Process & Instrumentation Diagram: Francis Courtois and Cristian Trelea

Introduction
Sensor technologies
Complements
Process & instrumentation diagram
Francis Courtois and Cristian Trelea
AgroParisTech
Francis Courtois & Cristian Tréléa Process Automation Engineering: ISA norm
Introduction What is that?
Sensor technologies Context & aims
Complements First definitions
ISA
I ISA stands for the Instrumentation, Systems, and Automation
Society
I The ISA–5.5–1985 norm is for Graphic Symbols for Process
Displays
I Scope: The standard is suitable for use in the chemical,
petroleum, power generation, air conditioning, metal refining,
and numerous other industries. Though the standard may
make use of standard symbols now used for piping and
instrument diagrams, logic diagrams, loop diagrams, and
other documents, the symbols of the standard are generally
expected to be used in ways complementing existing types of
engineering documents. The symbolism is intended to be
independent of type or brand of hardware or computer
software.
2/33 Francis Courtois & Cristian Tréléa Process Automation Engineering: ISA norm
Automation Engineering
Automation engineering is at the intersection of Control

Engineering and Process Engineering
It starts with the idea that no process can work without

instrumentation and control. Machines are useless without sensors
or actuators. Furthermore, without control loops, no performance
can be obtained.
It can be renamed Automated System Engineering where

’automated’ means ’autonomous’... capable of working without
human intervention.
Historical considerations
First constructions of large (petrochemical) factories were a total
failure due to:
I excessive complexity
I excessive number of sensors
I excessive number of actuators
I excessive complexity and length of connection cables
Required: a clear and concise graphical representation of machines,

instrumentation, connections.
Note: 5 to 15 % of the total cost of a new factory is related to its

automation. In certain cases (e.g. pharmaceutical) the automation
cost tends to 100 %.
Complexity
Unambiguous representation
I unambiguous representation of the process (product flow, air

flow, water flow, etc.)
I unambiguous representation of the sensors, actuators and
control functions
Question: what is the purpose of a temperature sensor ?
Flowsheet & P&ID
I Flowsheet: shows circulation of fluids & products around

machines
I Piping and Instrumentation Diagram: show locations and
functions of sensors, actuators and control functions
Important: the flowsheet and the P&ID are unambiguous

representations of an existing or upcoming process. Hence, it can
used at the core of a specification sheet to guarantee the
unambiguous design of a future process.
Codification
I first letter: measured variable (e.g. ’T’ for temperature)

I second letter: functions (e.g. ’I’ for information, ’A’ for alarm)
I other letters: depend on second letter
Note: order is important only for first letter
A simple example
Classification
Introduction
Signals
Sensor technologies
Splitting measurement device
Complements
Sensor complexity
Sensors in industry
2 main categories
I analogic or numeric
I digital (i.e. on/off). One may speak of detectors
Important: Most of industrial sensors are related to temperature

(50%), flowrate, pressure, level, duration. Other specific measures
are: Ph, spectro, chromato, etc.
Note: most of sensors are electrical or numerical. In some

conditions (e.g. hazardous zones), pneumatic or hydraulic
technologies may be preferred.
Classification
Introduction
Signals
Sensor technologies
Complements
Sensor complexity
Signals
PSI: Pounds per square inch
Questions: why 4 mA instead of 0 mA ? What is best: voltage or

intensity ?
Classification
Introduction
Signals
Sensor technologies
Complements
Sensor complexity
1 sensor = 3 or more systems
dotted line: electrical transmission
Classification
Introduction
Signals
Sensor technologies
Complements
Sensor complexity
Always avoid ambiguity
Use LAL, LAH LALH for instance. Note: HH or LL are used when
criticity is high and some proper action should be done immediatly.
Classification
Introduction
Signals
Sensor technologies
Complements
Sensor complexity
Flowrate measurement
Debit can be estimated

√ through the measure of the pressure drop
in the pipe: ṁv = k ∆P
Note: It is the only case where
the 2 first letters are indicating
the measured variable.
Classification
Introduction
Signals
Sensor technologies
Complements
Sensor complexity
Don’t forget calibration
It is important to think of the calibration since the beginning.

More specifically, how to make the zero ?
Note: the sum of all valves is
called a manifold.
Classification
Introduction
Signals
Sensor technologies
Complements
Sensor complexity
Building control loops
LCV: Level Control Valve
Note: Physically, the valve LCV1 controls the flowrate while

