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Solar trackers
0 NB: Some of the informaƟon about Solar Feed-in Tariffs and return on investment in this arƟcle may be out of date. See our
Me gusta Solar Feed-in Tariffs page for up-to-date informaƟon on state-by-state programs. A good way to maximise the output of your
solar PV system is to have it mounted on a solar tracker. Solar trackers can boost the electrical output of your PV system
significantly, allowing you to earn more income from the feed-in tariff. However, as discussed in this arƟcle, the economics of
solar trackers are more suited to large installaƟons, and are actually more dependant on the level of feed-in tariff assistance offered then
geographical locaƟon.
VariaƟon of the sun’s path during the day and the seasons
This effect is accentuated the further you are away from the equator. In Tasmania the days are very long in summer, and very short in
winter. In Darwin there is much less variaƟon.
Single-axis
Single-axis solar trackers follow the sun from sunrise to sunset as it moves in the sky through the day from east to west. They are called a
single-axis trackers as the mechanism only rotates in one plane around a single axis. The axis can be oriented so that the cells stand up at a
Ɵlt (called a polar axis) or lie flat (called a horizontal axis). Horizontal axis’ are more suitable for small laƟtudes (locaƟons in the tropics and
closer to the equator “ i.e. northern Australia), whilst polar axis are more suitable for larger laƟtudes (locaƟons far from the equator “ i.e.
southern Australia).
The advantages of single-axis trackers are that they are less complicated, and thus less expensive. As can be seen in the figures below,
single axis trackers capture much of the benefit of solar tracking. In locaƟons closer to the equator where the sun’s arc through the sky is
less variable through the day and through the seasons, single-axis trackers are parƟcularly effecƟve.
Single-axis horizontal trackers are also structurally more rigid and stable, and hence less likely to be damaged during storms. In addiƟon to
the normal single-axis opƟons, a new solar PV technology has been developed called Tubular solar, where the shape of the cells
themselves are cylindrical, allowing the cells to capture the maximum amount of light as the sun goes through it’s daily cycle.
hƩps://www.solarchoice.net.au/blog/solar-trackers/
Dual-axis
Dual-axis, or two-axis, trackers follow the sun completely. The two axes of rotaƟon allow the tracker to posiƟon the solar cells directly
perpendicular to the sun’s ray all the Ɵme. As they are able to adjust for the sun’s height as well east to west rotaƟon dual-axis trackers
fully adjust for seasons as well as adjusƟng to face the sun as it sits low in the horizon at sunrise and sunset, and high in the sky in the
middle of the day.
Dual-axis trackers capture the full extent of the sun, but they are slightly more complex and hence a liƩle more expensive. Dual-axis
trackers make more of a difference at greater laƟtudes (more southerly in Australia) where there is substanƟal seasonal variaƟon in the
sun’s height and arc.
The modelled performance of solar trackers for various locaƟons around Australia is shown below. The modelling has been undertaken
using the PVWaƩs Performance Calculator for Grid-Connected PV Systems designed by the Renewable Resource Data Center, part of the
US NaƟonal Renewable Energy Laboratory. The figures below take all of the necessary factors into account, including meteorological
factors such as average cloud cover and temperature loss factors.
As the table shows below, installing a single-axis solar tracker will boost your energy output in Sydney over the year by 20%, 25% for a
dual-axis tracker. Yearly average increase in energy output (kWh) due to single-axis and double-axis solar PV tracking systems
20% 25%
Darwin
29% 36%
Port Hedland
21% 25%
Brisbane
26% 32%
Perth
20% 25%
Sydney
23% 28%
Adelaide
25% 32%
Canberra
19% 23%
Melbourne
Yearly average increase in energy output (kWh/year for a 1kW system) for a fixed mount, single-axis and double-axis solar PV system
*Fixed mount baseline figures from the Clean Energy Council (see arƟcle How much energy will my solar cells produce?)
