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Article history: An update literature review on trends in optimization techniques used for the design and development
Received 14 January 2015 of solar photovoltaic–wind based hybrid energy systems is presented. The main objective is to identify
Received in revised form latest promising techniques for the optimization of solar photovoltaic (PV)–wind based hybrid systems.
11 April 2015
Different techniques used by researchers for the optimization of renewable based hybrid energy systems
Accepted 12 May 2015
Available online 31 May 2015
are reviewed along with PV–wind based hybrid system sizing methodology, is presented. Optimization
studies during last 2.5 decades by researchers using traditional and new generation methods are
Keywords: analyzed and sixteen optimization methods including hybrid algorithms are presented. The trend shows
Hybrid energy systems that new generation artificial intelligence algorithms are mostly used during last decade as these require
Solar–wind based hybrid systems
less computation time and have better accuracy, good convergence in comparison to traditional
Solar photovoltaics
methods. The study suggests using hybridization of two or more algorithms to overcome the limitations
Wind turbine
Optimization techniques of a single algorithm. Additionally some other techniques are identified for follow up research in the
Hybrid algorithms design of PV–wind hybrid systems. This review will be useful for researchers to face complexity and
challenges in renewable energy based hybrid system research.
& 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 756
2. PV–wind hybrid system sizing methodologies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 757
2.1. Requirements for PV–wind hybrid system optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 757
2.1.1. Meteorological data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 757
2.1.2. Load profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 757
2.1.3. System configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 757
2.1.4. Energy system model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 757
2.1.5. Optimization results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 760
2.2. Criteria for PV–wind hybrid system optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 760
2.2.1. Reliability analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 760
2.2.2. Cost analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 760
2.3. Modeling of hybrid system components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 760
2.3.1. Modeling of photovoltaic system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 761
2.3.2. Modeling of wind generator system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 761
2.3.3. Modeling of battery system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 761
2.4. Conditions and steps for the execution of a hybrid optimization problem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 761
3. Optimization techniques used in PV–wind based hybrid research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 761
3.1. Traditional approach for optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 762
3.1.1. Graphical construction technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 762
3.1.2. Iterative techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 762
3.1.3. Probabilistic approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 762
n
Corresponding author. Tel.: þ 91 1972 254748; fax: þ91 1972 223834.
E-mail addresses: sschandel2013@gmail.com, chandel_shyam@yahoo.com (S.S. Chandel).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.05.040
1364-0321/& 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
756 S. Sinha, S.S. Chandel / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 50 (2015) 755–769
study is on PV wind based hybrid system applications in urban, hybrid systems as discussed in a comprehensive review by Sinha
rural and remote regions. However, the techniques covered are and Chandel [1]. However, these softwares have some limitations
also useful for studying other types of hybrid systems. like black box coding, different working platforms, unavailability
A solar–wind hybrid system consists of PV array, wind turbine, of some of the softwares and are also not as flexible as optimiza-
battery bank, inverter, controller, and other accessories. The tion techniques which can be used as per research criteria.
schematic is shown (Fig. 1).The generated power from solar and Sizing and optimization techniques must efficiently search for
wind energy charge the battery after meeting load demand but if an optimum combination of parameters like system cost, system
generated power is less than demand then battery will supply the reliability, PV system size, tilt angle of PV panels, battery size, wind
load as per storage capacity. turbine size with hub height because, over sizing causes higher
The steps to be followed for the efficient design and planning of system costs and under sizing causes insufficient power supply. A
a PV–wind based hybrid system, are shown in Fig. 2. number of authors have carried out detailed reviews on sizing and
There are some constraints in the formulation and solution of optimization techniques [2–10]. Summary highlights of these
the designing and optimization approach like resource availability, studies are given in Table 1.
technology, efficiency, mathematical models and many more. But The paper is organized as follows: Section 2 provides an
advancement in computational techniques has made it easy to overview of PV–wind hybrid system sizing methodologies;
deal with optimization problems by using a number of optimiza- Section 3 gives a literature survey on optimization techniques
tion and simulation techniques. A number of simulation tools used in PV–wind based hybrid system research; Section 4 deals
HOMER (Hybrid Optimization Model of Electric Renewable), with discussion on the recent trends of optimization followed by
HYBRID2 (The Hybrid Power System Simulation Model), HOGA Conclusion in Section 5.
(Hybrid Optimization using Genetic Algorithm) etc. are used for
optimizing, designing and performance evaluation of PV–wind
2. PV–wind hybrid system sizing methodologies
Fig. 1. Schematic of a solar–wind hybrid system. The input parameters required for a PV–wind hybrid system
optimization are as follows.
Table 1
Summary highlights of review studies on sizing and optimization of renewable energy based hybrid systems.
