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۱ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻝ ﺍﻻﺗﺻﺎﻝ
۲ﻣﺭﺍﺣﻝ ﺗﻁﻭﺭ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻝ ﺍﻻ ّﺗﺻﺎﻝ
۲.۱ﺍﻟﻘﻣﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﻳّﺔ
۲.۲ﺍﻟ ّ
ﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺳﻠﻛﻳّﺔ
۲.۳ﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺗﺭﻧﺕ
۲.٤ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻝ ﺍ ّﺗﺻﺎﻝ ﺗﺣﺕ ﺍﻟ ّﺗﻁﻭﻳﺭ
۳ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺍﺟﻊ
ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻝ ﺍﻻﺗﺻﺎﻝ
ﺗﻧﻭّ ﻋﺕ ﺃﺷﻛﺎﻝ ﻭﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻻ ّﺗﺻﺎﻝ ﻗﺩﻳﻣﺎً ٬ﻓﻘﺩ ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺳﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺩﺍﻳﺎﺗﻪ ﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟ ّﺗﻭﺍﺻﻝ ﺍﻟﻣُﺗﻌ ّﺩﺩﺓ ٬ﻛﺎﻟﺭّ ﺳﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺟﺩﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻛﻬﻭﻑ ﻭﻏﻳﺭﻫﺎ٬
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٬ﻭﺑﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻹﻧﺳﺎﻥ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻝ ﻧﻘﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻳﻕ ﻭﻣﻊ ﻣﺭﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﺳﺗﻁﺎﻉ ﺃﻥ ﻳ ّ
ُﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻠّﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣُﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺗﻧﻭّ ﻉ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺗﻧﻭّ ﻋﺎً ﻛﺑﻳﺭﺍً
ِﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺷﺧﺹ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺁﺧﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺑﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﻣُﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ٬ﻛﻣﺎ ﺍﺳﺗﻁﺎﻉ ﺃﻳﺿﺎ ً
ٍ ﺳﺎﺋﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺭّ ﻗﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺟﻠﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﻏﻳﺭﻫﺎ ٬ﻭﻧﻘﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻣ
ِ ﻛﺗﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺭّ
ً ً ً
ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡﺍﻟﺣﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﺟﻝ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺩﺭّ ﺑﻪ ﻭﻁﻭّ ﻋﻪ ﻟﺧﺩﻣﺗﻪ ﺧﺎﺻّﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻘﻝ ﺍﻟﺭّ ﺳﺎﺋﻝ ٬ﻭﻛﻝ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﻛﺎﻧﺕ ﻁﺭﻗﺎ ﻁﻭﻳﻠﺔ ﺗﺳﺗﻧﺯﻑ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺟﻬﺩ ﻓﻲ
ﺳﺎﺋﻝ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻷﺷﺧﺎﺹ ٬ﻋﺩﺍ ﻋﻥ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻳﺗﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑِ ّ
ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺭﺋﺔ ّ .ﻋﻣﻠﻳّﺔ ﻧﻘﻝ ﺍﻟﺭّ
ﺻﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﺛﺔ ٬ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻲُ ﺗﻌﺗﺑﺭ
ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻝ ﺍ ّﺗﺻﺎﻝ ﻋُﺭﻓﺕ ﺑﻭﺳﺎﺋﻝ ﺍﻻ ّﺗ ِ
ِ ﺗﻁﻭﻳﺭ
َ ﺑﻌﺩ ﻋﺻﺭ ﺍﻟ ّﻧﻬﺿﺔ ﻭﺗﻁﻭّ ﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﺧﻳﺭﺓ ﺍﺳﺗﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻹﻧﺳﺎﻥُ
ﺇﻋﺟﺎﺯﺍً ﻣﻥ ﺇﻋﺟﺎﺯﺍﺕِ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺻﺭ ٬ﻭﺍﻣﺗﺎﺯﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻭﺳﺎﺋﻝ ﺑﺧﺎﺻﻳّﺔ ﺍﻵﻧﻳﺔ ٬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥّ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺔ ﺗﻧﺗﻘﻝ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻗﺕ ﺣﺩﻭﺛﻬﺎ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺃﺑﻌﺩ ﻧﻘﻁﺗﻳﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻛﺭﺓ
؛ ﻓﻳﺳﺗﻁﻳﻊ ﺷﺧﺻﺎﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﻣﺗﻭﺍﺟﺩﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﻣﻥ ﻣﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ
ِ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻭﺳﺎﺋﻝ ﻣُﺗﺩﻥﱟ ﺟ ّﺩﺍً
ِ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻳّﺔ ٬ﻭﻟﻡ ﻳﻌﺩ ﻫﻧﺎﻙ ﺷﻲء ﺑﻌﻳﺩ ٬ﻭﺃﺻﺑﺢ ﺛﻣﻥُ
]ﺍﻟ ّﺗﻭﺍﺻﻝ ﻣﻌﺎً ﻭﻛﺄ ّﻧﻬﻡ ﺟﺎﻟﺳﻳﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻥ۱].