functionally it controls the level.
Classification
Introduction
Signals
Sensor technologies
Complements
Sensor complexity
Proportional Integral Derivative Controlers (front)
Classification
Introduction
Signals
Sensor technologies
Complements
Sensor complexity
Proportional Integral Derivative Controlers (mount)
Classification
Introduction
Signals
Sensor technologies
Complements
Sensor complexity
Proportional Integral Derivative Controlers (wiring)
Classification
Introduction
Signals
Sensor technologies
Complements
Sensor complexity
Another example
Codification
Introduction
Symbols
Sensor technologies
Link with engineering
Complements
Examples & equipments
Codification of location
Codification
Introduction
Symbols
Sensor technologies
Complements
Control Room
Codification
Introduction
Symbols
Sensor technologies
Complements
In the field
Codification
Introduction
Symbols
Sensor technologies
Complements
Codification of sensor letters
Codification
Introduction
Symbols
Sensor technologies
Complements
Equipments
Codification
Introduction
Symbols
Sensor technologies
Complements
Heat exchangers
Codification
Introduction
Symbols
Sensor technologies
Complements
Valves
Codification
Introduction
Symbols
Sensor technologies
Complements
Piping lines
Codification
Introduction
Symbols
Sensor technologies
Complements
Automation Engineering procedure
Chain list: electrical links between instruments (caution with impedances), mounting docs: specific competences
are required.
More and more, engineering is not in charge of the installation →

documents are of utmost importance !
Codification
Introduction
Symbols
Sensor technologies
Complements
Legal and security issues
I P&ID is a legal document (associated with contracts)... it

should be signed
I Schematics of loops: polarities, shielding, etc. are depicted...
Essential for the electricians... and maintenance.
Codification
Introduction
Symbols
Sensor technologies
Complements
Examples
Codification
Introduction
Symbols
Sensor technologies
Complements
Drum dryer
Codification
Introduction
Symbols
Sensor technologies
Complements
Air lift fermenter
A.7 Symbols for Use in Drawing Food Engineering Process Equipment 813
A.7 SYMBOLS FOR USE IN DRAWING FOOD

ENGINEERING PROCESS EQUIPMENT
Belt conveyor Blower
Centrifugal pump Centrifuge
Closed tank Cyclone
Drain
Trap (e.g., condensate release) Batch dryer

814 Appendices
Fluidized bed dryer
Rotary dryer
Belt (continuous tunnel) dryer
Spray dryer
Electric motor
45° 90° Elbow
Elevator Evaporator (barometric type)

Feeder Filter Gear pump
Basic heat exchanger Plate heat exchanger
Double pipe type heat exchanger Shell and tube heat exchanger
Hopper with vibrator

Hopper
816 Appendices
Mixer Multi evaporator
Major flow lines

Jacketed pipe
Fall 1:50
Open tank Flexible pipe or hose

Pipes
Positive displacement pump
Pressure vessel
Screen with one under-product Screw conveyor

Settling tank Turbine
In-line valve Screw down valve
Globe valve Diaphragm valve

Valves
Vessel Vibrator feeder

Process & Instrumentation Diagram: Francis Courtois and Cristian Trelea

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Process & Instrumentation Diagram: Francis Courtois and Cristian Trelea

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Introduction

Process & instrumentation diagram

Francis Courtois and Cristian Trelea

Automation engineering is at the intersection of Control

It starts with the idea that no process can work without

It can be renamed Automated System Engineering where

Required: a clear and concise graphical representation of machines,

Note: 5 to 15 % of the total cost of a new factory is related to its

I unambiguous representation of the process (product flow, air

Question: what is the purpose of a temperature sensor ?

Flowsheet & P&ID

I Flowsheet: shows circulation of fluids & products around

Important: the flowsheet and the P&ID are unambiguous

I first letter: measured variable (e.g. ’T’ for temperature)

Note: order is important only for first letter

Important: Most of industrial sensors are related to temperature

Note: most of sensors are electrical or numerical. In some

PSI: Pounds per square inch

Questions: why 4 mA instead of 0 mA ? What is best: voltage or

1 sensor = 3 or more systems

dotted line: electrical transmission

Always avoid ambiguity

Debit can be estimated

Don’t forget calibration

It is important to think of the calibration since the beginning.

Building control loops

LCV: Level Control Valve

Note: Physically, the valve LCV1 controls the flowrate while

Proportional Integral Derivative Controlers (front)

Proportional Integral Derivative Controlers (mount)

Proportional Integral Derivative Controlers (wiring)

Codification of sensor letters

Automation Engineering procedure

More and more, engineering is not in charge of the installation →

Legal and security issues

I P&ID is a legal document (associated with contracts)... it

Air lift fermenter

A.7 SYMBOLS FOR USE IN DRAWING FOOD

Belt conveyor Blower

Centrifugal pump Centrifuge

Closed tank Cyclone

Trap (e.g., condensate release) Batch dryer

Fluidized bed dryer

Belt (continuous tunnel) dryer

45° 90° Elbow

Elevator Evaporator (barometric type)

Feeder Filter Gear pump

Basic heat exchanger Plate heat exchanger

Hopper with vibrator

Mixer Multi evaporator

Major flow lines

Open tank Flexible pipe or hose

Positive displacement pump

Screen with one under-product Screw conveyor

Settling tank Turbine

In-line valve Screw down valve

Globe valve Diaphragm valve

Vessel Vibrator feeder

You might also like