Structure/Grammar

English Tenses
Written by Mazrul Aziz

There are sixteen tenses available in English. As an English Department student you must be able
to understand and utilize them correctly either in active or passive forms. Some tenses are rarely used but
they appear in literature, reports, books, and scientific researches.
According to a language research, there are five English tenses included into high frequency
tenses, they are such as (1) Simple Present Tense (2) Present Continuous Tense ( 3) Present Perfect
Tense ( 4) Past Tense (5) Future tense. If the aim of a course for the sake of speaking skill, so you only
have to focus on these five tenses. However, especially for English Dept students they must totally master
all these tenses.
A. PRESENT B.PAST
1. Simple Present Tense 1. Past Tense
2. Present Continuous Tense 2. Past Continuous Tense
3. Present Perfect Tense 3. Past Perfect Tense
4. Present perfect Continuous Tense 4. Past Perfect Continuous Tense
C. FUTURE D. PAST FUTURE
1. Future tense 1. Past Future Tense
2. Future Continuous Tense 2. Past Future Continuous Tense
3. Future Perfect Tense 3. Past Future Perfect Tense
4. Future Perfect Continuous Tense 4. Past Perfect Continuous Tense

A. PRESENT
ACTIVE PASSIVE
A1 S + V1 + (O) S + Be1 + V3
Mary scolds John John is scolded by Mary
A2 S + Be1 + V –ing + (O) S + Be1 + Being + V3
The mechanic is repairing the car now The car is being repaired by the mechanic
A3 S + have/has + V3 + (O) S + have/ has + Be3 + V3
The lecturer has interviewed the student The student has been interviewed by the lecturer
A4 S + have/has + B3 + V-ing + (O) xxxx Unavailable
Budi has been typing a resume for an hour

B. PAST
ACTIVE PASSIVE
B1 S + V2 + (O) S + Be2 + V3
Susi insulted John yesterday John was insulted by Susi
S + Be2 + V-ing + (O) S + Be2 + Being + V3
B2 The police was interrogating the thief The thief was being interogated by....
B3 S + had + V3 + (O) S + had + Be3 + V3
A Thief had stolen my motorcycle My motorcycle had been stolen by thief
B4 S + had + Be3 + V-ing + (O) xxxx Unavailable
Budi had been teaching English

C. FUTURE
ACTIVE
C1 S + will / shall + V1 + (O)
Budi will sell a laptop tomorrow
S + Be1 going to + V1 + (O)
Yulie is going to remove the basket
C2 S + will/shall + be + V-ing
Budi will be delivering a KFC
PASSIVE
S + will /shall + Be + V3
British A Laptop will be sold by Budi tomorrow
S + Be1 going to + Be + V3
USA The basket is going to be removed by....
S + will / shall Be + Being + V3
KFC will be being delivered by budi

C3 S + will / shall + have + V3 + (O) S + will +have + Be3 + V3

Budi will have sold the motorcycle The motorcycle will have been sold by Budi
C4 S + will/shall + have + Be3 + V-ing + (O) xxxx Unavailable

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 Budi will have been selling a laptop
D. PAST FUTURE
ACTIVE PASSIVE
D1 S + would / should + V1 + (O) S + would / should + be + V3
We would take the decision The decision would be taken
D2 S + would/ should + be + V-ing + (O) S + would/ should + be + being + V3
The standup comedy would be entertaing the audience The audience would be being entertained .........
D3 S + would/ should + have + V3 + (O) S + would/ should + have + Be3+ V3
She would have taken the umbrella The umbrella woud have been taken
D4 S + would/ should + have + Be3 + V-ing + (O) xxxx unavailable
They would have been discussing the problem

Keterangan Kode: B1 = (is, am , are) B2 = (was, were)........B3 =( been )

S= Subject O = Object V1 = Kk asli bentuk pertama V 2 = Kk Past Tense V3 = KK bentuk ke
tiga (Past paticiple)