Zhou et al. Only standalone PV–wind hybrid systems Criteria for optimizations and simulation Artificial intelligence techniques are identified to
[2] modeling of photovoltaic system, wind energy be promising which requires to be further
system, battery storage system explored
Software tools for hybrid solar–wind system
reviewed are
○ HOMER
○ HYBRID2
○ HOGA
Erdinc and Covers all types of renewable energy based Software tools discussed are: HOMER, HYBRID2, Promising techniques identified are:
Uzunoglu hybrid systems. The General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS), Ant colony algorithm
[3] Optimization of Renewable Intermittent Energies Artificial immune system algorithm
with Hydrogen for Autonomous Electrification Tabu Search
(ORIENTE), OptQuest, LINDO, WDILOG2, Dividing Honey Bee Mating Algorithm
Rectangles (DIRECT), Determining Optimum Bacterial Foraging Algorithm
Integration of RES (DOIRES),Simulation of Game Theory
Photovoltaic Energy Systems (SimPhoSys), Geo-
Spatial Planner for Energy Investment Strategies, Hybrid methodologies require to be improved
Grid-connected Renewable Hybrid Systems further
Optimization (GRHYSO), H2RES
Optimization techniques discussed are:
○ Genetic algorithm
○ Particle swarm optimization
○ Simulated annealing
○ Linear programming
○ Simplex algorithm
○ Neural Networks
○ Evolutionary algorithm
○ Stochastic, iterative, probabilistic,
parametric and numerical approaches
Fadaee and Study covers PV–battery, PV–wind–battery Optimization Techniques reviewed: GA and PSO as most useful and promising multi
Radzi[4] and PV–wind–diesel–battery hybrid systems ○ Genetic Algorithm objective optimization methods in hybrid
○ Honey Bee mating Optimization system design
○ Particle Swarm Optimization
○ Evolutionary Algorithm
○ Artificial Intelligence
○ Pareto-based multi-objective optimization
and parallel processing
Luna-Rubio Study includes all types of renewable energy Reviewed hybrid system performance indicators Study suggests hybrid optimization
et al. [5] based hybrid systems (Loss of power supply probability (LPSP), methodologies are superior to other methods.
Levelized cost of energy (LCE))
○ Hybrid energy system sizing
methodologies reviewed are:
○ Probabilistic methods,
○ Iterative methods,
○ Hybrid methods (Genetic Algorithm,
Artificial Intelligence)
○ Analytical methods including commercial
software tools and/or numerical
approximations of system component)
Khatib et al. Study includes standalone and grid Standalone PV systems size optimization Artificial intelligence techniques have the
[6] connected PV systems, PV–diesel generator methods reviewed are: potential to improve the process of optimization.
systems, PV–wind systems, PV–wind–diesel ○ Intuitive methods
generator systems ○ Numerical methods
○ Analytical methods
○ Other methods (Artificial Intelligence)
S. Sinha, S.S. Chandel / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 50 (2015) 755–769 759
Table 1 (continued )
Upadhyay Covers all types of renewable energy based Discussed design parameters, evaluation criteria Hybrid optimization methodologies are
and hybrid systems and control and energy management of hybrid recommended for hybrid system research to
Sharma energy systems avoid the limitation of one methodology
[7] Software tools reviewed are:
○ HOMER
○ HOGA
○ RETScreen
○ HYBRIDS
○ TRNSYS
Chauhan Covers all types of renewable energy based Reviewed various types of integrated Concludes artificial intelligence techniques as a
and Saini hybrid systems configurations (DC coupled, AC coupled, Hybrid better technique than other deterministic
[8] DC–AC coupled) and various options for energy methods
storage technologies with system control and Genetic algorithm (GA), harmony search (HS),
management particle swarm optimization (PSO), biogeography
Mathematical model for wind, Micro-hydro, based optimization (BBO) are the most promising
solar, biomass gasifier energy systems are studied Algorithms in future research
Reviewed various sizing methodologies used in
hybrid system study
○ Artificial intelligence
○ Multi objective design
○ Iterative approach
○ Analytical method
○ Probabilistic approach
○ Graphical construction method
Bourennani Focused on solar–wind–fuel cell based Multi-Objective Optimizations (MOO) for Hybrid Article concludes that hybrid energy system
et al. [9] hybrid systems Energy System Design requires more interaction between both energy and
MOO research
Bhandari Study covers PV–wind–diesel–battery hybrid Reviewed energy scenario and various types of Study concludes that artificial intelligence may
et al. systems optimal design criteria provide good optimization of system without
[104] Mathematical model for wind, solar, battery, extensive long term weather data
diesel generator systems are studied
Reviewed various sizing methodologies used in
hybrid system study
○ Graphical construction method
○ Probabilistic approach
○ Iterative approach
○ Artificial intelligence
components is important in optimizing. Therefore these models must 2.2.1. Reliability analysis
include all necessary variables which affect energy conversion. These The dependency on nature and unpredictability of solar and
mathematical models should use simple concepts but in many cases wind resources have a great impact on energy production which
the complexity of a model increases or researcher may not include leads to unreliable power supply during cloudy or non windy days.
some important factors which may lead to inaccuracy. A system is reliable if it is able to supply required power to the
electrical load within a specific time period. A power reliability
analysis is essential for system design and optimization process.
2.1.5. Optimization results There are several methods in literature to calculate the reliability
Optimization results must be accurate enough to avoid excess of a hybrid energy system which are summarized in Table 2.
or deficit power and it is only possible if above four steps are
followed. Although power generation from PV–wind system is
2.2.2. Cost analysis
location dependant process, yet generalization of optimization
Cost analysis of a hybrid system is important for optimization so as
results for nearby location is also important.
to deliver energy at minimum cost. There are several methods used to
calculate cost of a hybrid energy system like net present cost, life cycle
2.2. Criteria for PV–wind hybrid system optimization cost and cost of energy which are summarized in Table 3.
A PV–wind hybrid system has to be optimally designed to deliver 2.3. Modeling of hybrid system components
power for a particular load demand reliably. The optimum hybrid
system configuration must satisfy and compromise between two main The performance of a hybrid solar–wind system is dependent
objectives: power reliability and system cost. on its components. The mathematical modeling equations of a PV
Table 2
Methods to determine reliability of hybrid energy systems.
