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2014 2nd International Conference on Devices, Circuits and Systems (ICDCS) 1

A CLUSTERING BASED HYBRID ROUTING


PROTOCOL FOR ENHANCING NETWORK
LIFETIME OF WIRELESS SENSOR
NETWORK
J. Gnanambigai#1, N. Rengarajan#2, N.Navaladi#3
K.S.R College of Engineering, Tiruchengode, Tamil Nadu
E-mail: #1gnanadhamodharan@gmail.com; #2principal@ksrce.ac.in; #3navaladi1989@gmail.com

Abstract- The fastest growing technology that would dominate amalgam of different protocols. The resulting routing protocol
the future world of wireless communication is Wireless Sensor provides the merits of both the protocols. One such protocol is
Networks (WSNs).The critical issue in WSNs is energy. In order QB-LEACH which is introduced in this paper. This protocol
to improve the lifetime of the network, energy should be used in fuses the clustering approach and restricted flooding. This
an efficient manner. Many routing protocols has been developed
paper will explain the operation of QB-LEACH and its
to improve energy efficiency of wireless sensor networks. The
routing protocol may be conventional type or hybrid type. The simulation is done in a network of 150 nodes.
hybrid type integrates the advantages of two different protocols. The rest of this paper is formulated as follows. The related
In this paper, a new hybrid routing protocol called Quadrant work of this protocol is explained in section II. Section III
Based Low Energy Adaptive clustering Hierarchy (QB-LEACH ) explains about the QB-LEACH protocol. Section IV tells about
is developed where lifetime improvement is vital. This protocol simulation environment of this protocol. Section V explains
combines the Quadrant based Directional Routing(Q-DIR), an about the performance evaluation of this protocol for the
Ad-hoc routing algorithm and Low Energy Adaptive clustering simulation environment which given in previous section and
Hierarchy (LEACH), a routing algorithm for WSNs. The section VI concludes the paper.
performance nature of the protocol is evaluated and observed that
this protocol vanquish the other in terms of energy conservation II. RELATED WORKS
and network period.
A. Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchical
Index Terms—Energy Efficiency, Hybrid routing protocol, routing protocol (LEACH)
Network lifetime, Routing Protocol, Wireless Sensor Networks. LEACH is proposed for improving the network lifetime.
I. INTRODUCTION This is achieved by each sensor nodes can act as a Cluster
Head (CH) within its lifetime, so equal energy dissipation for
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is a special kind of Ad- all sensor nodes and the node will communicate with CH in
hoc network and it has a huge number of tiny sensor nodes particular timeslot only. The CH perform data aggregation so,
which are arranged in a spatially distributed manner to monitor only valid information is communicate between base station
the physical or environmental conditions such as temperature, and CH ie., only required limited data is forwarded to sink
pressure, humidity, etc. Controller, memory, transceiver, node.[15]
sensor and power supply are the components of the sensor In LEACH, Clusters are formed in distributed manner and
node. Sensing, processing and communicating are the three CH is elected periodically. The LEACH operation is divided
primary operations of a sensor node. Due to some special into rounds. Each rounds has two phases.
features like self organization, fault tolerance etc., WSNs are
used in extended application like land slide detection, smart Setup phase involves
house monitoring, military surveillance, traffic control, wild
x Cluster formation
fire detection etc,. Energy is a major issue in WSNs. Because
x Cluster Head selection and announcement
energy is with respect to terms of battery in sensor node.
Generally, the nodes are deployed in forest areas or human x Transmission scheduling
irrelevance areas, so replacement of battery is not an easy task Steady state phase involves
and it is impossible one. To enhance the network lifetime,
routing protocols are introduced for efficient use of available x Data aggregation
energy in the sensor nodes. Among the different routing x Data fusion
protocol, clustering based protocol approach, conserve less x Data transmission
energy than the other approaches. The first hierarchical After the CH is elected, the CH broadcast message to other
clustering approach was introduced by W R Heinzelman[1] et nodes. Based on signal strength, the non CH nodes join to
al called LEACH. However, to reduce the energy expense in particular CH. Then, the CH node aggregate the receive data
LEACH the other different conventional protocols are from its member node and fuse it. This will forward to sink
introduced which is based on clustering concept. Along with node through Base Station[1].
that, some hybrid routing protocols are developed by the

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2014 2nd International Conference on Devices, Circuits and Systems (ICDCS) 2

III. QUADRANT BASED LEACH (QB-LEACH)


QB-LEACH is an amalgam routing protocol that combines
the advantages of both the Q-DIR and LEACH routing
protocol. In this, Cluster formation is based on LEACH
procedures and Data transmission is based on Q-DIR. The two
important steps involved with the protocol are posed as below:
A. Cluster formation
In static environment, initially clusters are formed from
random deployment of nodes. Then, Cluster Head are to be
elected based on percentage limit for the given network (5% of
total nodes can act as CH). For this, a node is assigned with a
random number between 0 and 1. If the selected value is less
Figure 1. LEACH Model than threshold value, then that node become CH for the current
round. The threshold value is estimated by,