18.3c $ 58 $ 71
Darwin
16.01c $ 56 $ 69
Perth
Upfront cost of a dual axis 10kW tracker – $20,000 AddiƟonal yearly income from tracker – $2,200 Payback Ɵme “ approx 9 years Profit (16
years @ $2200) – $35,200
Upfront cost of a single-axis 1.5kW tracker – $4,000 AddiƟonal yearly income from tracker – $330 Payback Ɵme “ approx 12 years Profit
(13 years @ $330) – $4,290
Upfront cost of a single-axis 1.5kW tracker – $3,000 AddiƟonal yearly income from tracker – $266 Payback Ɵme “ approx 11 years Profit
(14 years @ $266) – $3,724 The above examples show that the economics of solar trackers greatly favour large installaƟons, where the
cost per kW of installed capacity for the tracker becomes much lower. For large installaƟons (around 10kW), where the purpose of the
system is to generate large amounts of power and feed-in tariff revenue, solar trackers are a very aƩracƟve opƟon. As 10kW is the feed-in
tariff capacity limiƟ
Ɵn most states, fiƫng a solar tracker will allow you to maximise your generaƟon income where no other means are
available.
For small 1.5kW installaƟons the upfront cost of a tracker is high, and the payback period is long. In reality, invesƟng the same amount on
addiƟonal solar cells would yield higher generaƟon volumes, more income, as well as greater environmental benefits.
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{ 28 comments }
Hi
I have just installed a 3kw system which points directly north with Ɵlt capability. I just need to find out the opƟmum angle of Ɵlt
though out the year. I live in Pomona Qld 150 km north of Brisbane,
Any help would be appreciated.
Thanks Harry
Hi Harry,
This would depend on how many Ɵmes a year you want to readjust the Ɵlt angle! Pomona is just south of the Tropic of
Capricorn at about 26oS laƟtude, which means the sun will be almost right above you at around midday on the summer
solsƟce (Dec 21). Therefore the Ɵlt angles for the key Ɵmes of year are as follows:
If you want to calculate the in-between dates yourself, there is an excellent tool for doing so available here. Just subtract the
AlƟtude angle (which will never be more than 90 degrees for your locaƟon) for the date you have in mind from 90 degrees.
For example, the Summer SolsƟce alƟtude angle is about 84 degrees, therefore: 90 – 84 = 6.
Good luck!
Hi. I am about to set a small solar farm on our Qld property west of the Gold Coast and a liƩle South of Brisbane. We intend to set
up 60Kw currently about 550 thin film panels and looking at a more efficent panel (early stages). I am interested in the costs and
benefits for a set up like this using solar tracking. We are keen to make it as efficient as possible. This will be a ground mount set up
as we do not have a roof that could support this. We currently have a roof mounted 1.5kw system and are happy with it.
Hi Garry,
Thanks for the comment. You might be interested in reading this newer blog entry about solar farming. We can give you
specific advice about the costs and benefits and help you to find an installer who meets your criteria, whatever they are.
To answer your quesƟon generally, amorphous thin-film panels tend to have lower efficiency than mono- or poly-crystalline
hƩps://www.solarchoice.net.au/blog/solar-trackers/
panels, and I’m sure you’re already aware that this means you will need more area of panel to achieve the same result (kW
capacity-wise) as poly or mono. More panels means that you will need more trackers, which will in turn mean higher costs for
you, as well as a greater area of your property given up to solar panels. If you go with the more efficient poly or mono panels,
you will not require as many trackers, possibly saving you some money, not to menƟon space. If you’re looking for efficiency,
your best bet is probably poly or mono panels on trackers. Best of luck with your system!
Hi Garry,
Just wondering how far you got with this? As an Australian manufacturer, we have been looking at developing our own
tracking system. I would be interested to see what you have developed so far.
Regards,
Rob
Hi rob, how did your company go developing a tracker? I have developed a complete microprocessor controlled tracker
system, with supporƟng windows applicaƟon, dual axis that solves the astronomical constants based on input laƟtude
and longitude, it even monitors wind speed and places the panel on horizontal posiƟon in high wind. Given the
prototype is now operaƟng successfully I am looking for interested commercial partners
it is possible , but you really need to find an techie that will do it for you without loosing your REC cerƟficates.
you just need to throw in a storage device (such as a baƩery) before the power goes back to the grid
Solar charges the baƩeries and overflow goes into the grid when the grid has power loss it falls back to your own backup (or you
could just always run from your backup but nite Ɵmes the main downer it would suck loosing power at night Ɵme as you would have
no power source.)
Hi all.