Very often students mix the usage of verbal sentences and nominal sentences such as sentences
below:
I am not agree with you Sir…..I am never forget about it in all my life, if you are not understand I am try
to explain it, I like rice but I am not like porridge very much….. I am like hunting pigs by using dog in the
forest because I am like dog so much.
These are silly errors made by ignorants

The Transformations in sentence are such as: (+) (-) (?) (-?) ( W?) (W-?) ( QT) Question Tags. Especially
or (W?) it consists of several forms such as : what, why, who/whom, when, where, who/whom, which,
whose.
But you must keep in mind that imperative sentences (!) and (-!) are just only available for Present
Tense, and they do not not exist in other tenses
There is a strict regulation of how to make passive sentences , they are as follows:
1). The object in the active sentence will become the subject in passive sentence
2). The verbs used in passive sentence must consist of transitive verbs only. We absolutely cannot make
passive sentence by using intransitive verbs, such as walk, go etc

Let us see below the examples of Transformation in Present Tense n Present Perfect Tense
You must try to train yoursef by transforming all tenses above into many typical transformations as shown
below, therefore, you exactly gain the ability to demontsrate each forms of transformations

Look at the transformations pesented in “ PRESENT TENSE “ below

Active
Subject + Verb 1 + (Obj)
(+) John takes the salary
(-) John does not take the salary
(?) Does John take the salary?
(-?)Doesn’t John take the salary?
(W?) Why does John take the salary ?
(W?) Who takes the salary?
W-?) Why doesn’t John take the salary ?
( QT) John takes the salary, doesn’t he ?
( ! ) Please take the salary ..!
( -! ) Please don’t take the salary..!
Passive
Subj + Be + V3
The salary is taken by........
The salary is not taken yet
Is the salary taken by....... ??
Isn’t the salary taken by John
Why is the salary taken by Jhon ??
When is the salary taken ?
How much is the salary takenn?

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Looka t the examples of transformations in PAST TENSE below :

(+) I went to Arga Makmur last week

( - ) I did not go to Arga Makmur last week
( ? ) Did you go to Arga Makmur last week ?
( -?) Didn’t you go to Arga Makmur last week ?
( W?) Where did you go last week ?
( W?) How did you go to Arga Makmur ?
( W?) With whom did you go to A.M ?
(W?) What for did you go to A.M
( W?) Who went to Arga Makmur ?
(W?) Why did you go to A.M ?
(W-?) Why didn’t you go to Arga Makmur ?
(QT) You went to Arga Makmur last week , didn’t you ?

Look at examples in PRESENT PERFECT TENSE below :

ACTIVE
(+) John has injected the patient
(-) John has not yet injected the patient
(?) Has John injected the patient?
(-?) Hasn’t John called the doctor?
(W?) Why has John isolated the patient?
(QT) John has bought a laptop , hasn’t he?
PASSIVE
(+) The patient has already been injected
(-) The patient hasn’t been injected yet
(?) Has the patient been injected?
(-?) Hasn’t the doctor been called?
(W?) Why has the patient been isolated?
(QT) A laptop has been bought by John, hasn’t it?
,etc

It is now your turn to apply those examples of Transformation above to all English tenses, OK
It is important for you to keep in mind that you must be able to differentiate how to use noun, verb,
adjective and adverb of a word in a sentence. Why? Because they have different patterns in constructing
sentences. If you use a noun as object you must put a transitive verb before the noun. If you use an
adjective you must use “be “or “linking verbs” before it. If you use subject you must use a verb after it.

SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION

Transformasi kalimat maksudnya dalah : perobahan-perobahan bentuk dari sebuah kalimat inti. Misalnya
bentuk kalimat negative ( - ) , kalimat tanya (?), (W?), (QT) dll yang dibentuk dari sebuah kalimat inti. Contoh kalimat
inti “ You come here everyday” kemudian dirobah kedalam beberapa transformasi spt:
(-) You don’t come here. Do you come here everyday? How often do you come here ? (W?), Why do you
come here? You come here everyday, don’t you? (QT)

Jangan heran dan aneh jika ternyata ada sebagian mahasiswa yang tidak tahu dan tidak mengerti membuat kalimat
menidakkan (-) negative sentences, tidak bisa membuat bentuk kalimat tanya (?) dan kalimat (W?). Justru itu jangan
anggap enteng karena justru itu latihlah membuat transformasi (-) (?) (W?) (QT)dari setiap bentuk tenses diatas agar
anda terhindar dari kalimat-kalimat error

Terutama jika subjectnya (the third singular) orang III yang mengharuskan Kt Kerjanya ditambah [s/es] pada Present
Tense, Present Perfect dan Perfect Cont. Sering siswa dan mahasiswa KELIRU dalam menggunakan serta
memposisikan kt kerja dan kt kerja bantu do, does dan has dalam kalimat transfromasi.

Please learn all examples of Transformations in Present Tense with the core sentence

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 “YOU COME HERE” Indeed, you can create so many sentences derived from a core sentence, especially for (W?)
what, who, when, where, why, How, which etc…so you can construct more creative sentences. Please look at the
exercises of these transormations on each tenses below.

+ You come here every day

- You don’t come here everyday
? Do you come here everyday ?
-? Don’t you come here everyday ?
W? Why do you come here everyday ?
W-? Why dont you come here ?
W? Where do you come ?
W? When do you cme here?
W? How do you come here ?
W? How often do you come here ?
W? How many times do you come here a week?
W? How much………………..
W? How well………………
W? What time do you come here ?
W? Who comes here ?
W? Who comes here with you? ( With whom do you come here?)
W? Who comes here everyday?
W? What for do you come here ?
,etc What is your purpose to come here?
Who asks you to come here? What makes you come here ?
What brings you here?
And you can make many other creative transformations that can rapidly and surprisingly
develop your English automatically
W-? Why don’t you come here everyday ?
! Come here, please
-! Don’t come here , please
QT You come here every day, don’t you?

But you must be cautious that the transformation of (!) and (-!) are only available in Present Tense with the
subject YOU, they do not exist in other tenses and other subjects (doers)

RUMUS MEMBUAT KALIMAT PASSIVE

Cara membuat kalimat passive:

1. Kata kerja dalam kalimat aktif harus kata kerja
TRANSITIVE VERB yakni Kt Kerja yg menggunakan
Object. Kata kerja Intransitive TIDAK BISA dijadikan
kalimat passive. I go to school >> > (passive ) The school is
gone by me ( wrong)

2. Object didalam kalimat passive harus berobah posisi

menjadi Subject dalam kalimat passive (contoh: John kills
the cat. The cat is killed by John)

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 3. Setiap kalimat passive wajib menggunakan to be (Be1),is
am are) B2 (was were) B3 (been) diakhiri atau ditutup oleh
V3 (past participle)
4. Kalau kt kerja intransitive tidak ada object maka
mustahil membuat kalimat passive

Nominal Sentences
By Mazrul Aziz

Nominal Sentence is a sentence without having verb , instead they use “be” as the auxiliary and then
followed by complement. A Complement may consist of Noun, Adjective, or Adv.Place/Time.
Anyhow, we can also use linking verbs as to replace “to be” such as feel, look, become, get, go,
appear, turn, sound, etc. Berarti Linking verbs bisa menggantikan posisi to be dlm kalimat nominal

Please study the formula & the examples of nominal sentences in each Tenses below:
The Formula of Nominal sentence in general :

Subject + Be + Complement
(Noun, Adjective, Adverb of Place/Time)

