodont 10:536-40,
• Recipient of the Litvak Fellowship Award, NYU Nov/Dec. 1997
• Fellow, Academy of Dental Facial Eshtetics • Iyer S: The conversion prosthesis, the Smile Times
(Newsletter) Vol 1, Jan 1998
Organizational Activities
• 2006 Director, AAID Maxi Course, India References Available on request
• 2004 December: Co-Director, AAID/India Implant
Maxicourse, Chennai, India Table Clinics
• 2003 March 15-20: Course Director - Comprehensive 2000 November Intramucosal Inserts American
Oral Implantology, Mumbai, India Academy of Implant Dentistry, Annual
• 1997 September Expert Clinician: AAID Research Meeting, Nashville, TN, USA
Foundation Symposium, Main Podium Speaker on 1992 October “Ion-Implantation and other surface
Endosseous Implantology modification techniques” Table Clinic
• 46th Annual Convention of AAID, Atlanta Presentation at the 41st Annual
• 1992 February: Panel member representing Dental Meeting of the American Academy of
Implant Manufacturer’s Association to the FDA, Implant Dentistry, Orlando, FI
Rockville, MD 1991 October “Heat Production in Bone at Implant
• 2004 Jan, March :American Academy of Implant Osteotomy Sites with high, low and
Dentistry Maxi Course, Co-Director, Chennai, India intermediate speed drilling” Table
• Petition to Reclassify Endosseous Dental Implants Clinic Presentation 40th Annual
Meeting, AAID, Chicago
Professional Activities
• Scientific Chairman: 56th Annual Meeting of AAID, If you would like to receive Dr. Iyer’s complete CV, please
Las Vegas 2007 write to:
• Secretary General: World Congress of Oral S. Shankar Iyer, DDS
Implantology WCOI 7, Japan 469 Morris Avenue
• Trustee: American Academy of Implant Dentistry Elizabeth, NJ 07208
• Course Director: 300-Hour AAID-Implant Maxi
CourseR , India Editorial Board: Journal of Oral
MAURICE ALBERT SALAMA
Implantology
Dr. Maurice A Salama comple-
• Course Director: Removable Partial Denture, Lit
ted his undergraduate studies
Review, AEPP, NYUCD
at the State University of New
York at Binghamton in 1985,
Teaching Experience
where he received his BS in
Present: Clinical Assistant Professor, Advanced
Biology. Dr. Salama received
Education Program in Prosthodontics, New York
his DMD from the University of
University College of Dentistry, New York, NY.
Pennsylvania School of Dental
Part 3: The Innovators 217

Medicine where he later also received his dual specialty dental school, volunteering in
certification in Orthodontics and Periodontics, as well both clinics during his senior
as implant training at the Branemark Center at Penn. He year for additional experience.
is currently on the Faculty of the University of He was fortunate to have been
Pennsylvania and the Medical College of Georgia as accepted into the three-year
Clinical Assistant Professor of Periodontics, and is Maxillofacial Prosthetic
visiting Professor of Periodontics at Nova Southeastern Program at the MD. Anderson
University in Florida. Cancer Institute, and the
Dr Salama has completed an ADA accredited hospital UTHSC Dental School in
based General Practice Residency at Maimonides Houston, Texas. It was during
Medical Center in New York City. He has had the this tenure that Dr. Ganz was
opportunity to further broaden his clinical horizons exposed to a variety of
through externships at Hadassah Hospital, Hebrew opportunities to learn about reconstruction, from both a
University in Jerusalem and Beth Israel Hospital in New surgical and prosthetic perspective. Upon returning to
York City in 1988 and has been a contributor to the dental the New York area, Dr. Ganz worked in Manhattan in
literature. His very unique background includes the offices of several prosthodontists. His career took
specialized training in Orthodontics, Periodontal another turn when he joined the practice of Dr. Leonard
Surgery, and Implant Dentistry. Linkow in 1984. The year spent with Dr. Linkow allowed
Dr. Salama is a partner in the Atlanta Esthetic Dental Dr. Ganz to be exposed full force to the world of implant
Practice known as “Team Atlanta”. His partners include dentistry. It was here, working with Dr. Linkow that
Dr. David Garber, Dr. Ronald Goldstein and his brother, Dr. Ganz discovered how dramatic implants impacted
Dr. Henry Salama. This group has an international on the quality of patient’s lives. Watching Dr. Linkow in
reputation for interdisciplinary care, dental education action, hearing his lectures, viewing firsthand the
and has published hundreds of articles and several thousands of cases that had been performed was one of
textbooks. the most valuable experiences, both professionally and
Dr. Salama served as the Dental Expert for Channel personally for Dr. Ganz.
5 Fox TV in Atlanta. He is an active member in the Dr. Ganz opened his own private practice for
American Association of Orthodontists, the American Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry in 1986 in Fort Lee,
Academy of Periodontics, the Academy of Osseo- NJ, where he has been ever since. Following in Dr.
integration, the American Academy of Esthetic Dentistry, Linkow’s footsteps, Dr. Ganz has published widely (over
and the American Academy of Implant Dentistry. 45 articles), and lectured throughout the world on all
Recently, Dr. Salama has been a speaker at programs for aspects of surgical and restorative implant dentistry. He
the Academy of Osseointegration, the American expanded his influence on the industry through his
Association of Orthodontists, the American Academy of pioneering use of computers for presentations and
Periodontology, the American Academy of Esthetic imaging. His book, “An illustrated Guide to
Dentistry, the Interdisciplinary Care Conference understanding Dental Implants” was the first of its kind
presented by five Academies, the American Academy to go from disk to print in 1993, combining his back-
of Cosmetic Dentistry, Alpha Omega International, and ground in commercial art with computer illustrations.
the Chicago Dental Society. This landmark patient educational text was written and
illustrated by Dr. Ganz, and has sold in over 22 countries
In private practice at: around the world. A major advocate of CT scan imaging
Goldstein, Garber, & Salama 600 technologies for use in dentistry, Dr. Ganz has the first
Galleria Parkway, suite 800 Atlanta NewTom, lie-down CBCT scan machine in the state of
GA 30339 NJ. He has managed a website for CT Scanning for the
past seven years, and is a founding member of the
SCOTT D GANZ SIMPLANT ACADEMY dedicated to educating
Dr. Ganz went to Fair Lawn High School, and then clinicians worldwide on the uses of imaging technologies.
graduated Magna Cum Laude from the University of Dr. Ganz serves as Assistant Editor to the peer-
Massachusetts, Amherst. This was followed by gaining reviewed journal, Implant Dentistry, and is on the
his dental degree at the UMDNJ-New Jersey Dental advisory board of Practical Procedures and Aesthetic
School in Newark, NJ. Dr. Ganz developed an interest Dentistry. He was past President of the NJ Section of the
in both oral surgery and prosthodontics while attending American College of Prosthodontists, and was voted one
218 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

of the-Best Dentists in America, and Top Dentists in New Lynwood Plaza, Fort Lee, NJ
Jersey, as published in NJ Monthly magazines. Dr. Ganz
is happily married with three children. More information MIRA YASINOVSKY, DDS
regarding Dr. Ganz, in articles and lectures can be found I was born in Kiev, Ukraine,
on his website at: www.drganz.com but I did not stay a long time
Dr. Scott D. Ganz graduated from the University of because there were several
Medicine and Dentistry - New Jersey Dental School. He problems at that place during
completed a three-year specialty program in that time so my parents made
Maxillofacial Prosthetics at MD Anderson Cancer Center the decision to travel to the
in Houston, Texas. Dr. Ganz is well-published in various United States where my
scientific and professional journals ( over 45 articles). He father’s family was living. One
has delivered presentations both nationally and day, when I was two years old,
internationally on the Prosthetic and Surgical phases of we had the opportunity to visit
Implant Dentistry and is considered a leader in the field Mexico, they liked it very much and decided to live in
of Computer Utilization for Diagnostic, Graphical, and this beautiful country. I studied at public schools, and
Treatment Planning Applications in Dentistry. Dr. Ganz the high school was incorporated to the Universidad
has been a featured speaker worldwide for numerous Nacional Autonoma de Mexico and later I studied at the
organizations including the Academy of Faculty of Odontology of UNAM.
Osseointegration, American Academy of Oral and In 1948 I finished my career as Doctor of Dental
Maxillofacial Surgeons, The American Academy of Surgery, specialized in Implantology, Prosthesis and
Maxillofacial Prosthetics, The International Congress of Periodontology at the Universidad Nacional Autonoma
Oral Implantologists, The American College of de Mexico, with honorable mention, and I received the
Prosthodontists, The American Academy of Implant Annual Silver Medal during the five-year university
Dentistry, The European Academy of Osseointegration, studies and Gold Medal for being the best student.
and The American Society of Osseointegration. He UNAM gave me a scholarship to Columbia University,
currently serves as Assistant Editor for the peer-reviewed for postgraduate Course and Master Degree in Prosthesis
journal, Implant Dentistry, and the editorial staff of and Parodoncy 1948-1950. At the Case Western
Practical Procedures and Aesthetic Dentistry. University I had studied Analgesia in 1970.
Dr. Ganz’s book, “An Illustrated Guide to Memberships: Asociacion Dental Mexicana,
Understanding Dental Implants” available in both Asociacion Dental del Distrito Federal, AC, American
English and Spanish, has received wide acclaim as the Dental Association, American College of Dentists,
standard in patient education texts, and has sold American Academy of Implant Prosthodontics,
worldwide in over twenty countries. Dr. Ganz is on the International Academy for Dental-Facial Esthetics,
Implant Faculty of many preceptorship programs around International Congress of Oral Implantologists. First
the country, is on the credentialed staff of Hackensack woman accepted as Active Member by the American
University Medical Center, past faculty of the University Academy of Implant Dentistry in 1975, elected Vice-
of Pennsylvania Dental School, and presently on faculty President of the American Academy of Implant Dentistry
at New Jersey Dental School. Dr. Ganz is a Fellow of the Research Foundation during three periods. President of
Academy of Osseointegration, a Diplomate of the the International Relations Committee of the AAI.D.,
International Congress of Oral Implantologists, and a 1991.
Fellow of the American Academy of Maxillofacial Awards: Annual Silver Medal during the five-year
Prosthetics. University studies and Gold Medal for being the best
Dr. Ganz has served as a consultant for numerous student. UNAM granted a scholarship to Columbia
companies involved with dental implants, imaging, and University; Golda Meier Medal, Jerusalem, Israel, 1979;
the high technology arena for the past thirteen years. Dr. Professional of the Year in Medicine 1987 and 1991:
Ganz is a Past President of the N.J. Section of the Woman of the Year 1992; World. Lifetime Achievement
American College of Prosthodontists, and has been very Award, 1992; Most Admired Woman of the Year 1992;
involved with the National Organization. He also Decorated with the Silver Harlequin at the XXV Meeting
developed and maintains an internet FORUM on Internazionale Impianti e Trapianti Dentari en Rolonia,
interactive CT scanning technology, and is a founding Italia, 1995; Honored Fellow at The American Academy
member of the SIM-Plant Academy. of Implant Dentistry, 1995; The American Biographical
Part 3: The Innovators 219

Institute selected me as “The Woman of the Decade”, In 1982, he received his degree maximum cum laude
1995; Honorary Fellow by The United States Institute of in dental surgery. From that time he worked with his
Implant Dentistry in recognition of my 50th Dental uncle Professor Ugo Pasqualini until his uncle’s death in
Anniversary and the many Major Contributions to the 1998.
Art and Science of Implant Dentistry, 1998; The He has attended the most prestigious implantology
International Academy for Dental Facial Esthetics congresses and meetings in the world where he has met
decorated “Fellowship in the Academy” in recognition the most important implantologists.
of my professional career, 1998; the Mexican Dental Together with Ugo Pasqualini he studied and
Association delivers “PremioCum Laude ADM” together researched new implantology technologies and
with a Gold Medal in recognition to my professional contributed to the book about occlusion and implants
work, 1999; Elected by The American College of Dentists (“Le patologie occlusai Eziopatogenesi e terapia.” Ed.
“Fellowship in the College” in recognition of services Masson, 1993). He is convinced, as was his uncle, that
and devotion to the advancement of the science and art
the long-term success of rehabilitated implants does not
of dentistry, 2000.
depend on the form of the implant but rather on the
Attendance at many congresses of several worldwide
occlusion. This is always the first and foremost principle
Associations as speaker and as participant.
in his lectures, articles and practices.
Presently he is writing a book of 500 pages with 1500
MARCO E PASQUALINI photographs on implants. He lives in Milan with his wife
Laura. They have a daughter, Tatiana, who lives in Milan
as well.
He practices in his own private dental clinic in
Galleria Passarella, 2-20122, Milano, Italy.

Curriculum Vitae
Medical Doctor, Specialized in Surgery, graduated with
distinction in Odontostomatology.
Professor in Odontostomatology, in prosthetics and
maxillo-facial Surgery Master at the University of
Modena (1991-1992)
Professor in Dental Hygiene Master: “The role of
laminar implantations in the oral rehabilitation” at the
Medicine and Surgery Facility at Bari University (2001-
Birthdate: March 17, 1952
2002).
Birthplace: Modena, Italy
Visiting Professor at Chieti University in the Master
After elementary school he attended Principesco
of Welding Intraoral Implantology (2006).
Arcivescoville in Trento, Italy from 1963 to 1966. He then
Author of 30 articles published in national and
attended the prestigious Liceo Classico Instituto Fillipin
international journals, regarding surgical arguments like
in Pademo del Grappa near Asole in the Veneto Region
of Italy. implantology, occlusions and prostheses.
He graduated in 1971. Lecturer, national and international, for postgraduate
From 1972 to 1975 - Modena Medical University. updating Masters Vice President of AISI (Academia
From 1975 to 1979 Medicine at Statale University in Italiana di Stomatologia Implantoprotesica)
Milan where he was a voluntary assistant to Professor Member of Director’s Board of GISIGM (Gruppo
Staudacher in emergency surgery and to Professor Italiano Studi Implantari Giordano Muratori) President
Morelli in neurological microsurgery of the hand. of SOMECOI (Societa Medico-Chirugica di
After obtaining a degree in Medicine and Surgery Ondontoiatria Implantoprotesica).
fiom Statale University in Milan, he enrolled in dental Practices in own private dental clinic in Galleria
surgery at the University of Modena and during this Passarella, 2/20122, Milano, Italy -
period he began his collaboration with his uncle Ugo Tel.+39 2/799651 Fax +39 2/76006746 76396464
Pasqualini in his studio in Milan. e-mail: dott.marcopasqualini@tiscali.it.
220 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

KEN JUDY • National Advisory Board, Dental Organization for


Born: October 8,1941 Conscious Sedation Dean’s Advisory
• College: 1964 Georgetown • Council, New York University College of Dentistry
University, AB Dean’s Advisory Council, New York
• Dental: 1968 New York • University College of Nursing
University, DDS
• Married to Dorlaine Hospitaler/Civil Investitures
McLaughlin Judy, two • 2005-present 2000-present 2005-present 2005-present
sons, Kenneth DC Judy, • The Venerable Sovereign Order of St. John, Knights
26, and Edward Harrison of Malta, Knight of Justice, Grand Cross, 1982
• McLaughlin Judy, 22. • The Military Order of the Most Holy Savior and of
• Hobbies and/or interests: chess, bridge, golf, fishing, St. Brigida of Sweden, Commandatore, Knight of
gardening, carpentry, reading (military history, Grace, 1986, Grand Cross, 1992
history in general and mysteries), wine and food.
Publications
Professional Awards and Honors Over 100 articles; editions and textbook chapters
Journalism Award, International College of Dentists
Honorary Doctorate, Yediteppe University, Istanbul,
Turkey Doctorate Honoris Causa, Carol Davila Dental and Scientific Affiliations
University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Editorial
Romania 1977 1984 2002 2003. • Assistant Editor, Journal of Oral Implantolgy
Editor, International Journal of Oral Implantology
Fellow • Consulting Editor, International Journal of Oral
• American Association of Hospital Dentists Institute Implantology Editorial Advisor, Dental Implant
de Ilivestigaciones en Primates, Argentina Update, USA
International College of Dentists • Assistant Editor, Implant Dentistry
• New York Academy of Dentistry (Associate) Royal • Managing Editor, Implant Dentistry
Society of Medicine, Great Britain

Dental Implantology
Mastership
• National Program Chairman, American Academy of
American Academy of Implant Prosthodontics.
Implant Dentistry
• Program Chairman, International Congress of Oral
Diplomate Implantologists
International Congress of Oral Implantologists • Director, International Congress of Oral
Implantologists
Current Faculty / Hospital Appointments • Chairman, Board of Directors, International Congress
• Staff, Dental Implant Center, Montefiore Medical of Implantologists President, American Academy of
Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, Implant Prosthodontics
New York– 1989-present • Co-Chairman, International Congress of Oral
• Clinical Professor, Department of Prosthodontics Implantologist
University of Pittsburgh, School of Dental Medicine, • Academia Brasileria de Implantodontia (Honorary
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania– 1990-present Member) Academy of Implants and Transplants
• Clinical Professor, Department of Oral Implantology, (Fellow)
New York University, College of Dentistry, New • Academy of Osseointegration (Active Member)
York, New York 1995-present • American Academy of Implant Dentistry (former
• Professor, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Active Member)
Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania – 2003-present 1972-1974 1975-1981 1981-1992 1990-1998 1991-1998
• Adjunct Clinical Professor of Oral Implantology, 1998-present
Department of Periodontology, Philadelphia, 1973 1973- 1979 1974- present 1979- 1993 1986 1994-
Pennsylvania present
Part 3: The Innovators 221

• American Board of Oral Implantology/lmplant University of Pittsburgh


Dentistry (Diplomate) Department of Prosthodontic; School of Dental Medicine
• American Academy oflmplant Prosthodontics Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
(Founding Member, Director, Mastership) USA
• American College of Oral Implantology (Associate
Education
Fellow and Director)
St. Peter’s Preparatory School, Georgetown University
• Arab Academy of Oral Implantology (President of
(Classics and Pre-medical Sciences), A.B.
Honor)
New York University College of Dentistry, DDS
• Australian Society of Implant Dentistry (Honorary
New York University Graduate School of Arts and
Life Member and Fellow)
Sciences (Biochemistry)
• Centro de Implantologia Oral, Columnbia (Honorary
Telephone (412) 648-8860 Telefax (412) 648-8219
Life Member) Columbian Implant Academy,
1955-1959 1959-1964 1964-1968 1968-1970
Colombia (Honorary Life Member)
• Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer Zahnaertzliche
Educational Fellowships
Implantologie (Honorary Life Member)
• US Public Health Service Research Fellowship US
• Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer Orale Implantologie
• Public Health Service Research Fellowship
(Honorary Member)
• American Dental Association Student Research
• Indian Society of Oral Implantolgy (Honorary
Fellowship
Member)
• Graduate Research Fellowship, New York University
• Institute de Investigaciones en Primates, Argentina
College of Dentistry, Department of Biochemistry
(Fellow)
• International Congress of Oral Implantologists
Professional Awards and Fellowships
(Director, Fellow, Diplomate) Japan
1965
• Society of Implant Dentistry (Honorary Member)
1966
• Mexican Academy of Implant Dentistry (Honorary
1967 1969-1970
Member)
• Scientific Exhibit Award, American Dental
• Sename (Honorary Member)
Association
• Sociedad Espanola de Implantes (Membro Adjunto)
• Journalism Award, International College of Dentists
• Sociedad Odontologica Latino-Americana de
• Research Award in Histology and Embryology,
Implantates Aloplasticosty Transplantates (Honorary
University of Buenos Aires, Argentina Accademia
Member)
Teatina per Ie Scienze, Italy
• Venezuelan Implant Society (Honorary Member)
• Educational Service Medal, Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer
• Turkish Society of Oral Implantology (Honorary
Zahnaerztliche Implantologie, Germany Education
Member, Honorary president) Associazione
Award, International Congress of Oral Implantologists
• Nazionale Implantoprotesi Orale (Honorary
• Master of the College, College International de
Member)
Recherches Implantaires de Lariboisiere, France Silver
University Associations/Hospital Practices Medal, City of Paris, France
New York University College of Dentistry • TMS Ginwalla Oration, Indian Society of
Department of Oral Implantology 345 East 24th Street Periodontology Hall of Fame, American Academy of
New York, NY 10010-4086 USA Implant Prosthodontics Crown Council Lifetime
Telephone Telefax Eagle Award
(212) 998-9519 (212) 995-4337 • Honorary Doctorate, Yediteppe University, Istanbul,
Temple University Turkey Honorary Member, DGZI
Department of Periodontology Philadelphia, • Doctorate Honoris Causa, Carol Davila University of
PA 19140-5096 USA Medicine & Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania Honorary
Telephone (21 5) 707-7667 Telefax (21 5) 707-2802 Member, DGOI
Montefiore Medical Center • Honarary Member, SENAME
Albert Einstein College of Medicine Dental Implant
Center Fellow
III East 210 Street • American Association of Hospital Dentists American
Bronx, NY 10467 USA College of Dentists Academy of Dentistry
Telephone (7 18) 920-6267 Telefax (7 18) 5 15-441 9 International
222 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