ِ َ َ
ﻣﺭﺍﺣﻝ ﺗﻁﻭﺭ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻝ ﺍﻻ ّﺗﺻﺎﻝ
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ﺗﻁﻭﻳﺭﻩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺑﺙ ﺍﻟﺗﻠﻔﺯﻳﻭﻧﻲّ ؛ ﻓﺎﻟﻬﺎﺗﻑ ﻳُﺳﺗﺧﺩَ ﻡ ﻋﻧﺩﻣﺎ ﻳﺭﻳﺩ ﺑﺩﺃﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻭﺳﺎﺋﻝ ﺑﺎﺧﺗﺭﺍﻉ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻝ ﺍﻻ ّﺗﺻﺎﻝ ٬ﻛﺎﻟﻬﺎﺗﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺑﺙ ﺍﻹﺫﺍﻋﻲ ﻣﻥ ﺛ ّﻡ
ﺷﺧﺻﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﺣ ّﺩﺙ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺿﻬﻣﺎ ﻭﻫﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﻥ ﻣﻧﻔﺻﻠﻳﻥ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﻟﺗﻘﺎء ٬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺑﺙ ﺍﻹﺫﺍﻋﻲّ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻠﻔﺯﻳﻭﻧﻲّ ﻓﻳُﺳﺗﺧﺩَ ﻣﺎﻥ ﻹﺭﺳﺎﻝ
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ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻭﻟﻳﺱ ﺍﺳﺗﻘﺑﺎﻟﻬﺎ ٬ﻓﻳﺑﺛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺧﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟ َﻣﺣﻠﻳّﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻣﻳّﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺑﺭﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﻣُﺗﻧﻭّ ﻋﺔ ﻟﻠ ّﺗﺳﻠﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺩﺓ ﻣﻌﺎً .ﻟﻡ ﺗﻘﻑ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻝ
ﺍﻻ ّﺗﺻﺎﻝ ﻋﻧﺩ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺣﺩ ٬ﻓﻘﺩ ﺗﻁﻭّ ﺭ ﻣﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺑﺭﻳﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﺭﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﻠﻳﺩﻱّ ﺍﻟﺑﻁﻲء ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺑﺭﻳﺩ ﺍﻹﻟﻛﺗﺭﻭﻧﻲّ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﻌﺗﻣﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺗﺭﻧﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻛﻣﺑﻳﻭﺗﺭ٬
ﻭﻫﻭ ﻭﺳﻳﻠﺔ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺭﺳﺎﺋﻝ ﺇﻟﻛﺗﺭﻭﻧﻳّﺔ ﺳﺭﻳﻌﺔ ﻭﻣﺟﺎﻧﻳّﺔ .ﻛﻣﺎ ﺗﻁﻭّ ﺭ ﻣﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﺗﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﻣُﻛﺎﻟﻣﺎﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻛﺎﻟﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻳﺩﻳﻭ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻳّﺗﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﺩ
.ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻠﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﺭّ ﺍﺑﻊ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻹﻧﺗﺭﻧﺕ ﺍﻟﻠّﺫﺍﻥ ﻭ ّﻓﺭﺍ ﺧﺩﻣﺎﺕ ﻫﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻣﻥ ﻣُﺯﻭّ ﺩﻱ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺧﺩﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺷﺭﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻻ ّﺗﺻﺎﻻﺕ ّ
ﺍﻟﻘﻣﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋ ّﻳﺔ
ُﺗﺷﻳﺭ ﻛﻠﻣﺔ ﺍﻷﻗﻣﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﻳّﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺗ ّﻡ ﺇﻁﻼﻗﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺿﺎء ﻭﻳﺗﺣﺭّ ﻙ ﺣﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ .ﻫﻧﺎﻟﻙ ﺍﻵﻻﻑ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻸﻗﻣﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﻳّﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺻﻧﻌﻬﺎ
ﺍﻹﻧﺳﺎﻥ ٬ﻛﻣﺎ ﺃ ّﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺩﻭﺭ ﺣﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ؛ ﻓﺑﻌﺿﻬﺎ ﻳﻘﻭﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺻّﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺿﺎﺋﻳّﺔ ﻟﻛﻭﻛﺏ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻟ ُﺗﺳﺎﻋﺩ ﺧﺑﺭﺍء ﺍﻷﺭﺻﺎﺩِ ﺍﻟﺟﻭﻳّﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻭ ّﻗﻊ
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ﻣﺱ ٬ﻭﺍﻟﺛﻘﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺳﻭﺩﺍء ٬ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺎﺩّﺓ ﺍﻟﺳّﻭﺩﺍء ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟ َﻣﺟﺭّ ﺍﺕﺷﺍﻟﻁﻘﺱ ﻭ َﻣﺳﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﻋﺎﺻﻳﺭ ٬ﻛﻣﺎ ﺃ ّﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻘﻭ ُﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﻘﺎﻁ ﺻﻭﺭﺍً ﻟﻸﺟﺭﺍﻡ ﺳﻣﺎﻭﻳّﺔ ﺃُﺧﺭﻯ ٬ﻣﺛﻝ ﺍﻟ ّ
ﺍﻟﺑﻌﻳﺩﺓ .ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺻﻭﺭُ ﺗﺳﺎﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻣﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻬﻡ ﺃﻓﺿ َﻝ ﻟﻠ ّﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺷﻣﺳﻲّ ﻭﺍﻟﻛﻭﻥ ﺑﺷﻛﻝ ﻋﺎﻡ .ﻛﻣﺎ ﺃ ّﻧﻬﺎُ ﺗﺳﺎﻋﺩ ﺃﻳﺿﺎً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺅﻳﺔ ﻣﺳﺎﺣﺎﺕٍ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔٍ ﻣﻥ
ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻗﺕ ﻭﺍﺣﺩ ٬ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓَ ﺗﻌﻧﻲ ﺃﻥّ ﺍﻷﻗﻣﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﻳّﺔ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻛﺛﻳﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺑﺳﺭﻋﺔ ﺃﻛﺑﺭ ﻣﻥ ﻣُﺧﺗﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﻭﺳﺎﺋﻝ ﺍﻟ ُﻣ ﱠﺗﺑﻌﺔ
]ﻟﺟﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕِ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻁﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ۳].