A1. Nominal in Present Tense

Formula Exampes of sentences

S + be 1 + Noun I am a teacher, she is a nurse, You are a student
S + be 1+ Adjective You are hungry, the lesson is confusing so She is confused,
the film is boring so I am bored
S + be 1 + Adverb of Place / Time The meeting is at 10 o’clock in GB3 Room 5

A2. Nominal in Present Continuous Tense

S + be 1 + being + Noun She is being a nurse (rarely used)
S + be 1 + being + Adjective We are being hungry now
S + be 1 + being + Adverb of Place / Time We are being here now (seldom used)

A3. Nominal in Present Perfect Tense

S + have/ has + been + Noun He has been a teacher since 1976
S + have/ has + been + Adjective They have been hungry all day
S + have / has + been + Adverb of Place / Time It has been long time , .........................

A4. Nominal in Present Perfect Continous Tense

S + have/ has + been + being + Noun He has been being a teacher for 32 years
S + have/ has + been + being + Adjective He has been being sick for a long time
S + have / has + been + bening + Adv of Place / Time We have been being at home all day

B1. Nominal in Past Tense.

S + be2 (was/were) + Noun She was a director last year

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 S + be2 (was/were) + Adjective He was hungry.last night
S + be2 (was/were) + Adverb of Place / Time We were at home all day yesterday

B2. Nominal in Past Continuous Tense

S + be 2 + being + Noun She was being a champion last year
S + be 2 + being + Adjective He was being hungry.last night
S + be 2 + Adverb of Place / Time We were being here yesterday

B3. Nominal in Past Perfect Tense

S + had + be3 + Noun She had been a teacher
S + had + be3 + Adjective He had been hungry.
S + had + be3 + Adverb of Place / Time We had been here

B4. Nomnal in Past Perfect Continous Tense

S + had + be3 + being + Noun She had been a teacher
S + had + be3 + being + Adjective He had been being unconscious
S + had + be3 + beng + Adverb of Place / Time We had been being here

C1. Nominal in Future Tense by using (will/shall)

S + will / shall + be + Noun She will be an English teacher next year
S + will / shall + be +Adjective You will be successful
S + will / shall + be + Adverb of Place / Time The meeting will be at 10 tomorrow

C1. Nominal in Future Tense by using “to be going to”

S + be (is/am/are) + going to be + Noun She is going to be a manager
S + be (is/am/are) + going to be + Adjective You are going to be successful later
S + be (is/am/are) + going to be + Adv. of place/time We are going to be in your place soon

C2. Nominal in Future Continuous Tense

S + will / shall + be + being + Noun She will be being a dentist next year
S + will / shall + be + being + Adjective You will be being tired after a tough work
S + will / shall + be + being + Adverb of Place / Time We will be being in your class later

C3. Nominal in Future Perfect Tense

S + will / shall + have + been + Noun She will have been a manager
S + will / shall + have + been + Adjective You will have been hungry after one day fasting
S + will / shall + have + been + Adv of Place / Time We will have been at home all day

C4. Nominal in Future Prefect Continuous Tense

S + will / shall + have + been + being + Noun She will have been being a manager
S + will / shall + have + been + being + Adjective You will have been being hungry
S + will / shall + have + been + being +Adv of Place / Time The meeting will be being at 4 o’clock tonight

D1. Nominal in Past Future Tense

S + would / should + be + Noun She would be a dentist next time
S + would / should + be + Adjective You would be hungry
S + would / should + be + Adverb of Place / Time They would be at home all day next time

D2. Nominal in Past Future Continous Tense

S + would / should + be + being + Noun She would be being a manager next year
S + would / should + be + being + Adjective You would be being hungry
S + would / should+ be + being + Adverb of Place / Time We would be being at home all day later

D3. Nominal in Past Future Perfect Tense

S + would / should + have + been + Noun She woud have been a dentist
S + would / should + have + been + Adjective You would have been hungry
S + would / should + have + been + Adv of Place / Time We would have been at home all day

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D4. Nominal in Past Perfect Contionous Tense
S + would / should + have + been + being + Noun She would have been being a dentist
S + would / should + have + been + being + Adjective You would have been being hungry
S +would /should +have + been +being+Adv.of Place / Time We would have been being at home all day later

Important Notes:
Those formulas above are structurally standardized. However, some tenses are seldom or rarely used
because of the development of language use. Anyhow, you cannot neglect them at all because they still
appear in literatures and some other written Engtlish. You must certainly be aware of the usage and how
they are grammatically used and structurally constructed in sentences.