1 Loss of power supply Most widely used method in which probability of insufficient power supply to load demand is taken into account while [11]
probability (LPSP) designing the hybrid system. LPSP is the ratio of power supply deficits to the electric load demand during a certain period
Pn
Edef icit
LPSP ¼ t P
¼ 1
n
P load
t ¼ 1
2 Loss of load probability Defined as the power failure time period divided by the total working time of the hybrid system [11]
(LLP/LOLP)
3 Unmet load (UL) The load which cannot be served divided by the total load of a time period (normally one year) [11]
Pn
P f ailure
UL ¼ t P
¼ 1
n
P total
t ¼ 1
4 System performance level SPL is defined as the probability of unsatisfied load [12]
(SPL)
5 Loss of load hours (LOLH) LOLH is the summation of loss of load expectation in hours over a specified time (usually one year) that the power system [13]
is unable to meet load requirements due to lack of power at an instant excluding the effects of component breakdown or
maintenance time
6 Loss of load risk (LOLR) LOLR is defined as the probability of the generating system failure to meet the daily electrical energy demand due to [14]
deficient energy of the renewable energy sources used
LOLR can be can be represent as
LOLR ¼ 1 p Or LOLR ¼ q
7 Level of autonomy (LA) LA deals with two main parameters namely the total number of hours in which loss of load (LOL) occurs and the total [5]
hours of operation. If autonomy increases system will be more reliable but same time cost will be higher
LA ¼ 1 HHtotal
LOL
Table 3
Cost analysis methods of hybrid energy system.
1 Net present cost NPC reflects cost of energy for a particular system and is defined as the ratio of the total annualized cost of the system to the annual [2]
electricity delivered by the system. NPC is total present value of cash flows including initial cost of system components, replacement
cost of any component within project lifetime, and cost of maintenance, i.e. investment costs plus the discounted present values of
all future costs during system’s lifetime
C ann
NPC ¼ CRFði;T proj Þ
2 Life cycle cost LCC deals with sum of all recurring and one-time (non-recurring) costs over the full life span or a specified period of a good, service, [2]
structure, or system
Includes purchase price, installation cost, operating costs, maintenance and upgrade costs, and remaining (residual or salvage)
value at the end of ownership or its useful life
3 Cost of energy COE reflects the cost of energy or electricity generation and as the ratio of total annualized cost of the system to the annual [2]
electricity delivered by the system. Total annualized cost includes all the costs over the system’s lifetime from initial investment and
capital costs, to operations and maintenance (e.g. fuel) and financing costs
COE¼ total cost/energy produced
S. Sinha, S.S. Chandel / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 50 (2015) 755–769 761
system, wind system and battery system are described in this During charging process
section.
SOCðt þ 1Þ ¼ SOCðtÞ:½1 σ ðtÞ þ½I bat ðtÞ:Δt:ηc ðtÞ=C bat ð9Þ
During discharging process
2.3.1. Modeling of photovoltaic system
The power output from PV system with area Apv (m2) is given SOCðt þ 1Þ ¼ SOCðtÞ:½1 σ ðtÞ ½I bat ðtÞ:Δt=ηdis ðtÞ=C bat ð10Þ
by:
With ð1 DODÞ rSOCðtÞ r1
P ¼ I T APV ηPV ð1Þ
where IT is expressed as 2.4. Conditions and steps for the execution of a hybrid optimization
problem
I T ¼ I b Rb þ I d Rd þ ðI b þI d ÞR ð2Þ
The PV system efficiency is expressed as The two main conditions to be fulfilled for a good designed
hybrid system are maximum power reliability and minimum cost.
ηPV ¼ ηm ηpc ½1 βðT c T r Þ ð3Þ
Total energy generated by wind and PV systems can be
expressed as
2.3.2. Modeling of wind generator system P total ¼ P w þ P s ð11Þ
Power output of wind turbines for a location depends on wind
The total energy generated may or may not satisfy the load
speed at hub height which can be calculated using power-law
demand and three different situations may arise depending upon
equation given below
the load demand and total power generated which are shown as:
α
V h
¼ ð4Þ i. P total ¼ P load
V0 h0
Total energy generated matches the load demand, so there is
Total power available from wind turbine is given by: no excess and deficiency in power.
P ¼ P w Aw ηw ð5Þ ii. P total o P load
Total energy generated is less than the load demand, so there
Different wind turbines have different power output and perfor-
will be a deficiency in power and battery will have to supply
mance curves. Therefore, the modeling equation of a wind system is
the load.
strongly influenced by the power curve of the wind turbine used.
iii. P total 4 P load
Fig. 3 shows a typical wind turbine power curve characteristics and
using this curve power output Pw (kW/m2) from wind generator can
Total energy generated is greater than the load demand, so
be calculated as follows
8 excess power is generated and battery will be charged.