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ﺍﻟ ّ
ﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺳﻠﻛ ّﻳﺔ
ﻫﻲ ﺭﺑﻁ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻹﻟﻛﺗﺭﻭﻧﻳّﺔ ﻣﻥ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﺳﻼﻙ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻳﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺳﻠﻛﻳّﺔ ﺍﻟﻣُﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﻋﺩّﺓ .ﻛﻣﺎَ ﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﻣُﺗﺑﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻛﻲُ ﺗﻘﻠّ َﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺗﻭﺻﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻛﻳﺑﻼﺕ ٬ﺣﻳﺙ ﺇﻥّ
ِ ﺷﺑﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺳﻠﻛﻳّﺔ ٬ﻭﺧﺎﺻ ًّﺔ
ﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺳﻠﻛﻳّﺔ ﻋﻭﺿﺎً ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟ ّ
ﺷﺭﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟ ّ
ﻣﻌﻅﻡ ﺍﻟ ّ
ﺷﺑﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺳﻠﻛﻳّﺔ ﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻣﻭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺭّ ﺍﺩﻳﻭ ﻟﺗﻭﺻﻳﻝ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺯﺓ ٬ﻣﺛﻝ ﺃﺟﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﻛﻣﺑﻳﻭﺗﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﻣﻭﻟﺔ ٬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺗﺭﻧﺕ ٬ﻭﺍﻟ ّﺗﻁﺑﻳﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣُﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﺍﻟ ّ
ّ ّ ّ
ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺔ .ﻋﻧﺩﻣﺎ ﻳﺗ ّﻡ ﺗﻭﺻﻳﻝ ﺃﺟﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﻛﻣﺑﻳﻭﺗﺭ ﺍﻟ َﻣﺣﻣﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﺗﺻﺎﻝ ﻻﺳﻠﻛﻲّ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ٬ﻳﺗ ّﻡ ﺗﺄﺳﻳﺱ ﺍﻻﺗﺻﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺳﻠﻛﻳّﺔ ﻭﺗﺑﺩﺃ
ﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺳﻠﻛﻳّﺔ ﻭﺗﺑﺩﺃﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺔ .ﻋﻧﺩﻣﺎ ﻳﺗ ّﻡ ﺗﻭﺻﻳﻝ ﺃﺟﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﻛﻣﺑﻳﻭﺗﺭ ﺍﻟ َﻣﺣﻣﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺍ ّﺗﺻﺎﻝ ﻻﺳﻠﻛﻲّ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ٬ﻳﺗ ّﻡ ﺗﺄﺳﻳﺱ ﺍﻻ ّﺗﺻﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻟ ّ
.ﻋﻣﻠﻳّﺔ ﻧﻘﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ
]٤ ]ﻫﻧﺎﻙ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺃﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﺭﺋﻳﺳﻳّﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟ ّ
ﺷﺑﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺳﻠﻛﻳّﺔ:
ﺗﺗﻛﻭّ ﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺟﻬﺎﺯﻳﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺃﺳﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻟ ّﺗﻭﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻼﺳﻠﻛﻳّﺔ ٬ﻭ ُﺗﻭ ّﻓﺭ ﺍ ّﺗﺻﺎﻻً ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼﻝ (LAN): ﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﻠ ّﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺳﻠﻛﻳﺔ
.ﻧﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺻﻭﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻹﻧﺗﺭﻧﺕ
.ﺗﺭﺑﻁ ﻋﺩّﺓ ﺷﺑﻛﺎﺕ ﻣﺣﻠﻳّﺔ ﻻﺳﻠﻛﻳّﺔ(MAN): ﺍﻟﺷﺑﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻳﻣ ّﻳﺔ
ً
ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ٬ﻣﺛﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﻠﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺎﻭﺭﺓ (WAN): ﺍﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺳﻠﻛ ّﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟ ّﻧﻁﺎﻕ َ
ﻲ ﻣﻧﺎﻁﻕ .ﻭ ُﺗ ّ
ﻐﻁ
.ﺗﺻﻝ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺃﺟﻬﺯﺓ ﺿﻣﻥ ﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ ﺻﻐﻳﺭﺓ ﻧﺳﺑ ّﻳﺎً (PAN): ﺍﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺷﺧﺻ ّﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﻠﻛ ّﻳﺔ
ﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺗﺭﻧﺕ
.ﻭﻣﻊ ﺗﺭﺍﺑﻁ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﺋﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﺳﺑﺎﺕ ﺃﺻﺑﺢ ﺑﺎﻹﻣﻛﺎﻥ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝ
ِ ﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺗﺭﻧﺕ ﻋﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻣﻼﻳﻳﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﺳﺑﺎﺕِ ﺣﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﻣُﺭﺗﺑﻁﺔ ﻣﻌﺎ ً
ّ
ﺍﻟﺭّ ﺳﺎﺋﻝ ﺍﻹﻟﻛﺗﺭﻭﻧﻳّﺔ ﺑﻳﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺳﺭﻋﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺟﺩﺍً ٬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺑﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻟