CE6304

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.
net
ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
eer
ing
.ne
t
**Note: Other Websites/Blogs Owners Please do not Copy (or) Republish

this Materials, Students & Graduates if You Find the Same Materials with
EasyEngineering.net Watermarks or Logo, Kindly report us to
easyengineeringnet@gmail.com
Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

ANNA UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI-25

SYLLABUS COPY
REGULATION 2013
CE6304 SURVEYING I L T PC
300 3
UNIT I FUNDAMENTALS AND CHAIN SURVEYING 9
Definition- Classifications - Basic principles-Equipment and accessories for ranging
and chaining – Methods of ranging - well conditioned triangles – Errors in linear
measurement and their corrections - Obstacles - Traversing – Plotting – applications-
enlarging the reducing the figures – Areas enclosed by straight line irregular figures-
ww
digital planimetre.
UNIT II COMPASS AND PLANE TABLE SURVEYING 9
w.E
Compass – Basic principles - Types - Bearing - Systems and conversions- Sources of
errors - Local attraction - Magnetic declination-Dip-Traversing - Plotting - Adjustment of
asy
closing error – applications - Plane table and its accessories - Merits and demerits -
Radiation - Intersection - Resection – Traversing- sources of errors – applications.
UNIT III LEVELLING En 9
gin
Level line - Horizontal line - Datum - Bench marks -Levels and staves - temporary and
permanent adjustments – Methods of levelling - Fly levelling - Check levelling -
e eri
Procedure in levelling - Booking -Reduction - Curvature and refraction - Reciprocal
levelling – Sources of Errors in levelling- Precise levelling - Types of instruments -
Adjustments - Field procedure
ng.
UNIT IV LEVELLING APPLICATIONS
n
Longitudinal and Cross-section-Plotting - Contouring - Methods - Characteristics and
uses of contours – Plotting – Methods of interpolating contours – Computations of cross
9
et
sectional areas and volumes - Earthwork calculations - Capacity of reservoirs - Mass
haul diagrams.
UNIT V THEODOLITE SURVEYING 9
Theodolite - Types - Description - Horizontal and vertical angles - Temporary and
permanent adjustments – Heights and distances– Tangential and Stadia Tacheometry –
Subtense method - Stadia constants - Anallactic lens.
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS

TEXT BOOKS:
1. Chandra A.M., "Plane Surveying", New Age International Publishers, 2002
2. Alak De, "Plane Surveying", S. Chand & Company Ltd., 2000.
REFERENCES:
1. James M. Anderson and Edward M. Mikhail, "Surveying, Theory and
Practice",7th Edition, McGraw Hill, 2001.
2. Bannister and S. Raymond, "Surveying", 7th Edition, Longman 2004.
3. Roy S.K., "Fundamentals of Surveying", 2nd Edition, Prentice Hall of India,
2004.
ww4. AroraK.R.,"SurveyingVol I & II", Standard Book house, 10th Edition 2008
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et

Table of contents
S.NO CONTENTS PAGE NO
a Aim and Objective of the subject 5
b Industrial Practical connectivity of the subject 5
c Detailed Lesson Plan 6
ww
d Unit I - Fundamentals And Chain Surveying-Part-A 10
e w.E
Part-B 13
f asy
Unit II–Compass and Plane Table Surveying-Part-A 34
g Part-B En 37
h Unit III–Leveling -Part-A

gin 53
i Part-B
e eri 56
ng.
j
k
Unit IV–Leveling Applications -Part-A
Part-B
n 68
71 et
l Unit V–Theodolite Surveying-Part-A 84
m Part-B 87
n University Question Papers 100

Aim of the Subject

x To Know the difference between the conventional and modern surveying
techniques.
x To learn and use all surveying equipments, prepare LS & CS, contour maps and
carryout surveying works related to land and civil engineering projects.
Objective of the Subject
1. To introduce the principles of various surveying methods and applications to Civil
Engineering.
ww 2. To introduce the survey concepts and the planning of the survey.

3. Appreciate the need for accurate and thorough note taking in field work to serve
w.E
as legal record.
4. Gain the ability to measure differences in elevation, draw and utilize contour
asy
plots and calculate volumes for earthwork.
En
5. Gain the ability to use survey equipment to measure angles and distances.
6. Improve ability to function as a member of a survey party in completing the
assigned field work. gin
Industrial / Practical connectivity of the subject e eri
ng.
1. Modern Surveying Techniques (Total Station and GPS) used to publish land
ownership information in world wide.
n
2. Modern Surveying Techniques used to identify the feasible site for construction
of highway, railway and reservoir etc., et

SCAD GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS

Department of CIVIL Engineering
Detailed Lesson Plan
Name of the Subject& Code : CE6304&SURVEYING I
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Chandra A.M., "Plane Surveying", New Age International Publishers, 2002
2. Alak De, "Plane Surveying", S. Chand & Company Ltd., 2000.
REFERENCES:
1. James M. Anderson and Edward M. Mikhail, "Surveying, Theory and
ww Practice",7th Edition, McGraw Hill, 2001.

2. Bannister and S. Raymond, "Surveying", 7th Edition, Longman 2004.
w.E
3. Roy S.K., "Fundamentals of Surveying", 2nd Edition, Prentice Hall of India,
2004.
asy
4. AroraK.R.,"SurveyingVol I & II", Standard Book house, 10th Edition 2008
S l. En Hours
Cumulative Books
No
Unit Topic / Portions to be Covered
gin Required
/ Planned
Hrs Referred
1 1 e
Definition,classifications of surveying
eri
1 1 TB1
2 1 Basic principles, Scales and its types 1

ng. 2 TB1
4
1
1
Equipment and accessories for chaining
Ranging and its types

1
1
n 3
4
et TB1
TB1
5 1 Problems on chain correction 1 5 TB1
6 1 Problems on tape correction 2 7 TB1
7 1 Obstacles in chaining 1 8 TB1
8 1 Problems on obstacles in chaining 2 10 TB1
9 1 Traversing , Plotting of chain survey- 1 11 TB1

applications
Areas enclosed by straight line irregular

10 1 1 12 TB1
figures
Enlarging the reducing the figures, digital

11 1 1 13 TB1
Planimetre.
12 2 Definition, Types of compass, principle 1 14 TB1
13 2 Bearing, Systems and conversions 1 15 TB1
ww
14 2
Definition of Local attraction, Magnetic
1 16
15 2
w.E
declination,Dip,Traversing
Problems on local attraction-Type I 2 18

TB1
16 2
asy
Problems on local attraction-Type II 1 19
TB1
TB1
17 En
Sources of errors in compass surveying 1 20
2
gin
Definition of Plane Table surveying and
TB1
18 2
its accessories e 1
eri 21 TB1
19 2
Methods-Radiation
1 ng. 22 TB1
20 2
,Intersection,Traversing
Resection-Two point problem 1

n 23 et TB1
21 2 Resection-Three point problem 1 24 TB1
Sources of errors,applications, Merits &

22 2 1 25 TB1
demerits
Definition of leveling, level

23 3 line,horizontalline,datum,bench mark 1 26 TB1
and its types.

Types of level instruments and staves,

24 3 1 27 TB1
temporary and permanent adjustments.
Methods of leveling-Simple, differential,

25 3 1 28 TB1
Fly leveling, Check leveling
Booking &reduction –Problems on HI

26 3 1 29 TB1
method
Booking and reduction – Problems on

27 3 1 30 TB1
ww
28
Rise and fall method
2 32
29
3
3
w.E
Reciprocal leveling procedure,Problems
Curvature and refraction derivation 1 33

TB1
TB1
30 3 asy
Sources of Errors in leveling 1 34 TB1
31 3 En
Precise levelling - Types of instruments - 1 35 TB1
32 4
Adjustments - Field procedure
gin 1 36
33 4
Longitudinal and Cross-section Plotting
Definition of contours
e eri
1 37
TB1
TB1
34 4 Characteristics of contours 1 ng. 38 TB1
35 4 Methods of contours 1 n 39
et TB1
36 4 Methods of interpolating contours 1 40 TB1
37 4 Uses of contours 1 41 TB1
38 Computations of cross sectional areas 1 42

4 TB1
and volumes
39 Problems on earthwork calculation and 3 47

4 TB1
capacity of reservoir, mass haul diagram
40 5 Theodolite surveying, types of theodolite 1 46 TB1

41 5 Essential parts of theodolite 1 47 TB1
42 Measurement of horizontal angle and 1 48

5 TB1
vertical angle.
43 5 Temporary and permanent adjustments 1 49 TB1
44 5 Problems on Heights and distances 2 51 TB1
45 Definition of Tacheometer surveying, 1 52

5 TB1
Systems of tacheometry, Stadia system
ww
46 5
Substencemethod,stadiacontant,
anallactic lens,
2 54 TB1
47 5
w.E
TangentialTacheometry 1 55 TB1
Faculty In charge asy HOD
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et

UNIT I - FUNDAMENTALS AND CHAIN SURVEYING
PART-A
1. Define Surveying. [APR/MAY 2012]
Surveying is the art of determining the relative positions of points on, above or
beneath the surface of the earth by means of direct or indirect measurements of
distance.
2. Name the instruments /accessories needed to carry out a chain surveying
ww [NOV/DEC 2013]
w.E
i. Chain or tape
Rods
ii. Arrows iii. Pegs iv. Ranging
v. asy
Offsets rods vi.Plumb bob
3. What are scales? En [NOV/DEC 2013]

i. Plain Scale ii.
gin
Diagonal Scale
iii. Vernier Scale

e
vi.
eri
Scale of chords
4. What is the fundamental difference between the plane surveying and

geodetic surveying? ng.
[NOV/DEC 2014]
Sl.No Plane Surveying
In Plane surveying the curvature In
n
Geodetic Surveying
geodetic surveying
et
th e
1. of the earth is ignored. curvature of the earth is taken into
consideration.
Plane surveying is adopted for Geodetic surveying is adopted for
2.
small distances and small areas. long distances and larger areas.
10