>
< 0; if V o V ci and V 4V co The optimum combination of a solar–wind hybrid system can
Pw ¼ aV 3 bP r ; if V ci oV o V r ð6Þ make the best compromise with system cost. The economical
>
:P ;
r if V r oV o V co approach is composed of minimization of the costs of individual
components like PV, battery, wind system etc. This cost includes
where a and b are the co-efficients are given as capital, maintenance and replacement cost of various components
Pr of the system.
a¼ ð7Þ The total cost can be expressed as
V 3r V ci
C total ¼ fC s þ C w þ C B þ C other gmin ð12Þ
V 3ci The optimization process is shown in flow chart (Fig. 4).The
b¼ ð8Þ
V r V 3ci
3 first step of the optimal sizing methodology consists of providing
meteorological data–electric load demand and system input data.
The second step consists of mathematical equations with relia-
2.3.3. Modeling of battery system bility and cost conditions. The next step is using optimization
Battery is used to store surplus generated energy, to regulate methods fulfilling the criteria of system configuration.
system voltage and to supply load in case of insufficient power
generation occurs from the hybrid system. Battery sizing depends
3. Optimization techniques used in PV–wind based hybrid
on maximum depth of discharge (DOD), temperature and battery
research
life. A battery’s state of charge (SOC) is expressed as follows:
(LEC) and life cycle unit cost (LUC) of power generation with battery
bank. Borowy and Salameh [22] determined optimum size of a battery
bank and PV array for a stand-alone hybrid wind–PV system and
concluded that the optimum mix depends on the particular site, load
profile, and the desired reliability of the hybrid system. Ashok [23]
proposed an iterative method where an optimal hybrid system was
obtained among different renewable energy combinations including
PV and wind technology ensuring system’s reliability and minimum
life cycle cost which is applicable to renewable power generation in
any rural village.
Iterative optimization method requires more computational
efforts and usually two main parameters PV module tilt angle
and wind turbine tower height are not optimized in most of the
reported studies.
environmental factors. Huneke et al. [30] used linear programming global optimum of the problem, cannot assure constant optimiza-
to obtain optimal configuration for a solar–wind–battery–diesel tion response times etc. A number of researches have used the
based power generator combination for two real off-grid energy application of GA for the optimal design and operation of PV–wind
systems in India and Colombia. The optimization results for both based hybrid energy systems.
studies show the feasible combination of PV–battery and diesel An optimal sizing of standalone PV–wind systems is proposed
generator. Nogueira et al. [31] used the methodology for sizing and by Koutroulis et al. [37] using GA to select the optimal number of
simulation of a PV–wind–battery hybrid energy system and linear units with minimum cost, subject to load demand fulfillment. In
programming with minimum cost and high reliability. Lee et al. [32] another study Koutroulis et al. [38] presented a GA based optimal
formulated a Linear programming based new optimization model sizing of desalination systems by PV–wind generators as a power-
for hybrid power systems considering various power losses and supplied unit. Yang et al. [39–40] used GA to optimize the
studied three case studies. The main focus was not on minimizing configurations of hybrid solar–wind–battery bank system where
the total cost of the system but on minimizing the outsourced the decision variables are the number of PV modules, wind
electricity supply and electricity storage capacity. Saif et al. [33] turbines and batteries, the PV slope angle and wind turbine tower
formulated a problem of a PV–wind–diesel–battery hybrid power height. This method was proposed for a hybrid system which
system as a Linear Programming model with two objectives: supplies power for a telecommunication relay station. Bilal et al.
minimizing total cost and minimizing total CO2 emissions, while [41] proposed an optimized sizing of a hybrid solar–wind–battery
capping the Expected Unserved Energy (EUE). Nagabhushana et al. system through multi-objective genetic algorithm satisfying two
[34] used LP to calculate the sizes of the components of a PV–wind principle aims of annualized cost minimization and minimization
hybrid renewable energy system for three locations in Karnataka. of the loss of power supply probability (LPSP). Nafeh [42] used GA
Among all the techniques discussed above, linear programming to yield optimum PV wind, and battery ratings with minimum cost
technique is found to be best than other approaches as it improves the and power reliability. Abdullrahman and Addoweesh [43] pro-
quality of decision. Also linear programming technique is more flexible posed a methodology of optimum sizing of a PV–wind–diesel–
than other methods and a wide range of problems can be solved easily. battery hybrid system using GA including the effect of wind
Comparison of various traditional hybrid system optimization turbine parameters such as rated speed and rated power. The
techniques are summarized in Table 4. decision variables included in the optimization process are the PV
array capacity, wind turbine number, battery bank number and
diesel generator rated power. Atia and Yamada [44] adopted a two
3.2. New generation approach for optimization
layer (main and secondary) genetic algorithm coupled with a local
optimizer known as a Hybrid Genetic Algorithm (HGA) and used in
This approach is widely used now-a-days in renewable energy
designing and controlling of PV–wind–diesel systems. Authors
research to solve optimization and design problems. These are not
also found that the HGA is more powerful algorithm than the
restricted to local optimum configuration but also to determine
conventional GA. Merei et al. [45] used GA to optimize PV–wind–
global optimum system configuration with relative computational
diesel–battery hybrid system with three different battery technol-
simplicity as compared to traditional optimization methods.
ogies. A controlled elitist genetic algorithm has been applied by
Abbes et al. [46] to perform a multi-objective design of PV–wind–
3.2.1. Genetic Algorithm battery hybrid system in order to find the best compromise
Genetic Algorithm (GA) is a search process that mimics the between three objectives: life cycle cost (LCC), system embodied
process of natural selection and was developed by John Holland in energy (EE) and loss of power supply probability (LPSP). Shi et al.