• Academy of General Dentistry elementary, junior


• Academy of Implants and Transplants high school as well as
• Academy of Dentistry for the Handicapped high school. I enjoyed
Australian Society of Implant Dentistry playing sports in those
• International Congress of Oral Implantologists days and played
Institute de Investigaciones en Primates, Argentina basketball and football.
• International College of Dentists I also played the
• New York Academy of Dentistry (Associate) clarinet in the school
1976 1977 1984 1985 1985 1985 1986 1989 1989 1995 orchestra and in the
1995 2002 2002 2002 2003 2004 2005 Sacramento Junior
• American College of Oral Implantology (Associate Symphony.
Fellow and Director) American Society of After graduating
Osseointegration (Director) from Sacramento High
• International Congress of Oral Implantologists School in 1956, I
(Director, Fellow, Diplomate) Japan Society of attended Stanford
Implant Dentistry (Honorary Member) University where I played in the Stanford Band. I was a
• Mexican Academy of Implant Dentistry (Honorary biology major. I graduated with a degree in biology at
Member) the end of the winter quarter of my senior year. Because
of my early graduation, I was able to spend three months
DAVID M VASSOS traveling 10,000 miles in Europe, before starting dental
Grew up in a family of five school at St. Louis University in the fall of 1960.
boys, in a little town called After I graduated from dental school in 1964, I spent
Melville, Saskatchewan, one year in a rotating internship at the Veteran’s Hospital
Canada. in Palo Alto, California, which was affiliated with
Got interested in show Stanford Medical School.
business at an early age I opened my general practice office in Sacramento in
when the oldest brother the summer of 1965, but traveled to San Francisco to be
began touring entertainers, an associate of Dr. Theodore Lee, one of the early implant
such as Louis Armstrong pioneers. I gained my enthusiasm for and knowledge of
across Canada. implant dentistry through Dr. Lee during the several
Worked in nightclubs, years of our association.
television and radio as a In 1970, I became a research associate at the School of
singer and stand-up Veterinary Medicine at the University of California at
comedian to provide income to put myself through Davis. I worked with the Chief of Veterinary Medicine,
university. Dr. Ira Gorley. We published the results of our study of
Graduated in 1963 only to find dentistry very eight blade implants placed in two dogs and then applied
frustrating in that the scope of treatment was very for a research grant through the NIDR for a study of 48
limiting. blade implants in 12 beagle dogs. We were able to
That all changed when met Dr. Linkow in 1970 and demonstrate direct apposition of bone against the
was introduced to dental implantology. I have never titanium blade in many histological sections. The blades
looked back. I am Diplomate and an Honored Fellow of were not placed into occlusion in our study, but we were
the AAID and Diplomate of the ABOI unable to obtain finding for stress studies on blade
I have lectured all over the world and currently implants. The NIDR decided to go back to basic histologic
conducts a full time implant practice and teaching center studies or response of bone to titanium and other
in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. materials.
I also worked with the Veterinary Medical School on
LIONEL W RICHARDS other animal implant studies from 1970 to 1975.
I was born in Sacramento, California on June 20, 1938, I am still active in private practice utilizing my 42
but spent the first 6 years of my life in Biggs, California years of experience to do advanced restorative dentistry,
where my father was the high school principal. My family including the placement of implants when appropriate.
moved to Sacramento in 1944, where I attended public I received my Diplomate certification from the American
Part 3: The Innovators 223

Board of Oral Implant Dentistry in 1992. I was also made High School and
an Honored Fellow of the AALD. Experiences
I continue to attend implant meetings to learn and Dr. Leong attended
lecture occasionally when asked. I have seen many Bellaire High School in
changes in implant dentistry and will continue to stay Houston from 1959-1963.
active and apply my skills to treat my patients. He graduated with
321 Highway 49 honors and was involved
Sutter Creek CA 95685 in many school activities.
He was a cheerleader,
FELICIANO SALGARAY president of the Booster
Birthplace: Madrid, Spain Club, treasurer of the
Born: 1920 Student Council, member
Died: 2006 of the Honor Society,
lettered on the swim
team, and played violin in
the orchestra. He became
an Eagle Scout and during his summers was a counselor
at a Boy Scout camp in aquatics. Later he earned money
for college as a lifeguard and swimming instructor. He
was also very active in his church youth group serving
as a president of his group at one time.
University Years
Dr.Leong attended the University of Texas in Austin, TX
from 1963-1967. He majored in Biology in preparation
for predental studies and was active in the Student
Government culminating in serving on the Student Body
President’s staff during his senior year. He is a member
of Lambda Chi Alpha Fraternity where he held offices
of rush chairman and pledge chairman.

Graduation of Dental School


Dr. Leong attended University of Tennessee Dental
As early as the 1950s, this pioneer in implant dentistry
School in Memphis from 1967-1970. At that time this
with Dr. Sol from Madrid published their first article on
school was on an accelerated program and graduated
the mandibular subperiosteal implant. They believed in
after 3 years of year round school. During his time there,
creating two horizontal notches across the alveolar crest
Martin Luther King was assassinated and the medical
from labial to lingual in order to acquire increased
and dental schools were the only schools still operating
retention of the implant over the bone. For many years
in the riots right outside and adjacent to these
Dr. Salgaray was the leading implantologist in Spain.
professional schools.

RICHARD WILSON LEONG, JR. DDS Accomplishments, Awards,


Date of Birth: 1/10/45. Professorships after Dental School
Childhood Days and Years Dr. Leong went directly into the Air Force after
Richard Leong was born in Portland, Oregon. His family graduation from dental school and served his country
moved to Spokane, WA when his father went through for 4 years in several bases. He served in Kunsan, Korea
residency training in orthopedics. In 1950 his family moved during the Viet Nam War and contributed to the war
to Houston, TX where his father became chief of orthopedics defense from that base which was a fighter base of
at the VA there. Dr Leong, Jr grew up in Bellaire a suburb operations during the war. After the Air Force experience,
of Houston. His chief interests were church, Cub Scouts Dr Leong set up private practice in Melbourne, FL after
and Boy Scouts where he gained valuable experience in serving at his last base in Patrick AFB in Cocoa Beach,
leadership and socialization and morality. FL in the same county as Melbourne.
224 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

Dr Leong has always been interested in implants from • International College of Cranial Mandibular
his earliest years in practice and placed his first implants Orthopedics, Fellowship-October 1986
in 1975. He has been a co-chairman of the Implantology • Active member of the American Academy of Implant
Division of the Atlantic Coast Research Center in West Prosthodontics-May 1986
Palm Beach, FL ever since 1986 where he has taught • Active member of American Academy of Implant
dental implants and practice management. His career Dentistry-October 1986
accomplishments are listed in his curriculum vitae given • Master of American Academy of Implant Prostho-
here. dontics-November 1987
During the later part of his life, the emphasis has been • American Academy of Osseointegration, Associate
on communicating his faith and actively serving his God. Fellowship-June 1988
He has been a Bible teacher and preacher and missionary. • Diplomat-International Congress of Oral
He is currently serving on the Board of Directors of a Implantology-January 1992
mission organization, the International Institute of • Master-Academy of Implants and Transplants-March
Christian Studies. Their mission is to send Christian PhD 1992
professors to the secular universities around the world
to influence the leaders of the world for Christ. Professional Affiliations
Dr Leong and his wife have served the Lord in • American Dental Association, Florida Dental
Nicaragua every year since 1992 on dental missions. He Association Central District, Florida Dental
also now is a visiting lecturer in both of Nicaragua’ s Association- Brevard County Dental Association,
dental schools. He has taught various types of implant Dade County Dental Research Group, Miami, Florida
techniques in those schools. • Atlantic Coast Dental Research Group, West Palm
Beach, Florida Academy of General Dentistry
Curriculum Vitae • International Congress of Oral Implantology,
Professional Education and Certificates American Academy of Implant Dentistry, American
• Bellaire High School, Bellaire, Texas (Houston), Academy of Implant Prosthodontics and American
September 1960-June 1963 University of Texas at Austin, College of Oral Implantology, American Academy
September 1963-June 1967 Major: Biology, Pre-dent of Implants and Transplants. International College
• University of Tennessee, School of Dentistry, of Cranio-Mandibular Orthopedics, American Society
Memphis, January 1968-December 1970 Degree: DDS of Osseointegration and International Institute for
• United States Air Force, January 1971-June 1974 Christian Studies
Rotation through preventive dentistry, endodontics,
periodontics, prosthetics, oral surgery, operative Teaching Affiliations
dentistry Atlantic Coast Research Group, Implantology Division,
• University of South Carolina, School of Dentistry and co-chairman 1986-present
Medicine, General Anesthesia Rotation, Full time International Institute for Christian Studies, dental
July, August, September 1974 lecturer
• Private practice, Melbourne, Florida, October 1974-
Present Offices Held
• Dade County Research Group, Implantology American Academy of Implant Prosthodontics,
Certificate 1982-1983 Atlantic Secretary, 1988; Treasurer, 1989; Board of Directors
• Coast Research Group, Implantology Certificate 1984- 1988,1989 International Institute for Christian Studies,
1985 Board of Directors 1992-present 400 S Babcock Street
Melbourne, Florida 32901
Honors 321-723-7255 nwleong@earthlinp.net
• Academy of General Dentistry, Fellowship-October
1982 C BENSON CLARK
• International Congress of Oral Implantology, Childhood: Was born and raised in Newport News,
Fellowship-October 1983 Virginia. As a boy I participated in Boy Scouts, Little
• American College of Oral Implantology. Associate League baseball, and midget basketball. At 2 years of
Fellowship-March 1986 age my mother applied for my library card.
Part 3: The Innovators 225

High School: Attended • Co-Founded Howard University Implant Residency


Huntington High Program
school and was the • Served on AAID Admissions and Credentials Board
Captain and Star for 8 years
Athlete in both the • Lectured in 13 Foreign Countries and 36 states (Blade
Basketball and Track Implants, Mandibular, & Maxillary Sub-Implants,
team. I received both Force Transfer & Beauty)
academic and athletic • Dentist of the Year (twice) of the Old Dominion
scholarships for college. Dental Society in 1985;1991
• President of the Old Dominion Dental Society in 1988
University years: • Named Assistant Professor of Clinical Affairs,
Graduated from Howard University in 1990
Hampton University, • Special AAID Presidential Citation for the
Hampton Virginia in Establishment of the Howard University Implant
1964 with a degree in Maxi Course 1991
Biology. I attended • Authored the present Declaration and Pledge for the
another year of post AAID in 1991
graduate Study at • Howard University Dental School Alumnus of the
Hampton University in Chemistry. While at Hampton Year 1992
University was Captain of the basketball, track team, and • President of the Southern District AAID in 1994
Twice NCAA Champion for the region in the 880-yard 5695 King Centre Drive
run. Suite B-100
Alexandria VA 223 15
Graduation of dental school: Graduated Howard
(703) 71 9-9824 (office)
University Dental School in 1969.
703 719-6206 (fax)

Awards List:
JOHN C. MINICHETTI
• Member of the American Dental Association
John C Minichetti, director of
• Fellow of the Academy of Dentistry International
The Center for Implants and
• Fellow of the International College of Oral Aesthetics at Englewood Dental,
Implantologists is a leader in the field of implant
• Fellow of the American College of Dentist dentistry, immediate implants,
• Honored Fellow of the American Academy of cosmetic dentistry and prosthetic
Implant Dentistry reconstruction. He has been
• Master of the Academy of General Dentistry practicing implant dentistry in
• Master of the Academy of Implant Prosthodontics Englewood for over 20 years,
• Diplomate of the American Board of Oral placing and restoring over 500
Implantology implants per year. Dr.
Minichetti’s philosophy is based on a belief that it is never
Accomplishments too late to restore oral health and that prevention of dental
• First Implant Course in February 1970 at the Graduate disease is the strongest means to optimum health.
School for Dentists in New York taught by Dr Dr. Minichetti graduated 1st in his class from the
Leonard Linkow. University of Medicine and Dentistry, New Jersey in 1982
• Placed first Blade Implant in March 1970. and completed a specialized training program at the
• Placed first mandiblular subperiosteal implant in Mount Sinai Medical Center. He has been the recipient
1973. of numerous awards including those for oral medicine,
• Placed first maxillary subperiosteal implant in 1974. pharmacology and oral and maxillofacial surgery. Dr.
• Performed first sinus elevation in 1979. Minichetti has authored numerous scientific articles and
• Blade Implantology lecturer Maxi Course at Medical is a member in several academies including the New
College of Georgia for 19 years. Jersey Dental Association and American Dental
• Co-founded Howard University Maxi Course in Association. He has been a staff member of Englewood
Implantology Hospital for over 20 years.
226 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

Dr. Minichetti has earned fellowship awards with the in Palm Beach and lectures on the surgical as well as
International Congress of Oral Implantology, The reconstructive aspects of dental implants. This nationally
Academy of General Dentistry, The International recognized program attracts general dentists and
Academy of Dental Facial Esthetics, and the American specialists from many states. He has also served as
Academy of Implant Dentistry. Dr. Minichetti is board President of the South Palm Beach County Dental
certified as a Diplomate of the American Board of Oral Association and Atlantic Coast District Dental
Implantology/ Implant Dentistry and has trained with Association. Dr. Miller has lectured nationally on all
some of the world’s most prominent dental specialists. phases of oral implantology, lasers, and aesthetic
Dr. Minichetti is past- president and treasurer of tlie dentistry and has founded The Center for Advanced
Northeast District of the American Aesthetic and Implant Dentistry in Delray Beach, Florida.
Academy of Implant Dentistry (AAID) and currently
serves on the AAIDts Board of Trustees. He is quite JERRY SODERSTROM
involved in dental implant education, as chairman of the Jerry L Soderstrom, DDS was
AAID Study Club Committee and President of the AAID- born on May 29, 1952 in Canton,
Bergen County Dental Implant Study Group. South Dakota to Milford A and
Dr. Minichetti is the Director of a year long “mini- Doris E Soderstrom. Jerry’s
residency” for dentists. The course allows dentists to grandfathers Henry Soderstrom
observe him perform live surgical implant techniques. and Charles Ambur were sons
He lectures on implant dentistry nationally and of Swedish immigrants and
internationally. born on homesteads near what
Dr. Minichetti has treated well-known sports figures, is now Beresford in Dakota
musicians and entertainers and is a consultant to the Jazz Territory in the early 1880’s.
Foundation of America, as well as the Dizzy Gillespie Jerry’s grandmother, Frieda Soderstrom, was one of the
Foundation first females to complete a college education in South
Dakota doing so in 1902.
ROBERT J. MILLER Jerry began working in his father’s Milford’s
Born March 12, 1952 in blacksmith and machine shop at the age of 12. This was
Queens, New York. an excellent background for understanding mechanics
Raised in Hicksville and that later transformed to biomechanics. Dr. Soderstrom
Woodbury, Long Island is married to Shirley K. Soderstrom. They have four
Graduated Syosset High children, Sheri, Amber, Amy, and Stacie.
School 1969. Dr. Miller Jerry Soderstrom attended the University of South
received his BA from Dakota and the University of South Dakota School of
New York University Medicine and graduated with a DDS from Northwestern
and MA from Hofstra University Dental School in Chicago, Illinois in 1979.
University, both in Dr. Soderstrom became interested in dental implants in
biology. 1984. He completed a min-residency in implants with
He graduated with the late Dr. Thomas Golec of Escondido, California in
honors from New York 1986 where he learned a background in CT scan
University College of Dentistry where he received the technique subperiosteal implants. Dr. Soderstrom gained
International College of Dentists Award for clinical additional training and experience with the late Dr.
excellence. Following graduation, he completed his Robert James of Loma Linda University and through the
residency program at Flushing Hospital and Medical American Academy of Implant Dentistry.
Center where he was involved in all phases of dentistry Dr. Soderstrom joined Ray Dental Group of Rapid
including facial trauma. Dr. Miller Is a board certified City, South Dakota in 1987 and immediately began
Diplomate of the American Board of Oral Implantology- placing and restoring multi-modal implants.
Implant Dentistry and Diplomate of the International Dr. Soderstrom’s practice at Ray Dental Group utilized
Congress of Oral Implantologists. He is also a Master of root form, subperiosteal, blade, and ramus frame
the Implant Prosthetic Section of the ICOI and is a Fellow implants.
of the American College of Dentists. Dr. Soderstrom was most known for subperiosteal
Dr. Miller is Chairman of the Department of Oral implants completed using models rapid prototyped from
Implantology at the Atlantic Coast Dental Research Clinic CT scans. He has lectured extensively across the United
Part 3: The Innovators 227

States and internationally on this subject since 1989. MICHAEL PIKOS


Dr. Soderstrom served as chief of the Department of Michael Pikos was born in
Dentistry at the PHS Hospital in Eagle Butte, South Youngstown, Ohio on
Dakota and at Rapid City Regional Hospital during this July 23, 1950. He was
time frame from 1987-1996. He also served as an Adjunct influenced greatly by his
Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering grandparents who he
at South Dakota School of Mines and Technology during lived with till the age of
this time period. ten and then moved four
Dr. Soderstrom started his own private practice blocks away to live in a
restricted to implant dentistry in 1996 in Rapid City, house that his father had
South Dakota. He was the first dentist in North or South built.
America to put a full body CT scanner and a three His father, Anthony
dimensional printer into a dental office. He was the first- Pikos instilled in Michael
dentist or physician in North or South America to be an outstanding work ethic
trained and own a copy of SurgiCase Master, an and the core values of
electronic reformatting program and implant treatment sense of responsibility and accountability as did his
planning program used with CT scans. grandfathers.
Dr. Soderstrom, Joseph Field, and Conley Cumiford, His mother, Mary Pikos was a devoted mother and
ARRT(R) formed Implant Imaging Corporation in 2002. homemaker getting up every morning to prepare
Implant Imaging Corporation was the first commercial breakfast for the three children.
company in the United States to have its primary focus He was a straight a student in elementary school. He
as three-dimensional modeling and treatment planning entered Campbell memorial High School in 1963. He was
in Implant Dentistry. Dr. Soderstrom is Director of active in Junior varsity basketball, varsity track, and band
Education and Development for Quantum Bio- orchestra and the National Honor Society. He was also
engineering Ltd. of Plantation, Florida. Dr. Soderstrom the senior class president and graduated in 1968, class
was the first dentist to place a mandibular subperiosteal valedictorian.
implant constructed from a three-dimensional printed He moved around from University to University—
model using data obtained from a cone beam scanner. Colorado College where his major was petroleum
Dr. Soderstrom has been very active in organized engineering and West Virginia University where he
implant dentistry. He is a past President of the Central majored in biology (pre-med).
District of the American Academy of Implant Dentistry. Then he went to Ohio State University where he
He served as President of the Black Hills District Dental majored in biology for the next three years.
Society of the ADA on two occasions. Dr. Soderstrom He finally decided on dentistry and entered. The Ohio
was a member of the Board of Trustees of the American State University College of Dentistry and graduated in
Academy of Implant Dentistry for two years. Dr. 1979 with honors.
Soderstrom served as President of the Board of Directors A year later he attended the oral and maxillofacial
of the American Board of Oral Implantology/Implant surgery program at Montefiore Hospital, University of
Dentistry in 2006. Pittsburgh.
Dr. Soderstrom is a Fellow and an Honored Fellow He especially enjoyed taking his first implant courses
of the AAID. He is a Diplomate of the ABOI. He is from Doug Clepper, Charlie English and Don Master.
chairman of written test construction of the ABOI. He was very fortunate and blessed to be influenced by
Dr. Soderstrom is a clinical instructor in the implant Tom Golec whose courses were not only outstanding
section of the Department of Restorative Dentistry, from a professional standpoint, but also from a personal
State University of New York at Buffalo School of standpoint.
Dentistry. He learned the importance of maintaining
If you asked Dr. Soderstrom what the prime reason outstanding integrity and honesty with all his
for his success in implant dentistry was, he would answer professional work as well as sharing his knowledge with
that it is due to the help of Joseph Feild. Joe has been fellow colleagues as did Tom Golec. He was also
Dr. Soderstrom’s assistant for the past 18 years. Joe influenced by Carl Misch who gave him a strong science
has been the greatest influence on his career of any single base for the surgical and prosthetic work that he
person. continues today.
228 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

His private practice is limited to implant surgery and Georgia, where he graduated from Peachtree High school
has been for the past twelve of the twenty-three years in 1973.
that he has been in practice. He has been involved in
implant surgery during the entire twenty-three years. He High School and Experiences
has placed approximately ten thousand implants and While in high school, Edward was a varsity wrestler,
performed several thousand hard and soft tissue graft played baseball and was very actively involved in
procedures. He is a graduate of the Misch Implant scientific research projects. By graduation he had won
Institute and has enjoyed teaching at his MAP Implant the state science fair 3 times performing intraoral tissue
Institute since 1990. Michael Pikos is very proud to have grafts in hamsters as well as grafting human skin to
influenced some eighteen-hundred alumni from all fifty monkeys. He worked with surgical adhesives, as well as
states and twenty-seven countries. He feels extremely studied an alveolar connective tissue found in hamsters
fortunate to have been influenced by so many individuals which served as an antigen barrier.
over the years, all of who have had a role to play in
forming what he is today. University years
Michael has become a giant in the field of Edward continued his research project on the
maxillofacial surgery and implant dentistry but more immunological nature of the alveolar connective tissue
than that he is an extraordinary human being. of hamsters as an honors research project at Emory
He received the coveted Aaron Gershkoff Memorial University. While at Emory he also worked in
Award in 2006. immunopathology in Dr. Mariano LaVia’s Laboratory
doing basic research on B lymphocyte activation.
STUART ORTON-JONES After attending Emory at Oxford and Emory
Stuart Orton-Jones has been a University in Atlanta, Edward was accepted as an early
student and teacher of admission candidate to Emory University School of
dentistry since the mid 1960s. Dentistry. He graduated from dental school in 1980 at
He was a founding member of the age of 23 years.
the Pankey Association of the
UK and an extensive lecturer. Accomplishments
The Stuart Orton-Jones Following graduation from dental school Dr. Edward
Institute, in Northhampton, Mills started his private practice in Atlanta, while
UK, focuses on practical teaching in the oral medicine department at Emory
surgery, Implantology and University School of Dentistry. Immediately following
applied anatomy. He teaches anatomy with a refreshing graduation Dr. Mills started taking dental implant
philosophy, focusing on “what we must know surgically courses and became an Associate fellow of the AAID in
first, then the whole picture.” 1984, a fellow in 1991 and a Diplomate of the American
Board of implantlogy in 1991. Dr. Mills served as the 50th
EDWARD MILLS president of the American Academy of Implant Dentistry
Birth date: July 2, 1955 in 2002 and 2003.
Birth place: Republic of Dr. Mills has lectured nationally and internationally
Panama in over 200 meetings on diagnosis, esthetics, dental
His father was Eduardo Arias implant surgery and prosthetics. He served as the co-
and his mother was Shirley director of a 3-year dental implant residency program at
Van Dijes. At the age of 5 Emory Adventist hospital and he has been the director
years following the divorce of the Medical College of Georgia’s Comprehensive
of his parents Edward, his Dental Implant Continuing Education Program (The
younger sister, and his Maxi Course) for over 10 years.
mother moved to the United Edward is married to Michelle Mills and they have
States. His mother remarried three children: Olivia, Austin and Linden.
Jerry Mills, which gave Abbreviated Professional Biography of Edward Mills
Edward his last name. DDS
Edward’s family lived initially in California, moved Dr Edward Mills graduated from Emory University
to Florida for a period of time and then to Atlanta, School of Dentistry in 1980 following which time he was
Part 3: The Innovators 229

an instructor in the department of Oral Medicine. implant coatings today. He received scholarships and
Dr. Mills is the Director of the Atlanta Center for research grants during these years to help complete this
Restorative Dentistry where he has focused his private phase of his education.
practice to adult restorative dentistry. He is a past Dr. Nordquist was then accepted into the General
President and Fellow of the American Academy of Practice Residency program at the Naval Regional
Implant Dentistry and a Diplomate of The American Medical Center in San Diego, California in 1973-74. In
Board of Oral Implantology. this program he received hospital-based training in the
Dr Mills was the Co-Director of a 3-year hospital areas of prosthetics, oral surgery, endodontics,
based Dental Implant residency program at Emory periodontics, general anesthesia and restorative
Adventist Hospital. Dr Edward Mills is the founder and dentistry. He then served as a dentist aboard the USS
current Director of the Atlanta Institute for Advanced Sperry homeported in San Diego, California 1974-76.
Education, which is a state of the art educational facility In 1976, Dr. Nordquist started a private practice of
utilized to train professionals through lectures, live dentistry located in San Diego. In 1986, he began practicing
demonstrations and internet education formats. He is implant dentistry and in 1992 he established Implant
the current Director of the Medical College of Georgia’s Dentistry of San Diego and limited his practice to implant
300 hour Comprehensive Dental Implant Training dentistry. Today, he practices predominantly implant
Program which is considered among the top continuing dentistry along with a limited amount of general dentistry.
education programs in dentistry. Dr Mills has lectured Dr. Nordquist received his Fellowship from the
extensively throughout the United States and abroad on American Academy of Implant Dentistry (AAID) in 1994
both the surgical and the prosthetic aspects of Dental and became Diplomate (board certified) by the American
Implantology. Board of Oral Implantology/Implant Dentistry (ABOI/
ID) in 1995. The ABOI/ID is the only bonafide testing
WILLIAM DEAN board in Implant Dentistry presently available to dentists.
NORDQUIST There are only twenty-two Diplomates in California and
Diplomate: American one hundred ninety-four in the United States. Presently,
Board of Oral he is the only Diplomate certified for both surgery and
Implantology/Implant restorative in San Diego.
Dentistry Fellow: Dr. Nordquist is a past president of the Western
American Academy of District of the American Academy of Implant Dentistry
Implant Dentistry and presently serves on the national governing board of
Dr. Nordquist started the AAID. He has vast experience in the field of implant
his education as a voice dentistry and actively teaches, publishes articles on the
major at the Eastman subject, and mentors new implantologists.
School of Music in
Rochester, New York in AAS, BS: Chemistry
1963. He continued his education at the Rochester DMD: Dentistry
Institute of Technology and received an Associate (1966) M.S.: Oral Biology, Major-Oral Pathology
and a Bachelor of Science degree in Chemistry (1969). Diplomate: American Board of Oral Implantology/
During this time he also worked as a chemist for the Implant Dentistry
Eastman Kodak Company in the Synthetic Chemistry International Congress of Oral
Division. His emphasis during this period of his Implantology
education was in research and development both in the Fellow: American Academy of Implant
university and industrial areas. Dentistry
He continued his education with an emphasis in Fellow: Misch Implant Institute
research and development at the University of Louisville
and earned a Doctorate in Dentistry (DMD) and a Post- Education
doctoral Master of Science (MS) degree in Oral Biology • Monroe High School, Rochester, New York, 1959-
with a major in Oral Pathology (1973). His Masters thesis 1962.
and subsequent publications dealt with the fluoride • Irondequoit High School, Rochester, New York,
reactions to both smooth and powdered natural and Graduated, 1962-63.
synthetic hydroxylapatite (the material that teeth are • University of Rochester: Eastman School of Music,
composed of). This material is the same used on dental Applied Voice Major, attended 1961-64.
230 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

• Rochester Institute of Technology: College of Science, Professional Experience


AAS (Associate of Applied Science), Chemistry, 1963- • Eastman Kodak Company: Synthetic Chemistry
66. Division, 1964-69.
• BS (Bachelor of Science), Chemistry, 1966-69. • Product Development, Research and procedure
• University of Louisville: School of Dentistry, DMD Documentation, Organic Chemical Development and
(Doctorate of Medical Dentistry), 1969-June 1973. Production. University of Louisville: 1971-73.
• Periodontics, Specialty Track, 1972-73. • Dental Research Grant, Chemistry of SnF2 and NaF
• Orthodontics, Specialty Courses, 1971-73. on powdered and smooth surface hydroxyapatite.
• University of Louisville: Graduate School, MS (Post- United States Navy: 1973-76
graduate Master of Science), 1971-August 1973. • Naval Officer (Lieutenant Commander), Dental
• Oral Biology–Oral Pathology, Thesis Program, Division USS Sperry, (AS-12), 1974-1976. Naval
Surface Chemistry. Regional Medical Center, GPR, 1973-1974.
• Research Grant, SnF2, NaF, reactions hydroxyapatite • Research Grant for studying bacteria plaque. Naval
surface chemistry, 1972-73. Submarine Development Group I, Deep Dives
• Teaching Assistant, Oral Pathology, 1973. Division and Dental pain, 1974.
• Naval Regional Medical Center, San Diego, California • General Dentistry Private Practice: San Diego,
California, 1976-present.
• GPR (General Practice Residency), 1973-74.
• Southern Indian Health Council: San Diego County,
• Specialty Tracks: Oral Surgery, Periodontics,
1980-87.
Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics, Prosthetics,
• Advisor, back-up Dentist, established and provided
Orthognathic Surgery, Oral Diagnosis, Orthodontic
orthodontic services.
Cephalometries, General Anesthesia.
• Implant Dentistry of San Diego: (IDSD) Implant
• Naval Postgraduate Education Instructor, 1975-76.
Dentistry Practice 1990-present.
• Research Grant, Surface Chemistry of Composite
• Teaching referring dentists restorative procedures for
Resins-Enamel Surfaces. 1974.
implants.
• Clinical Straight Wire Foundation: San Diego, • Coordinating patient referrals for general dentists.
California, 1976-79.
Coordinating treatment between referring offices and
IDSD.
Orthodontic Training • Surgical hands-on and observation of specialty
• Orthodontic Cephalometries, Diagnosis and implant procedures.
Treatment Planning • Desmos, Inc.: La Jolla, California, Bio-medical
• TMJ-Orthodontio-Orthopedics: Dr. Witzig, research consultant.
Minneapolis, Minnesota, Basic and Advanced • Performing animal studies to determine efficacy of
Orthodontic Seminars, 1977-79. tissue growth signaling mechanism, 1995-1 996.
• Misch Implant Institute: Dearborn, Michigan, FMI, • Global Education On-line, Inc. Rancho Bernardo,
(Fellow Misch Institute), 1989. California, Founder and Board of Directors,
• Implant Training: Diagnosis and Treatment Planning, Educational Dentistry Seminars on-line. Students
Augmentation, Subperiosteal receive full accreditation for continuing education
• Submucosal Inserts, Root Form Implants, Blade credits. 1996-1998.
Implants, Implants, Sinus Lifts • Creative Custom Systems, Inc. President and CEO.
• American Academy of Implant Dentistry AAID, Custom subperiosteal a Bio-Seal endosteal implant
Associate Fellow, 1989-1994. manufacturing. Acquired, 1999-present.
• Comprehensive Dental Seminars, Inc. President and
• AAID, Fellow, 1994-2006.
CEO, Comprehensive dentistry seminars with live
• AAID Honored Fellow, 2006.
demonstration 2001.
• International Congress of Oral Implantology
• ICOI (Fellow International Congress of Oral
Professional Organizations
Implantology), Fellow, 1989.
• San Diego County Dental Association, 1976-1998.
• Diplomate, 1992.
• California Dental Association, 1976-1998.
• American Board of Oral Implantology/Implant
• American Dental Association, 1976-1998.
Dentistry
• International Association of Dental Research, 1970-
• Diplomate, 1995-present. 1990.
Part 3: The Innovators 231

• Calcified Tissue Research Division-IADR, 1980-82. • September 25, 1990, Implant Dentistry: An Overview.
• Metcalf Restorative Dentistry Seminar, 1970-78. • October 23,1990, Quantity and Quality of Bone.
• Phi Delta Prosthetics Honorary Fraternity, 1973. • November 27, 1990, Restoration of Various Root Form
• Clinical Straight Wire Foundation, 1976-80. Implants Systems.
• Misch Implant Institute, 1988-present. • January 22,1991, Restoration of Blades and
• International Congress of Oral Implantologists, 1989- Subperiosteal Implants.
present. • February 26,1991, Complete Implant Supported
• American Academy of Implant Dentistry, 1989- Over-dentures.
present. • March 19, 1991, Complete Overdenture Esthetics.
• American Board of Oral Implantology/Implant April 23,1991.
Dentistry, 1995-present. • Periodontal Considerations for Implants.
• May 25, 1991, Forces Placed on Implants and HA
Professional Awards, Honors, and Scholarships Coatings.
• Mosby Book Award, 1973.
• Outstanding Research Award, 1973. Table Clinic Presentations
• Phi Delta Honor Fraternity, 1972-1973. • The Use of Partial Dentures in Fluoride Research,
• Scholastic Scholarships, Rochester Institute of 1973.
Technology, 1964-1969. • Laboratory Tests and their Uses in Dentistry, 1974.
• Tuition Scholastic Scholarships, University of • Acid-Etch Composites, New Techniques, 1975.
Louisville, 1969-72. • Orthodontics and its Relationship to Implant Over-
• Research Stipend, University of Louisville, Graduate denture Esthetics, AAID, 1989.
School, 1972-1973 • The Orthoscopic Mini-flap Procedure in Implant
• President, Metcalf Restorative Dentistry Seminar, Placement, AAID, 1990.
1978. • What’s New in Dentistry, El Cajon Rotary Club, 1983.
• Secretary, AAID Western District, 1994-96. • Implants, The Time Has Come, Seminars, 1988.
• President-elect, AAID Western District, 1998. • Cemented vs. screwed Retained Implant supported
• President, AAID Western District, 1999. Prosthesis, AAID Western Meeting,1994.
• AAID Board of Directors, Western District Represen- • Esthetics ofthe Implant supported Maxillary Over-
tative, 2000 & 2001. denture, AAID Western Meeting, 1995.
• AAID, Honored Fellow, 2006. • The Low Profile, Cemented, with Parallel Guiding
Planes Hader Bar system for Removable Implant
supported Over-dentures, AAID General Session,
Lectures and Presentations
1995.
• IADR, presentations, 1972, 1973.
• Single surgery, Immediate Load, Mandibular Over-
• National Institute of Health, Research presentation,
denture with the Center-poise Cap Attachment,
1972.
AAID General Session, 1996.
• Medical-Dental Faculty, University of Louisville,
• Subperiosteal Implant Update, AAID Western
1972.
District, 1999.
Research Presentation
• The Maxillary Subperiosteal Implant, Alabama Study
• Oral Histopathology Lectures, University of
Group and Academy for Implants and transplants,
Louisville, 1973.
2001.
• The Maxillary Custom Endosteal Implant, Alabama
Freshman Dental Curriculum
Study Group and Academy for Implants and
Metcalf Restorative Presentations
Transplants, 2004.
Various Restorative Dentistry Lectures on many subjects,
• The Custom Endosteal Implant, AAID Annual
1974-77.
Meeting New York, New York, 2004.
• Master of Science Defense, University of Louisville,
• Live Surgery Custom Endosteal Implant Seminar, San
1973.
Diego, California, June, 2005. Strategies for Esthetically
• Naval Postgraduate School, 1974-75.
Restoring the Severely Atrophic Maxilla, 4-hour
• Chemistry of Composite Resins, 1976.
lecture, AAID Annual Meeting Scottsdale AZ, 2005.
Chemistry and Physiology of Fluoridation, 1975 and 1976.
• The Custom Endosteal Implant, World Congress of
Implant Dentistry of San Diego (IDSD), Implant Dentistry Cosmetic and Plastic Surgery, Tokyo Japan, Nov.
Restorative Seminars, Hours of Lecture, 1990-91 2005.
232 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

• Life Guard-Bacteria Diagnosis and Treatment • Nordquist, W.D.: The Effect of Prior Acid Etch on the
Planning, Dental School, Japan, Nov. 2005. Rate of Sn3F3PO4 Formation Subsequent to Topical
• Life Guard-Bacteria Diagnosis and Treatment SnF2 Treatment, Master of Science Thesis, University
Planning, The Custom Endosteal Implant, Dental of Louisville, 1973.
School, Japan, Nov. 2005. • Nordquist, WD, and Krutchkoff, DJ: Investigation of
• Life Guard-Bacteria Diagnosis and Treatment the sub-surface Reaction Phase with Prolonged SnF2-
Planning, The Custom Endosteal Implant, Key Note Enamel Interaction, IADR Abs. No. 203, 1973.
Speaker, The Japanese Dental Implant Society, Tokyo, • Nordquist, WD, and Krutchkoff, DJ: Effect of Prior
Japan, Nov. 2005 Acid Etch on the of Sn3F3PO4 Formation Subsequent
• Live Surgery Custom Endosteal Implant Seminar, to Topical SnF2 Treatment, IADR No. 697: 233, 1973.
Tokyo, Japan, Nov. 2005. Rate Abs.
• ICOI Winter Symposium San Diego California, Facial • Nordquist, WD, and Krutchkoff, DJ: Mineral
Contouring and the Custom Endosteal Implant with Fluorapatite: Differences in the Infrared Spectra
Dr. Okudera, Feb. 2006. Between Powers and Faceted Planes, IADR Abs. No.
• Live Surgery Custom Endosteal Implant Seminar, San 122, 1972.
Diego, California, Feb. 2006. • Nordquist, WD, Krutchkoff, DJ, and Wei, SHY: Effect
• Live Surgery Custom Endosteal Implant Seminar, of Prior Acid Etch on the Rate of Sn3F3PO4 Formation
Tokyo, Japan, April 2006. Subsequent to SnF2 Topical Treatment, J Dent. Res.,
• Live Surgery Custom Endosteal Implant Seminar, 1975.
Tokyo, Japan, May 2006. • Nordquist, WD, IO-utchkoff, DJ, and Wei, SHY:
• Live Surgery Custom Endosteal Implant Seminar, Morphology and Kinetics of the Sn3F3PO4 Crystal
Tokyo, Japan, September 2006. Growth on Human Enamel Slabs Subsequent to SnF2
• The Bone Loss Pattern of Asian patients and the Treatment, J. Dent. Res., 1975.
Custom Endosteal Implant, XXIV World Congress • Nordquist, WD and Jermyn, A C : A Clinical Report-
and 10th AP Congress of ICOI. Taipei, Taiwan, 2006. Treating Peri-Implantoclasia Around HA Coated
Subperiosteal Implants. J Oral Imp. Vol. XX No. 4, 1994.
Research Projects
• University of Louisville, School of Dentistry, GIANCARLO CORTESE
Chemistry of SnF2 and NaF 2 on powdered and • Born in Minturno (Latina) Italy, November 8, 1950.
smooth surface hydroxyapatite, 1970-73.
• Naval Regional Medical Center San Diego, Dental
Division, Comparison of Various Restorative
Composite Material Reaction to Artificially Produced
Plague Reservoirs in Humans, 1973-74.
• Naval Deep Dive Research Project on Dental Pain,
Naval Submarine Development Group One, Ballast
Point, San Diego, 1993.
• Desmos, Corporation. Basic Research on a Synthetic
Desrnosome Material Interface between Dental
Implants and Gingival Tissue of Dogs and Goats, 1994.
• Kanagawa Dental College, Japan, Basic Histological
Research on of Integration Pattern of the Custom
Endoesteal Implant in Dogs, 2005-present.