5. Why do the scales always drawn in the map? [NOV/DEC

2012]
Scales are used to calculate the real distance and true length and area of the
ground. Scales are also used to identify types of map such as Small scale, Medium
scale and Large scale.
6. State the conventional signs in mapping [MAY/JUNE 2014]
ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
7. What is meant by well-conditioned triangle?
e [MAY/JUNE 2016]
eri
A well-conditioned triangle is one in which no included angle is less than 30o
ng.
or greater than 120o. An equilateral triangle is the best example of well-conditioned
triangle.
8. Write the two principles of surveying

n
[APR/MAY 2015]
et
i. To work from the whole to the part
ii. Location of a point by measurement from two points of reference
9. What is meant reconnaissance survey? [APR/MAY 2015]
Reconnaissance survey is used to study feasibility and possibility of the
project. It is done prior to the preliminary survey.
11

10. List out the types of obstacles in chaining. [MAY/JUNE 2016]

i. Po n d
ii. River
iii. Building
iv. Trees and Bushes etc
11. What is meant by ranging? [NOV/DEC 2015]
Ranging is defined as the process of establishing an intermediate point

between the two terminal points in a straight line. Ranging is done prior to
ww chaining.
12. What are the different cumulative errors in chain surveying?
w.E
[NOV/DEC 2015]
i. Absolute length error
ii. asy
Error due to Temperature
iii.
iv.
Error due to Slope
Error due to Sag En
v. Error due to Pull gin
e eri
ng.
n et
12

PART B
1. What is chain surveying? Explain the required accessories for chaining with
neat sketches. (May/June 2012)
Chaining:-
The Process of measuring a distance using chain or tape is known as chain
surveying.
Instruments used:
a) Chain or tape
b) Arrows
ww c) Pegs
d) Ranging rods
w.E
e) Offset rods
f) Plumb bob
a)Chain :
asy
i)Formed of straight links of galvanized mild steel wire bent into rings at the
ends and joined each other En
ii)Various types of chain:
• metric chain (20m or 30m length)
gin
• Gunter’s chain e
(66ft long and 100links)
eri
•
•
Engineer’s chain (100ft long and 100links)
Revenue chain (33ft long and 16 links) ng.
• Steel band or band chain (20m or 30m long)
iii)Metric chains are made in lengths 20m and 30m.
n et
iv)Tallies are fixed at every five meter length and brass rings are provided a
every meter length except where tallies are attached.
13

b)Tapes
• Used for more accurate measurements
• Types:
i. Cloth or linen tape iii) metallic tape
ii. Steel tape iv) invar tape
c)Arrows
• Made of stout steel wire
• Made of good quality hardened and tempered steel wire 4mm diameter
and are black enameled
ww •
•
Length may vary from 25cm to 50cm
Most common length is 40cm
w.E
•
•
10 arrows are supplied with a chain
Inserted into the ground after every chain length measured on the
ground asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et
d)Pegs
• Used to mark the positions of the stations or terminal points of a survey
line
• Made of stout timber
• 2.5cm or 3 cm square and 15cm long tapered at the end
• Driven in the ground with the help of wooden hammer
14

e)Ranging Rods
• Length of either 2m or 3m
• Common length is 2m
• are shod at the bottom with a heavy iron point
• are painted in alternative bands of either black and white or red and
white
• are used to range some intermediate points in the survey line
f)Offset Rods
• Similar to ranging rod
ww •
•
Length is 3m
Are round wooden rods, shod with pointed iron shoe at one end and
w.E
•
provided with a notch at the each other
Used for measuring rough offsets
g)Plumb Bob asy
•
En
Used to make ranging poles verticals and to transfer points from a line
ranger to the ground
• gin
When chaining along sloping ground, it is required to transfer the
points to the ground.
e eri
ng.
n et
15

2. Define Ranging and is types? (NOV/DEC 2013)
Ranging is the process of establishing or developing intermediate points between

two terminal points or end points on a sraight line is known as ranging.
Ranging is of two types
• Direct Ranging
x The ranging in which intermediate ranging rods are placed in a
straight line by direct observation from either end.
ww •
x It is possible only when the end stations are inter visible.
Indirect Ranging
w.E
• It is done where end points are not visible and the ground is high .
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et
x Let A and B be the ends of a survey line to be measured as a rising ground
between them.
x Two chain men with ranging rods take the positions M1 and N1 such that they
are as nearly in line with A and B as they could judge the chain men at M1 could
N1 and B.
x And the chain men at N1 could see M1 and A.
16

x First chain men at N1 directs M1 to M2 so that he comes in the line with A and
N.
x Then the chain man at M2 directs N1 to N2 such that he comes in line with B and
M2
x The process is repeated so that they align each other successively directing each
other until they are both finally in the line AB
3. Explain the various types of obstacles in chaining? (Nov/Dec 2015)
Various obstacles to chaining may be grouped into:
ww (i) Obstacles to ranging (chaining free-vision obstructed)
w.E
(ii) Obstacles to chaining (chaining obstructed-vision free)
(iii) Obstacles to both ranging and chaining.
i)Obstacles to ranging asy

En
These obstacles can be further classified into the following categories:
gin
(a) Both ends of the line are visible from some intermediate points. Intervening
can be overcome. e
ground is an example of such obstacle. By resorting to reciprocal ranging this difficulty
eri
ng.
(b) Both ends of the line may not be visible from intermediate points on the line,
but may be visible from a point slightly away from the line.
n et
17

ii) Obstacles To Chaining

In this type the ends of lines are visible but chaining is obstructed. Examples of
such obstructions are ponds, lakes, marshy land etc. Various geometric properties may
be used to find obstructed length CB .
ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
iii)Obstacles to both chaining and ranging
n
(a) Set perpendiculars AC, BD such that AC = BD [Fig. 1(a)]. Extend line CD to F.
Drop perpendiculars EG and FH to line CF such that EG = FH = AC. GH is the
et
continuation of line AB and DE = BG.
(b) Referring to Fig. 1 (b), set BC � to AB. Select D on extended line of AC. Set
perpendicular DH such that AD = DH. Select point E on DH such that DE = DC. Then
arcs of length EG = BC and arc of length HG = AB are drawn from E and H respectively
and G is located. GH is continuation of AB and BG = CE.
(c) Referring to Fig. 1 (c), C is located such that AC = BC = AB. Extend AC to D
and construct equilateral triangle DEF. Extend DF to H such that DH = DA.
Locate convenient point I on HD and construct equilateral triangle to locate G.
18

Then GH is the continuation of line AB and length BG is given by BG = AH – AB

– GH = A D – A B – GH
(d) In the method shown in Fig. 1 (d), points C and D are selected such that
CBD is in a line.Extend AC to E and I such that AE = n × AC and AI = m × AC.
Similarly Extend AD to F and J such that, AF = n × AD and AJ = m × AD. Locate G
and H on lines EF and IJ such that, EG = n × BC and IH = m × BC. Then GH is the
continuation of line AB. Now, AG = n × AB � BG = n × AB – AB = (n – 1) AB
ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e
4.What are the instruments for setting out right angles?
eri (Nov/Dec 2008)
i) Cross staff
a) open cross staff
ng.
b) French cross staff
c)adjustable cross staff
n et
ii) Optical square
iii)Prism square
iv)Site square
i) Cross Staff:
x Simplest instrument used for setting out right angles

x Consists of either a frame or box with two pairs of vertical slits and is
mounted on a pole shod for fixing in the ground
19

a)Open cross staff
x Provided with two pairs of vertical slits giving two lines of sights at right
angles to each other
b)French cross staff
x Consists of hollow octagonal box.

x To set out angles of either 45° or 90° with this instrument
c)Adjustable cross staff
ww x Consists of two cylinders of equal diameter placed one on top of the
w.E
-
other.Both are provided with sighting slits
To set out any angle with the help of this instrument
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
-
ii)Optical Square
n et
x More convenient and accurate instrument than cross staff
iii)Prism Square
x Modern and precise instrument

x This principle is similar to the optical square
x No adjustment is required since the angle between the reflecting
surfaces cannot vary.
20

iv)Site Square
x Setting out straight lines and offset lines at 90°

x Consists of a cylindrical metal case containing two telescopes set at
90° to each other
x Used in conjuction with a datum rod screwed into the base of the
instrument
4. What are the different sources of error in chain surveying? Distinguish
ww
between cumulative and compensating error?
2014]
[Nov/Dec
w.E
SOURCE OF ERRORS
Instrumental:
asy
Error may arise due to imperfection or faulty adjustment of the instrument with
which measurement is being taken.
E.g: A tape may be too long En
Personal error: gin
touch in manipulating instruments.
e
Error may also arise due to want of perfection of human sight in observing and of
eri
E.g: An error may be there is taking the level readings.
ng.
Natural error:
n
Error may also be due to variation in natural phenomena such as temperature,
humidity, gravity, wind, refraction and magnetic declanation.
et
E.g: A tape may be 20m at 20oC but it is length will change if the field
temperature is different.
Cumulative error:
A cumulative error is also known as systematic errors, which occur in the same
direction and tends to accumulate.
A systematic error always follows some definite mathematical or physical law and
a correction can be determined and applied.
21