1960–1970 period [35,36].GA generates solutions to optimization [47] used multi-objective genetic algorithm to study techno-
problems using techniques inspired by natural evolution such as economical performance of the PV–wind hybrid energy system
inheritance, mutation, selection, and crossover. GA has several and optimized three objectives e.g. total system cost, autonomy
advantages: it can solve problems with multiple solutions, easy to level, and wasted energy rate with the PV array peak power, the
understand and can easily be transferred to existing simulations wind generator rated power and the rated capacitor of the battery
and models etc. It has some limitations like a tendency to converge as decisive variables. Mostofi and Shayeghi [48] used GA to solve
towards local optima or even arbitrary points rather than the the optimization problem of a PV–wind–hydro–fuel cell hybrid
Table 4
Comparison of various traditional approaches used for PV–wind based hybrid system optimization.
Graphical Presents graphical solution of Easy to understand and use Some important factors (like tilt angle of PV, [15–16]
construction optimization problem wind turbine hub height) are completely
technique neglected in this technique
Iterative approach It is a recursive process which stops Easy to understand; Tracks defects at early Each phase of iteration is rigid with no overlaps [17–23]
when the best configuration is stages
reached as per design specifications
Probabilistic Based on the effects of random Easy to understand and use It cannot represent the dynamic changing [24–26]
approach variability of upon the performance performance of the hybrid system
of an system
Trade-off method Based on a situation that involves Easy to understand Not much used in renewable energy [27–28]
losing one quality or aspect of applications
something in return for gaining
another quality or aspect
Linear programming Based on a mathematical model Best suitable for solving complex problems; Linearity in relation of variables; assumptions [29–34]
represented by linear relationships simple to use; more flexible than any other of linear programming are also unrealistic:
methods; a wide range of problems can be there is a change in relation between input,
solved easily output gain, loss etc.
764 S. Sinha, S.S. Chandel / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 50 (2015) 755–769
system and compared results with HOMER software and con- more favorable than the other PSO variants and PV–battery based
cluded that GA has better accuracy than HOMER. Shadmand and hybrid systems are suitable for most areas of the country due to
Balog [49] presented Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm (MOGA) the good solar radiation availability and low windy nature.
to determine the PV–wind hybrid system design, optimized by
considering multiple criteria including size, cost, and availability.
3.2.3. Simulated annealing (SA)
Tégani et al. [50] used GA for optimal sizing of PV–wind hybrid
Simulated annealing, which mimics material annealing proces-
system with a lifespan of 20 years. Multi-Objectives Genetic
sing, was developed by Kirkpatrick, Gelatt and Vecchi in 1983 [63].
Algorithm approach is also used by Bilal et al. [51] to design and
It is a trajectory based random search technique for global
optimize a stand-alone hybrid PV/wind/diesel/battery system
optimization. The main advantage of simulated annealing is its
minimizing the LCE and the CO2 emission for Senegal.
ability to avoid being trapped in local minima. Simulated anneal-
ing is a robust and versatile technique which can deal with highly
nonlinear models, chaotic and noisy data and many constraints.
3.2.2. Particle swarm optimization (PSO)
The main weakness of SA is that the quality of the outcome may be
Particle swarm optimization was developed by Kennedy and
poor. Till now little literature has been reported using SA in this
Eberhart [52,53] based on the research of bird and fish movement
field. Ekren and Ekren [64] used simulated annealing (SA) algo-
behavior. The advantages of PSO are: speed of the researching is
rithm for optimizing size of a PV–wind–battery hybrid energy
very fast; calculation in PSO is simple as compared to other
system to minimize total cost. The decision variables are PV size,
methods and can be completed easily. Limitations of this optimi-
wind turbine rotor swept area and the battery capacity used by the
zation algorithm are that it cannot work out the problems of non-
authors and found that SA algorithm gives better result than the
coordinate system, easily suffers from the partial optimism etc.
Response Surface Methodology (RSM).
The use of the method in the PV–wind hybrid system is just
beginning and few literatures are reported till now.
Basir and Sadeh [54] have taken a combination of wind, 3.2.4. Other new generation approaches
photovoltaic and tidal energy with battery source and used PSO Several artificial intelligence based/metaheuristic/heuristic/
to determine the capacity of hybrid system. The Equivalent Loss nature inspired clever algorithms are formulated and used in
Factor (ELF) has been used as an index to evaluate the system recent years. Some of the techniques which are used in PV–wind
reliability level. The paper also compared hybrid wind, solar and hybrid system studies are discussed in this sub section.
battery combination with wind, solar, tidal and battery combina- Ant colony algorithms [65–66] were initially proposed by
tion and found the second combination as more economical. Lee Marco Dorigo in 1992 in his PhD thesis. The algorithm was aiming
and Chen [55] used an evolutionary PSO algorithm to solve wind– to search for an optimal path in a graph, based on the behavior of
photovoltaic capacity coordination with the aim of maximizing the ants seeking a path between their colony and a source of food.
benefit–cost ratio. Kaviani et al. [56] optimized a hybrid wind– A small renewable hydroelectric, wind and solar resources
photovoltaic–fuel cell generation system over its 20 years of based on hybrid hydrogen storage in the northwestern region of
operation with PSO. The aim was to minimize the annual cost of Iran (Ardebil Province) is studied by Menshsari et al. [67]. In this
the hybrid system subject to reliable supply to meet load demand. paper ant colony algorithm is used by authors for improving the
Bansal et al. [57] used Meta Particle Swarm Optimization (MPSO) technical and economic performance of the hybrid system. Xu
to solve the PV–wind–battery hybrid system optimization pro- et al. [68] proposed a specific graph-based ant system to minimize
blem. Using this improved PSO technique local minimum trap can the total capital cost, subject to the constraint of the LPSP for sizing
be avoided thus proving it as an effective technique. Sharafi and of standalone hybrid wind/PV power systems.