I have a 1.6K/w system installed for 3 bills now and all looking good, (recovered the cost of the bill.)
But how can I get my own power from the panels to supply say my frig when there is a power cut, which shuts down the lot?
Are you aware of any such runs? Will voltage drop be an issue?
Looking at a 7kw system to be installed early feb. Ground based structure closer to meters not ideal, some shade on east side but is
looking like the preferred opƟon at the moment.
Hi Simon,
Voltage can be a problem at that kind of distance–200m is quite a way away! That’s probably whey they are now
recommending the thicker cables, which ameliorate the effects of voltage drop.
Does anybody know of a tracking system that has been installed on a roof top in suburbia.Iam building my own duel axis tracker to
take my 2kw system , but a ground mounted system would be impracƟcle. This is all providing i can get council approval. Any
informaƟon would be appreciated.
Dave.
hƩps://www.solarchoice.net.au/blog/solar-trackers/
Hi Dave,
Good luck with your tracker. It’s certainly unusual to see solar trackers on roofs in suburbia, but doing so is definitely
technically possible, if not legally. Let us know how your local council responds to your idea.
To your first commenter: You cannot in NSW offset the benefit of the tracker on a 10 kW system by adding more panels as the is the
maximum allowed for the FIT at 60 cents per kWh is 10 kW
If seems a brilliant idea to maximise the generaƟon from a 10 kW system but the mathemaƟcs are complicated, especially if you
take a loan out ( well worthwhile on a fixed north installaƟon say at $50,000 producing $10,000 pa), but I find it difficult to calculate
the financial benefits (not taking into consideraƟon the environment). Solar tracking seems fine on the ground but on the roof?
Maintenance of a roof system seems a nightmare.
G’day Jim
Of some of the research I’ve been doing lately the opƟmum angle you’re looking for will match the laƟtude of your locaƟon.
Australind’s laƟtude is 33º 16′ 45.13″ S so ideally your solar array should be pitched at an angle around 33º. Hope this helps
Regards,
Paul
Panel cooling is something I have interest in as I have now seen my 300 waƩ Sunpower panels loose a lot of effeciency when hot
and as research shows heat is a killer for out put.
I am in discussion with some firms to look into a cheap method to cool panels to see if it worth while.
But on cold days I have had over 100% out put yet hot days 60 to 70% output,
2.5 kw when they should be yielding 3.8 which the sunny boy will handle.
Like every thing it has to be cost effecƟve and simple and reliable, no use spending money and not making money but it is worth
looking at.
At present the investment is saving money but My biggest saving was fiƫng 40 evacuated tubes to my hot water system, next solar
aircondiƟoning.
I have also read about heat affecƟng solar panel efficiency, to the point where Solar Tiles may be too inefficient due to the
roof cavity stored heat and lack of convecƟon venƟlaƟon.
Perhaps the solar panels are best configured for opƟmal winter capture, thus leaving summer capture to be off-opƟmal axis,
thus reducing temp build up whilst maintaining similar/or greater yield than the hot day impacted yield.
Very helpful, well and clearly presented, answers a lot of quesƟons. Thanks.
We live in Australind W.A. and have a 1.4 KW system on roof. Unfortunately the roof angle is a bit low and we only get barely 1.2 kw
at best Ɵme when panels are cool and sun is bright. We are hoping to add two more panels in the future. What would be the
opƟmum angle for here near Bunbury?
We also spend a lot of Ɵme in Tasmania and have 2 X BP 80 waƩ panels on the caravan roof. I’ve rigged up a single axis demountable
frame so I can manually track the sun to some degree. AlternaƟvely I can mount the panels on a “T” pole on the jockey wheel
mount and again track quite well rotaƟng the pipe manually. I keep dreaming of an auto system. But being a pensioner I guess I have
the Ɵme to do it manually. However I love making devices and am interested in some smaller light sensiƟve switches. It may be of
interest that it seems as if P.V. panels work extra well in Tasmania due to the lower ambient temperatures which keeps the panels
cooler and the High UV factor. My solar controller has indicated that the panels have put out a liƩle over 1o amps on occasions.
That’s with low charge in the baƩeries of course. Hope this is of interest. Thanks again, regards Jim Dixon
Hi, i’m doing a project on a greenenergy dependent house and wondering why more money is generated in Camberra, when the
feed-in tariff rate is lower than Sydney?