Errors can be considered or positive as negative accordingly as they make the

result too great or too small.
Compensating error:
A compensating are also known as accidental error which occurs in either
direction and hence tends to compensate.
Accidental errors follow a definite law, the law of probability. They are of a
compensative nature and tend to balance out in the final result.
i) Erroneous Length Of Chain or Tape (Cumulative + or -)
The error due to the wrong length of the chain is always cumulative and is the
ww
most serious source of error. If the length of the chain is more, the measured distance
will be less and hence the error will be negative.
w.E
ii) Bad Ranging. (cumulative, +)
If the chain is stretched out of the line, the measured distance will always be
asy
more and hence the error will be positive.
En
iii) Careless Holding and Marking (compensating + or -)
The follower may sometimes hold the handle to one side of the arrow and
gin
sometimes to the other side. The leader may thrust the arrow vertically into the ground
or exactly at the end of chain.
iv) Bad Straightening (cumulative, +) e eri
ng.
If the chain is not straight but is lying in an irregular horizontal curve, the
measured distance will always be too great. The error is, therefore, of cumulative
character and positive.
v) Non-Horizontality. (cumulative, +)
n et
If the chain is not horizontal (specially in case of sloping or irregular ground),
the measured distance will always be too great. The error is, therefore, of cumulative
character and positive.
vi) Sag in chain. (cumulative, +)
When the distance is measured by 'sepping' or when the chain is stretched
above the ground due to undulations or irregular ground, the chain sags and takes the
form of a catenary.
22

vii) Variation in Temperature. (cumulative, + or -)

When a chain or tape is used at temperature different from that at which it was
calibrated, its length changes. Due to the rise in the temperature, the length of the chain
increases.
viii) Variation in pull. (compensating + or -, or cumulative +or -)
If the pull applied in straightening the chain or tape is not equal to that of the
standard pull at which it was calibrated, its length changes.
ix) Personal Mistakes.
Personal mistakes always produce quite irregular effects. The following are the
ww
most common mistakes:
i)Displacemen of arrows
chain.
w.E
If an arrow is disturbed from its position either by knocking or by pulling the
asy
ii)Miscounting chain length
En
This is a serious blunder but may be avoided if a systematic procedure is
adopted to count the number or arrows gin
iii)Misreading
e eri
A confusion is likely between reading a 5m tally for 15m tally since both are of similar
shape
ng.
Examples
i)In correction length of tape -cumulative + or-
n et
ii)Bad ranging -cumulative+
iii)Incorrect counting of tape length -Blunder
iv)Errors in reading the tape -Mistake
23

5. Explain the Principles of surveying? (NOV/DEC 2015)

The fundamental principles upon which the various methods of plane surveying are
of very simple nature and can be started under the following two aspects
1)Location of a point by measurement from two points of reference
i) A perpendicular RS can be dropped on the reference line PQ and lengths PS
and SR are measured. The points R can then be plotted using set square. This principle
is used for defining details.
ii) The distance QR and the angle PQR can be measured and point R is plotted
either by means of a protractor or trigonometrically. This principle is used in traversing.
ww iii) In this method, the distance PR and QR are not measured but angle RPQ
and angle RQP are measured with an angle-measuring instrument. Knowing the
w.E
distance PQ, point R is plotted either by means of a protractor or by solution of triangle
PQR. This principle is very much used in triangulation and the method is used for very
extensive work. asy
En
iv)Angle RQP and distance PR are measured and point R is plotted either by
protracting an angle and swinging an arc from P or plotted trigonometrically. This
principle, used in traversing, is of minor utility. gin
e
v) Figs. 1.2 (b),(c) and (d) can also be used to illustrate the principles of
eri
determining relative elevations of points. Considering these diagrams to be in vertical
ng.
plane, with PQ as horizontal line PQ is instrumentally established through P and the
vertical height of R is measured by taking staff reading. Similarly, Fig. 1.2 (c) and (d)
represent the principles of trigonometrical leveling. n et
(2) Working from whole to part
i)The second ruling principle of surveying, whether plane or geodetic, is to work

from whole to part. It is very essential to establish first a system of control points and to
fix them with higher precision.
ii)Minor control points can then be established by less precise methods and the
details can then be located using these minor control points by running minor traverses
etc.
24

iii)The idea of working in this way is to prevent the accumulation of errors and
localise minor errors which, otherwise, would expand to greater magnitudes if the
reverse process is followed, thus work uncontrollable at the end.
Problems on Obstacles &Chain ,Tape Correction

1. A survey line PQ intersects a pond. To overcome this obstacle two stations A
and B were taken on either side of the pond. A line AC,90m long was laid down
on the left of AB, and a second line AD,130 m long was laid down on the right of
AB.If points C,B and D are on the same straight line and CB = 75 m and BD =
ww 78m,determine the length AB. (N/D 2014)

2. A and B are two points on the opposite banks of a river along a chain line
w.E
CAB which crosses a river at right angles. The surveyor selects a point D which
is 50.10 m from A along the bank and sets a perpendicular CD on the line BD. If
asy
the distance CA is 60.50 m, determine the distance AB.(N/D 2013)
3. To determine the width of a river,chain line PQR was laid across it, the points Q
En
and R being on two sides of river.From point S, 60m from Q on line QS,which
gin
was at right angles to PQ,the bearings of points Rand P and were found to be
2800 and 1900respectively.If the distance PQ was 32 m,determine the distance
QR and draw the sketch. (N/D 2012) e eri
ng.
n et
25

4. A survey line ABC crossing a river at right angles cuts its banks at B and C. To
determine the width BC of ariver,the following operation was carried out.A point
E was established on the perpendicular BE such that angle CEF is a right angle
where F is a point on the survey line.If the chainage of F and B are
respectively 1200 m and 1320 m and the distance EB is 90 m. Calculate the
width of the river and also the chainage of C. (A/M 2011)
5. A chain was tested and found exactly 30 m before starting a survey. At the end
of the chain survey, it was found to be 0.18 m too long. The survey was finding
the area of a field. The area of this field as drawn to scale of 1 cm =50m was
ww 130 sq.cm. Find the correct area of the field? (A/M 2015)
6. A chain was tested and found exactly 20 m before starting a survey. At the end
w.E
of the chain survey, it was tested again and was found to be 20.12 m. The area
of the plan of the field, surveyed and drawn to scale of 1 cm = 6 m was 50.4
asy
cm2. Find the true area of the field? (N/D 2013)
En
7. A steel tape 30m long standardized at 10oc with a pull of 10 kg was used for
measuring a base line. Find the correction per length, if at the time of
gin
measurement the temperature was 22oc and the pull exerted 15Kg.W eight of
α =12x10-6/oc (A/M 2015)

3
e
Steel density =7.75 gm/cm .W eight of tape=0.68Kg.E=2.11x106Kg/cm2 and
eri
ng.
n et
26

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et
27

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et
28

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et
29

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et
30

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et
31

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et
32

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et
33

UNIT II - COMPASS AND PLANE TABLE SURVEYING
PART-A
1. State the advantages of plane table surveying [NOV/DEC 2015]

i. It is particularly useful in magnetic areas where compass may not
be used.
ii. It is simple and cheaper than theodolite.
iii. It is most suitable for small scale maps.
ww2. Give the reduced bearing values for the whole circle bearing 150o and 270o
[NOV/DEC 2103]
w.E
i. S3 0 E
3. Define local attraction
ii. N90W (or) S90W
[MAY/JUNE 2016]
asy
A magnetic is liable to get seriously deflected from its normal positions if
En
external magnetic influences such as electric poles, railway line are present. Such
gin
disturbance due to the presence of magnetic field is called local attraction.
4. What are the methods of plane tabling?

i. Radiation ii. e
Intersection
[NOV/DEC 2012]
eri
iii. Traversing iv. Resection ng.
5. What is magnetic declination? n
[APR/MAY 2015]
et
Magnetic declination is the horizontal angle between the true meridian and
the magnetic meridian shown by the needle at the time of observation.
6. Brief about surveyor’s compass [MAY/JUNE 2014]
In surveyor compass graduations are in quadrantal bearing system, having 0o

at north (N) and South(S) 90o at East(E) and W est(W ). The graduated card is
attached with the box not to the needle.
34

7. State merits and demerits of plane table surveying [MAY/JUNE 2014]

Merits:
i. It is particularly useful in magnetic areas where compass may not
be used.
ii. It is simple and cheaper than theodolite.
iii. It is most suitable for small scale maps.
Demerits:
i. It is not suitable in wet climate like rainy seasons, foggy
atmosphere
ww ii. It is not suitable for accurate work.

8. Define Dip and Declination [NOV/DEC 2014]
Dip: w.EA suspended magnetic needle may not remain in the balanced position. It
asy
is generally inclined towards poles due to earth’s magnetic influence. This
En
horizontal inclination of the needle is referred to as Dip
Declination:
gin
The horizontal angle between the magnetic meridian and the true meridian
9. State the three point problem e

at a place is known as magnetic declination or the declination of the needle.
eri
[NOV/DEC 2014]
ng.
Three-point problem consist of locating the position of a station occupied by
whose positions are plotted on the paper.

n
the plane table by means of observations to three well-defined points on the field
et
10. What is True bearing and Magnetic bearing? [NOV/DEC 2015]
True Bearing:
True bearing of a line is the angle made by the line with the true or
geographical north. It is always measured in the clockwise direction with a
measuring range of 0o to 360o.
35

Magnetic Bearing:
Magnetic bearing of a line is the angle made by the line with the true or
magnetic north. It is always measured in the clockwise direction with a measuring
range of 0o to 360o.
11. Define Isogonic line and Agonic line [MAY/JUNE 2016]
Isogonic Line
The direction of earth’s magnetic field is measured periodically over most
of the earth’s surface. The results of such a survey are plotted on a chart. Lines
are drawn on the chart joining places having the same variation and these lines
ww are called Isogonics Lines or Isogonals. Isogonals are not straight lines but
bend and twist due to the influence on the magnetic field of local magnetic bodies
w.E
below the earth’s surface.
Agonic Line asy

En
In each Hemisphere there will be places where the North Pole and North
Magnetic Pole will be in transit, that is where they will lie in the same straight line.
gin
These places will therefore have no magnetic variation. Lines drawn through
e
places of “no variation” are called Agonic Lines. Like the isogonic lines they
eri
twist and curve due to the local attraction of magnetic bodies in the Earth.
ng.
n et
36

PART-B
1. With neat sketch,explain the various parts of a prismatic compass.