Professional Publications • High school diploma : Liceo Scientific G. Segre-


• Krutchkoff, DJ, Jordan, T, Wei, SHY, and Nordquist, Torino St. HeJena High School Diploma ( California-
WD: Surface Characterization of the SnF2-Enamel USA 1967-68).
Interaction, Arch. Oral Biol., 19: 923-930. 1972. • MD-Degree in Medicine-University of Torino- Facolta
• Nordquist, WD, and Krutchkoff, DJ: Mineral di Medicina e Chirurgia -October 1, 1981.
Fluorapatite: Differences in Infrared Absorption • DDS-Postgraduate Specialization in Dentistry -
Spectra Between Powders and Faceted Planes, Calc. University of Torino - Facolta di Medicina e
Tiss. Res., 12: 30-36.1973. Chirurgia—14th Novemher 1984.
Part 3: The Innovators 233

• Active member of the American Academy of • Moved back to Philadelphia and completed 6th grade.
Osseointegration (AO). Attended and graduated Overbrook
• Active member of AISI (Academia Italiana di • High School in 1949.
Stomatologia Implantoprotesica). • Entered Temple University September, 1949 in an
• Head-Regional chapter of SIMO (2006 - Societa accelerated pre-dental program, followed by Temple
Italiana Maxillo Odontostomatologica). University Dental School in 1951.
• Active member of SIRIO (Societa Italiana di Ricera • DMD received in 1955.
Implantologiae. • 1955-57-Captain - US Air Force Dental Corps.
• Odontostomatologia President Prof. Panzoni). • 1959 to present - Private practice in Narberth and
• Co-director of the section - Research on Subperiosteal Philadelphia, PA - teaching and research
Implants - of SIRIO. • 2004-Clinical Professor (Adjunct),Co-Director Oral
• Dr. Corrtese runs his private practice in Torino and Implantology, Department of Periodontology,
focuses his professional activity mainly in Temple University School of Dentistry Philadelphia,
implantology, but defines himself as a general Pennsylvania.
practitioner. • 2004-Clinical Professor (Adjunct) Department of
• Since 1995, he has been performing a personal Restorative Dentistry Temple University School of
research on subperiosteal implants, intracortical- Dentistry Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (appointment in
subperiosteal implants trying to apply the latest and pvocess of implementation).
most advanced technologies to this implant technique • 1987-present - Clinical Instructor and Member of
in order to solve critical cases of bone atrophy without Active Staff Division of Dental Medicine and Surgery,
employing massive bone grafting techniques. Medical College of Pennsylvania Hospital
• Dr. Cortese has published some of his results on: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Teamwork (Journal of Multidisciplinary Collabo- • 1987-present - Member of Courtesy Staff, Past
ration on Prosthodontics) - British Journal of Director, Center for Oral Implantology, Department
Maxillofacial Surgery—Quintessenza Internazionale of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate Hospital
-MS (Magazynstomatology-PL). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
• He has lectured extensively in Italy and abroad on • 1969-present - Senior Clinical Instructor and Member
subperiosteal implants. of Active Staff Past Director, Implant Dentistry Section,
• His family: His wife Annainaria Magliano (biologist Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery,
and general pathologist in a regional hospital), and Hahnemann University Hospital/Drexel University
their two sons Umberto (17 years old, student in College of Medicine Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Classic Lyceum) and Riccardo (14 years old, student • 1995-1996-Clinical Associate Professor, Department
in Scientific Lyceum). A little dog (Luna), 2 years old. of Prosthodontics, Temple University, School of
• Favorite sports: Snow and water skiing—diving Dentistry, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
• Hobbies: Writes poems, creates small lead casted • 1992-1995-Clinical Associate Professor, Department
figures of Periodontology, Temple University, School of
Corso Sommeiller 23 Dentistry, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
10128 Torino • 1978-1996-Clinical Assistant Professor, Department
Italy of Periodontics Director of Oral Implantology.
0039.01 1.591732 Course Director and Lecturer, Senior Predoctoral
cortese. gianalibero it Selective Program in Implant Dentistry (1984-1996)
Course Director, 36-month Continuing Education
BURTON E BALKIN Program in Implant Dentistry
• Date of Birth: January 14, Founder and Director, Center for Oral Implantology,
1932 Graduate Hospital (in conjunction with dental school)
• Birthplace: Philadelphia PA Oral implantology faculty, Post-Doctoral Periodontal
• Email: burton.balkin@ and Periodontal Prosthetic Programs, University of
telnple. edu Pennsylvania, School of Dental Medicine,
• Moved to Bayonne, NJ when Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
three years old and attended • 1959-1970-Co-Chairman of Prosthodontics,
school there through 5th Department of Dentistry, Kensington Hospital,
grade. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
234 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

Honors • US Navy Dental Corps on implant dentistry


1977 Certificate of Honor, British Dental Implant • WL Gore Associates, Flagstaff, Arizona on
Association development of barrier membranes for guided bone
1984 Fellowship, American Academy of Implant regeneration around dental implants
Dentistry • Stryker Surgical
1987 15th Annual Aaron Gershkoff Memorial Dental Desk Reference
Award for outstanding contributions and
dedication to the field of oral implantology, Professional Affiliations
American Academy of Oral Implantology • American Academy of Implant Dentistry
1988 Keynote speaker on oral implantology, • Federation of Prosthodontic Organizations
Consensus Development Conference on • Pennsylvania Dental Association
Implant Dentistry, National Institutes of • American Dental Association
Health, Bethesda, MD • Montgomery-Bucks Dental Society
1988 Distinguished Service Award, Federation • American Dental Education Association
of Prosthodontic Organizations • American Board of Oral Implantology/Implant
1989 Honored Fellowship, American Academy Dentistry
of Implant Dentistry • American Prosthodontic Society
1990 Founding member and member of
examining committee (1990-2000),
Service to Professional Organizations
American Board of Oral Implantology/
• President, American Board of Oral Implantology/
Implant Dentistry
Implant Dentistry (1994)
1991 Fellowship, American College of Dentists
• Director, American Board of Oral Implantology/
1991 Graduate Periodontics Outstanding
Implant Dentistry
Teaching Award, University of
• President, American-Academy of Implant Dentistry
Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine
(1977-1978)
1994 Recognized for outstanding service as
• Past President, American Academy of Implant
President of the American Board of Oral
Dentistry
Implantology/Implant Dentistry
• Vice President, American Academy of Implant
1996 Recognized for outstanding leadership as
Dentistry
Chairman of the Test Development Project
• Secretary, American Academy of Implant Dentistry
for the American Board of Oral
• Member of Specialty Application Committee,
Implantology/Implant Dentistry
American Academy of Implant Dentistry
1997 Recognized for outstanding contributions
• Secretary, Federation of Prosthodontic Organizations
as Chairman of the Test Construction
• Member of Ad Hoc Committee on Dental Implants,
Committee for the American Board of Oral
Federation of Prosthodontic Organizations World
Implantology/Implant Dentistry
Congress
2000-present Chairman Emeritus, Test Construction
• Member of Committee on Education and Research,
Committee, American Board of Oral
Federation of Prosthodontic Organizations
Implantology/Implant Dentistry
• Executive Board, American Academy of Implant
2004 Isaiah Lew Memorial Research Award
Dentistry
presented by the American Academy of
• Executive Committee, Federation of Prosthodontic
Implant Dentistry Research Foundation
Organizations
• Member of Implant Criteria Committee, Council of
Materials and Devices, American Dental Association
Consultant Positions
• Member of Planning Committee, Prosthodontics 21
Implant Innovations Conference, Mayo Clinic
• American Dental Association for position statements • Member of Post-Doctoral Prosthodontic Curriculum
on implant dentistry Committee Workshop, Federation of Prosthodontic
• Scripps Clinical Research Foundation, La Jolla, Organizations
California on bioceramics • Member of Editorial Board, Journal of Oral
• National Institute of Dental Research, National Implantology
Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland on implant • Member of Editorial Review Board, Implant Dentistry
dentistry • Member of Editorial Review Board, Journal of
Part 3: The Innovators 235

Prosthetic Dentistry Editor of dental implant section Notable Contributions to Oral Implantology /
of Clark’s Clinical Dentistry Implant Dentistry
• Instrumental in adoption dental implants being
Publications taught to the level of familiarity in predoctoral
Chapters prosthetics curriculum recommended by the
Balkin BE: Clinical management of failing implant cases. Federation of Prosthodontic Organizations in 1980.
In: McICinney BV (Ed.) Endosteal Dental Implants. • Conducted first microbiologic evaluation of failing
Mosby- Year Book, Inc.: St. Louis, 1991, pp. 422-426 and stable human mandibular subperiosteal dental
implants.
Articles • Instrumental in design and conducted first human
Balklin BE: Relief of pathologic conditions resulting from pilot study on use of Gore-Tex barrier membranes
resorption. Dental Clinics of North America 14:161 - for guided bone regeneration around dental implants.
67, 1970 • Was keynote speaker representing oral implantology
Balkin BE: Implant dentistry: historical overview with at National Institutes of Health Consensus
current perspective. Journal of Dental Education 52: Development Conference on Dental Implants in 1988
683, 1988 which concluded that dental implants were no longer
Balkin BE: Implant dentistry: historical overview with an experimental procedure.
current perspective. International Journal of Oral • Served on the examining committee of the American
Implantology 5(1): 27-8, 1988 Board of Oral Implantology/Implant Dentistry, and
Kohavi D, Pollack SR, Brighton G and Balkin B: Surgically subsequently, served as Chair of the Test Construction
modeled reduced ridge in the beagle dog. Clinical Committee for the American Board of Oral
Oral Implants Research 2: 145-50, 199 1 Implantology/lmplant Dentistry.
Balkin BE: Guided tissue bone regeneration. Dental • Served the American Academy of Implant Dentistry
Implantology Update 2(2): 14-6, 1991 as President, Past President, Vice President, and
Balkin BE: Guided tissue bone regeneration. Journal of Secretary.
the Michigan Dental Association 74(5): 26-8, 1992
• Instrumental in development and implementation of
Balkin BE, Steflik BS and Naval F: Mini-dental implant
University-based dental implant educational
insertion with the auto-advance technique for
programs at both a predoctoral and graduate level
ongoing applications. Journal of Oral Implantology
through service as Director of Implant Dentistry at
27: 32-7,2001
University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine
and at Temple University School of Dentistry.
Research Abstracts • Conducted first histologic evaluation of the interface
Balkin BE, Roberts TW, Feik D, Molzan AK and Rams between mini-dental implants and surrounding
TE: Microbiology of human mandibular subperiosteal alveolar bone in human subjects.
dental implants in health and disease. (presented to
• Published first dental literature article/chapter
American Association for Dental Research 29th Annual
specific to management of dental implant failures.
Meeting, Washington, DC) Journal of Dental Research
79(Special Issue): 168, abstract 195,2000 • Participated in development of supporting materials
Balkin BE, Brown BA and Rams TE: Maintenance of for dental implant specialty application documents
guided bone regeneration on human dental implants. to American Dental Association by the American
(presented to American Association for Dental Research Academy of Implant Dentistry.
30th Annual Meeting, Chicago) Journal of Dental • Provided extensive dental implant training to dentists
Research 80 (Special Issue): 163, abstract 1021,2001 through University-based educational programs, and
numerous continuing education programs presented
throughout the world, including the certifying course
Other Publications
for guided tissue regeneration and guided bone
• Balkin BE: Dental implants. Encyclopedia Britannica,
regeneration using Gore-Tex augmentation and
Inc. Yearbook of Science and the Future, Medical
periodontal barrier membrane materials.
Sciences, 1988, pp. 428
• Balkin BE: Book review of “A Surgical and Prosthetic Founding Board member of the American Board of
Approach to Osseointegration with the 3 Implant Implantology/lmplant Dentistry and subsequent
System” Implant Dentistry 5(2): 1996 President
236 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

OSCAR SARNACHIARO every implant, everyday, the lion over my shoulder, I


Dr. Prof Oscar Sarnachiaro did feel like I’m walking in his steps embraced by his love,
a great deal of research with caring and warmth.
blade implants on primates for We’ve returned 360° to all of Dr. Linkow’s teachings
many years. He started in the while the world reinvents the wheel. Having been
late 1960s and early 1970s. privileged to replace and restore tens of thousands of
Primates Research Institute, implants helping thousands of people I can only be
Odontologische Fakultat forever indebted to my teacher, leader and father a man
Buenos Aires, Argentina so ahead of his time!
Associate Professor, • Member Academy of Laser Dentistry
Department of Prosthodontics, • Diplomate American Board of Oral Implantology
School of Dental Medicine, • Diplomate International Congress of Oral
University of Pittsburgh Vice Implantologists
President and Member Board • Diplomate American Society of Osseointegration
of Directors, International Congress of Oral • Fellow American Academy of Implant Dentistry
Implantologists, USA • Fellow American Academy of Implant
A clinical and histological study of TPS-coated Prosthodontics
Linkow Blade Implants Generation 5. • Member International Academy of Periodontology
To our terrible disappointment. He passed away in International
2007. He was loved by all who him. • Member American Academy of Periodontology
• Member Ameican Academy for Implants and
GEDAHLIA MORDECHAI (MARTIN) STERN Transplants
Keren Kayemet 8, • Fellow International Academy of Dental Facial
Jerusalem, Israel 92428 Esthetics
The bottom line is that who • Member Academy of Advanced Oral Reconstruction
I am today and what I have and Esthetics
accomplished can be • Member Academy of Osseointegration
summarized in one • Chairman American Academy of Implant Dentistry
thought - A true disciple of (Jerusalem)
the implant giant of all • New York UNIV. - DDS
times. Trained and taken • Maimonides Hospital - Oral Surgery
under the wings of the • Univ. of Pittsburgh - Implant Dentistry
implant master - Lenny • Almost everyday, almost every patient asks the same
Linkow, the uncontested question:
wizard of Implantology. “Dr. Stern, we know so many people for whom you’ve
Yet before graduating NYU (’80) Jack Wimmer done “magic” over the past 25 years, you really are an M
shuffled me over for early exposure and training. While D, a “Magical Doctor”: You’re fast, you’re good, you’ve
doing surgical training at Maimonides Hospital (NY) saved thousands of people, changing their lives in an hour.
backalleyed with Dr. Linkow at any possible seminar, in Not in years, months, weeks or days, but in an hour and
office training, etc . often less. That’s unbelievable. If we didn’t have it done
Having moved to Jerusalem, Israel in the ‘80’s we still ourselves and didn’t know so many others who have, all
had the great fortune to have Dr. Linkow come and share over the world, we wouldn’t believe it either. But, it doesn’t
with us anything and everything, never asking for any make sense. How come you’re the only one doing it? Are
compensation whatsoever. During those years when not you? The whole world is crazy? It’s really frustrating to
only was immediate loading taboo but so were implants have friends and family who have had two, three or more
Dr. Linkow allowed me to frequent his office to observe surgeries, “grafting”, “sinus-lifts “, repeated cutting and
and participate along with endless guidance and training. stitching over months and years while battling with
While an early and relatively young diplomate of the removable dentures, without permanent teeth. Others,
ABOI, a fellow of the AAID and other prominent told by doctors: “implants are not possible “yet you placed
organizations (see attached) I would have to admit that implants in minutes, without surgery and they are doing
by far more of what I do today, 25 years later, is related well, years later. These are people seeing some of the “biggest “
to Dr. Linkow’s teachings and inspiration than any other, professors around, often paying many times your fees (even
even all others combined! Dr. Linkow accompanies me your fees being no small investment).
Part 3: The Innovators 237

Don’t they know what you know?! Isn’t America the I am not a formal researcher (though I do have
leader in the field.’ extensive studies of my own). I only share with you my
experience over the past 25 years, and that of a good
Dear patient, number of “masters”. I myself have restored over 30,000
“Being able to help you and so many others, often changing teeth on implants for thousands of people around the
lives, is one of the greatest privileges and honors one could world.
achieve in this world. Your trust in me and my staff has Today, in a way similar to that of what my teachers
given us almost “supernatural” energy to forge forward did way back, we do implants faster, easier and better than
in this most fascinating field. Your questions are not only ever before. Usually without “surgery”, without stitches,
very appropriate but have frustrated me as well, to no without cat scans (CT’s), grafting, or the like. As a result,
end, over the past 25 years. The answer is not very simple. the several month waiting period is usually eliminated in
While the “genius” of our approach is its simplicity, it is one visit. This allows our patients to eat and function
almost impossible to give a total answer within the without limitations immediately after treatment.
framework of this letter, due to its complexity, including Let me try to explain, at least partially, what I think
the reality that not all can be said before the world is ready. happened and is happening. The “masters” were creative
Being ahead of one’s time is not always easy.” geniuses who were not in the academic university
“Two things must be stressed up front. One – I take system, and research was not as developed as today.
no credit for what I know and do. It is the work of many While they did thousands of implants, some maybe
“masters” who have been doing this for over 60-70 years. didn’t work out so well. Maybe some, with time, (often
“masters” who were so caring and giving to take me many years), eventually “failed”. The oral surgeons got
under their wings during the many years they did to see only the failures. Every day people are brought to
thousands of these implant procedures, very “alone.” the cemetery and cars to the junkyard. The “man” in the
True, the technology is much refined, lasers are more of cemetery concludes: “humanity is a failure- see they’re
a reality, and we’ve blended the works of many masters, coming in here every day”; “cars are a failure ... just stand
but, in principle, the concepts existed and were here and watch!” Clearly this is a faulty conclusion. The
preformed for many, by “giants” such as: Drs. Alvin questions missed were: out of how many? After how
Strock, Lenny Linkow, Jack Wimmer, Feigel and others. long? There may have been a bit of envy too; since, they
I was sent to them by “Gedolai Yisrael” who knew them didn’t invent this “brilliancy” in the formal centers of
and of them. They encouraged me, stating that America higher learning. So, mainly in the US the word went out
is wrong and the day will come when this will return by “those who knew”: “Implants don’t work”. This went
and become very popular. They were right! It would also on for 20 years while the few, went to the few. “The
be inaccurate and unfair to say that I am the only one politicians and envious ones always slowed down the
doing this. While I may have my own style, having advancement of implantology. Unfortunately, it is the
synthesized advanced implant concepts, the most up to way of all flesh.”
date laser developments, and addressing real “human
needs”, the various components can be found today in LEWIS BENJAMIN
one form or another supported by much literature and During my senior year at Tufts
research. Again it is not Picasso and Beethoven, it is not University School of Dental
Mozart, but certain basic concepts are clearly shared. I Medicine, I was introduced by
also cannot deny that any accomplished art is founded one of my mother’s cousins
on a, God given, born talent ( for example my cousin - to Dr. Norman Mulnick.
Mordechai Ben David who, while a talented singer, Dr. Mulnick became my
clearly was born with a gift from God). We perfect the inspiration and mentor in
gift, we polish the gift, but it’s still just that - a gift from developing my dental implant
God, that requires continuous “siyata d’shemaya” practice. Upon graduation
(divine assistance), and a lot of it! from Dental School in 1975, I
Secondly, what I have to say on the subject does not was accepted into a general
make me right or better. My position is a “professional” practice residency program at
one and any disagreement is professional not personal. Albany Medical Center in Albany, NY. During my
I disagree with many of my colleagues, many whom 1 residency, I also decided to pursue advanced anesthesia
love, are my best friends. They may feel differently based training and was subsequently licensed in parental
on what they know or do not know, so far. (They’re anesthesia when I began my private dental practice in
fortunately definitely coming around). Plantation, Florida.
238 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