ELMekkawy [58] studied PSO simulation based approach to tackle Bacterial Foraging Algorithm (BFO) [69] is inspired by the group
the multi-objective optimization problem for a hybrid system foraging behavior of bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Myx-
consisting of wind turbine, photovoltaic panels, diesel generator, ococcus xanthus. It is the chemo taxis behavior of bacteria that will
batteries, fuel cell, electrolyzer and hydrogen tank. Pirhaghshe- perceive chemical gradients in the environment and move toward
nasvali and Asaei [59] proposed a standalone PV–wind–diesel– or away from specific signals. Bazyar [70] used Bacterial Foraging
battery based hybrid system for Kerman, Iran and used PSO to Algorithm (BFA) for an optimal design of integrated wind–PV–
obtain the optimal sizes for wind turbine, PV system, battery diesel–battery system for supply of power demand in remote and
banks and the diesel generator. Borhanazad et al. [60] used Multi- rural areas of Ardebil, Iran. Result shows that hybrid wind–PV–
Objective Particle Swarm Optimization (MOPSO) in order to obtain diesel–battery is suitable from economical point of view.
the best configuration of the PV–wind–diesel–battery based Artificial bee colony algorithm (ABC) is an optimization algo-
hybrid system for three stations in Iran namely Nahavand, Raf- rithm based on the intelligent foraging behavior of honey bee
sanjan, and Khash. Maleki and Askarzadeh [61] used four heuristic swarm, proposed by Karaboga and Basturk [71,72]. In ABC, the
algorithms namely, particle swarm optimization (PSO), tabu search position of a food source represents a possible solution to the
(TS), simulated annealing (SA), and harmony search (HS) for optimization problem and the nectar amount of a food source
optimum sizing of a cost-effective PV–wind–fuel cell and PV– corresponds to the quality (fitness) of the associated solution.
wind–battery based hybrid systems. The results show that PSO is Nasiraghdam and Jadid [73] presented a novel multi-objective
more robust and promising than other three algorithms used by artificial bee colony algorithm to solve the distribution system
authors. A study to determine the optimum dimensions of hybrid reconfiguration and hybrid (photovoltaic–wind turbine–fuel cell)
photovoltaic systems, wind power, and storage battery bank has energy system sizing. This article also found total power loss, the
been carried out by Maleki et al. [62] in the remote regions of the total electrical energy cost, and the total emission produced by hybrid
South, North-West and North-East of Iran. Authors studied the energy system and grid minimization and the voltage stability index
performance of five different PSO variants and three more algo- (VSI) of distribution system maximization. To optimally size a hybrid
rithms namely tabu search, simulated annealing and harmony energy system based on PV–wind–fuel cell for Rafsanjan, Iran, an
search (HS). PSO, modified PSO (MPSO), PSO based on repulsion efficient artificial bee swarm optimization (ABSO) algorithm is pro-
factor (PSO-RF), PSO with constriction factor (PSO-CF), and PSO posed by Maleki and Askarzadeh [74]. Simulation results shows that
with adaptive inertia weight (PSO-W) these are the variants used PV–wind–fuel cell is the most cost-effective hybrid system and wind–
in the study. It has been concluded by the authors that PSO-CF is fuel cell and PV–fuel cell systems are in the other ranks. Tudu et al.
S. Sinha, S.S. Chandel / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 50 (2015) 755–769 765
[75] studied the optimal sizing combinations of solar–wind–hydro– colonies and imperialists that all together form some empires.
fuel cell based hybrid systems for catering the load of a remote village Imperialistic competition among these empires forms the basis of
of Kerala, India using bee algorithm. Results show that the combina- ICA. During this competition, weak empires collapse and powerful
tion of hydro–wind–fuel cell is the most feasible hybrid energy system ones take possession of their colonies.
in relation to the net present cost for the study location. Maleki and Gharavi et al. [88] determines the optimal sizes of autonomous
Pourfayaz [76] evaluated the performance of different evolutionary and non-autonomous PV–wind–electrolyzer–fuel cell based hybrid
algorithms for optimum sizing of a PV–wind–battery based hybrid system with considerations for economics, reliability indices, and
system which can continuously satisfy a particular load demand with environmental emissions. Authors used fuzzy logic for multi-
minimal total annual cost. Total seven heuristic algorithms, namely, objective problem solving and ICA for optimization purposes. Ranjbar
particle swarm optimization, tabu search, simulated annealing, and Kouhi [89] used GA, PSO and ICA to minimize total cost of PV–
improved particle swarm optimization (IPSO), improved harmony wind–fuel cell based hybrid system and also studied impact of tariff
search (IHS), improved harmony search-based simulated annealing change on the optimal cost of operation for Kerman province, Iran.