(Nov/Dec 2009) , (Nov/Dec 2010)
-Most Suitable form of compass
Parts of the compass:-
ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
a. Magnetic Needle
ng.
The magnetic needle is attached to the circular ring or compass card
made up of aluminium, a non- magnetic substance.
n et
When the needle is on the pivot it will orient itself in the magnetic meridian
and, therefore, the N and S ends of thc ring will be in this direction.
b. Line of sight
The line of sight is defined by the objective vane and the eye slit, both
attached to the compass box
c. Graduated circle
The 0°or 360° reading is, therefore, engraved on the South end of the ring,
so that bearing of the magnetic meridian is read as 0°.
37

d. Sighting vane/Object vane

The object vane consists of a vertical hair attached to a suitable frame
while the eye slit consists of a vertical slit cut into the upper assembly of the
prism unit, both being hinged to the box.
When an object is sighted, the sight vanes wilt rotate with respect to the
NS end of ring through an angle which the line makes with the magnetic
meridian.
e . P ri s m
A triangular prism is fitted below the eye slit having suitable arrangement
ww for focusing to suit different eye sights.
w.E The prism has both horizontal and vertical faces convex, so that a
magnified image of the ring graduation is formed. When the line of sight is also in
asy
the magnetic meridian, the South end ring comes vertically below the horizontal
face of the prism
f. Brake Pin
En
gin
By pressing knob or break pin placed at the base of the object vane, a
light spring fitted inside the box can be brought into the contact with the edge of
e eri
the graduated ring to damp the oscillations of the needle when about to take the
reading.
Advantage:- ng.
n
The greatest advantage of prismatic compass is that both sighting he object as
well as reading circle can be done simultaneously without hanging the position of the
eye. The circle is read at the reading at which the hair line appears to cut the graduated
et
ring.
38

2.Differentiate between Prismatic Compass and Surveyor Compass
(Nov/Dec 2010), (Nov/Dec 2012)

Item Prismatic Compass Surveyor Compass
(1)MagneticNeedle The needle is of ‘broad The needle is of ‘edge bar’

needle’ type. It does not act type. It acts as index also.
as index.
(2) Graduated cardx The graduated card ring is x The graduated card ring is
attached with the needle.The attached with the box.The
ring does not rotate along card rotates along with the
with the line of sight. line of sight.
ww x The graduations are in

W.C.B system.
x The graduations are in Q.B
system.
The graduations are
w.E
(3)Sighting vanes x
x The graduations are
engraved inverted
The object vane consists of x

engraved erect.
The object vane consists of
asy metal vane with a vertical

hair
metal vane with a vertical
hair
x
En
The eye vane consists of a x
small metal vane with slit.
The eye vane consists of a
metal vane with fine slit.
(4) Reading x
gin
The reading is taken with
help of a prism provided at
x The reading is taken by
directly seeing through the
x
the eye slit.
e
Sighting and reading taking x
can be done simultaneously
top of the glass.
eri
Sighting and reading taking
cannot be done
from one position f the
observer. ng.
simultaneously from one
position f the observer
(5)Tripod x Tripod may or may not be x
provided.The instrument can
be used even by holding
suitably in hand.
n
The instrument cannot be
used without a tripod.
et
3. What is resection? Explain in detail about two point problem.
(May/June 2016),
Resection is the process of determining the plotted positions of the station
occupied by the plane table, by means of sights taken towards known points,
location of which have been plotted.
39

Two Point Problem:-
Location of the position on the plan , of the station occupied by the plane table by
means of observations to two well defined points whose positions have been previously
plotted on the plan
Method of Conducting Two Point Problem
Aim: To locate the position of table from two well defined points .
Diagram:
ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
Procedure: ng.
n
Step 1: Choose an auxiliary station near O3 as A , also make the orientation
et
Step 2: Draw the line o1o2 on the plan which is to be parallel with O1O2.Pivot the
alidade on o1 sight O1 and draw the backray similarly pivot the alidade on o2,
sight O2 and draw the backray.
Step 3: The two backray will intersect on a point is to be noted as a ,hence the table
position A can be plotted.Draw the line a1o3.
Step 4: Shift the table to next position and clamp it roughly to parallelism
principle.Pivot the alidade on o1sight O1 and draw the backray.
40

It will intersect in ao3 line ,mark the point as o3.Hence the position of table
can be marked.
Step 5: Check : error will occur as o1o2 , it should be rectified for o1o2’
4.Explain in detail about three point problem. (May/June 2014),(Nov/Dec 2015)
Statement for three point problem:

Location of the position on the plan , of the station occupied by the plane
table by means of observations to three well defined points whose positions have
ww been previously plotted on the plan.
The following are the important methods available for the solution of the
w.E
problem.
asy
1. Mechanical method (Tracing paper method)
2. Graphical method
En
3. Lehmann’s method (Trial and Error method)
1. Mechanical Method
gin
as tracing paper method. e
This method involves the use of a tracing paper and is, therefor also known
eri
2. Bessel’s Graphical Method: ng.
n
Location of the position on the plan , of the station occupied by the plane
table by means of observations to three well defined points whose positions have et
been previously plotted on the plan.
The method given by Bessel is more suitable.
41

Diagram:-
ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
Procedure: - ng.
n
1. After having set the table at station P, keep the alidate on ba and rotate the
table so that A is bisected. Clamp the table.
et
2. Pivoting the alidate about b, sight to C and draw the ray xy along the edge of
the alidate shown in figure (a).
3. Keep the alidate along ab and rotate the table till B is bisected. Clap the table.
4. Pivoting the alidate about a, sight to C. draw the ray along the edge of the
alidate to insert the ray xy in c’. shown in figure (b). join cc’
5. Keep the alidate along c’ c and rotate the table till C is bisected. Clamp the
table. The table is correctly oriented.
42

6. Pivoting the alidate about b, sight to B. Draw the ray to intersect cc’ in P.
similarly if alidate is pivoted about a and A is sighted, the ray will pass through
P if the work is accurate.
The points a,b,c’ and p from a quadrilateral and all the four point lie along
the circumference of a circle. Hence this method is known as “Bessel’s method of
inscribed quadrilateral”.
3.Trial and Error Method:
In this method, the orientation is done by trial and error method. This method was
ww
given by a well-known mathematician, Lehmann and hence this method also known as
Lehmann’s method. It is quick and accurate method.
w.E
This method is based upon the principle that if the plane table is oriented, the
resectors through, a,b and c will meet at point p which is the location of the plane table
asy
station. If the table is out of orientation then the resectors will not meet at a point and
En
they will from a triangle which is known as triangle of error.
Diagram:
gin
e eri
ng.
n et
43

Procedure
1. Set the table at P and orient the table approximately so that ab is parallel to
AB. Clam the table.
2. Keep the alidade pivoted about a and sight A. draw the ray. Similarly, draw
rays from b and c towards Band C respectively. If the orientation is correct,
the three rays will meet at one point. If not, they will meet in three points
forming one small triangle of error.
3. The triangle of errors so formed will give the idea for the further orientation.
ww The orientation will be correct only when the triangle of error is reduced to
one point. To do this, choose the point p’ as shown in figure.
w.E
4. Keep the alidate along p’a and rotate the table to sight A. clamp the table.
This will give next approximate orientation.
asy
5. Keep the alidate at b to sight B and draw the ray. Similarly, keep the alidade
at c and sight C. Draw the ray.
En
6. These rays will again meet in one triangle, the size of which will be smaller
gin
than the previous triangle of error, if p’ has been chosen judiciously keep in
the view the Lehmann’s rules.
e eri
7. Thus by successive trial and error, the triangle of error can be reduced to a
point.The final and correct position of the table will be such that the rays Aa,
Bb and Cc meet in one sight point, giving the point p. ng.
Lehman’s Rules: n et
Rule 1:If the error occurred outside the great triangle , the point should be selected
outside the triangle of error. If the error occurred inside the great triangle , the
point should be selected inside the triangle of error.
Rule 2: The point to be located will always be on the same side of the each ray from
the triangle of error and its distance from A,B,C will be proportional to the
distances
Great Triangle: The line joining the points a,b,c (A,B,C) which forms the triangle is
known as great Triangle
44

Great Circle: The circle which passes through the points a,b,c (A,B,C) is known as
great circle.
5.The bearings of the sides of a traverse ABCDE are as follows:
Side Fore bearing Back bearing
AB 107o15’ 287o15’
BC 22o0’ 20200’
CD 281o30’ 101o30’
DE 189o45’ 9015’
EA 124o45’ 304o45’
wwCompute the interior angle of the traverse (Nov/Dec 2014)
w.E
6. Find out the station affected by the local attraction and work out the corrected
bearings of the lines. The following are the observed bearing of the lines of a
Side
asy
traverse ABCDEA with a compass in a place where local attraction was suspected.
Fore bearing Back bearing
AB 191o45’
En 39o30’
BC
CD
22o15’
22o15’ gin 2220 30’
200o30’
DE
EA
242o45’
330o15’
e62045’
147o45’ eri
Find also the included angles between the lines. (Apr/May 2015) ng.
n et
45

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et
46

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et
47

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et
48

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et
49

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et
50

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et
51

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et
52

UNIT III – LEVELLING
PART-A
1. Define Leveling [APR/MAY 2012]

Leveling is a branch of surveying the object of which is (i) to find the
elevations of points with respect to a given or assumed datum and (ii) to
establish points at a given elevation or at different elevations with respect to a
given or assumed datum.
ww 2. Define sensitivity of a level tube [NOV/DEC 2013]

Radius of bubble tube is directly proportional to the displacement of
w.E
bubble. Thus the radius of the tube is a measure of its sensitivity. The sensitivity
is generally expressed in seconds of the central angle α whose arc is one
division of two tube. asy
En
3. What are the temporary adjustments of a dumpy level?[MAY/JUNE 2016]
i. Setting up the level gin
ii.
iii.
Centering
Leveling up e eri
iv. Elimination of parallax
a. Focusing the object
ng.
4. What is check leveling?
b. Cross-hair adjustment n
[NOV/DEC 2012] et
Check leveling is performed for the purpose of checking RLs of some points
which have already been established. Check leveling ends at where it starts.
5. What is fly leveling? [NOV/DEC 2015]
Fly leveling is done to connect the bench marks to any intermediate point of
the alignment for checking the accuracy of the work. It is similar to differential
leveling in principle.
53