In 1985, I was asked to join a group of researchers in as Director of Residency ‘Training Program for 18 years.
Northern California to help develop dental protocols Currently, he is on the visiting faculty at the University
utilizing CAD-CAM Multiplanar Diagnostic Imaging. of Florida College of Dentistry, and has located his
After working two years modifying radiological practice for patient care in the Adventura and Doral areas
protocols for CT and interfacing with an indirect CAD- of Miami.
CAM milling machine, I authored a radiological protocol Dr. Garg has authored three well-recognized
for the one-step subperiosteal implant. The manuscript textbooks, which have currently been translated into
was titled “Versatility of the Subperiosteal Implant eight different languages, and has published well over
Utilizing CAD-CAM Multiplanar Diagnostic Imaging”, 80 articles and more than 12 book chapters. He is editor
Journal Oral Implantology, Vol. XIII, No. 2, 1987. of a montly newsletter, Dental Implantology Update, and
In 1989, working with Cemax Inc. in San Jose, serves on the editorial board of four other leading
California, I initiated a research project to utilize stereo journals.
lithography and CAD-CAM processes to transfer He is widely considered the preeminent authority
diagnostic imaging for endosseous dental implants to the with regards to bone biology, bone harvesting and bone
surgical site. After two years of clinical trials performed grafting in regards to dental implant surgery.
by me, the surgical guide or surgical guide stent was
declared ready for market. Although the utilization of
TREVOR BAVAR
the technology was too premature for the dental
Dr. Trevor Bavar was
profession, I helped lay the groundwork for future
born in Brooklyn, NY on
development and implementation.
October 5, 1935 and
With advancements in technology, the utilization of
attended public
CAD-CAM processes to develop surgical guide stents
elementary school. He
became more practical as several commercial
graduated from Thomas
manufacturers started to implement the procedure as
Jefferson High School in
part of the implant placement protocol. As an invited
1953 and proceeded to
lecturer, I frequently spoke of the evolution of the
New York University
technology culminating in present day procedures. My
Washington Square
most recent publication was titled “The Evolution of
College where, he
Multiplanar Diagnostic Imaging: Predictable Transfer of
received a BA degree in
Preoperative Analysis to the Surgical Site”, JOI: 2002.
1957.
Presently, I am the Medical Director for Virtual
After receiving his
Imaging Medical Diagnostic Centers as well as acting as
DDS degree from New York University College of
a clinical instructor and lecturer for Nobelbiocare. When,
Dentistry in 1960 Dr. Bavar completed a two-year
I am not playing tennis or working with my two
residency at Sea View Hospital in Staten Island, NY. The
daughters to help them advance their careers, I try to
next two years, 1962-64, were spent in the United States
use as much of my academic background as possible to
Army at Fort Polk, Louisiana as the post Prosthodontist
teach dentists advanced software protocols to aid them
where, he also worked with the post oral surgeon
in their dental implant practice.
perfecting his surgical skills.
Upon discharge from the Army Trevor Bavar
ARUN GARG received a scholarship to be enrolled in the two-year
Arun Garg completed his full time, post-graduate program in prosthodontics at
engineering and also his NYU College of Dentistry, where he took courses with
dental degree at the University Dr. Leonard Linkow and Dr. Isaiah Lew. Subsequently,
of Florida and subsequently Dr. Bavar received his prosthodontic certificate in
completed his residency 1966.
training at University of He then worked with the French implantologists, Dr.
Miami/Jackson Memorial Scialom and Juillette using their tantalum tripodal pin
Hospital. Dr. Garg served as a technique. When Dr. Linkow’s blade implant effectively
full-time Professor of Surgery replaced the tantalum pin implants, Dr. Bavar embraced
in the Division of Oral/ this new technique. During his career he had placed
Maxillofacial Surgery at the subperiosteal implants, pins, magnets, blades and, of
University of Miami School of Medicine, and also served course, screw type implants.
Part 3: The Innovators 239

Dr. Bavar has been lecturing in NYU for twenty years. MARK DAVIS
Presently, he is a Clinical Professor at New York Mark Davis placed his first
University College of Dentistry, and Director of the two- implant in 1971 and has been
year continuing education course Implantology: Surgical a leader in Implant Dentistry
and Prosthetic Treatment, where, dentists are trained to ever since. He is an Honored
place and restore dental implants. Fellow of the American
He is the founder and president of the Implant Study Academy of Implant
Group of New York, Diplomate of the American Board Dentistry and a past president
of Oral Implantology and a Fellow of The American of the Alabama Implant Study
Academy of Implant Dentistry. Group. He is an elected
Dr. Bavar, in private practice in Yonkers, NY, had member of the American
articles published in peer review journals and lectures Academy of Restorative
frequently abroad and in the United States. Dentistry and the American Academy of Fixed
He enjoys the challenges with computers and has Prosthetics.
taken up film editing of surgeries performed at NYU.
Trevor Bavar spends time skiing, playing tennis and ALAIN CLAIRET
golf and lives in Westchester County, NY with his wife. Dr. Clairet was an excellent
He has two grown children and two wonderful polo player. During the 1970’s
grandchildren. he would travel to Argentina
every few years with some of
Anecdote his teammates to bring back
When Trevor Bavar was in the Army at Fort Polk, Colonel to Paris some of the finest
R.H. came to him and said his mother was having polo horses.
difficulty wearing her lower denture. Since, Dr. Bavar On November 10, 1989, he
had just read an article on implanting magnets in the suffered a terrible accident
jaw and placing attracting magnets in the denture. He from falling off his horse
constructed a new denture for the patient and followed during an important game
that technique. She felt immediate improvement. As you which left him with twenty-
must be aware as attracting magnets are moved away two broken bones, mostly in
from each other the forces diminish rapidly. The his skull, as well as both arms and legs broken when the
thickness of the soft tissue and the acrylic in the denture hoofs of the other horses trampled over his body. He was
gave the magnets very little strength. It may have been left in a coma for close to four months. He not only
the physiological effect or because this denture was a showed great courage as a polo athlete but showed much
better one than her old, the patient was very happy. Then courage while recovering.
Captain Bavat took a lot of ribbing because the other When he woke up he recognized nobody and even
dentists in the clinic said Colonel R.H.’s mother walked found it very difficult to speak or walk.
by their table and all their knives and forks jumped of It took two solid years for him to get back to where
he left off.
the table into her mouth.
Today, his surgical skills have returned to him and
When Dr. Bavar was in private practice he worked
he is as good an implant surgeon as he ever was.
with the French implantologists, Drs. Scialom and Juilette
He enjoys an active practice on his magnificent
and their tantalum pins. Subsequently, Dr. Bavar gave
touring cruise boat which is docked on the beautiful River
courses on the technique and used the tantalum pins in
Seine just next to the great Port Van Gaugh Restaurant
his practice. During that period when Dr. Linkow
which is part of a breath taking scene for a real down to
revealed his blade implant Dr. Trevor received a call from
earth human being.
his good friend Jean-Marc Juillet, saying, “We have to
fight the Americans.” Dr. Bavar said, “Jean Marc, I have Curriculum Vitae
something to explain to you.” Jean Marc just did not Docteur ALAIN CLAIRET
realize this boy was born in Brooklyn, NY and was not Port Uan Gogh
going to fight the Americans. The blade implant 2, quai Rulagnier
effectively replaced the tantalum pin implant and a 92600 Asnieres sur Seine FRRNCE
whole new era came forth. Tel: 33 1 40 86 10 20
240 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

Fax: 33 1 47 93 46 98 “Les comblements osseux mandibulaires et maxillaires,


Diploma de Chirurgien Dentiste de 1’Ecole Dentaire de etude d’un nouveau matériau”, L’infomation.
la Tour d’Auvergne, Paris, 1969, France Dentaire No 22, 6, June 1991
CES de Biologie Buccale de l’Université de Paris V, 1971 “Implant dentaire à rotule et téte orientable”,
CES Implantodontie No 2-3, November 1991
d’Endodontie de I’Université de Paris V, 1972 “Les indications des comblements osseux en art dentaire
Docteur en Chirurgie Dentaire de I’Université de Paris et leurs pratiques cliniques: Ie Calcigraft-lére partie”,
V, 1973 Implantodontie No 9, May 1993
Ancien Assistant du service de Stomatologie et de “Les indications des comblements osseux en art dentaire
Chirurgie Maxillofaciale de I’Hopital de Montreuil et leurs pratiques cliniques: Ie Calcigraft-2éme partie”,
Doctorat de troisieme cycle, Université Pierre et marie Implantodontie No 10/11, November 1993
CURRIE, December 1994. “Les indications des comblements osseux en art dentaire
Postgraduate d/Implantologie Orale du College of et leurs pratiques cliniques: Ie Calcigraft-3éme partie,
Dentristry, New-York University, USA. Implantodontie No 12, fevrier 1994.
Postgraduate of Linkow Surgical Implant Seminar, New-
York, USA Professer Conferences Internationales
Honoris cosa Université de Constanta (Roumanie) Congrés d’implantologie de la mer noire, Constanta
September 2003, June 2003
Enseignement GISI, Bologne Italie, June 1998.
Enseignant å la Faculté de Medecine de Cochin Port World Congress for Implantology, aôut 1995, Rio,
Royal (Paris V), Service de Stomatologie et de Argentine World Congress for Implantology, May 1994,
Chirurgie maxillofaciale Barcelone, Spain 3rd Congress for Oral Implantology,
Visiting Professor au College for Dentistry, Center for Yokohama, Japan, April 1994 Sendai college of dental
Continuing Dental Education, New York, University hygiene, April 1994, Sendai, Japan
Directeur d’Etudes du Diplôme: “Postgraduate of Oral Journees Dentaires de Nice, May 1993, France
Implantology”, délivré par New York University
Symposium International d’implantologie Orale, mars
Directeur d’Etudes du Diplome: “La Pratique de
1992, Bruxelles, Belgique Congrés de l’Association
I’Implantologie Dentaire” Formateur
Dentaire Française, November 1992, Paris, France
á l’utilization du Laser CO2
Congrés de la Société Belge de Chirurgie et
Recherche d’Implantologie Orale, November 1991, Liége, Belgique.
Responsable de Recherche et d’Evaluations Cliniques des Congrés de l’Association Dentaire Française, November
implants dentaires juxtaosseux 1991, Paris, France Assises intemationales
Responsable de Recherche et d’Evaluations Cliniques sur d’Implantologie Orale, 1988, Poitiers, France
un nouvel ancrage implantaire: 1' “IDAR” Congrés de la Société Beige de Chirurgie et
Responsable de Recherche et d’Evaluations Cliniques sur d’Implantologie Orale, November 1986, Liege, Belgique
un nouveau matériau de comblement: Ie Internationaler Implantologen Congress, August 1980,
Calcigraft, en collaboration avec le service de biologie Hambourg, Allemagne Europaische
osseuse du Pr Antoine DHEM (Universite catholique de Akademie für orale implantologie, aôut 1980,
Louvain, Belgique) Bremen, Allemagne International Congress of
Responsable de Recherche et d’Evaluations Cliniques en Implantology and Biomaterials in Stomatology, june
Célorisoplastie 1980, ICyoto, Japan
Articles Scientifiques World Congress for Oral Implantology, April 1979,
(L’implant Zircon) Implantodontie, Décember 2003. Paris, France
“ L’asepsie au cabinet dentaire”, Implantodontie no 3 1, International Franco-American dental Congress, June
November 1998 1978, Pennsylvania, USA
“L’implant juxta osseux - Evolution et simplification de President fondateur de 1’Institut International
la conception des grilles et des protheses”, d’Implantologie Dentaire Vice President de l’European
Implantologie Orale No 2 Union of Clinicians in Implant Dentistry
“Les transfixations en 1983”, lmplantologie Orale No 9 Membre de la Commission de Normalisation No 9:
“Profil des implants juxta osseux au niveau maxillaire”, “Implants Dentaires” á l’AFNOR (Association Française
Implantologie Orale No 13 de Normalisation)
Part 3: The Innovators 241

CRAIG COOPER • Fellow; American Academy of Implant Dentistry 1992


I was born in Evansville, • Honored Fellow; American Academy of Implant
IN on 2/12/47. I was Dentistry 1999
raised in Midland, Texas. • Fellow; Midwest Implant Institute 1988
I attended Vanderbilt • Director of the Surgical Faculty; Midwest Implant
University in Nashville, Institute 1988-1995
TN. It was at Vanderbilt • Faculty; Implant Maxi Course, Indiana University
that I first thought about School of Dentistry
dentistry as a career. University of Tennessee, Continuing Education
I was a cum laude Dept.
graduate at Vanderbilt Case Western Reserve University, Continuing
and elected to attend Education Dept.
Indiana University School University of Puerto Rico, Continuing Education
of Dentistry. While post Dept.
doctorate education was Wake Forest University, Continuing Education
offered, I was married with one child at the time and felt Dept.
the need to begin my active dental career upon • Faculty Practitioner; Indiana University School of
graduation in 1973. I was fascinated by what at the time Dentistry 1988-present
were only the “possibilities” implants could give the • Limited Attendance Program Chairman, AAID
profession but with the guidance of many mentors such National Scientific Session
as Drs. Linkow, Tatum, Cranin and James I became • FDA Beta site investigator for Innova Implant
increasing involved in the discipline. I elected to sell my • Co-author; American Academy of Implant Dentistry’s
active private general practice in 1988 to devote my full Position Paper on Dental Implants
efforts to doing implant surgery by referral from general • Contributing Author: Principles and Practice of Implant
dentists in Indianapolis. Dentistry, First Edition; Mosby Publishing
I was asked by the FDA to serve as a Beta-site
Professional Offices Held
investigator in 1992 for what at that time was the newest
• Vice-President; Indianapolis District Dental Society
generation of endosseous implants. The porous coated
1986-87
endosseous dental implant is used world wide in our
• President-Elect, IDDS, 1987-88
profession and I remain a consultant to the Innova
• President, IDDS, 1988-89
Corporation today.
• Secretary, Central District of American Academy of
My wife Pam and I have raised three sons, Doug,
Implant Dentistry 1989-90
Bryce and Eric. As I “wind down” my dental career I
• Treasurer, Central District of AAID, 1990-91
still enjoy traveling and lecturing on our unique
• Vice-President, Central District of AAID, 1991-92
discipline of dentistry. I have been hosted by many fine
• President-Elect, Central District of AAID, 1992-93
organizations worldwide and always enjoy the
• President, Central District of AAID, 1993-94
opportunity to have a sharing of ideas and fellowship of
• Delegate to Indiana State Dental Association 1986-89
dental colleagues.
• Board of Directors, American Academy of Implant
Curriculum Vitae Dentistry
Craig D Cooper DDS, FAAID • National Treasurer, American Academy of Implant
Dentistry 1994-95
Education
• National Vice-President, AAID 1995-97
• Vanderbilt University BA 1969
• President-Elect, AAID 1997-98
• Indiana University DDS 1973
• President, AAID 1998-99
• Midwest Implant Institute 1983
Professional Courses and Lectures
• Private practice 1973-present: Limited to implant 1990 Indianapolis Central Study Club
surgery 1988- present. Midwest Implant Institute Symposium
• Diplomate: American Board of Oral Implantology/ Prosthetic Seminar; Indianapolis
Implant Dentistry South Central District Dental Society
• Associate Fellow; American Academy of Implant Western District Dental Society
Dentistry 1988 University of Puerto Rico School of Dentistry
242 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

American Academy of Implant Dentistry Innova Research presentation, University of South


Central Indiana Implant Study Club Carolina Pros. Dept.
Indianapolis Attachment Study Club Innova Research presentation; Department of Oral
Indianapolis general Dentistry Study Club Surgery; Temple Univ.
Midwest Implant Institute Endosseous Course
Midwest Implant Institute Marketing Course 1997 University of Pittsburgh Dept. of Oral Surgery
1991 Implant Prosthodontics University of West Virginia Dept. of Oral Surgery
Endosseous Surgery Course Midwest Institute Charlotte Area Dental Implant Study Club
Subperiosteal Surgery Midwest Implant Institute Athens Implant Study Club
Implant Problem Solving Implant Marketing Western District; American Academy of Implant
Hygiene Protocol for Implants Treatment Dentistry
Planning the Implant Patient Manhattan Dental Implant Study Club
Pasadena Implant Study Group
1992 Bone Grafting; AAID Central District Meeting Loma Linda University Dept. of Oral Surgery
Midwest Implant Institute Symposium Los Angeles Downtown Study Group
Endosseous Surgery Course Midwest Implant Australian Academy of Implant Dentistry
Institute National Meeting
Subperiosteal Surgery Midwest Implant Institute Auckland, New Zealand Implant Study Club
1993 Midwest Implant Institute Symposium Sydney Chapter; ASID
University of Tennessee Implant Externship Melbourne Implant Society
Case Western University Implant Externship American Academy of Implant Dentistry National
Endosseous Surgery Course Midwest Implant Meeting; Atlanta
Institute Russia National Dental Conference; Moscow
Subperiosteal Surgery Course Midwest Implant Northern California Asian Dental Assoc. San
Institute Francisco, CA
Bone Grafting and Sinus Augmentation Course West Palm Beach Veteran’s Hospital
Midwest Implant Institute Nova University Dept. of Periodontics
Wake Forest Implant Externship
1998 Pacific Dental Seminars (Portland)
1994 Midwest Implant Institute Symposium West Dade County Dental Society
Case Western University Implant Extern Program Atlantic Coast Dental Research Center
University of Tennessee Implant Extern Program Broward County (Miami) Dental Society
Wake Forest Implant Extern Program University of Florida Residency Program
1995 Midwest Implant Institute Symposium University of Miami Residency Program
Vancouver Dental Society Allegheny General Hospital: Dept. of Oral Surgery
Montreal District Implant Study Club Univ. of West Virginia Dept. of Prosthodontics
Innova Implant Status Report Sydney, Australia and Oral Surgery
Greater Chicago Implant Symposium Temple University Dept. of Oral Surgery
American Academy of Implant Dentistry National Johns Hopkins GPR Residents; Baltimore
Meeting Dr. Ken Klamut’s Implant Study Club
U. of Tennessee Extern Program Harrisonburg, VA
Case Western Reserve Extern Program Mountain State Oral Surgery Study Group;
Charleston, W.Va.
1996 Vancouver Dental Implant Study Club AAID Southern District Meeting
Dental Implant Institute Prosthetic Seminar
Dental Implant Institute Hygiene Seminar 1999 Boward County Florida Implant Study Club
Chicago Dental Implant Study Club Nashville Tennessee Dental Implant Study Group
Detroit Dental Implant Study Club Sarasota Florida District Meeting
Louisville Area Dental Study Club Mountain State Oral Surgery Group
Innova Research presentation; Richmond VA 21st Asia Pacific Dental Conference; Singapore
Innova Research presentation, University of Baltimore Dental Implant Study Club
Pittsburgh Oral Surgery Dept. Charleston Dental Implant Study Club
Part 3: The Innovators 243