(IHSBSA), and artificial bee swarm optimization (ABSO), are applied to The study deals with three different cases where thermal and
the proposed system and the results are compared in terms of total electrical loads are used. Results show that hybrid systems with
annual cost. Authors found that ABSO shows more promising results multiple source units perform better than single source unit and the
than other six algorithm used. entire algorithms have nearly same results.
Bio-geography is the science of studying the behavior of species Tabu Search [90] originally proposed by Glover, which is an
in nature against time and space and species immigration and iterative procedure that starts from a random initial solution and tries
emigration between habitats, which is a probable solution of the to find a better solution escaping local optima. TS used in PV–wind
problem. Biogeography-based optimization (BBO) [77] optimizes a hybrid system studies which is discussed in this paper [61–62,76,91].
problem by maintaining a population of candidate solutions, and
creating new candidate solutions by combining existing ones
according to a simple formula. BBO belongs to the class of 3.2.5. Hybrid algorithm optimization techniques
metaheuristics since it includes many variations, and since it does The hybrid algorithms are developed using advantages and
not make any assumptions about the problem and can therefore disadvantages of two or more optimization methods. The research
be applied to a wide class of problems. Kumar et al. [78] used BBO in this area has dramatically grown up recently.
algorithm to solve the sizing problem of the hybrid PV–wind– Katsigiannis et al. [91] used simulated annealing (SA) and Tabu
diesel–battery system by considering economical and reliability Search (TS), for the solution of autonomous hybrid power system’s
constraints of the system to supply in the area of Jaipur, Rajasthan optimal sizing problem. In the study minimization of cost of energy is
(India). Authors also made a comparison between HOMER soft- the main aim and the design variables are: wind turbines size,
ware, BBO, GA, PSO, comprehensive learning particle swarm photovoltaic system size, diesel generator size, biodiesel generator
optimization (CLPSO) [79] and ensemble of mutation and cross- size, fuel cells size, batteries size, converter size, and dispatch strategy.
over strategies and parameters in DE (EPSDE) algorithm [80] and Authors suggested that in compared to the solutions provided by
shown that BBO algorithm is more rapid and give minimum cost individual SA or TS methods, hybrid SA-TS improved the obtained
as compared to others. Optimal design of a PV–wind–diesel– solutions, in terms of quality and convergence.
battery system is accomplished through BBO for Jaipur, India by Askarzadeh [92] presented an optimum design to determine
Gupta et al [81]. For wind speed and solar radiation forecasting the number of PV panels, wind turbines and batteries so that the
Back propagation trained Artificial Neural Network (BPANN) based total annual cost of the hybrid system subject to some constraints
time-series forecasting methods are implemented by authors and is minimized. Three algorithms are merged namely: chaotic search
concluded that use of forecast data has high influence on optimal (CS), harmony search (HS) and SA to develop a novel discrete
sizing algorithm performance. chaotic harmony search-based simulated annealing algorithm
Geem et al. [82] proposed Harmony Search (HS) algorithm, (DCHSSA). Tutkun [93] investigated a power management for
which is inspired by the improvisation process of jazz musicians. off-grid PV–wind hybrid system using GA and SVM (Support
Optimal sizing of different generation systems (PV–wind–diesel– Vector Machine). In this article binary coded genetic algorithm is
battery, wind–diesel–battery, PV–diesel–battery, and diesel alone) used to minimize the operation cost of this hybrid system and for
are studied by Maleki and Askarzadeh [83] and found that wind– power scheduling the SVM regression method. Khatib et al. [94]
diesel–battery is the most cost-effective system for the study area studied an optimization of hybrid PV–wind system based on loss
Rafsanjani, Iran. Authors used discrete version of harmony search of load probability (LLP) and system cost using hybrid iterative/
(DHS) and discrete simulated annealing (DSA) for the analysis, and genetic algorithm. Authors used the algorithm in two parts firstly a
found that DHS performs better than DSA. set of possible configurations for the proposed system is deter-
Rashedi et al. [84,85] proposed gravitational search algorithm mined by using the iterative part, while in second part the genetic
(GSA) based on Newton’s law of gravitation and the second law of algorithm is applied to find the optimum configuration. Dehghan
motion and superior than the traditional intelligent optimization et al. [95] hybridized PSO and HS algorithm to find optimal sizing
algorithms according to optimization precision and convergence of a hybrid PV–wind plant which can supply the electric load
speed. Wu et al. [86] proposed an enhanced gravitational search demand in a reliable manner and minimum costs. Zhou and Sun
algorithm (EGSA) to optimize the unit output and cost for large- [96] proposed an improved Simulated Annealing Particle Swarm
scale wind–PV–battery storage power generation in Zhangbei, Optimization (SAPSO) algorithm to optimize a wind–solar–bat-
China. Also to demonstrate the superiority of the proposed tery–super capacitor based hybrid system. Basic objective of this
algorithm, a comparative analysis among EGSA, ANN and PSO work is to minimize one-time investment and operation costs
were applied which shows that the unit cost of power generation where the constraints are utilization rate and reliability of power
obtained using EGSA is lower than the unit cost of power supply. Authors also compared the proposed SAPSO algorithm
generation obtained using PSO and ANN. with traditional PSO algorithm and the result shows that new
Imperialist Competitive Algorithm (ICA) is mainly inspired by algorithm is faster than the traditional one and effectiveness of the
imperialistic competition which is developed in 2007 by Atashpaz- new hybrid algorithm is shown. Abdelhak et al. [97] proposed an
Gargari and Lucas [87]. ICA starts with an initial population. optimum sizing methodology for PV–wind–battery hybrid system
Population individuals called countries are divided into two types: by using Fuzzy-Adaptive Genetic Algorithm. This Algorithm is used
766 S. Sinha, S.S. Chandel / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 50 (2015) 755–769
Table 5
Comparison of new generation optimization techniques for PV–wind hybrid systems.