6. Define line of collimation and change point [APR/MAY 2015]
Line of collimation
Line of collimation or line of sight is an imaginary line passing through the
cross-hair at the diaphragm and the optical centre of the object glass and its
continuation.
Change point
Change point or a Turning point is a point on which both fore-sight and back-
sight readings are taken.
ww
7. What are the permanent adjustments of leveling instrument?
[MAY/JUNE 2014]
w.E
i.
ii.
Adjustment of level tube
Adjustment of cross-hair ring
iii.
iv.
asy
Adjustment of line of collimation
Adjustment of line of sight
En
8. What is the use of reciprocal leveling? [MAY/JUNE 2014]
gin
Reciprocal leveling is used where it is necessary to carry survey across a
which has no place for the level. e

river, ravines or any other obstacles requiring a long sight between two points
eri
9. Define datum ng.
[NOV/DEC 2104]
n
Datum is any surface to which elevations are referred. The Mean Sea Level
affords a convenient datum world over, and elevations are commonly given as so et
much above or below sea level.
10. What do you mean by positive RL and negative RL?[NOV/DEC 2014]

If the RL is above the datum then it is called positive RL.
If the RL is below the datum then it is called negative RL.
54

11. Name different kinds of bench mark [APR/MAY 2015]

i. GTS Benchmark ii. Permanent Benchmark
iii. Arbitrary Benchmark iv. Temporary Benchmark
12. Differentiate between a level line and a horizontal line[APR/MAY 2015]

Level Line:
Any line lying on a level surface is called a level line. This line is
perpendicular to the direction of gravity at all point.
Horizontal Line:
ww Any line lying on a horizontal plane is called a horizontal line which is

tangential to a level line.
w.E
13. What is meant by Benchmark? What are the different types of
Benchmarks?[MAY/JUNE 2016]
asy
Bench marks are fixed points or marks of known Reduced Level (RL)
En
determined with reference to the datum line.
Types of Bench mark gin

i. GTS Benchmark
e ii.
eri
Permanent Benchmark
iii. Arbitrary Benchmark iv.

ng.
Temporary Benchmark
14. What is reduction in leveling? Name the methods [NOV/DEC 2015]

n
Reduced Level in surveying refers to equating elevations of survey points
et
with reference to a common assumed datum. It is a vertical distance between
survey point and adopted datum plane.
Methods:
i. Height of the instrument method
ii. Rise and Fall method
55

PART-B
1. The following consecutive readings were taken with a level and 4m leveling staff
ground at common interval of 30 m as 0.725 on A,0.955, 2.875, 3.785, 3.835,
0.865, 1.035, 1.785, 2.625, 3.845, 0.965, 1.575 and 2.015 on B. The elevation
of point A is 120.50 m. Makeup level book page apply usual check and
calculate the reduced levels of points. Also calculate the gradient of line AB.
(Nov/Dec 2014)
Formula:
ww HI =Known Elevation + Back Sight

Unknown Elevation = HI –Fore Sight
w.E
Booking of Readings in level book:
Distance B .S I.S F.S HI RL Remarks
S.NO
1 0
asy
0.725 121.225 120.50
Bench
En mark
3
30
60
0.955
2.875
gin 120.27
118.35
4 90 3.785 e eri 117.44
5 120 0.865 3.835 118.255

ng. 117.39 TP1
7
150
180
1.035
1.785
n117.22
116.44 et
8 210 2.625 115.63
9 240 0.965 3.845 115.375 114.41 TP2
10 270 1.575 113.800
2.015
11 300 113.360
� 2.555 9.695
56

Check: �B.S – �F.S = Last R.L – First R.L
2.555 – 9.695 = 113.360-120.50

-7.14 = -7.14
𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑅𝐿
Gradient = 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
= 7.14 / 300
Gradient = 0.02 or 1 in 42
2. Explain the difficulties encountered in leveling
1. Leveling on Steep Slope.
ww 2. Leveling on Summits and Hollows/Undulating terrain

3. Taking Level of an Overhead Point.
w.E
4. Leveling Ponds and Lakes too W ide to be Sighted across.
5. Leveling across River.
asy
6. Leveling on Past High W all.
1. Leveling on Steep Slope:-
En
 Due to short lengths, it is difficult to obtain the FS and BS accurately.
gin
 In this case, the distance between the instrument station and the FS
station and BS station.

e
station is kept approximately equal to the distance between the instrument
eri
2. Leveling on Summits and Hollows/Undulating terrain
ng.
n
 It is a difficult process, because it requires large number of stations.
 In leveling over summit, the level should be set up sufficiently high, so that
the summit can be sighted without extra setting.
et
 In leveling over hollow, the level should be set up sufficiently low.
Leveling over summit Leveling over Hollow
57

3. Taking Level of an Overhead Point:-
 It occurs when the point under observation / benchmark is higher than the
line of sight.
 This can be overcome by,
(i) Holding the staff inverted on the overhead point keeping the foot of
the staff touching the point
(ii) The RL of the line of sight can be calculated as,
RL of line of sight = RL of B.M –Staff Reading
ww
w.E
asy
En
4. Leveling Ponds and Lakes too W ide to be Sighted across:-
gin
 While leveling a long distance, due to the obstructions such as lakes, the
following operations may be carried out.
e
1. Take FS reading on A from the station ‘P’
eri
2. Shift the instrument to Q and take the BS reading on B.In this case also
the RL of stations A and B are assumed to be the same.
ng.
n et
5. Leveling across River:-
While leveling across a wide river, the leveling operation may be carried out
accurately by reciprocal leveling.
58

6. Leveling on Past High W all.
ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
1. Mark a point on the wall in the line of sight and mark it as ‘R’
e
2. Measure the vertical distance from the point ‘T’ to ‘R’ and refer it as h1
eri
3. Fix an another point ‘U’,such that the line TU is perpendicular to the plumb
line TR.
4. Suspend a plumb bob from U.
ng.
n
5. Fix the instrument at Q and mark the point S and measure the height U to S
and refer it as h2. et
6. The RL of the S can be calculated by, RL of D =RL of C + h1 –h
59

3. Following consecutive readings were taken with a level along a sloping ground
line AB at a regular distance of 20 m by using 4m leveling staff as 0.352, 0.787,
1.832, 2.956, 3.758, 0.953, 1.766, 2.738, 3.872, 0.812, 2.325 and 3.137 .The RL
of point A is 320.288 m. Rule out a page of field book apply usual check and
calculate the reduced levels of points. Also calculate the gradient of line AB.
(Use Rise and Fall Method)(Apr/May 2015)
Formula:
Unknown Elevation = RL + Rise
ww Unknown Elevation = RL – fall

Booking of Readings in level book:
S.NO Distance w.E B .S I.S F.S Rise Fall RL Remarks
2
0
20
0.352
asy 0.787 0.435
320.88
319.863
BM
3 40 1.832 En 1.045 318.808
4 60 2.956 gin 1.124 317.684
5 80 0.953 3.758
e eri 0.802 316.882 TP1
7
100
120
1.766
2.738
ng.
0.813
0.972
316.069
315.097
8 140 0.812 3.872 n

1.134 313.963
etTP2
9 160 2.325 1.513 312.450
10 180 3.137 0.812 311.638
� 2.117 10.767 0 8 .6 5
Check: � Rise– � Fall = �B.S – �F.S = Last R.L – First R.L
0 – 8.65 = 2.117 – 10.767 = 311.638 – 320.288
-8.65 = -8.65 = -8.65
60

𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑅𝐿
Gradient =
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
= 8.65/180
= 0.04 or 1 in 20.8
4. Explain in detail about Reciprocal Leveling. (Nov/Dec 2012)
 The difference in elevation between two points is accurately determined by two

sets of reciprocal observations.
 Useful when the instrument cannot be set up between the two points due to an
ww obstruction such as a valley, river, etc., and if the sights are much longer than are
ordinarily permissible.
w.E
 For such long sights the errors of reading the staff, the curvature of earth, and
the imperfect adjustments of the instrument become prominent. Special methods
asy
like reciprocal leveling should be used to minimize these errors.
Diagram:
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et
Explanation:
When it is necessary to carry levelling across a river, ravine or any Obstacle

requiring a long sight between two points so situated that no place for the level can be
61

found from which the lengths of foresight and back sight will be even approximately
equal, special method that is reciprocal levelling must be used
Let A and B be the points and observations be made with a level, the line of sight
of which is inclined upwards when the Bubble is in centre of its run.
The level is set at a point near A and staff reading are taken on A and B with the
bubble in the centre of its run.
Since B.M. A is very near to instrument, error due to curvature, refraction and
collimation will be introduced in the staff readings at A.
But there will be an error e in the staff reading on B.The level is then shifted to
ww
the other bank, on a point very near B.M. B, and the readings are taken on staff held at
B andA.
w.E
Since B is very near, there will be no error due to the three factors in reading the
staff, but the staff reading on A will have an error e.
asy
Let ha and hb be the corresponding staff readings on A and B for the first set of
En
the level and ha’ and hb’ be the readings for the second set.
Derivation:
For first set, the correct staff reading , gin