West Texas/Eastern New Mexico Implant Study American Academy of Implant Dentistry Cadaver
Group Course
Temple University Oral Surgery Residents Indianapolis Advanced Surgery Course
2000 Greater Miami Dental Symposium AAID Cadaver Course
University of Miami 7th Annual Implant Training Nova southeastern University Implant Course
Program Toronto Implant Study Club
Montreal Implant Study Club
Tampa area Dental Implant Study Club Brookdale Hospital Maxi-Course
• Sarasota Dental Society London, England Implant Study Group
• Bowling Green, KY Dental Implant Study Club Strasburg, Germany Implant Symposium
• Nashville, TN Dental Implant Society Frankfort, Germany Implant Study Program
• Montreal Implant Society Hamburg, Germany Implant Group
• ICOI-Asian Conference on Dental Implants: Sydney, Munich Implant Study Group
Australia Athens Dental Implant Society
• New York University School of Dentistry Albuquerque Implant Study Group
• Dr. Ronald Rapuano Dental Implant Study Group Johnson City, TN Dental Society
• Dr. Steve Weisglass Dental Implant Study Group Long Beach Implant Program
• Brookdale Hospital Implant Maxicourse New York University: Implant Program and Live
• Innova Implant Symposium; Toronto Surgery
• Dr. Mauck referral group; Fort Lauderdale Vancouver, BC Implant Study Group
• Grand Strand Dental Society; Myrtle Beach Houston Implant Society
• Indiana University Department of Periodontology 2003 AAID Cadaver and Bone Grafting Course
• American Academy of Implant Dentistry 40th Nova Southeastern University
Annual Meeting Indianapolis Introductory Surgical Course
2001 University of Miami 8th Annual Dental Implant Newport Beach Implant Program
Training Program Indianapolis Advanced Surgery Course
Greater Nashville, TN Implant Study Group Houston, TX: Implant Study Club
Brookdale Hospital Implant Residency Program Greater Baltimore Implant Study Club
Toronto Area Dental Implant Study Group Crispin Center for Implant Continuing Education:
Tampa Dental Implant Study Group Los Angeles
AAID Central District Annual Meeting/Chicago New York University Implant Department
Midwinter Meeting Dr. Caudry referral doctors: Toronto, Canada
Vancouver Dental Society American Academy of Implant Dentistry National
Phoenix Dental Implant Study Group Meeting
Toronto General Dentistry Study Group Sarasota Dental Implant Study Club
University of Toronto Dental School Implant 2004 American Academy of Implant Dentistry Cadaver
Residency Program Course: Dayton, Ohio
Winnipeg, Canada: Implant Study Group Esthetic Professionals Dental Education Center:
Western Association of Prosthodontists: Lake Los Angeles, CA
Tahoe Indianapolis Basic Surgery Course
Boward County Dental Society Nova Southeastern University Implant Seminar
Kingston, Canada Implant Study Group Implant Presentation: Hamburg Germany
Cleveland Dental Implant Study Club Implant Presentation: Berlin Germany
Phoenix Innova Seminar Dental Society and Publications Meeting: Stuttgart
Indianapolis Advanced Surgery Course Germany
Great Neck, NY Implant Study Group Implant Seminar: New York University
American Academy of Implant Dentistry Nova southeastern University: Implant Symposium
National Meeting: New Orleans AAID Maxicourse: NYU
ICOI Implant Symposium: San Francisco
2002 University of Miami 8th Annual Implant Training Implant Study Group: Phoenix, AZ
Program ICOI Implant Symposium: Miami, FL
244 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

ICOI Implant Symposium: San Francisco, CA • Temple University School of Dentistry - DDS 1974
Oakland CA Implant Study Club • Private Practice - Syracuse, New York 1975 - present
Nashville, TN Implant Symposium • University of Pennsylvania 1985
Esthetic Professionals Implant course • Three year participatory program in Dental
ICOI Implant Symposium: Los Angeles, CA Implantology
2005 Detroit Implant Study Club
Kansas City Implant Study Club Honors
ICOI Implant Symposium: San Francisco, CA • Academy of General Dentistry - Mastership
NYU Implant Meeting • American Academy of Implant Dentistry - Fellow
Greater Houston Area Implant Study Club • American Board of Oral Implantology/Implant
Esthetic Professional Implant Course Dentistry - Diplomate
AAID Maxicourse: NYU • Academy of Osseointegration - Active Member
Toronto Implant Study Club • American Academy of Dental Group Practice - Past
ICOI Implant Symposium: NYC President
AAID Cadaver Dissection Course: Wright State • Past President NE District AAID
University: Dayton, OH • American Academy of Implant Dentistry - Past
ICOI Implant Symposium: Washington, DC President
Medical College of Georgia: Atlanta, GA • Academy of Laser Dentistry - Advanced Proficiency
University of Buffalo School of Dentistry • Academy of Laser Dentistry - Past President
Implant Study Club: Montreal, Canada • American Academy of Implant Dentistry Research
Foundation - Past Chairman
2006 Seattle Implant Continuum
Nova Southeastern University Implant symposium Professional Affiliations
New York University Implant Symposium • American Dental Association
Columbus, Oh Dental Implant Study Club • Onondaga County Dental Society
Houston, TX Implant Study Group • New York State Dental Association
New York University Implant Maxicourse • Alpha Omega
AAID Cadaver Dissection Course: Dayton, OH • Crouse Irving Memorial Hospital - Staff
Heartland Dental Conference: Sarasota, FL • St. Joseph’s Hospital Health Center - Staff
Long Beech Dental Implant Study Club, Long • Attending Faculty St. Josephs Hospital GPR Program
Beech, CA
2007 Miami Implant Continuum; Seattle, WA Publications
IUSD ASDA Presentation; Indianapolis, IN • Dental Clinics of North America
New York University Implant Maxicourse, New • Chapter-Laser in Implant Dentistry October 2004
York, NY Presentations
• Implant Insertion with Simultaneous Allograft and
EMILE MARTIN, DDS PTFE Membrane Augmentation
• American Academy of Implant Dentistry 1991
Curriculum Vitae • Osseointegration, Osteopromotion and Guided Bone
Emile Martin, DDS Regeneration in the Anterior Maxilla
• Born-Bristol, Virginia 3/ American Academy of Implant Dentistry 1992
12/47 • Evaluation of Mineralized Cancellous Bone Allograft
• Graduated Virginia High in the Maxillary Sinus
School 1965 American Academy of Implant Dentistry 1993
• Lettered in Football and • Evaluation of Mineralized Cancellous Bone Allograft
Track in the Maxillary Sinus
• Editor in Chief High Academy for Implants and Transplants 1994
School Year Book • Holmium: Surgical Wavelength with Fiberoptic
• Professional Education Precision
and Certificates Academy of Laser Dentistry 1998
• University of Virginia - • Holmium: Surgical Wavelength with Fiberoptic
BA 1970 Precision
Part 3: The Innovators 245

American Society for Laser Medicine and Surgery, granddaughter residing in the Charlatte NC area.
Inc 1999
Undergraduate education is With Philadelphia College
• Sinus Augmentation using Maturing Irradiated
of Pharmacy and Science, Philadelphia, PA and
Mineralized Cancellous Allograft Material
Duquesne University, School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh,
American Academy of Implant Dentistry 1999
PA where, he graduated in 1972 with a BS In Pharmacy
• Oral Surgical Procedures with the Holmium: YAG
Laser His professional education is diverse, combining his
Lasers in Surgery and Medicine 2000 Interest in General Dentistry and Implantology with that
• Osteopromotive Techniques for Osseous of Pharmacology. University of Pittsburgh School of
Enhancement of Implant Placement Sites Dental Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, DMO 1976; Midwest
Fifth World Congress Oral Implantology 2001 Implant Institute, Worthington, Ohio 1990; Duquesne
• General Dentist’s Approach to Successful Bone University, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences.
Grafting Pittsburgh, PA, PhD Pharmacology Toxicology 2008.
International Congress of Oral Implantologists 2002 He has held positions as pharmacist prior to going into
• Mini and Transitional Implants - When, Where and dentistry. Dr. Rutkowski maintained a private dental
How practice 1976-1983 in Pittsburgh, PA, and since 1984.
American Academy of Implant Dentistry 2002 currently in Clarion, PA. He has held high levels of
• Provisional Dental Implants leadership in professional dental organizations including
American Academy of Implant Dentistry 2002 the American Academy of Implant Dentistry (AAID). He
• Transitional and Provisional Dental Implants served two terms (2008 and 2009) as President of the
Northeast Southern District AAID 2003 American Board of Oral Implantology (ABOI) and was
• Ridge Expansion for Placement of Dental Implants appointed 2009 as Editor-in-chief of the Journal of Oral
Northeast Southern District AAID 2003 lmplantology.
His Professional Honors are many including oiplomate,
JAMES L RUTKOWSKI R Ph, DMD PhD American Board of Oral Implantology/Implant Dentistry
Dr. Rutkowski is dynamic 2000, Honored Fellow and Fellow of the AAID and
with an intense interest in member of the Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi.
people and dentistry, a Since 2005, as President of the Clarion research Group.
man who is in the right he has guided research with Platelet-Rich Plasma and
profession. achieved significant results reducing the time for bone
Born November 8, 1949, growth needed for successful implants from six months
Meadville, PA where he to ten weeks.
lived until 1969 when he Dr. Rutkowski is a well recognized presenter at national
married his wife. Deborch and international professional dental meetings and has
and moved to Pittsburgh, taught a variety of courses to dentists regarding the fine
PA. They now have two points of Implantology and Pharmacology.
grown children and
246 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

CURRICULUM VITAE
Name : George E. Anastassov, MD, DDS, FACOMS, FACD
Home Address : 100 United Nations Plaza, Apt 10-A
New York, New York 10017
Telephone : 212-758-2136

Office Address : Maxillofacial Surgery Services


18 East 50th Street, 5th Floor
New York, New York 10022
Telephone : 212-751-0001
Facsimile : 212-753-0540
Email : ganastassov@mfss.net
Website : www.mfss.net
Date of Birth : October 29,1963
Place of Birth : Yalta, Russia
Citizenship : USA

Education
1978-1981 : BA Degree, Fine Arts School, Sofia, Bulgaria
1981-1987 : MD Degree, Medical Academy, Higher Medical Institute, Sofia, Bulgaria.
1988-1990 : DDS Degree, New York University College of Dentistry, New York.

Postdoctoral Education
6/92-6/95 : Resident, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
9/94-11/94 : Fellowship in Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery. (Professor H.P.M. Freihofer). The
Catholic University, St. Radboud Hospital, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
7/95-6/96 : Chief Resident, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein, College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
96-1/97 : Fellowship in Craniofacial and Base of Skull Surgery,
Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial and Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery.
Wilhelms University, Muenster, Germany.
6/98-7/90 : Clinical Extern, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Bellevue Hospital Center, New York, New York.
10/98-12/90 : Clinical Assistant, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and
Microsurgery. Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.

Hospital Appointments
1997-present : Attending, Department of Dentistry, The Mount Sinai Hospital. New York, NY
1997 - present : Attending and Associate Director, Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Elmhurst
Hospital Center, Queens, NY.
1997-present : Consultant in Maxillofacial Surgery, Bronx VA Hospital Center, Bronx, N.Y.
2000-present : Chief, Craniofacial Clinic, Department of Surgery. The Mount Sinai Hospital. New
York, NY.
2006-present : Attending Oral Surgeon, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Medical Center,
New York, NY.

Hospital Committees
1998-present : Member, Surgical Committee, Elmhurst Hospital Center, Queens, NY.
Part 3: The Innovators 247

Academic Appointments
1996-present : Visiting Associate Professor, Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery and Plastic
and Reconstructive Surgery, Wilhelms University, Muenster, Germany.
1997-present : Associate Clinical Professor of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. The Mount Sinai
School of Medicine.
Certifications : Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates
(ECFMG Certificate #0-643-754-5).
American Board of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Board certified March 20, 1998.
Private Practice Activities
1990-1993 : St. Jude Medical and Dental Center.
1991-1999 : East Village Dental Group. New York, NY.
1999-present : Maxillofacial Surgery Services. New York, NY.

Other Activities (Volunteer and Missionary Work)


Healing the Children, Northeast, Inc.
Founding Member, lnternational Cleft Lip and Palate Foundation.

Editorial Activities
2000 - present : Editorial Consultant - ‘The Journal of Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology
and Radiology Science Direct Publishers
2000-present : Editorial Consultant - Head and Face Medicine
BioMed Central Publishers
2000-present : Editorial Board Member - International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.
Harcourt International Publishers
2001-present : Editorial Board Member - Folia Medica.

Professional Society Membership


American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
European Association for Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery
American College of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
American College of Dentists
American Medical Association
American Dental Association
New York Academy of Sciences
Hellenic Medical Society of New York

Honors Awards
Listed in “Who’s Who in the World of Medicine 1997-1999.
Granted Fellowship to the American College of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons in
2000.
Granted Fellowship to the American College of Dentistry in 2005.
Chairman, the First International Congress of the Cleft Lip and Palate Foundation
“Cleft 2000”. lnternational
Missionary Organizations. Zurich, Switzerland, July 6, 2000.
Chairman, Facial Anesthetics. XV Congress of the European Association for Cranio-
Maxillofacial Surgery. Edinburgh, UK. , September 5-9, 2000.
Chairman, Aesthetic Surgery. XVI Congress of the European Association for Cranio-
Maxillofacial Surgery.
Muenster, Germany, September 3-7, 2002.
248 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Journal Publications
1. Anastassov GE, Van Damme PhA. Angioleiomyoma of the upper lip Report of a case. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1995;
24:301-02.
2. Anastassov GE, Van Damme PhA. Evaluation of the anatomical position of lateral canthal ligament: Clinical implications
and guidelines. J Craniofac Surg 1996; 7:429-37.
3. Anastassov GE, Van Damme PhA. Orbitometer-Ophthalmometer. A New Surgical and Clinical Device. J Craniofac Surg
1996; 7:437-40.
4. Anastasssov GE, Escobar V. Hemangioma-like lesions: Diagnosis and Management. J General Dent 1997; 46(4):372-77.
5. Anastassov GE, Rodriquez E, Schwimmer AM. Facial rhytidectomy approach for treatment of posterior mandibular fractures.
J Craniomaxillofac Surg 1996; 25:9-14.
6. Anastassov GE. Management of subcondylar mandibular fractures via facial rhytidectomy approach. J Craniomaxillofac
Surg 1996; 24: 13.
7. Tkotz T, Anastassov GE, Weingart D, Joos U. Long-term results after surgical correction of fibrous dysplasia of the visceral
cranium. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 1996 24:116.
8. Anastassov GE, Rodriquez E, Friedman J, Adamo A. Aggressive ameloblastoma treated by irradiation. JADA 1998; 129:84-
87.
9. Anastassov GE, Joos U, Zollner B. Evaluation of the results of delayed rhinplasty in cleft lip and palate patients. Functional
and aesthetic implications. Factors for successful nasal repair. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1998; 36:416-24.
10. Anastassov GE, Joos U. Midline craniofacial clefts in association with hamartomas. Treatment strategies. Report of three
cases. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1998; 56:383-92.
11. Kleinheinz J, Anastassov GE, Joos U. Ultrasonographical vesus conventional diagnostic procedures in dislocated subcondylar
mandibular fractures. J Cranio Maxillofac Trauma 1997; 3:40-42.
12. Rodriquez E, Adamo AK, Anastassov GE. Open reduction of subcondylar fractures vi an anterior parotid approach. J
Cranio Maxillofac Trauma 1997; 3:28-34.
13. Anastassov GE, Trieger N. Edema in the upper respiratory tract in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Oral
Surg Oral Med Oral Path and Radiol 1998; 86:644-47.
14. Kleinheinz J, Anastassov GE, Joos U. Indications for treatment of subcondylar mandibular fractures. J Cranio Maxillofac
Trauma 1999; 5(2):17-23.
15. Anastassov GE, Lee H. Respiratory mucocele after augmentation genioplasty with autologous osteo/cartilaginous graft
from the nose. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1999; 57:1263-65.
16. Anastassov GE, Cohen S, Chuong S. Post-traumatic pseudoneurism of the splenopalatine artery presenting as persistent
epistaxis. Diagnosis and management. J Trauma 1999; 47:396-99.
17. Anastassov GE. Ethnic rhinoplasty. Correction of the platyrrhine nose. J Aesthetic Dermatology and Cosmetic Surg 2000;
4:263-74.
18. Anastassov GE, Haiavy J. Aesthetic lip augmentation and autologous superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS) grafts.
J Aesthetic Dermatology and Cosmetic Surg 2000; 4: 247-50.
19. Anastassov GE, Lee H, Schneider RJ. Endoscopic repair of high subcondyolar mandibular fracture. A case report. UJ Oral
Maxillofac Surg 2000; 58:1048-51.
20. Anastassov GE, Lee H, Haiavy J. Rhytidectomy. Br J Oral Maxillfac Surg 2000; 38:346-49.
21. Anastassov GE, Haiavy J, Lee H. Submandibular gland mucoceles. Diagnosis and management. Report of two cases. Oral
Surg Oral Path Oral Radiol 2000; 89:159-63.
22. Anastassov GE, Asher E. Peri-implant skin graft for a craniofacial prosthesis. J Prosthet Dent. 2000; 84:215-16.
23. Anastassov GE, Ethnic rhinoplasty. Correction of the platyrrhine nose. J Cranio Maxillofac Surg 2000; 28:65.
24. Anastassov GE, Haiavy J. Aesthetic lip augmentation and autologous superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS) grafts.
J Cranio Maxillofac Surg 2000; 28:64.
25. Anastassov GE, Joos U. Comprehensive management of cleft lip and palate deformities (CLP) via functional repair. J Cranio
Maxillofac Surg 2000; 28:184.
26. Anastassov GE. “Subliugual gland in origin of cervical extravasation mucocele”. In reply. Oral Surg Oral Path Oral Radiol
2000; 90:405.
27. Anastassov GE, Joos U. Comprehensive management of cleft lip and palate deformities. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2001;
59:1062-75.
Part 3: The Innovators 249

28. Lee H, Anastassov GE, Joos U. Functional repair of cleft palate deformities. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2001; 59:87.
29. Anastassov GE, Lee H, Joos U. Functional repair of unilateral cleft deformities. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2001; 59:36.
30. Anastassov GE, Schwartz S. Buccinatory mio-mucosal island flap for post-ablative maxillofacial reconstructions: A report
of 4 cases. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2002; 60:816.
31. Anastassov GE, Rodriquez EJ. Buccinatory myomucosal island flap for post-ablative maxillofacial reconstructions. J Cranio
Maxillofac Surg 2002; 30:87.
32. Anastassov GE, Anastassov YC. Craniofacial fibrous dysplasia: management. Eur J Cranio Maxillofac Surg 2002; 30:124.
33. Anastassov GE, Buchbinder DB: Maxillary sinus augmentation with deproteinated bovine xenograft and platelet rich plasm
with simultaneous insertion of endosseous implants in severely resorbed posterior maxillae. J Cranio Maxillofac Surg.
2002; 30:199.
34. Rodriquez A, Anastassov GE, Lee H, Buchbinder DB. Maxillary sinus augmentation with platelet rich plasma and xenografts
with simultaneous placement of endosseous implants. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2003; 61 :157.
35. Anastassov Y, Anastassov GE, Schipkov CH, Simov R, et al. Craniofacial fibrous dysplasia. Conservative Management.
Report of a case. Folia Medica. 2004; 46(2):56-61.
36. Anastassov GE, Anastassov YV. Craniofacial fibrous dysplasia. Conservative management. Report of a case. J Cranio
Maxillofac Surg. 2004; 32:301.
37. Anastassov GE, St. Hilaire H. Periorbital and midfacial rejuvenation via blepharoplasty and sub-periosteal midface
rhytidectomy. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2006; 35:301-11.
38. Schulhof Z, Anastassov GE, Mashadian D. Large chondroid syringoma of the cheek. Case report and review of the literature.
J Oral Maxillofac Surg Accepted 2007.

Work Submitted or in Progress


1. Anastassov GE, Schulof Z, Lummerman H. Complications after contour augmentation with injectable silicone. Diagnosis
and treatment. Report of a severe case. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg Submitted 2007.
2. Diamond J, Anastassov GE. Management of hemangiomas of the buccal fat pad. In Progress
3. Anastassov GE, Novelli V, Montazem A. Combined orthognathic and soft tissue correction of pronounced facial dysmorphias.
In Progress.
4. Anastassov GE. Disasters related to failure of maxillary sub-periosteal implants. How to avoid then and how to treat them.
In Progress.
5. Schulof Z, Anastassov GE. Combined mandibular reconstruction with transmandibular implant system and peri-oral and
cervical rejuvenation. In Progress.
6. Schulof Z, Anastassov GE. Life-threatening postoperative sublingual hematoma secondary to vitamin E intake. Case report
and review of the literature. In Progress.
7. Anastassov GE. Facial lipofilling with autogenous aspirated centrifuges adipose tissue. In Progress.
8. Anastassov GE, Anastassov YK, Khater R. Foreign body fillers. Complications and their management. In Progress.