As well why is more enrgy generated in Camberra then Darwin even though Darwin has a higher enrgy output for the fixed mount,
single-axis and double-axis. but there is more of a diffrence of energy outout between the single-axis and the double-axis?
Thanks for your Ɵme!
Sincerely, Lisa
Your comments on payback Ɵme for trackers does not take into account the opportunity cost of the original capital. i.e $20,000
invested would earn say $1400 at 7% per annum. So Profit is $2200-$1400 = $800. You also need to add in maintenace and
depreciaƟon costs to make a realisƟc comparison.
Point taken. Of course, the 7% per annum is also an assumpƟon, and that investment potenƟal may also fluctuate.
AddiƟonally, the purely economic cost-benefit analysis does not take into account the environmental benefits of renewable
energy. Thanks for your comment.
Folks with a rebate Feed in Tarriff in Vic at 60c per kWh then your 44c figure is wrong. Origin Energy is 66c! kWh. A 1.5kWh System
with tracking is like a 2kWh system with no tracking. x4 your savings due to Feed in Tariff and you save over $1,000 every year. So
how long before the Track Rack pays for itself? Divide your guesswork by x4 !!
a/ Why show the same 1.5 kWh tracker in Case Study 2 at $4,000 & Case Study 3 at a cost of $3,000? Who’s the supplier? Can’t you
quote it down? What variaƟon in cost for Dual Axis, Pole mount vs Single Axis, Roof Track Rack / / / / / /. :) :-))
b/ TrackRack suppliers state that output can be boosted up to 50% and indeed that may be true! Nonetheless, your figure for
Melbourne suggests only a 23% boost in the output of a 1kWh system. If the system value/cost is $10,000 and you could boost its
output 25% for the cost of a Track Rack – you’d do it!
c/ To gain an extra 0.5kWh, i.e; 1.5kWh to 2.kWh you pay an extra $2,500 for panels and inverter (minimum) over and above the
cost of the 1.5kWh system.
d/ MounƟng racks are needed regardless and with over 100,000 home systems being installed due to the rebate program RECS,
Track Racks need to be offered.!!
Do installers really expect consumers to ring LINAK, ECOSTAR, etc one by one!
e/ The savings with Track Rack are up to 50% more output all day at a four (4) Ɵmes Feed in Tariff being over $1,000 p.a. in
Melbourne. Discard the cost upfront of the cheaper bar rack (not used), and save not less than $2,500 extra in panels and inverter
needed to match that efficiency by expanding capacity. Let’s do it!!
Many thanks for the thorough analysis. Just a point. The length of the 60cents FIT in NSW is only another 6 1/2 years from 1st
July 2010, so the payback may be longer than your calculaƟons.
I already have a 1kW PV system facing slightly east from a northern aspect in BOWRAL in the southern highlands in NSW. I am
fortunate in that, despite the inclement weather this winter, we are averaging about 4 kWh per day. As you know, in NSW we
have a 60c gross feed in tarrif, government guarranteed for the next 6 and a half years, so maximising generaƟon is well
worthwhile.
I currently noƟce that at this Ɵme of year, the power decreases rapidly aŌer 15:00, and obviously this effect will increase in
summer when the sun shiŌs more west in the aŌernoon.
Would it be worthwhile and pracƟcal to install a Ɵlt tracker on some or all of the panels (There will be about 50 of them).
InstallaƟon costs about $42,000 and expected tariff will be about $10,000 per annum with the current configuraƟon and no
tracking. The panels are a roof installaƟon (TILES)
Hi Wilbur – tracking systems aren’t easy to come by in Australia at the moment, but there are a couple installers in
hƩps://www.solarchoice.net.au/blog/solar-trackers/
our network who have supply agreements in place for this technology. A good tracking system can increase efficiency by
up to 30%. Please email your phone number to sales@solarchoice.net.au and we’ll steer you in the right driecƟon.
INstalling 2 x 10kw systems in Coffs Harbour – just read your page – can you tell me what type of 10kw tracker you can obtain for
$20K and some contact details please and if you compared any types.
I am considering a system from ET Solar and its cost is about $27K which makes it some what prohibiƟve?
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