P
B. Quadrant Based Directional Routing Protocol
if n H G
(Q-Dir). T(n) = 1- P *(rmod1/P) (1)
A quadrant based directional routing protocol is based on
restricted flooding where the location information is obtained 0 otherwise
from the packet request. In this, the source and destination
node location information is piggy backed in the RREQ packet where, P represents the desired percentage of CH, r is the
and then broadcasted. After receiving the RREQ, the current round and G is the set of nodes that have not been
destination node forwards the RREP packet to the source node elected as CH for past 1/P rounds. After the node is elected as
through the path taken by RREQ packet. From this, the route CH , it broadcasts the advertise message to other nodes.
discovery process for source node is not required. By applying According to the received signal strength of the advertisement,
restricted flooding, the energy efficiency is improved and as a the nodes decide to join the CH for this current round and send
result, the number of nodes involved in the packet transmission a membership message to its CH. The communication between
is reduced. So routing overhead involved in this diminished. CH and its member node is formalised by CSMA based
This will improve network lifespan [2]. protocol. After that, CH receives all member node's
information, depending on number of nodes in that cluster, CH
creates TDMA schedule and broadcast to its member node. All
member node communicate to its CH with this corresponding
time slot.[1,4]
B. Data Transmission
Once the event is detected, the node send packet to CH and
CH communicate to BS through Intermediate Gateway node
(IGN). This IGN is chosen by the base station after CH is
elected with the criteria of maximum CH node communicate
at one hop distance and IGN is near to BS. This IGN may be
replaced by another node once energy is drained out. As the
network have location awareness, the source and destination
node distance is computed by Euclidean distance formula. If
Figure 2. Nodes participation in Q-DIR algorithm during data transmission. source and destination placed in same quadrant which formed
by base station or else the vertices is adjusted by base station in
which both source and destination comes under same
Fig. 2 shows that by employing restricted flooding for data quadrant, then restricted flooding concept is exploited. In
transmission, the total number of nodes involving routing certain situation, the source and destination node could not be
packet is less. framed in a single quadrant, then the ordinary LEACH
procedure is carried out.
C. Restricted flooding
In this, the packets are broadcasted by the source node IV. SIMULATION ENVIRONMENT
towards a particular direction where the destination node is This section describes about the environment settings for to
located. If the destination node is far away from source node or evaluate the proposed protocol QB-LEACH in the following
the node is not in the forwarding zone, then the restricted section. QB-LEACH was simulated in ns-2, a discrete event
flooding concept is not involved[6 and 9]. When compared to packet level simulator written in C++ and Object Tool
flooding, only limited number of nodes are involved for data Command Language (OTcl)[18]. The parameters that are used
transmission in restricted flooding. So, average energy expense to simulate is described in Table 1. In the Table 1, Eelec
is less when restricted flooding takes place. represents the energy required for the operation of electronics
2014 2nd International Conference on Devices, Circuits and Systems (ICDCS) 3

within the sensor node and Hfs represents free space


propagation constant.
TABLE 1
SIMULATION PARAMETERS

Parameter Value
Number of node 150
Network size 100 x 100 m2
Data packet size 100 bytes
Node deployment Random
Antenna type Omni directional antenna
Radio speed 1 Mbps Figure 4 Routing overhead occur for different number of nodes during packet
transmission
Initial energy 2J/battery
Control packet size 40 bytes
Eelec 50 nJ/bits
Hfs 10 pJ/bit/m2

V. PERFORMANCE E VALUATION
In this section, the performance nature of the proposed
protocol is evaluated based on parameter given in Table 1. The
obtained result is compared with LEACH protocol. There are
three performance metrics are consider here to prove that our
new hybrid protocol prolong the network lifetime when
compared with that of LEACH. They are routing overhead,
average energy consumption for data transmission and lifetime
of network. In addition to this simulation result, energy
required to form cluster and lifetime of network for different Figure 5 Network lifetime for LEACH, QB-LEACH with 2J battery/node.
amount of initial energy is tabulated at the end of this section.
Fig. 3 shows that comparison of LEACH versus QB-
LEACH about the Energy consumption of nodes involve in In QB-LEACH protocol, cluster formation is done based on
data transmission to destination node. This graph shows that LEACH protocol. To form a cluster it require some amount of
when compared to LEACH, QB-LEACH consumes 62% of energy. The energy required for each cluster formation in our
less energy for sending packets to destination. If the number of simulation environment as shown in Table 2.The energy
nodes increases, the energy requirement also increases. consumed for each cluster is vary with each other this is due to
transmission distance between CH node and its member
node is vary between each cluster and each node. Energy and
distance are interrelated with each other. The lifetime of nodes
between LEACH and QB-LEACH is shown in Table 3. The
Fig. 6 depicts the data in the Table 3.

Figure 3 Energy required for data transmission with different number of nodes.

The Fig. 4 explains about the number of overhead take


place between LEACH and QB-LEACH during packet Figure 6 Initial energy of node vs end of network lifetime
transmission. It is clear that, QB-LEACH has less number of
overhead compared to LEACH. Moreover 43% of higher
routing overhead happens in LEACH compared to QB- As an overall inference, the lifetime of the QB-LEACH is
LEACH. The lifetime of nodes between LEACH and QB- convincingly enhanced when compared to LEACH. The first
LEACH is shown in Fig. 5. From this graph, it is understood main reason for this is due to the reduced overheads(from fig.
that QB-LEACH has more lifetime than LEACH. 4) as a result of using restricted flooding concept. Secondly,
due to usage of IGN which apparently reduces the number of
more participating CHs. And also restricted flooding reduces
the number of participating nodes. By this the energy is saved
and lifetime of network is increased compared to that of
LEACH.
2014 2nd International Conference on Devices, Circuits and Systems (ICDCS) 4

TABLE 2
ENERGY REQUIRED FOR EACH CLUSTER FORMATION

Cluster
number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Energy
consumption (mJ) 18.16124 20.03117 20.28136 17.24654 17.17233 19.07595 17.52683

TABLE 3
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