Here they are some tenses belows which are seldom and rarely appear in usage:

A2. Present Continuous Tense as in (S + be1 + being + Noun) suc as in

“She is being a student” instead of this people use”She is a student”
A4. seldom used but most of the time they are recently replaced by A3. Present Perfect tense
B2. seldom used
B4. also seldom used
C4. aslo rarely used
D1. mostly appear in Politeness and Conditional sentences
D2. also appear in Polite sentences
D3. mostly appear in Conditional Sentences
D4. very rarely used

Jangan heran dan aneh bahwa ada sebagaian bentuk ADJECTIVES yang memakai baju past participle
(V3). Seolah olah dia berbentuk Past Tense tapi sebenarnya dia adalah adjective al:
confused, interested, satisfied, disappointed, bored, depressed, embarassed
He was confused atau “ he looked confused”
Hati- hati menggunakan ADEJCTIVE yg berbentuk [ -ing] dan yang berbentuk [ - ed ]
Karena adjective yang menggunakan [ -ed] adalah untuk manusia / binatang sedangkan adjective yang
berbentuk [ - ing] adalah untuk benda. Examples .
The lesson is boring, so that I am bored. John is confused because the explanation is confusing
Tapi sering mahasiswwa keliru mengatakan saya bosan tapi malah dia menyebut “I am boring” (SALAH)

OK GOOD LUCK and DO YOUR BEST

LINKING VERBS
Linking verbs are verbs which link the subject with the complement.There is a strong link between subject
and compelement or we can say complement explains what happen to the subject. In other words linking
verbs can replace the posisition of “to Be” in a sentence. Posisi “to be” bisa saja digantikan oleh kata
kerja linking verbs al: get, feel, become, look, appear, dll
For example: She is curious = she feels curious or She looks curious, or She gets curious
John is sick = John gets sick, Joh feels sick, etc

Ada beberapa kata kerja linking verbs al:

look, sound. taste, appear, seem, become, turn, get, go, feel “ to be” dalam kalimat nominal, etc

Examples in nominal sentences you use “to be” as linking vers

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He is a student He is a teacher

She is jealous
He become
s a teacher
feels
He is sad .......... She sad
he looks jealous
He is a doctor .................. he beomes a doctor
She is sick ............. she feels sick
The were all bored in the class ........the all feel bored in the class

By Mazrul Aziz
MODAL AUXILIARIES
( Kata Bantu di depan kata kerja)

Rumus sbb: (Formula)

ACTIVE S + Aux + V1 + (Obj)

PASSIVE S + Aux + Be + V3

AUXILIARIES ACTIVE PASSIVE

CAN / COULD I can give injection Injection can be given
WILL / WOULD They will invite you You will be invited
SHALL / SOULD You should pay the money soon The money should be paid soon
MAY / MIGHT You may sell your hand-phone Your Hp may be sold
MUST
She must prepare the stethoscopes The stethoscopes must be
Had better
Would rather prepared

HAVE TO You have to wash the car the car has to be washed
Ought to You ought to invite John John ought to be invited
Have got to She has got to pay the debt The debt has got to be paid
Be supposed to We are sopposed to respect parents and Parents and teachers are
teachers supposed to be respected

