Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Dilip Kumar
NTPC Ltd.
DEMINERALIZATION TECHNIQUES
DISTILATION
ELECTRODIALYSIS
REVERSE OSMOSIS
ION EXCHANGE
DISTILLATION
LOW PRESSURE
PARTICULATE HIGH PRESSURE
PUMPS
FILTERS PUMPS
RAW WATER
RO plant
Stage-1
7 modules
PRODUCT
WATER Stage-2
4 modules
Stage-3
2 modules
CONCETRATE TO
WASTE
A TYPICAL REVERSE OSMOSIS PLANT
LOW PRESSURE
PARTICULATE HIGH PRESSURE
PUMPS
FILTERS PUMPS
RAW WATER
RO plant
Stage-1
7 modules
PRODUCT
WATER Stage-2
4 modules
Stage-3
2 modules
CONCETRATE TO
WASTE
A TYPICAL REVERSE OSMOSIS PLANT
LOW PRESSURE
PARTICULATE HIGH PRESSURE
PUMPS
FILTERS PUMPS
RAW WATER
RO plant
Stage-1
7 modules
PRODUCT
WATER Stage-2
4 modules
Stage-3
2 modules
CONCETRATE TO
WASTE
REVERSE OSMOSIS CONTI...
CH3
(R)
|
R-SO3H
R-CH2-NH+ OH
|
Sulphonic Acid
CH3
(SAC) Tertiary Ammonium
(WBA) CH3
R-CH2CHCH3 |
| R-CH2-N-CH3 OH
COOH |
CH3
Carboxylic Acid Quarternary Ammonium
(WAC) (SBA)
VESSEL DESIGN
WEAK ACID CATION (WAC)
These reactions are also reversible and permit the return of the
exhausted WAC resin to the regenerated form. WAC resins are not able to
remove all of the cations in most water supplies. Their primary asset is
their high regeneration efficiency in comparison with SAC resins. This
high efficiency reduces the amount of acid required to regenerate the
resin, thereby reducing the waste acid and minimizing disposal problems.
WEAK ACID CATION (WAC) CONT….
Weak acid cation resins are used primarily for softening and
dealkalization of high-hardness, high-alkalinity waters, frequently in
conjunction with SAC sodium cycle polishing systems. In full
demineralization systems, the use of WAC and SAC resins in combination
provides the economy of the more efficient WAC resin along with the full
exchange capabilities of the SAC resin.
CATION EXCHANGE MECHANISM
Ca
Mg
Na Ca Ca
Mg
Na Mg
Na
Na leakage
Un-exchanged Resin
The regeneration efficiency of WAC is very high compared to the strong acid resin.
Therefore it is possible to utilize the regenerant acid strength from the strong acid unit
to regenerate the weak acid unit.
DEGASIFIER DESIGN
In water demineralization, a degasifier, or degasser, is often used to
remove dissolved carbon dioxide after cation exchange. The most
common degassers are of the so-called forced draft or atmospheric
type.
THEORY OF DEGASIFICATION
The solubility of CO2 in pure water is high: about 1.5 g/L or
more than 30 meq/L at 25°C and atmospheric pressure. When you
stir the water and divide it into small droplets in an atmospheric
degasifier and blow air through the "rain", the gas tends to move
into the air because the partial pressure of CO2 in air is much below
the equilibrium pressure. The residual CO2 after an atmospheric
degasifier is 0.20 to 0.25 meq/L (typically 10 mg/L as CO2. Therefore
such degassers are used when the bicarbonate concentration plus
free carbon dioxide in the feed water to separate column
demineralization systems is at least 0.6 to 0.8 meq/L.
DEGASIFIER DESIGN
When silica breakthrough occurs at the end of a service run, the treated water
silica level increases sharply. Often, the conductivity of the water decreases
momentarily, then rises rapidly. This temporary drop in conductivity is easily explained.
During the normal service run, most of the effluent conductivity is attributed to the
small level of sodium hydroxide produced in the anion exchanger. When silica
breakthrough occurs, the hydroxide is no longer available, and the sodium from the
cation exchanger is converted to sodium silicate, which is much less conductive than
sodium hydroxide. As anion resin exhaustion progresses, the more conductive mineral
ions break through, causing a subsequent increase in conductivity.
EXHAUSTED ANION RESIN REGENERATION
Oxidation
Oxidation
When a strong base anion resin experiences chemical attack, the
polymer chain usually remains intact, but the quaternary
ammonium strong functional group (trimethylamine for type 1
anion resins) splits off. Alternately, the strong base functional
groups are converted to weak base tertiary amine groups, and
the resin becomes bifunctional, meaning it has both strong base
and weak base capacity. The decline in strong base (salt splitting)
capacity may not be noted until more than 25% of the capacity
has been converted.
RESIN STABILITY AND FACTORS
FAULING Irreversible sorption or the precipitation
of a foulant within resin particles can cause
deterioration of resin performance. The
fouling of anion exchange resins due to the
irreversible sorption of high molecular weight
organic acids is a well-known problem.
Silica fouling:
2. BACKWASH
3. SIMULTANEOUS
REGENERATION
4. DRAIN DOWN
6. FINAL RINSE
MIXED BED EXCHANGER REGENERATION