Generator

Q1.Write down the principle of DC Generator.

Q2. Discuss about types of DC Generator.

Q3. What is the difference between the Shunt wound and Series wound Generator.

Q4. What are the various losses of DC Generator?

Q5. Write down the condition for Maximum efficiency?

Q6. Write down the equation of Generator efficiency?

Q7.Discuss about Generator characteristics curves.

Q8. On which factor DC Generator Terminal voltage depends?

Q9. What are DC Generator Ratings?

Q10. Write down the basic difference between the DC Generator & AC Generator
(Alternator).

Q11. What are causes of overvoltage in power system?

Over voltages are caused on power systems due to external and internal
influencing factors. The voltage stress caused by over voltage can damage the lines and
equipment’s connected to the system. Over voltages arising on a system can be generally
classified into two main categories as below:

1. External Over voltages:

This type of over voltages originates from atmospheric disturbances, mainly due
to lightning. This takes the form of a surge and has no direct relationship with the operating
voltage of the line. It may be due to any of the following causes:

a) Direct lightning stroke

b) Electromagnetically induced over voltages due to lightning discharge taking place near
the line, called 'side stroke'.

c) Voltages induced due to atmospheric changes along the length of the line.

d) Electrostatically induced voltages due to presence of charged clouds nearby.

e) Electrostatically induced over voltages due to the frictional effects of small particles like
dust or dry snow in the atmosphere or due to change in the altitude of the line.

2. Internal Over voltages:

These over voltages are caused by changes in the operating conditions of the power
system. These can be divided into two groups as below:

1. Switching over voltages or Transient over operation voltages of high frequency:

This is caused when switching operation is carried out under normal conditions or when fault
occurs in the network. When an unloaded long line is charged, due to Ferranti Effect the receiving
end voltage is increased considerably resulting in over voltage in the system. Similarly when the
primary side of the transformers or reactors is switched on, over voltage of transient nature occurs.

2. Temporary over voltages:

These are caused when some major load gets disconnected from the long line under normal
or steady state condition.

EFFECTS OF OVER VOLTAGES ON POWER SYSTEMS:

Over voltage tends to stress the insulation of the electrical equipment’s and likely to cause damage
to them when it frequently occurs. Over voltage caused by surges can result in spark
over and flash over between phase and ground at the weakest point in the network, breakdown
of gaseous/solid/ liquid insulation, failure of transformers and rotating machines.

Protection:

Overvoltage relays can be used to identify overvoltages and isolate equipment. These
relays operate when the measured voltage exceeds a predetermined set-point. The
voltage is usually measured using a Potential Transformers. The details of the ratio of the
potential transformer are also entered into the relay. These relays are usually provided with
a time delay. The time delay can be either instantaneous, fixed time or for IDMT (inverse
definite minimum time) curves.

Generally, overvoltage relays are provided with sufficient time delay in order to avoid
unwanted trippings due to transients (See article on Transients).
These relays can be used to isolate feeders and other equipment connected to the
network. In the case of generators, these relay also switch off the excitation system to the
generators thereby preventing voltage build-up.

Q13.What are the requirements of satisfactory power supply.

The electric power system in India is 3-phase AC operating at a frequency of 50 Hz. The power
station delivers power to consumers through its transmission and distribution systems. The power
delivered must be characterized by constant or nearly constant voltage, dependability of service,
balanced voltage, and efficiency so as to give minimum annual cost, sinusoidal waveform and
freedom from inductive interference with telephone lines.

(1) VOLTAGE REGULATION: A voltage variation has a large effect upon the operation of both
power machinery and lights. A motor is designed to have its best characteristics at the rated voltage
and consequently a voltage that is too high or too low will result in a decrease in efficiency. If the
fluctuations in the voltage are sudden, these may cause the tripping of circuit breakers and
consequent interruptions to service. Usually the voltage at the generator terminals, where this is
done, in some cases the voltage variations at the load may be made sufficiently small by keeping the
resistance and reactance of the lines and feeders low.

(2) DEPENDABILITY: One important requirement of electric supply is to furnish uninterrupted

service. The losses which an industrial consumer sustains due to the failure of electric power supply
are usually vastly greater than the actual value of the power that he would use during this period. It
is on account of the expense of idle workmen and machines and other overhead charges.
Interruptions to service cause irritation and are sometimes positively dangerous to life and property.
For example, failure of power in hospitals, in crowded theatres and stores may lead to very grave
consequences.

Therefore, it is the duty of electric supply company to keep the power system going and to furnish
uninterrupted service.

(3) BALANCED VOLTAGE: It is very important that the poly-phase voltage should be balanced. If
an unbalanced poly-phase voltage is supplied to a consumer operating synchronous or induction
motors, it will result in a decrease in the efficiency of his machinery and also a decrease in its
maximum power output. Motors called upon to deliver full load when their terminal voltages are
unbalanced are liable to considerable damage due to overheating. One method of maintaining
balance of voltage is by having balanced loads connected to the circuit.
(4) EFFICIENCY: The efficiency of a transmission system is not of much importance in itself. The
important economic feature of the design being the layout of the system as a whole so as to perform
the requisite function of generating and delivering power with a minimum overall annual cost. The
annual cost can be minimized to a considerable extent by taking care of power factor of the system. It
is because losses in the lines and machinery are largely determined by power factor. Therefore, it is
important that consumers having loads of low power factor should be penalized by being charged at
a higher rate per kWh than those who take power at high power factors. Loads of low power factor
also require greater generator capacity than those of high power factor (for the same amount of
power) and produce larger voltage drops in the lines and transformers.