On A: ha ; B: hb-e
e eri
True difference in elevation=H=ha-( hb-e)
For second set, the correct staff reading ,
ng.
On A: ha’-e ; B: hb’
True difference in elevation=H=(ha’-e)- hb’
Taking the average of the two true differences in elevations,

n et
′ −ℎ ′ ��
1�(ℎ𝑎 −ℎ𝑏 )−�ℎ𝑎 𝑏
H =
2
5.What are the different source of error in leveling and explain them in detail?
[ Nov/Dec 14]
Sources of error:-
a) Instrumental errors
b) Natural errors
62

c) Personal errors
a. Instrumental errors
i) Error due to imperfect adjustment
ii) Error due to sluggish bubble
iii) Error due to movement of objective slide
iv) Rod not of standard length
v) Error due to defective joint
Imperfect adjustment of the level:-
If the level is in imperfect adjustment, the line of sight will not be horizontal when
ww
the bubble of the level tube is central. It causes collimation error which can be
compensated by balancing of sight.
w.E
It may be noted that the error due to imperfect adjustment of the instrument is
very common and serious and hence the instrument always be carefully tested and
adjusted before it is used. asy
Defective level tube:- En
gin
If the bubble of the level tube is sluggish, it will remain central even though the
e
bubble axis is not horizontal. On the other hand if it is too sensitive, considerable time is
eri
spent to make the bubble central. Irregularity of curvature of the tube is also a serious
defect. This effect gets neutralized if sights are equal.
ng.
Shaky tripod:- n
A shaky tripod causes instability to the instrument and considerable time is et
wasted to make accurate observations.
Imperfect graduations of the staff:-

Imperfect graduations of a staff will cause errors in staff reading. In an ordinary
leveling, the errors may be negligible, because the readings are generally made correct
to 0.005m. in the case of precise leveling, the graduations must be compared against in
invar tape.
63

b.Natural errors
i) Earth’s curvature
ii) Atmospheric refraction
iii) Variations in temperature
iv) Wind vibrations
Errors due to earth curvature

The effect of curvature is to increase the staff reading. W hen the distance are
small the error is negligible, but for greater distance when the back and fore sight are
ww
not balanced.
w.E
Error due to refraction
Due to refraction, the ray of light bends downwards in the form of curve with it is
asy
concavity towards the earth surface, thus decreasing the staff reading.
Errors due to variation in temperature En

gin
The adjustment of the instrument is temporarily disturbed by an unequal heating
liquid to expand and bubble to shorten. e

and the consequent warping and distortion. The heating of the level vial will cause the
eri
ng.
If one end of the vial is warmed more than the other, bubble will move towards
the heated end and errors will be produced.
Errors due to wind and sun n et
In strong wind, it is always difficult to hold the staff vertical. The strong wind also
causes vibration in the instrument and the bubble of the level tube does not remain
central. It is always at visible to suspend the worth in such conditions.
The sun causes considerable trouble in taking the readings if it since on the
objective. In such a condition, it is always, recommended to protect the objective by an
umbrella.
c.Personal errors
i) Mistakes in manipulation
64

ii) Mistake in rod handling

iii) Mistake in reading the rod
iv) Errors in sighting
v) Mistakes in recording
Mistakes in manipulation:-
The errors are due to carelessly setting the level, imperfect focusing of eye piece
and objective, the bubble not being central at that time of reading, errors due to resisting
the hand on tripod and non-verticality of the staff.
ww
Errors in sighting:-
w.E
Long sight, coarseness of the cross hairs and staff graduations or sometimes the
atmospheric conditions make it difficult to see the exact coincidence of the cross hair
asy
and the staff graduations. This error is accidental in nature.
Errors in reading the staff:

En
gin
These error are generally committed by a beginner while reading the staff
upwards, instead of downwards, reading against the top or bottom hair instead of the
e eri
central hair, concentrating the attention on the decimal part of the reading and reading
the whole meter wrongly and reading the inverted staff as vertically held staff.
Errors in recording and computing: ng.
n
The common errors in recording are entering a reading in wrong column, e.g. BS
and IS recording the reading with digits interchanged. E.g. 1.242 instead of 1.422, et
omitting any entry , mistaking the numerical value of a reading called by the level man,
entering the inverted staff reading, without a minus sign and adding the foresight
reading instead of subtracting it and on subtracting a back-sight reading instead of
adding.
65

6. Explain theEffects of Curvature and Refraction in leveling & their correction.

(Nov/Dec 2015),(Nov/Dec 2013)
x In Precise Leveling, the effect of curvature and refraction on the staff
reading is to be considered. These effects are high when the distance
exceeds 200 m.
Effects of Curvature and Refraction:-
x The effect of curvature on a staff reading is equal to the distance between
the points, where the line of sight and level line through the level,
intersects the staff.
ww x The line of sight of a leveling instrument is always not a straight one and it
gets bend towards the earth due to the refraction as it passes through the
w.E
layers of air, and the density of air varies. The effect of refraction is always
asy
positive to the effect of curvature.
Diagram: -
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et
Curvature Correction:
BC is the departure from the level line.Actually the staff reading should
have been taken at B wherethe level line cuts the staff, but since the level
provides only the horizontal line of sight (in the absence of refraction), the staff
reading is taken at the point C.
Thus, the apparent staff reading is more and, therefore, the object
appears to be lower than it really is.
66

The correction for curvature is, therefore, negative as applied to the staff
reading & numerical value being equal to the amount BC.Correction for
curvature is negative as applied to the staff reading.
OC2=OA2+AC2
L e t, BC = CC = Correction for curvature

AB = d = horizontal distance between A and B
AO = R = radius of earth in the same unit as that of d
(R2+Cc) 2=R2+d2
ww Cc = d2/2R
The radius of the earth = 6370km, Cc = 0.0789d2
w.E
Refraction Correction:
asy
The effect of refraction is the same as if the line of sight was curved downward,
En
or concave ,towards earth’ s surface and hence the rod reading is decreased.
gin
Therefore, the effect of refraction is to make the objects appear high than they
really are.The correction; as applied to staff readings is positive.
e eri
The refraction curve is irregular because of varying atmospheric conditions, but
for average conditions it is assumed to have a diameter about seven times that of the
earth.The correction as applied to staff readings as positive.
ng.
The correction of refraction,
Cr
Cr
= 1/7 x Cc
n
= 0.01121d2metres, where d is in km
et
The combined correction due to curvature and refraction,
Cc = (6/7)xd2/2R metres (negative)
67

UNT IV - LEVELLING APPLICATIONS
PART A
1. Define contour [APR/MAY 2012]
A contour is an imaginary line on the ground surface joining the points of

equal elevation.
2. Define contour interval [NOV/DEC 2014]
ww The vertical distance between any two consecutive contours is called contour
interval. The contour interval is kept constant for a contour plan.
w.E
3. State mass diagram [NOV/DC 2014]
asy
Mass diagram consists of a curve which is plotted with chains as
abscissae and the algebraic sum of volumes of cutting and filling as ordinates.
En
The volumes of cutting and filling are counted from the starting point up to the
gin
point considered. The cuttings are taken as positive and filling as negative.
e eri
ng.
n et
4. What is meant by interpolation of contour? [APR/MAY 2015]
Interpolation of the contours is the process of spacing the contours

proportionately between the plotted ground points established by indirect method.
68

5. What is contour gradient? Where it is used [APR/MAY 2015]
The gradient between any two contours is called the contour gradient. This is
got by dividing the difference in elevation between two contours, at a point and the
horizontal distance between them. This used in route surveying.
6. How earthwork required is calculated using contours?[APR/MAY 2015]
For computation of earthwork areas of cross-sections of successive cross-
ww
sections are considered. The average area multiplied by the spacing between cross-
sections gives the volume of earthwork. For this trapezoidal or prismoidal rules can
be used.
w.E
asy
7. Define Longitudinal Sectioning or Profile Leveling
En
In this method the object of leveling operation is to determine the undulation
of the ground surface along a predetermined line. The predetermined line usually
gin
center line of road, railway, canal or pipe line.
8. Define Cross-sectioning? State its applications

e eri
[NOV/DEC 2015]
ng.
The process of taking levels perpendicular (traverse) to the direction of
longitudinal leveling is known as cross-sectional leveling. Along the longitudinal
n
length cross-sections are taken at regular intervals (such as 20m, 40m, 50m etc).
Applications of CS:
et
i. CS can be used to find the cutting and filling
ii. CS can be used to find the area of the given place.
9. State the uses of Contour [NOV/DEC 2015]
i. Contour can be used to decide most economical site for
construction of Dam, Cannel, Sewer, Reservoirs and road.
ii. Contour map can be used to ascertain the inter-visibility of points.
69

iii. Contour map can be used to calculate the water capacity of the
reservoir.
iv. Contour can be used to draw longitudinal sections and cross-
sections to ascertain the nature of the ground.
10. Write the formula for correction for curvature and refraction
[MAY/JUNE 2016]
i. Curvature correction Cc= 0.07849d2 m (negative)
ii. Refraction correction Cr= 0.01121d2 m (positive)
iii. Combined correction C= Cc-Cc=0.06728d2 m (negative)
ww
11. Define: (i) Overhanging cliff (ii) Vertical Cliff [MAY/JUNE 2016]
(i) w.E
Overhanging cliff
If contour lines cross each other, it shows existence of overhanging
cliffs or a cave asy
(ii) Vertical Cliff
En
If contour lines are meeting in some portion, it shows existence of a
vertical cliff gin
e eri
ng.
n et
70

PART B
1. Explain in detail about longitudinal and cross sectional leveling.
(May/June 2013)
Definition LongitudinalLevelling(Profile):
It is the process of determining the elevations of points at short measured

intervals along a fixed line such as the centre line of a railway,highway,canal or sewer.
The fixed line may be a single line or it may be composed of a succession of
straight lines or of a series of staright lines connected by curves.
ww
Diagram
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
Field Procedure:
n
Requires the establishment of turning points on which both back and foresights et
are taken.Profilelevelling, like differential levelling, requires the establishment of turning
points on which both back andforesights are taken.
In addition, any number of intermediate sights may be obtained on points along

the line from each set up of the instrument
It is generally best to set up the level to one side of the profile line to avoid too
short sights on the points near the instrument.
For each set up, intermediate sights should be taken after the foresight on the
next turning station has been taken.
71