Perlu diwaspadai bahwa auxiliaries yang haram memakai TO dan wajib menggunakan TO. Jangan
sampai kacau dan keliru seperti kotak table paling atas TIDAK mngunakan TO tapi kotak bagian bawah
wajib menggunakan TO. Jangan heran banyak mahasiswa yang masih hamburadul menggunakan auxiliary
diatas, seperti : “I will to go “………… “I can to speak English” (silly mistakes)

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CAUSATIVE VERBS
He makes me sick, let her go away , they make me go away
I have my hair cut = saya nyuruh seseorang memotong rambut saya ( bukan saya yg motong rambut sy)
I have my house painted = artinya sy nyuruh seseorang mengecat rumah say ( bukan sy yg pelaku
pengecatan)
For further details please see the book of Betty S. Azzar and Toefl by Barrons on the Grammar section.

Conditionals
Conditional type I ……….. If I have a lot money I will travel around the world
Conditional type II ………..If I had a lot of money I would travel around the world
If I were a king I would appoint you a Prime Minister
If I were you I would marry her

Conditional type III, …………..If I had had a lot of money I would have travelled
around the world

THERE + BE in several tenses and modal auxiliary forms

There + Aux + Be + Complement

There must be a dog behind the house

There will be a bad rumor in this criminal action
There should be a immediate action toward this problem
There might be misunderstanding among the members
There can be misleading information, and miscommunication among us during campaign
There might have been misinterpretation between you and me so far

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 SUBJUNCTIVES
I strongly suggest that John go to school
(that John goes to school = wrong)

It is necessary that Yulie study English soon

(that Yulie studies English = wrong)

OK, GOOD LUCK and DO YOUR BEST

Steps to achive English skills either in spoken or written form

1 Elementary level dari level 1 s/d level 3 harus menguasai dg cermat dan tepat sasaran
materi pada articles, pronouns, possessives, Count and non-Count Nouns, Subj/Verb
Agreements, plurals/singulars, seluruh tenses active/passive, serta kalimat2 nominal
sesuai semua 16 tenses rumus yg berlaku baku, sentence transformations (+) (-) (?) (-?)
(W?) (w-?) (QT+) (QT-) (!) (-!) , conjunctions, etc (dll)
Linking verbs fuction to replace “ to be “ in nominal sentences.
Plurality of words, irregular forms of plurality
Countable and uncountable words

2). Intermediate level 1 s/d level 3 (lower intermediate up to upper intermediate dg

sasaran materi menguasai

All Auxiliaries, Gerunds, use of Linking verbs, Conditionals, Causatives, Adjective

Clause, Noun Clause, Adverbial Clause, Subjunctives, Words’ inflections (affixes),
Irregular use of prepositions, Two word Verbs, Time, Quantity/Comparisons, Modifiers,
All Transition Signals; Sentence Connectors, Coordinators, Subordinators, etc

3).Teruskan kemudian menanjak ke Advanced level , sebagian kursus ada membagi level
ini : level 1 s/d level 3 atau cuma 2 level saja: Pre Advanced level, Advanced level, and
Post Advanced ..di level ini anda sdh diharapkan mampu speaking skill yang
interactive/communicative dan Writing skill yg creative bs mengembangkan kalimat2
menguraikan secara detail sesuatu topik dg Str/Grammar yg cukup memuaskan dg
volume vocabulary yg cukup significant...dg sasaran materi,

Subjunctives, parallel structure, inversions, idiomatic expressions, Transition Signals,

compound complex sentences, clause markers, dll.

4) Kemudian baru anda pantas / layak masuk kursus level Toefl/IELTS...pd level ini juga
pembagian kelas spt: Pre- Toefl atau jg disebut Preparatory Class....kemudian Final atau
Post-Toefl Class atau ada juga tambahan class spt Toefl Kits dll.
Pada kelas Toefl/Ielts anda diforsir dan dilatih membahas, menjelaskan, menguraikan,
mengargumentasikan serta mengembangkan dg baik sesuatu topik ilmiah atau non ilmiah

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