(5) FREQUENCY: The frequency of the supply system must be maintained constant. It is because a
change in frequency would change the motor speed, thus interfering with the manufacturing
operations.

(6) SINUSOIDAL WAVEFORM: The alternating voltage supplied to the consumers should have a
sine waveform. It is because any harmonics which might be present would have detrimental effect
upon the efficiency and maximum power output of the connected machinery. Harmonics may be
avoided by using generators of good design and by avoidance of high flux densities in transformers.

(7) FREEDOM FROM INDUCTIVE INTERFERENCE: Power lines running parallel to telephone
lines produce electrostatic and electromagnetic field disturbances. These fields tend to cause
objectionable noises and hums in the apparatus connected to communication circuits. Inductive
interference with telephone lines may be avoided by limiting as much as possible the amount of zero-
sequence and harmonic current and by the proper transposition of both power lines and telephone
lines.

Q14. Write down some means of Generator protection.

Q15. Discuss about rotor of Alternator.

Q16.What is meant by armature reaction?

Q17. Fault of alternator.

Q18. What are the conditions of paralleling of Alternator?

Q19. Draw a typical single line diagram of Power system.

DC MOTOR

Q1. Write down the principle of Motor.

Q2. What is the significance of back e.m.f of DC Motor?

Q3. What is mean by back e.m.f of DC Motor?

Q4. What are dc motors used in?

Q5. Draw the series motor characteristics curve.

Q6. What is basic difference between shunt and series motor?

INDUCTION MOTOR

Q7. What is the principle of induction Motor?

Q8. Write down the advantage and disadvantage of Induction Motor.

Q9. Draw the torque/speed curve of Induction Motor.

Q10. When an induction Motor operating as a Generator.

Q11. What is the difference between synchronous generator & asynchronous generator?

Q12. Make a comparison between Syn. Motor, Induction Motor & DC Motor.

Q13. Why syn. generators are used for the production of electricity?

Q15. What is Automatic Voltage regulator (AVR)?

Q16. Which type of A.C motor is used in the fan (ceiling fan, exhaust fan, pedestal fan,
bracket fan etc) which are find in the houses?
Q17. What is stepper motor? What are its uses?

Q18. Mention the methods for starting of 3-phase induction motor?

Q19. Draw the connection equivalent circuit of capacitor start and capacitor run induction
Motor.

Q20. What is Power Factor?

Q21. What does it do to my electricity bill ?

Q22. Write down the various method of power factor improvement.

Q23: What information provide in nameplate of 3-Phase induction motor?

Q24: What is the effect of power factor on electric supply system?

Q25. What is Slip? What is the Significance of slip?

Q26: Sketch the torque- slip characteristics of Induction Motor?

Q27: Write down the advantage of slip-ring motor over the Squirrel case motor?

Q28. Brief shortly speed control of three phase induction Motor.

Q29.Discuss aboutFleming’s left-hand rule (for motors), and Fleming’s right-hand rule (for
generators) and difference between them.

TRANSFORMER

Q1. Why Transformer rated in KVA?

Q2. Write down the protection method of Transformer.

Q3. What isboucholz relay and the significance of it in to the transformer?

Q4. What is the significance of vector grouping in Power Transformers?

Q07. How many types of cooling system in transformers?

Q08. What do you mean by Percentage Impedance (Z%) ? what isThe Effect of Higher and
Lower Impedances of Transformer?

Q09.What will happen when power factor is leading in distribution of power?

Q10. Tell me in detail about c.t. and p.t. ?

Q11. What will happen if DC supply is given on the primary of a transformer?

Q12. What are the recommended properties of good (New) transformer oil?

Q13. Discuss in brief about isolation Transformer.

Q13. Discuss in brief about pulse Transformer. Mention its application.

Q14. Draw the circuit diagram of Auto Transformer. Write down its advantage and
disadvantage.

TRANSMISSION LINE

Q1. What are the components of Transmission line?

Q2. Draw the General representation of Electric Transmission Line.

Q3.What is the parameters of Transmission line?

Q4. Write down the equation of efficiency and voltage regulation of X-mission Line.

Q5. Write down the advantage and disadvantage of DC power Transmission.

Q6. Write down the merit & demerit of A.C transmission.

Q7. Write down the advantage and disadvantage of High Voltage Transmission.

Q8. Draw a typical Transmission and distribution system.

Q9. Write down the difference between fuse, circuit breaker and Relay.

Q10. Discuss in brief about switches & isolator/disconnecting switches.

Q11. Write down the circuit Breaker Inter locking at normal condition?

Q12. What is the difference between surge arrestor and lightning arrestor?

Q13.What is “pu” in electrical engineering?

Q14. What is Ferranti effect?

Q15. Define IDMT relay?

Q16. Write down the classification of overhead Transmission line?

Q17. What should be the properties of Insulator?

Q18. Write down the types of Insulator?

Q19. What is corona? What is the factor affecting corona?

Q20. Discuss briefly about cable type.

ELECRICAL CIRCUIT

Q01. Draw the Phasor/Vector Diagram of Various RLC series/Parallel Circuit.

Q02. What is the condition of series resonance and draw vector diagram?

Q03.What is the condition of parallel resonance and draw vector diagram.

Q04.What are the factor that affects the resistance?

Q05.What is ACSR cable and where we use it?

Q06.How tube light circuit is connected and how it works?

Q07.What happens if we give 220 volts dc supply to d bulb or tube light?

Q08. Which motor has high Starting Torque and Staring current DC motor, Induction motor
or Synchronous motor?

Q09. What is power factor? Whether it should be high or low? Why?