The level is then set up in an advanced position and a back sight is taken on that
turning point.
The position of the intermediate points on the profile are simultaneously located
by chaining a along the profile and noting their distances from the point of
commencement.
When the vertical profile of the ground is regular or gradually curving, levels are
taken on points at equal-distances apart and generally at intervals of a chain length.
Definition Cross section Levelling
It is defined as the process of determining the lateral outline of the ground while
ww
leveling the sections right angles to the centerline.
Diagram
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
Field Procedure:
ng.
n
o The cross-sections are numbered consecutively from the commencement
et
of the centre line and are set out at right angles to the main line of section
with the chain and tape,the cross-staff or the optical square and the
distances are measured left and right from the centre peg .
o Cross-section be taken at each chain.
o The length of cross-section depends the nature of work.
72

2. Explain the Characteristics of Contours. (Nov/Dec 2014)
i. Two contour lines of different elevations cannot cross each other.

ii. Contour lines of different elevations can unite to form one line only in the
case of a vertical cliff
iii. Contour lines close together indicate steep slope. They indicate a gentle
slope if they are far apart. if they are equally spaced, uniform slope is
indicated. a series of straight parallel and equally spaced contours
represent a plane surface
ww
w.E
asy
Steep En gentle uniform slope
iv. gin
A contour passing through any point is perpendicular to the line of
v.
steepest slope at that point
e eri
A closed contour line with one or more higher ones inside it represents a
ng.
hill. Similarly, a closed contour line with one or more lower ones inside it
indicates a depression with-out an outlet
n et
Water Hill
vi. Two contour lines having the same elevation cannot unite and continue as
one line
vii. A contour line must close upon itself, though not necessarily within the
limits of the map
73

viii. Contour lines cross a watershed or ridge line at right angles. they form
curves of U-shape round it with the concave side of the curve towards
the higher ground
ix. Contour lines cross a valley line at right angles they form sharp curves of
V-shape.
ww
x. w.E U Shape V shape
The same contour appears on either sides of a ridge or valley,for the
asy
highest horizontal plane that intersects the ridge must cut it on both sides.
En
3. Explain the Interpolation of Contours. (Nov/Dec 2010)
gin
 It is the process of spacing the contours proportionately between the plotted
ground points established by indirect methods.The methods of interpolation are
uniform.
e
based on the assumption that the slope of ground between the two points is
eri
 The methods of interpolation are,
ng.
i) By Estimation
ii) By arithmetic calculations
iii) By graphical method
n et
1.By Estimation
This method is extremely rough and is used for small scale work only.The
positions of contour points between the guide points are located by estimation.
2. By arithmetic calculations
The method though accurate, It is time consuming. The positions of contour
points between the guide points are located by arithmetic calculation.
74

3.By Graphical Method:

In this,the interpolation is done with the help of a tracing paper or a tracing
cloth.There are two methods,
1.Radial Line method
2.Parallel line method
4. Explain the methods of locating contours. (Nov/Dec 2015)
The location of a point in topographic survey involves both horizontal as well as

vertical control.Ingeneral ,the field method may be divided into two methods.
i.Direct Method
ww ii.Indirect method
w.E
Direct Method:
 In the direct method the contour to be plotted is actually traced on the ground
asy
only those points are surveyed which happen to be plotted.After having surveyed
those points, they are plotted and contours are drawn through them
En
 The method is slow and tedious and is used for small areas and where great
gin
accuracy is required.the field work is two-fold
i. Vertical control
ii. Horizontal control
Indirect methods:
e eri
ng.
 In this method, some guide points are selected along a system of straight lines
drawn by interpolation n
and their elevations are found. The points are then plotted and contours are then
 These guide points are not , except by coincidence, points on the contours to be
et
located . while interpolating, it is assumed that the slope between any two
adjacent guide points is uniform,
 The following are some of the indirect methods of locating the ground points.
i)By Squares
ii)By Cross sections
iii)ByTacheometric method
75

1.By Squares
The method is used when the area to be surveyed is small and the ground is not
very much undulating.
The area is divided into a number of squares.The size of the square may vary
from 5 to 20 m depending upon the nature of the contour and contour interval.
The elevations of the corners of the square are then determined by means of a
level and a staff. The contour lines may then be drawn by interpolation. It is not
necessary that the squares may be of, the same size.Sometimes, rectangles are also
used in place of squares.
ww When there are appreciable breaks in the surface betweencorners, guide points
in addition to those at corners mayalso be used.
w.E
The squares should be as long as practicable, yet smallenough to conform to the
inequalities of the ground andto the accuracy required. The method is also knownspot
leveillng. asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et
Fig: By Squares
2. By Cross sections:-
In this method, cross-sections are run transverse to the centre line of a road,
railway or canal etc.
76

The method is most suitable for railway route surveys.The cross-sections should
be more closely spaced wherethe contours curve abruptly, as in ravines or on spurs.
The cross-section and the points can then be plotted and theelevation of each
point is marked.The contour lines are interpolated on the assumption that there is
uniform slope between two points on two adjacent contours.
Thus, the points marked with dots are the points actually surveyed in the field
while the points marked with x on the first cross-section are the points interpolated on
contours.
ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
Fig: Cross section
3.Bytacheometric method
e eri
ng.
In the case of hilly terrain the tacheometric method may beused with advantage.
against all the three hairs may be taken. n

A tacheometer is a theodolite fitted with stadia diaphragm sothat staff readings
The staff intercept s is then obtained by taking the differencebetween the

et
readings against the top and bottom wires.
The line of sight can make any inclination with thehorizontal the range of
instrument observations.
The horizontal distances need not be measured since thetacheometer provides
both horizontal as well as verticalcontrol.
Thus if θ is the inclination of the line of sight with horizontalthe horizontal distance (D)
between the instrument axis andthe point in which the line of sight against the central
wireintersects the staff are given by:
77

D=K1s cos2θ + K2 cos2θ

V = D ta n θ
K1 & K2 are instrumental constants.
ww
w.E Fig :Tacheometric method
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et
78

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et
79

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et
80

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et
81

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et
82

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et
83

UNIT V - THEODOLITE SURVEYING

PART A
1. What is meant by traversing? [NOV/DEC 2012]
A traverse is a multi-sided figure consisting of a series of connected lines.

The lengths are measured by chain or tape and the directions are identified by angle
measuring instruments.
ww
2. State the temporary adjustment of theodolite [NOV/DEC 2014]
w.E
i.
ii.
Setting up the level
Centering
iii.
iv. asy
Leveling
Eliminating the parallax
En
a. Focusing the object
3. Give the application of traverse survey gin

b. Cross-hair adjustment
[MAY/JUNE 2014]
i.
ii.
Calculate areas
Determine the invisible points
e eri
iii. To determine the elevation variations by levelingng.
iv.
v.
To mark boundary of a closed surface
n et
4. What is face left and face right? [APR/MAY 2015]
Face left:
When the vertical circle of the theodolite is on the left of the observer at the
time of observation is called the Face left.
Face right:
When the vertical circle of the theodolite is on the right of the observer at the
time of observation is called the Face Right.
84

5. Define tangential tacheometer [APR/MAY 2015]
Tangential tacheometer method is used to compute the horizontal and vertical

distances from the instrument to the staff station from the observed vertical angles to
the vanes fixed at a constant distance apart upon the staff.
6. What is subtense bar? What are its advantages? [MAY/JUNE 2016]

A Substance bar is manufactured by Mr. Kern. The length of the substance
bar is 2m (6ft) for measurement of comparatively short distance in a traverse. A
Substance bar may be used as a substance base. The length of the bar is made
ww
equal to the distance between the two targets.
7. Why is an anallatic lens provided in tacheometer?
w.E
Analytic lens is an additional lens placed between the diaphragm and the
objective at a fixed distance from the objective. This lens will be fitted in ordinary
asy
transit theodolite. After fitting this additional lens the telescope is called as
En
external focusing analytic telescope. The purpose of fitting the analytic lens is to
reduce the additive constant to zero.
gin
8. What is parallax? How it can be eliminated? [NOV/DEC 2012]
e
If the image formed by objective lens is not in the same plane with cross-
eri
hairs, any movement of the eye is likely to cause an apparent movement of the
ng.
image with respect to the cross-hair. This is called parallax. Parallax can be
eliminated by focusing the eye-piece and focusing the objective.
n
9. State the different field works to be carried out in theodolite surveying
[NOV/DEC 2014] et
i. Setting up the instrument
ii. Measuring the height of the instrument
iii. Orienting the instrument
iv. Observing the staff held on bench mark
v. Observations of distance and altitude
85

10. What are the different systems of tachometer survey?[MAY/JUNE 2016]

i. Stadia System
ii. Tangential System
11. What do you meant by transit? [NOV/DEC 2015]
The process turning the telescope through 180o in a vertical plane about the
horizontal axis is known as transiting the telescope.
12. State the reason for taking face right and face left observations
ww i. To get the absolute reading.