Genetic Mimics process of natural evolution, like Can solve problems with multiple solutions; Convergence speed is slower than other [35–51]
Algorithm inheritance, mutation, selection, and easily transferable to existing simulations and stochastic algorithms; cannot assure
crossover models constant optimization response times etc.
Solve problems with multiple solutions;
available in MATLAB toolbox
Particle swarm Mimics bird and fish movement behavior Cannot work out the problems of non-
Speed of the researching is fast; calculation in [52–62],
optimization PSO is simple in comparison to other coordinate system; easily suffers from the [76]
methods; can be completed easily partial optimism etc.
Simulated Mimics an analogy between the way in Can deal with highly nonlinear models, There is a clear tradeoff between the quality [61–
annealing which a metal cools and freezes into a chaotic and noisy data and many constraints; of the solutions and the time required to 64,76]
minimum energy crystalline structure (the robust and general technique; flexible with compute; tailoring work is required to
annealing process) ability to approach global optimality; quite account for different classes of constraints
Fine-tuning of parameters of the algorithm
versatile as it does not rely on any restrictive
properties of the model can be rather delicate; significant effect
upon the quality of the outcome
Ant algorithms Inspired by the pheromone-based strategy of Algorithm has the strength in both local and Random initialization; algorithm has several [65–68]
ants foraging in nature; foraging behavior of global searches; implemented with several parameters; parameters need to be tuned;
ants is based on finding the shortest path optimization problems probabilistic approach in the local search
between source and their nests
Bee-inspired Based on the intelligent foraging behavior of Algorithm has local search and global search Random initialization; algorithm has several [69–81],
algorithms honey bee ability; implemented with several parameters
optimization problems; easy to use; available
for hybridization combination with other
algorithms
Harmony Based on improvisation process of jazz Does not require differential gradients, thus it Complex solving process [61–62],
search musicians can consider discontinuous functions as well [76,82–
as continuous functions; can handle discrete 83]
variables as well as continuous variables;
does not require initial value setting for the
variables; free from divergence; ability to
perform global and local search
Biogeography- Biogeography is the science of studying the Fast computation time; good convergence Poor in exploiting the solutions; no provision [77–81],
based behavior of species in nature against time accuracy for selecting the best members from each
optimization and space and species immigration and generation; sometimes many infeasible
(BBO) emigration between habitats, which is a solutions are generated
probable solution of the problem
Gravitational Based on Newton’s law of gravitation and the Good calculation accuracy; fast convergence Suffering from premature convergence [84–86]
search second law of motion speed problem sometime
algorithm GSA obtains
the optimal solution when particles attract
one another and bond
together to become a large entity
Imperialist The ICA based on a socio-politically inspired High convergence accuracy, appropriate for Complex process [87–89]
competition optimization strategy optimization of nonlinear hybrid power
algorithm generation system problems with high
dimensions
Tabu search Tabu search is a metaheuristic search Enhances the performance of local search; [61–
method employing local search methods fast computation 62,76,90–
used for mathematical optimization 91]
Hybrid Developed by using two or more algorithms Better accuracy in results; takes less Increased complexity; difficult to code [91–99]
optimization computational time (in some cases); much
techniques more competitive than any individual
method
to obtain the optimal number of photovoltaic panels, wind although it suffers from some shortcomings. Table 5 shows a
turbines and storages units ensuring the minimum cost and full summary of the discussed new generation optimization techniques.
availability of energy to meet load requirements. Authors con-
cludes that fuzzy-adaptive GA is better than standard GA after
comparing results of analysis using these two techniques. Mukh-
taruddin et al. [98] used a hybrid Iterative-Pareto-Fuzzy (IPF) 4. Discussion
technique to obtain the best compromised solution between PV–
wind–battery hybrid system that yields minimum cost and max- Concise sizing methodologies for PV–wind based hybrid sys-
imum reliability in a study location of Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia. tems including various requirements, criteria conditions and
Multi Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) optimization approach, a execution process with mathematical models of PV system, wind
procedure based on both Multi Objective Genetic Algorithm generator and battery bank are presented in this review. Various
(MOGA) and Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) is proposed optimization techniques have been utilized by researchers to
by Alsayed et al. [99] for optimal design of grid connected design hybrid renewable energy systems which are also included
photovoltaic–wind hybrid system. in this study. Optimization problems of sustainable energy systems
Among all the discussed new generation algorithms in this section, become more and more complex, especially when more number of
GA is found to be mostly used in PV–wind hybrid system sizing renewable sources, are integrated together.
S. Sinha, S.S. Chandel / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 50 (2015) 755–769 767
Table 6
Various techniques used in PV–wind based hybrid system studies during 1996–
2015.
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