Meeting Proceedings
1. Van Damme PhA, Anastassov GE. De positie van het laterale canthale ligament en de transconjunctivale benadering met
lateral canthotomie bij de behandeling van (peri) orbitale fracturen. Proceedings of the Dutch Association for Oral and
Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery. 1995.
2. Van Damrne PhA, Anastassov GE. The position of the lateral canthal ligament and the transconjunctival approach with
lateral canthotomy in the treatment of periorbital fractures. Proceedings of the Craniofacial Surgery, State of the Art
Symposium, PSEF, New York. 1996.

Abstracts and Poster Presentations and Guest Lectures


1. Management of Mandibular Subcondylar Fractures via Facial Rhytidectomy Approach. Presented at the Jubilee Congress
of the European Association for Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery. Zurich, Switzerland. September 4, 1996.
2. Comprehensive Management of Cleft Deformities and management of Craniosynostosis. Presented at the unified
departmental staff meeting. Montefiore Medical Center, North Central Bronx Hospital, Jacobi Medical Center. February
27,1997.
3. Cervico-facial Rhytidectomy and Liposuctioning. The Versatility of the Sub SMAS Facial Rhytidectomy Approach in
Maxillofacial Surgery. Presented at the University of Jacksonville, Florida. May 21, 1997.
250 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

4. Cervico-facial Rhytidectomy and Liposuctioning. The Versatility of the Sub SMAS Facial Rhytidectomy Approach in
Maxillofacial Surgery. Presented at the University of Florida, Gainesville. May 22, 1997.
5. AO/ASIF Instrumentation and their Use. Maxillofacial AO/ASlF Course Lecturer. Paipa, Colombia. July 9, 1997.
6. Lag Screw Principle of Fixaion. Maxillofacial AO/ASlF Course Lecturer. Paipa, Colombia. July 9,1997.
7. Adequate Fixation with Compression by means of 2.4/2.7 DC Plates and Tension Band Splint or Tension Band Plate.
AO/ASlD Course Lecturer. Paipa, Colombia. July 10, 1997.
8. Treatment of Infected Fractures and Pseudoarthrosis. AO/ASlD Course Lecturer. Paipa, Colombia. July 10,1997.
9. Rehabilitation of Tumor Patients with Endosteal Implants. AO/ASlD Course Lecturer. Paipa, Colombia. July 11, 1997.
10. Radiation and Implants. AO/ASlD Course Lecturer. Paipa, Colombia. July 11, 1997.
11. Orbital and Naso-orbital-ethmoidal Fractures. AO/ASlD Course Lecturer. Paipa, Colombia. July 12, 1997.
12. Bone Distraction. AO/ASlD Course Lecturer. Paipa, Colombia. July 12, 1997.
13. Functional and Aesthetic Implications of the Delayed Rhinoplasty in Cleft Lip and Palate Patients. Presented at the VI
International Congress of IAMFST. Zurich Switzerland. September 6, 1997.
14. Orbitometer, Ophthalmometer, a New Surgical and Clinical Device. Presented at the VI International Congress of IAMFST.
Zurich Switzerland. September 7, 1997.
15. Cervico-facial Rhytidectomy. Speaker at the First Course on Facial Esthetic and Cosmetic Surgery. Colombian Association
of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. Bogota, Colombia. April 24, 1998.
16. Facial Liposclupturing. Speaker at the First Course on Facial Esthetic and Cosmetic Surgery. Colombian Association of
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. Bogota, Colombia. April 24, 1998.
17. Utilization of the sub-SMAS Facial Rhytidectomy Approach. Speaker at the First Course on Facial Esthetic and Cosmetic
Surgery. Colombian Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. Bogota, Colombia. April 24,1998.
18. Alternative Methods of Facial Rejuvenation. Speaker at the First Course on Facial Esthetic and Cosmetic Surgery. Colombian
Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. Bogota, Colombia. April 24, 1998.
19. Face-lifting. Cervico-fascial Liposculpturing. Cervico-facial Rejuvenation via Peizoelectric Currents and Ultrasound “Skin
Master”. Applications of the Facial Rhytidectomy Techniques in Craniofacial Surgery. Visiting professor and lecturer.
University of Muenster Medical School. Muenster, Germasny. November 12,1998.
20. Comprehensive Rhinoplasty. Guest Speaker at Course of Maxillofacil Surgery. The Colombian Association of Oral and
Maxillofacial Surgery. Zuana Beach Resort, Colombia. November 12, 1999.
21. Cranio-facial Trauma Management. Management of Subcondylar Fractures. Guest Speaker at Course of Maxillofacil Surgery.
‘The Colombian Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. Zuana Beach Resort, Colombia. November 13,1999.
22. Reconstruction of Post-Ablative Defects on the Head and Neck. Guest Speaker at Course of Maxillofacil Surgery. The
Colombian Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. Zuana Beach Resort, Colombia. November 13,1999.
23. Functional Repair of Patients with Cleft Lip and Palate. Guest Speaker at Course of Maxillofacil Surgery. The Colombian
Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. Zuana Beach Resort, Colombia. November 14,1999.
24. Facial Rhytidectomy and Liposculpturing. Guest Speaker at Course of Maxillofacil Surgery. The Colombian Association of
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. Zuana Beach Resort, Colombia. November 14, 1999.
25. Comprehensive Manage of Cleft Lip and Palate Deformities via Functional Technique. “Cleft 2000”. Presented at the First
International Congress of the Cleft Lip and Palate Foundation. Zurich, Switzerland. July 1-6,2000.
26. Aesthetic and Reconstructive Lip Augmentation with Autologous Superficial Musculoaponeurotic System (SMAS) Free Grafts.
Presented at the First International Congress of the Cleft Lip and Palate Foundation. Zurich, Switzerland. July 1-6, 2000.
27. Ethnic Rhinoplasty. Presented at the XV Congress for the European Association for Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery Edinburgh,
LIK. September 5-9,2000.
28. Comprehensive Management of Cleft Lip and Palate Deformities vi Functional Repair. Presented at the XV Congress for
the European Association for Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery Edinburgh, UK. September 5-9, 2000.
29. Functional Oro-Mandibular Reconstruction. Guest speaker at the 34th National Meeting of GISIGM-LIL. Bari, Italy. November
25, 2000.
30. Radiation and Dental Implants. Guest speaker at the 34th National Meeting of GISIGM-LIL. Bari, Italy. Noverrrber 25, 2000.
31. Maxillary and Mandibular Reconstruction. Comprehensive Surgical Management. State-of-the-Art Lecture. Presented during
the ‘Days of New York University in St. Petersburg, Russia”. May 30 - June 7, 2001.
32. Comprehensive Management of Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate Deformities via Functional Approach. American Association
of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 83rd Annual Meeting. Scientific Sessions and Exhibitions. Orlando, Florida. September
13, 2001.
Part 3: The Innovators 251

33. Management of Cleft Palate Deformities via Functional Approach. American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
83rd Annual Meeting. Scientific Sessions and Exhibitions. Orlando, Florida. September 14, 2001.
34. Contemporary Biomaterials in Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery. “The Days of Maxillofacial Surgery”. Presented at the Bulgarian
Association of Maxillofacial Surgery. November 1, 2001.
35. History, Development and Techniques of Implantology in Severe Atrophy of the Lower and Upper Jaws. “‘The Days of
Maxillofacial Surgery”. Presented at the Bulgarian Association of Maxillofacial Surgery. November 2, 2001.
36. Biomechanics of the Craniofacial Skeleton and Cranio-facial Traumatology. “The Days of Maxillofacial Surgery”. Presented
at the Bulgarian Association of Maxillofacial Surgery. November 3, 2001.
37. Comprehensive Rhytidectomy. “‘The Days of Maxillofacial Surgery”. Presented at the Bulgarian Association of Maxillofacial
Surgery. November 3, 2001.
38. Hair Restoration Surgery. “The Days of Maxillofacial Surgery”. Presented at the Bulgarian Association of Maxillofacial
Surgery. November 3,2001.
39. Modern Rhinoplasty. “The Days of Maxillofacial Surgery”. Presented at the Bulgarian Association of Maxillofacial Surgery.
November 3, 2001.
40. Block Bone Graft Augmentation for Jaw Reconstruction. Presented the Greater New York Annual Meeting Scientific Session.
Novembe 24, 2001.
41. Implantology in Irradiated Patients after Tumor Ablation in the Head and Neck. Presented at the XIX Corso Teoretico
Practico di Implantologia Orle Avanzata Multipo. Capri, Italy May 24-25, 2002.
42. Buccinator Myomucosal Island flap for Post-Ablative Maxillofacial Reconstructions. Presented at the XVI Congress of the
European Association for Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery. Muenster, Germany. September 4, 2002.
43. Craniofacial Fibrous Dysplasia: Management. Presented at the XVI Congress of the European Association for Cranio-
Maxillofacial Surgery. Muenster, Germany. September 4, 2002.
44. Maxillary Sinus Augmentation with Deproteinated Bovine Xenograft and Platelet Rich Plasma with Simultaneous Insertion
of Endosseous Implants in Severely Resorbed Posterior Maxillae. Presented at the XVI Congress of the European Association
for Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery. Muenster, Germany. September 6, 2002.
45. Aesthetic Surgery: Rhinoplasty. Master class presented at the XVI Congress of the European Association for Cranio-
Maxillofacial Surgery. Muenster, Germany. September 7, 2002.
46. Functional Methods for Correction of Cleft Lip and Palate Deformities: Our Experience. Presented at the First International
Symposium on Congenital Facial Deformities. A Coruna, Spain. November 27-29, 2002.
47. Surgical Correction of Severely Resorbed Maxilla and Mandible. Study Group at the Maxillofacial Surgery Services. New
York City. December 18, 2002.
48. Block Bone Grafting in Maxillofacial Surgery. BCDISG Meeting. New Jersey. October 20, 2003.
49. Periorbital and Midfacial Rejuvenation via Blepharoplasty and Subperiosteal Midface Rhytidectomy. Presented at the XVll
Congress of the European Association for Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery. Tours, France. September 14-18, 2004.
50. Craniofacial Fibrous Dysplasia Conservative Management. Presented at the XVll Congress of the European Association for
Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery. Tours, France. September 14-18, 2004.
51. Surgical Reconstruction of the Severely Resorbed Maxilla and Mandible. North Queens Study Club. Queens, New York.
November 6, 2004.
52. Cranial Vault Trauma. Frontal Sinus Fractures. Biomechanics of the Midle Facial Third. Naso-orbito-ethmoidal Fractures.
First Congresso lnternacionaol de Trauma Facial. Pereira, Columbia, SA. May 20-21, 2005.
53. Zygomatico-maxillary Complex Fractures. Le Fort II, Le Fort III, and Panfacial Fractures. First Congresso lnternacionaol de
Trauma Facial. Pereira, Columbia, SA. May 20-21, 2005.
54. Nasal Trauma. Mandibular Trauma. Pediatric Trauma. First Congresso lnternacionaol de Trauma Facial. Pereira, Columbia,
SA. May 20-21, 2005.
55. Disasters in Oral Implantology. How to Avoid Them and How to Treat Them. Seminar Presented at the First Annual St.
Petersburg Scientific Assembly of Stomatology. St. Petersburg, Russia. June 7-10, 2005.
56. Comprehensive Course in Oral Implantology. Seminar and Practical Demonstrations. Presented at the 4th New York
University/American Dental Academy Meeting. St. Petersburg, Russia. July 6-15, 2005.
57. Implant Related Disasters: How to Avoid Them and How to Treat Them. Seminar Presented to the North Queens Study
Group sponsored by the NYS Academy of General Dentistry. Queens, New York. September 15, 2005.
58. Implantology in the Everyday Practice of the Surgeon/Stomatologist. Seminar and Practical Exercises. Presented at the
American Dental Academy sessions. Moscow, Russia. September 26-29, 2005.
252 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

59. History of Orthognathic Surgery. 1st Mount Sinai Symposium on Reconstructive and Orthognathic Maxillofacial Surgery.
New York, New York. December 3, 2005.
60. Aesthetic Considerations in Orthognathic Surgery. Contemporary Methods in Maxillofacial, Plastic, Reconstructive and
Aesthetic Surgery Congress. Hissar, Bulgaria. May 21-24, 2006.
61. Advanced Implantology for the General Practitioner. Symposium entitled “Achievements and Innovations in Contemporary
Stomatology”. Moscow, Russia. June 10-14, 2006.
62. Successful Reconstruction of the Maxilla after Long-Term Subperiosteal lmplant Placement. 12th Annual Northeast Graduate
Implant Symposium. University of Connecticut. November 10-11, 2006.
63. Disasters in Oral Implantology. Prevention, Recognition and Tretment. Presented at the 3rd East European Congress of
Denal Implantology. Lviv, Ukraine. March 29-31,2007.
64. Mistakes and Complications in Dental Implant Surgery. Current Concepts in American Dentistry-New York University,
CME Program. May 31, 2007.
65. “La Gestione Degli lnsuccessi in Implantologia”. Presented at the XXlV Course of Odontostomatology and Implantology.
Capri, Italy. June 15-16, 2007.
Part 3: The Innovators 253

ABBREVIATED CURRICULUM VITAE MORTON L, PEREL, DDS, MScD


Upon completing graduate studies, training and Board qualification at Boston University in 1965, Dr. Perel embarked
upon a prosthodontic career that has included private practice, university-based teaching, writing, lecturing and
editing.
Having been involved with both the surgical and prosthetic aspects of implant dentistry since 1971, he has had
the opportunity to participate in its evolution on many different levels; and continues to lecture internationally on a
strictly generic (non-manufacturer) approach to implant dentistry. He has been associated with Dr. Aaron Gershkoff,
a ‘father’ of implant dentistry, from 1971-1973.
Dr. Perel has received three Fellowships and is a Diplomate of the International Congress of Oral Implantologists.
His textbook, Dental Implantology und Prostheses (J.B. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) in 1977, preceded
today’s widely held concepts of osseointegration. He has written 23 journal articles, written numerous editorials,
edited or written forwards to implant-related textbooks, served as a consultant, and had edited Dental Impluntology
Update (a monthly international publication by American Health Consultants, Atlanta, Georgia) for 7½ years since
its inception 13 years ago, and maintains the title Editor Emeritus.
He co-edited the quarterly international Journal, Implant Dentistry, with Dr. Roland Meffert for 7 years, and is
currently the Editor-in-Chief. He practices prosthetic dentistry and implant prosthodontics in Providence, Rhode
Island, USA, and maintains a very full professional calender. The anchor of his energies is the practice of the martial
art Taekwondo, of which he has a AN Black Belt.
254 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

IMPLANT AESTHETICS FOR THE DENTALLY DEBILITATED PATIENT


(ABSTRACT OF PRESENTATION)
The late Dr. Louis J. Boucher, an internationally recognized prosthodontist, stated in 1976 (31 years ago!) “Implants
to replace the entire mandibular dentition in some patients who exhibit extreme resorption of the mandible can be
justified. There is no alternative treatment plan for these patients which offers a better prognosis. The multiple-tooth
implant is their only hope. An implant for the complete replacement of the dentition in the mandible represents the
greatest need in dentistry”.
Much progress has been made since that time. Dental implant clinicians, both surgical and prosthodontic, are
capable of hard and soft tissue manipulations and adherence to rehabilitative principles of prosthetic dentistry. Our
efforts in treating the orally incapacitated patient, the patient who is functionally and esthetically challenged, often
go beyond the intraoral.
We, as clinicians, are involved in improving the quality of life. In this vein, removable implant prostheses
(overdentures) have become significant oral-facial reconstructions that go beyond the replacement of teeth. In essence,
the support of circumoral facial structures, aside from the fulfillment of vertical dimension of occlusion and freeway
space, can be attributed to the maxillofacial attributes of removable prostheses. There are circumstances in which
implant-supported overdentures are superior prostheses for a substantial and significant portion of the elderly
populations of all countries.

MACROESTHETICS: THE BIGGER PICTURE


(ABSTRACT OF PRESENTATION)
We, as dental implant clinicians, both surgical and prosthodontic, are obviously intraoral reconstructive practitioners.
The placement and restoration of man-made teeth in edentulous areas involve skills that include diagnostics, planning,
site development, multi-dimensional placements and multifaceted laboratory/prosthetic procedures.
We, as clinicians, are concerned about hard and soft tissue manipulations and adherence to rehabilitative principles
of prosthetic dentistry. Yet, our efforts in treating the orally incapacitated patient, the patient who is functionally
and esthetically challenged, often go beyond the intraoral.
The extraoral facial aspects of our prosthetically guided dental implant treatments involve the macroesthetic
dimensions. From reconstructing occlusal vertical dimension to developing support for circumoral tissues, one of
our most significant services is restoring a quality of life to an orally incapacitated patient; that is, the dental cripple.
Macroesthetics in. implant dentistry focuses our diagnostic and treatment skills to visit a lifespan of treatment
options that fulfill the dictum “improving the quality of life”.