[NOV/DEC 2015]
w.E
ii. To minimize the errors in reading.
asy
13. In Equation D =KS + C , What is represented by D,K,S,C?
En [NOV/DEC 2014]
D = Horizontal Distance
K = Multiplying Constant gin
S = Stadia Intercept
C= Additive Constant
e eri
ng.
n et
86

PART B
1. Explain the essential parts of transit thedolite with neat sketch

(Nov/Dec 2014)
Parts:-
Leveling head, telescope, vertical circle, index frame, A frame lower plate, upper
plate, level tubes, plumb bob
Transit Theodolite Diagram
ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
Leveling Head:- n
The leveling head consists of two parallel triangular planes known as tribrach et
plates. The upper tribrach has three arms, each carrying a leveling screw. The lower
tribrach has three arms each carrying a leveling screw. The lower tribrach plate or foot
plate has a circular hole through which plumb bob may be suspended.
Telescope:-
The telescope is an integral part of the theodline and is mounted on a spindle
known as horizontal axis or trunnion axis. In most of the transits, internal focusing
telescope is used.
Vertical Circle:-
87

The vertical axis is a circular graduated arc attached to the trunnion axis of the
telescope consequently the graduated arc rather with the telescope when the latter is
turned about the horizontal axis.
Index Frame:-
The index frame is a T-shaped frame consisting of a vertical leg known as
clipping arm and a horizontal bar known as vernier arm of index corm. At the two
extremities of the index arm are fitted two verniers to read the vertical circle.
A Frame:-
Two standards resembling the letter A are mounred on the upper plates. The
ww
trunnion axis of the telescope is supported on these.
Lower Plate:-
w.E
The lower plate is attached to the outer spindle. The lower plate carries a
horizontal circle at its leveled edge and is therefore also known as the scale plate.
Upper Plate:- asy
En
The upper plate or vernier plate is attached to the inner axis and carries two
verniers with magnifiers at two extremities diametrically opposite. The upper plate
supports the standards. gin
Plumb Bob:-
e eri
A plumb bob is suspended from the hook fitted to the bottom of the inner axis to
centre of instrument exactly over the station mark.
2.Explain the methods of measuring the
ng.
horizontal angle using
theodolite.(Nov/Dec 2015)
The horizontal angle is measured by two different types,which are,
n et
1.Repetition method
2.Reiteration method
Repetition method:-
This method is used to measure a horizontal angle to a finer degree of accuracy
than that obtainable with the least count of the vernier.
Thus an angle reading is mechanically added several times depending upon the
number of repetitions.
88

The average horizontal angle is then obtained by dividing the final reading by the
number of repetitions.
Diagram
ww
Procedure:
w.E
1. Set up the instrument at Q and level it accurately. The face of the instrument
asy
should be left and the telescope is in the normal position.
2. Release all clamps. Turn upper plate till the zero of the vernier A is against 0º of
En
the main scale. Clamp the plates together. Bring 0º of the vernier A to coincide
gin
exactly with the 0º of the main scale by the upper tangent screw.
3. Loosen the lower clamp; direct the telescope to bisect the left hand station P by
using lower clamp and lower tangent screw.
e eri
4. Check the reading of vernier A to see that no slip has occurred and read the other
ng.
vernier B. It should read 180º on the lower scale, if there is no instrument error.
n
5. Unclamp the upper (vernier) plate, turn the telescope clockwise and bisect the
right hand station (R) exactly by the upper clamp and upper slow motion screw.
Read the verniers.
et
7. Leaving the vernier unchanged, unclamp the lower plate and turn the telescope
clockwise until station P is again bisected accurately, using the lower clamp and
lower tangent screw. Check the vernier readings, which must be the same as
before.
8. Release the upper plate, turn the telescope clockwise and against bisect the
station R exactly using the upper clamp and its slow motion screw. The vernier
will read twice the value of the angle
9. Repeat the above procedure until the angle is repeated required number of times.
89

10.Change face (the telescope will now be inverted and the face will be right).
Repeat the whole procedure as for face left. Using anti clockwise swing the
average of the two values of the angle thus obtained, gives the value of angle
PQR.
Reiteration method
In this method several angles subtended at a point are measured successively

and finally the horizon is closed. (Closing the horizon is the process of measuring the
angles around a point to obtain a check on their sum, which should be equal to 360º). It
ww
is known as direction method or method of series.
Diagram:
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
Procedure:
ng.
be left.
n
1. Set up instrument over O & level it correctly. The face of the instrument should
et
2. Set the vernier A close to zero.
3. Direct the telescope to point A and bisect it accurately by using the lower
clamp and lower tangent screw. Note the vernier readings.
4. Loosen the upper plate and turn the telescope clockwise until point B is exactly
bisected by turning the upper tangent screw. Read both verniers. The mean
of the vernier gives the value angle AOB.
5. Similarly, bisected B, C and D successively, take readings of both verniersat
each bisection.
90

6. Finally close the horizon by sighting the station point A.

7. The vernier A should now read the first reading and find the error. If error is
small, it is equally distributed among the several observed angles. If the error
is large the reading should be discarded and a new set be taken.
8.Change face (the telescope will now be inverted and face will be right). Repeat
the above procedure as for face left. The mean of the two sets is the true value of
the angles
3. Explain the Adjustments of a theodolite. (May/June 2012)
ww  Before taking the measurement by a thedolite , it should be adjusted to get the

correct reading.
w.E
 Adjustments can be classified into two types.
1. Temporary adjustment
asy
2. Permanent adjustment
1. Temporary adjustment
En
 The adjustments required to be made at every instrument station before taking
observations are called temporary adjustment
 It consists of the following operations
gin
1. Setting up. e eri
2. Levelling up.
a)three screw head ng.
b)four screw head
3. Elimination of parallax.
n et
(i). Focusing the eye piece.
(ii). Focusing the Objective.
Setting up:-
 The process of setting up the theodolite consists of the following operations.
(i) Centering the theodolite over the ground
(ii) Approximate levelling with tripod legs
Levelling up:-
 Levelling of a thedolite is defined as the process of making the vertical axis of the
91

theodolite, truly vertical.

 Diagram
 Mean position of the bubble is called zero of the level tube.
Elimination of parallax:-
 Parallax is defined as the apparent change in the position of the object,caused by
the change in position of the observer’s eye.In the thedolite telescope, the
parallax is formed,when the image formed by the objective is not situated in the
plane of cross-hairs.
 It can be eliminated as follows,
ww (i)
(ii)
Focusing the eye piece.
Focusing the Objective
w.E
2. Permanent adjustment
1. Adjustment of plate level (Plate level test).
asy
2. Adjustment of line of sight ( Cross- hair test).
En
3. Adjustment of horizontal axis.(Spire test).
4. Adjustment of vertical index frame
5. Adjustment of telescope level gin
Plate level test:-
e eri
The axis of each plate level should lie in a plane perpendicular to the vertical
axis.
ng.
Adjustment :If the bubble in any level tube gets displaced from centre, bring it back
n
halfway by adjusting two foot screws parallel to it and other half by adjusting the
capstan screws fitted at one end of the plate level tube. Rotate the whole instrument et
through 180° and repeat the steps of testing and adjustment if required till the bubble
remains central for all positions of the instrument as it revolved through 360° about the
vertical axis.
Line of sight:-
In a properly adjusted instrument, the line of sight is perpendicular to the
horizontal axis.
92

Horizontal Axis:-
The horizontal axis is required to be perpendicular to the vertical axis.
ww
Axis of the telescope :-
Test and adjustment:
w.E
This is carried out by the two-peg method ,With the line of sight set on the rod
reading established for a horizontal line, the correction is made by raising or lowering
asy
one end of the telescope level tube until the bubble is centered.
Vertical Circle Index :-
En
The object of this adjustment is to set the vertical circle to zero when the line of
gin
sight is horizontal and the altitude bubble is centered.
e eri
ng.
n et
93

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et
94

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et
95

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et
96

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et
97

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et
98

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et
99

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et
100

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et
101

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et
102

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et
103

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et
104

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et
105

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et
106

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et
107

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et
108

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et
109

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et
110

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et
111

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et
112

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et
113

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et
114

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et
115

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et
116

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et
117

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et
118

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
eer
ing
.ne
t

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
eer
ing
.ne
t

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
eer
ing
.ne
t

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
eer
ing
.ne
t

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
eer
ing
.ne
t

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
eer
ing
.ne
t

CE6304

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

CE6304

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.

**Note: Other Websites/Blogs Owners Please do not Copy (or) Republish

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

ANNA UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI-25

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

S.NO CONTENTS PAGE NO

a Aim and Objective of the subject 5

b Industrial Practical connectivity of the subject 5

c Detailed Lesson Plan 6

h Unit III–Leveling -Part-A

n University Question Papers 100

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

Aim of the Subject

ww 2. To introduce the survey concepts and the planning of the survey.

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

SCAD GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS

ww Practice",7th Edition, McGraw Hill, 2001.

2 1 Basic principles, Scales and its types 1

Ranging and its types

5 1 Problems on chain correction 1 5 TB1

6 1 Problems on tape correction 2 7 TB1

7 1 Obstacles in chaining 1 8 TB1

8 1 Problems on obstacles in chaining 2 10 TB1

9 1 Traversing , Plotting of chain survey- 1 11 TB1

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

Areas enclosed by straight line irregular

Enlarging the reducing the figures, digital

12 2 Definition, Types of compass, principle 1 14 TB1

13 2 Bearing, Systems and conversions 1 15 TB1

Problems on local attraction-Type I 2 18

Resection-Two point problem 1

21 2 Resection-Three point problem 1 24 TB1

Sources of errors,applications, Merits &

Definition of leveling, level

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

Types of level instruments and staves,

Methods of leveling-Simple, differential,

Booking &reduction –Problems on HI

Booking and reduction – Problems on

Curvature and refraction derivation 1 33

34 4 Characteristics of contours 1 ng. 38 TB1

36 4 Methods of interpolating contours 1 40 TB1

37 4 Uses of contours 1 41 TB1

38 Computations of cross sectional areas 1 42

39 Problems on earthwork calculation and 3 47

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

41 5 Essential parts of theodolite 1 47 TB1

42 Measurement of horizontal angle and 1 48

44 5 Problems on Heights and distances 2 51 TB1

45 Definition of Tacheometer surveying, 1 52

Faculty In charge asy HOD

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

UNIT I - FUNDAMENTALS AND CHAIN SURVEYING

1. Define Surveying. [APR/MAY 2012]

2. Name the instruments /accessories needed to carry out a chain surveying

3. What are scales? En [NOV/DEC 2013]

iii. Vernier Scale

4. What is the fundamental difference between the plane surveying and

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

5. Why do the scales always drawn in the map? [NOV/DEC

6. State the conventional signs in mapping [MAY/JUNE 2014]