CASE PLANNING: A MANDATORY PROLOGUE TO IMPLANT SUCCESS


(ABSTRACT OF PRESENTATION)
Implant dentistry has been conceptualized as being a discipline that is “prosthetically-driven with a surgical
component”. And so it should be. If the insertions of implants are not compatible with prosthetic superstructures
that are to be sustained, then even if osseointegration is obtained through the most sophisticated surgical procedures,
restorative/prosthetic problems may follow. Prosthetic planning must be initiated before any surgical procedure
whatsoever.
Before a foundation is placed for the construction of any building, an architect will have plantled the structure.
The architect then supervises the ongoing construction of the building.
The same planning and supervision are necessary in implant dentistry. Without having planned the case
prosthetically, many implant-related cases become challenges to the prosthodontist; and, in the extreme, can become
non-restorable. Without guidelines for the placement of subsequent restoration of implants, the longevity of the
prostheses and the integrity of the componentry may be compromised.
Diagnosis and treatment planning consist of the initial correlation of a) the assessment of oral structural
topography; b) the significance and use of radiographs; and c) the mandated mounted study casts. They all become
indispensable tools in the formulation and initiation of success in the total picture of implant dentistry. The rush to
perform implant surgery prior to case planning has resulted in many implant disasters and unwanted legal
manifestations. From what may appear to be the simplest of implant tooth replacements to the most complex of
dental implant reconstructions, sound case planning is the cornerstone of all related treatments.
Part 3: The Innovators 255

ROBERT W. CHRISTENSEN, DDS, FAIMBE Teaching Staff, Los Angeles County General Hospital,
Asst. Clin. Professor, Dept of Head and Neck Surgery
Teaching Staff, Assistant Clinical Professor, Head &
Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, University of
California - Irvine
Adjunct Professor of Bioengineering, School of
Engineering, Clemson University

Education
• Los Angeles County General Hospital, Los Angeles,
California Oral Surgery Training
• New York University
New York City, New York, NYU College of Dentistry
Experience - Graduated Cum Laude - 1948
1951-1952 Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon • City College of New York
Lecturer in Oral Pathology New York City, New York
Lieutenant USNR. Dental Corps Science Courses
Performed all necessary oral surgery on • Columbia University
United States Marines New York City, New York
1950-1970 Member, President of Southern Calif. Science Courses
Association of Oral and Maxillofacial • University of Southern California
Surgeons Los Angeles, California
1953-1973 Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon Pre-Med Science
Private Practice Pasadena, California • San Diego State College
Performed all major oral and maxillofacial San Diego, California
surgery techniques and innovated several Pre-Med Science
jaw reconstruction techniques • Hoover High School
1964 Contributing Editor, Joumal of Oral San Diego, California
Surgery, Oral Medicine, and Oral Pathology
1966-1972 Assistant Clinical Professor of Surgery, US Patents (1960s)
University of California Medical College, TMJ Implants
Irvine, California Modular Mandibular Reconstruction Prosthesis
Taught Head and Neck Surgery to Third The Circumferential Mandibular Implant
and Fourth Year The Transosseous Mandibular Implant
Residents in Head and Neck Surgery. The Endosseous Dental Implant
1973-1977 Oral Maxillofacial Surgery practice,
Lawndale, California. Honorary
1977-1981 Retired from active practice. Lectured in • Won the coveted “Golden Eagle Award” for an
Oral Pathology at Portland Community original motion picture- “Endosseous Implants· The
College. Lecturer, Oral Pathology at New way” ·1970.
Northern Alberta Institute of Technology, • Listed in Who’s Who in the West
Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. • Listed in Who’s Who in the America
1981-1988 Practiced the specialty of oral and • Listed in Who’s Who in the World
maxillofacial surgery. • Listed in Who’, Who in Medicine and Health care
1988-Present Co-Founder and President of TMJ Implants, • Listed in Who’s Who in Science and Engineering
Inc., 17301 W. Colfax Avenue, Golden, • Listed in Who’, Who in Finance and Business
Colorado 80401 . • Listed in ASTM Directory of Scientific and Technical
Consultants and Expert Witnesses.
Hospital Positions Held • Awarded, five US Patents for jaw reconstructive
Staff or Consulting Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon for surgical innovations.
over 17 hospitals located throughout Southern California. • Honorary Member-Hollywood Academy of Medicine
256 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

• Adjunct Professor of Bioengineering, School of • Miracles Along the Way


Engineering, Clemson University • The Seagull and the Pigeon
• Robert W Christensen Biomechanics Laboratory, • Standing in Love
School of Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, • Run to win
South Carolina • Unleashing the power of Covenant
• Robert W Christensen Fellowship of TM Joint Surgery, • One in a Million
School of Medicine, University of Tennessee, • The Face of God
Knoxville, Tennsessee
• Recipient of the Peter J Daniels’ Caleb Encouragement Partial List of Articles Published
Award, 1996 Christensen RW, Morgan DH. Clinical Re-evaluation of
• Member of the American College of Forensic the Effectiveness of Vit. K-1 in Oral Surgery. J.
Examiners, August 2000. Applied Nutrition 1964;17(2):141-44.
• Fellow, American Institute of Medical and Biological Christensen RW. The Transosteal Mandibular Dental
Engineering 2003. Implant. A New Technique. J of Prosthetic Dentistry,
• Co-Chair First International Conference on Medical Nov. 1969;22(5);578-87.
Implants, 2003. Morgan DH, Christensen RW. Clinical effectiveness of
• Robert W Christensen Biomaterial, Laboratory, Vitamin K-1 in oral surgery. Dental Radiography
Biomedical Materials Engineering Science Program. and Photography 38:55-9 passim, 1965.
Alfred University, Alfred, NY, June 2003. Christensen RW. Mandibular joint arthrosis corrected by
• Recipient of Robert W Christensen Maxillofacial the insertion of a castvitallium glenoid fossa
Implant Award, International Society of Medical prosthesis. A New technique. Report of a case. Oral
Implants and Devices, Inaugural Award, July 2003. Surg, Oral Med, Oral Path 1964;17:712-722.
• Elected a member of Sigma XI, The Scientific Research Christensen, RW: Surgical Treatment of mandibular
Society, Clemson University Chapter of the Society. ankylosis. Use of a cast vitallium glenoid fossa.
• Member of the Industrial Advisory Board (lAB) of the Dental Radiography and Photography 1964;1(37):3-
Department of Engineering at the University of 7, 22.
Denver (DU), March 2004. Morgan DH, Christensen RW. Clinical re-evaluation of
• Honorary Member of the Asociacion Mexicana de the effectiveness of Vit. K-1 in oral surgery. J South
Cirugia Buccaly Maxillofacial (Mexican Association Calif. Dental Association 1963;31:333-36.
of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons), September 2004 Christensen, RW: Retrognathism corrected by a vertical
• Professor, Mexican College of Oral and maxillofacial osteotomy of the ramus with an inlaid bone graft:
Surgeons Report of case. J Oral Surgery, Anes and Hasp Dental
• Member of American Dental Association, Colorado Serv 1962;20:511-16.
Dental Society, and Metropolitan Denver Dental Christensen, RW: Correction of mandibular ankylosis by
Society since 1994. arthroplasty and the insertion of a castvitallium
• Life Fellow Colorado Society of OMS since 2004. glenoid fossa. A new technique: a preliminary report
of three cases. J South Calif Dental Assoc 1963;31:117-
29.
Contributor to Following Textbooks
Christensen RW. Anterior open-bite or retrognathia
• Year Book of Dentistry—1964
corrected by a vertical sliding osteotomy of the
• Oral Pathology—Kurt Thoma
ramus, with or without bene graft: An improved
• Oral Cancer and Tumors of Jaws—Sharp et al
technique. Oral Surg, Oral Med, Oral Path
• Atlas of Clinical Pathology of Oral Mucous
1960;13:1409-22.
Membrane—Linkow
Christensen RW. Chronic unilateral dislocation of the
• Oral lmplantology—Cranin
mandibular joint treated surgically by a high
• Compendium of American Equilibration Society
condylectomy. Report of a case. Oral Surg, Oral Med,
• Current Advances in Oral Surgery —Irby
Oral Path 1960;13:12-22.
• Emergencies and Urgent Complications in
Christensen RW. Chapin R. Oral surgery—A bilateral
Dentistry—Irby
subsigmoid notch ostectomy and condylotomy for
porgnathism. (film rev.) JADA 1959;58:148.
Books Published Christensen RW. Treatment of oral hemangiomas. Report
• When You Say I Do, God Says I Will of four cases. Oral surg, Oral Mad, Oral Path
• Turning Earthly Profits Into Eternal Rewards 1959;12:912-21.
Part 3: The Innovators 257

Christensen RW. Complex composite odontoma Jungles BS. Total Joint Reconstruction Utilizing the
involving the maxilla and maxillary sinus. Report Christensen Prosthesis: A Preliminary Report. Poster
of a case. Oral surg., Oral Med, Oral Path 14. AAOMS Annual meebng. 1990.
1956;9:1156- 64. Chase DC, et al. Mechanical Evaluation of AUopIastic
Christensen RW, Blossom RA. Adenocarcinoma of the TMJ Prostheses, Journal Dental Residents
palatine mucous glands. Report ofa case. Oral Surg, 1993;72:252.
Oral Med, Oral Path 1955;8:130-35. Curry J, latta J. An Evaluation of Christensen TMJ
Christensen RW. Surgical correction of complete bilateral Prostheses in 58 Consecutive Patients, Journal Oeotal
ankylosis of the mandible. Report ofa case. Oral Surg, Residents 1993: 72:252.
Oral Med, Oral Path 1955;8:1235-44. Christensen RW. Arthroplasty the TM Joint, Journal of
Christensen, RW; Millman, JE: Fibro-osteoma, containing Southem California State Dental Association Vol XXI
dentine, of the mandible. Report of a case. Oral Surg, April 1963.
Oral Med, Oral Path 1954;7:726-31. Christensen RW. The TMJ Prosthesis in Arthrosis of the
Christensen RW. Lymphangioma of the tongue. Report Temporomandibular Joint. Journal Oral Surgery
of a case. Oral Surg, Oral Med, Oral Path 1953;6:593- Oral Medicine Oral Pathology 1965.
98. Christensen RW. Oral Implantology Vol II No. 2, A
Christensen RW. Surgical removal of a large sialolith Norman Cranin, Charles Thomas 1971 .
within the sub-maxillary gland. Report of a case. Chrtstensen RW. Annual lecturer at Rocky Mountain TMJ
Oral Surg, oral Med, Oral Path 1956;9:808-812. Surgical Conferences, Various universities in the US
Christensen, RW The Correction of Mandibular and the world.
Ankylosis by Arthroplasty and Insertion of a Christensen RW. Hemi and Total TMJ Reconstruction
Vitallium Glenoid Fossa Prosthesis: a New Using the Christensen TMJ Prostheses 2003.
Technique. Am Journal of Orthopedics 1963;48:28- Christensen RW: Hemiarthroplasty of the TMJ Using the
34. Christensen Fossa Eminence Prosthesis: ‘What have
Christensen RW. The Temporomandibular Joint we learned in 44 Years?, The TM Journal 2004;1(III).
Prosthesis Eleven Years Later. Journal of Oral Christensen RW. Arthroplasty in the Unusual TMJ
lmplantology, 1972; 2:34-38. Surgical Case, The TMI Journal 2004;2(II).
Garrett William R. Temporomandibular Joint Christensen RW. The History of the Christensen
Reconstruction with a Custom Total Mandibular and TMJ Alloplastic: Reconstruction: A
Temporomandibular Joint Prosthesis: Use in the Fifty-two Year Jopurney, The TMI Jouural 2004;6(III).
Multiply Operated Patient, Surgical Technology Christensen RW, C1Jny JT, Robinson, RC. A Complex
International VI, 1997. Case: Conjoining TMJ Alloplastic Reconstruction
Christensen RW, Saha Subrata. The Effect of Laser with Distraction Osteogenesis of the Mandible, The
Etching on the Load Carrying Capacities of the TM Joumal Vol III No 7 July 2004.
Christensen Temporomandibular Joint Implant 20th Christensen RW. Temporomandibular Joint Surgery:
Annual International Confefence the IEEE Surgical Treatment of Mandibular Ankylosis -use
Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Vol. of a Cast Vital urn Glenoid Fossa, The TMJ Olm
20, N06, 1998. 2004;9(III).
Chase DC, Christensen RW, et al.. The Christensen Erickson MF, Stith HD, Christensen RW. Surgical
Prosthesis: A Retrospective Clinical Study, Oral Reconstruction of a Pediatric Treacher-Collins
Surgery Oral Medicine Oral Paltlology. 1995: 80:273- Syndrome Patient - Report of a Case, The TM Journal
78. Vol II No 9 September 2004.
Robinson A, et al. 30+ Year Follow-up of Two Patients Gutierrez R, Campos A, McLain R, Christensen RW.
with Allopastic TMJ Prosthesis 7th Annual Dental Juvenile TMJ Reconstruction—Report of Two
Residents Sym, Memphis 1993;7:21. Ankylosis Cases, The TM Journal Vol III No 10
Russel. R et II: Total Joint Replacement with Alloplastic October 2004.
Prosthesis Journal Dental Residents 1993;72:252. Christensen RW, Alexandet R, Curry JT, Christensen MS,
McKay H, et al, TMJ Fossa Eminence Prosthesis Dollar N. Hemi and Total TMJ Reconstruction Using
Placement on the Absence of the Meniscus, Journal the Christensen Prostheses, Surgical Technology
Dental Residents 1993; 72:252. International XII, October 2004.
258 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

Christensen RW, Dollar JV. TMJ Reconstructive Surgery: Christensen RW. Presentation on Alloplastic
An Overview of Technique and Prostheses. The Reconstructive Surgery, Univ. of Honduras, San
Articulator (Metropolitan Dental Society of Denver,) Pedro Sulas 2003.
2005;3(9). Christensen RW. Alloplastic Reconstruction of the TMJ,
Kashi Saha,Christensen. Temporomandibular Joint Grand Rounds, Department of Surgery, University
Disorder: Artificial Joint Replacements and Future Medical Center, UCSF—Fresno, California, February
Research Needs, Jo of Long-term Effects of Medical 2004.
Implants 2006;16(6):4659-73. Christensen RW. Alloplastic Reconstruction of the TMJ,
Mexican Association of Oral and Maxillofacial
Partial List of Presentations Given Surgeons. Mexico City, Mexico, May 2004.
Christensen RW. American Dental Association Annual Christensen RW. What If? Rotary International, Golden,
Meetings, 1955 through 1967. Colorado June 2004.
Topics of TMJ Reconstructive Surgery, Dental Implants Christensen RW. The Angela Story, Rotary International,
and others. District Conference, Colorado Springs, Colorado
Christensen RW. Alloplastic TMJ Reconstructive Surgery 2005.
with the Christensen Total and Partial TMJ Christensen RW, Cunry JT. Innovations—45 Years of TMJ
Prostheses, Ukraine Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstructive Surgery, Grand Rounds, Section of
Surgeons, Univ. of Kiev, Ukraine 1995. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of
Christensen RW. A Historical Perspective, 13th Annual Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
Rocky Mountain TMJ Surgical Conference, Golden, September 2004.
Colorado, January 2004. Christensen RW. 44 Years Experience: Total and Partial
Christensen RW, Cunry JT. Myths Surrounding TMJ TMJ Reconstruction What have we Learned?, 86th
Reconstructive Surgery, 13th Annual Rocky Annual Meeting of the Association of Oral and
Mountain TMJ Surgical Conference, Golden, Maxillofacial Surgeons, San Francisco, California,
Colorado, January 2004. October 2004.
Christensen RW, Cunry JT. Addressing the Diagnosis: Christensen RW. Alloplastic Reconstruction of the TMJ,
What have we learned? 13th Annual Rocky Univ. in Sevillia, Spain 2006.
Mountain TMJ Surgical Conference, Golden, Christensen, RW, Alloplastic Reconstruction of the TMJ,
Colorado, January 2004. Univ. in Mucilla, Spain 2006
Christensen RW. The Partial Joint—Stock or Custom?, Christensen RW. Alloplastic Reconstruction of the TMJ,
13th Annual Rocky Mountain TMJ Surgical Univ. in Madrid, Spain 2006.
Conference, Golden, Colorado, January 2004. European Cranic-Maxillofacial Surgeons Annual
Christensen RW. The Total Joint—Stock or Custom?, 13th Conference “The Challenging TMJ Reconstructive
Annual Rocky Mountain TMJ Surgical Conference, Surgery Case”, Barcelona, Spain 2006.
Golden, Colorado, January 2004. Craniofacial Pain Society Meeting, Denver, Colorado,
Christensen RW. The SLA Model—Uses for Implant 2006
Design, 13th Annual Rocky Mountain TMJ Surgical Fifth International Ethical Issues in Biomedical
Conference, Golden, Colorado, January 2004. Engineering, NYC 2009.
Curry JT, Christensen RW. Unusual Case Histories, 13th Craniofacial and TMJ Pain Conference, London 2009.
Annual Rocky Mountain TMJ Surgical Conference, And many others over the last 58 years.
Golden, Colorado, January 2004.
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Index

A D Herb Gross 177


Abstract of presentation 254 Daniel L Root 198 Hilt Tatum 138
AAID presidents 1952-2001 158 David Hoexter 201 History and evolution of the subperiosteal
Al Edelman 138 David M Vassos 222 implants 54
Alain Clairet 239 Dennis Tarnow 212 History of dental implants 10, 82
Alfred Feigel 171 Dental and Scientific Affiliations 220 Holger E Bürkel 170
Alvin Strock 91 Dental Implant History— 2000 BC - 1800
I
American Academy of General Dentistry AD 10
Implant aesthetics 254
Fellow of AGD 1974 192 Dental Implantology 220
Implant courses 181
Amilkar Ariza Gomez 182 Denture Materials 9
Implant innovations 234
Anecdote 239 Dentures
Implantologists 133
Anthony Ricciardi 178 ancient way 3
Implantology in the sixties
Antonio Moro Greco 128 medieval way 4
and seventies 78
Antonio Pierazzini 189 Dino Garbaccio 172
International College of
Anthony J Viscido 139 Donald H Masters 190
Implantology 192
Appearances 214
Arthur Ashman 192 E Intramucosal implant snap
Early dental implant history-1800 to insert technique 69
Arthur C Jermyn 98
1950s 12 Isaiah Lew 94
Arthur K Molzan 213
Edward Mills 228 Israel Binderman 198
Articles scientifiques 240
Articles 235 Edwin J Greenfield 90
J
Arturo Hruska 214 Eichi Kojima 154
Jack Hahn 147
Arun Garg 238 Emile Martin, DDS 244
Jack Krauser 208
Axel Kirsch 195 Endodontic stabilizers 34
Jack Wimmer 128
Extramural committee memberships 113
Jacques Scialom, France 98
B
Board of Certifications 113 F James L Rutkowski R PH, DMD PHD 245
Feliciano Salgaray 223 Jean Marc Juillet and Pierre Domns 138
Boyd Harris 185
First modern implant 14 Jerry Soderstrom 226
Brånemark 30
Francesco Mangini 211 Joe Francis Warriner 200
Burton E Balkin 233
Freshman Dental Curriculum 231 Joel L Rosenlicht 206
C Future of implantology 77 John C Minichetti 225
Carl E Misch 130 Jon Reed Wagner 174
G Julian M Franko 191
Case Planning 254
Gedahlia Mordechai (Martin) Stern 236
Centro de implantologia oral Amilkar
George Washington 6 K
Ariza 182
Gerhard Heim 186 Ken Judy 220
Ceramics in implantology 43
Gerald M Reed 179
Certificate and licensure 131 L
Gerard M Scortecci 141
Charge' JI Enseignement 131 Lebenslauf 170
Giancarlo Cortese 232 Leonard I Linkow and the development
Charles A Babbush 145
Giordano Muratori 108 of dental implants in Japan 156
Charles English 174
Giorgio Gnalducci 185 Lewis Benjamin 237
Charles S Mandell 208
Great pioneers 16 Licensure 115, 137, 193
Charlie Weiss 126
Gustav Dahl 90 Lionel W Richards 222
Committee Assignments—American
Academy of Implant Dentistry 179 H Louis J Naman 202
Consultant positions 234 H Ford Turner 139 Luigi Marziani 96
Craig Cooper 241 Hagi Woman's College 153 M
Current Dental Implant History-1940 to Hans L Grafelmann 142 Macroesthetics 254
2009 buried implants 21 Harold Devere Roberts 133 Manlio S Formiggini 91
320 The Legends of Implant Dentistry with The History of Transplantology and Implantology

Manuel Chanavaz 182 P Shumon Otobe DDS (1928-1994) 153


Marc N Benhuri 213 Paul J Mentag 110 Sidney I Berger 209
Marco E Pasqualini 219 Per Ingram Branemark 173 Staple implants 37
Mark Davis 239 Philip J Boyne 111 Stefano Melchiade Tramonte 108
Maurice Albert Salama 216 Pier Luigi Mondani 172 Stuart Orton-Jones 228
Maurice Fagan 122 Plastics 43 Subperiosteal "symphysealirami support
Maurice Valen 186 system" 67
Michael Pikos 227 R Surgical and periodontal considerations
Milton Hodosh 139 Ralph A Roberts 135 32
Mira Yasinovsky, DDS 218 Ramus implants 41
Mohamed Sharaway 194 Raphael Chercheve 97 T
Morton Perel 205 Raul R Mena 199 Tampa area dental implant study club
Mucosal inserts 69 Richard Guaccio 178 243
Richard Wilson Leong, JR DDS 223 Terry J Reynolds 197
N Robert J Miller 226 Titanium story 27
Need for formal training 77 Robert James 135 Thomas S Golec 134
Nicholas Berman 96 Robert W Christensen, DDS, faimbe 255 Trevor Bavar 238
Nineteeth century: modern dentures Roland M Meffert 204
make their debut 8 U
Ronald Cullen 124
Nobuyuki Inada 196 Ugo Pasqualini 99
Roy Bodine 97
Non-metallic implants crystalline bone University Committee Memberships 113
screw (CBS) 35 S US patents (1960s) 255
Norman Cranin 106 Sami Sandhaus 109
V
Norman Goldberg 92 Samuel Kaufman 211
Victor Sendax 201
Norman Mulnik 126 Samuel P Weber 126
Scott D Ganz 217 W
O Sebastian Lo Bello 139 Walter E Knouse JR 145
Ole Krosgaard Jensen 182 Search for implantable material 18 Wesley Halpert 205
Oscar Sarnachiaro 236 Sheldon Winkler 149 William Dean Nordquist 209

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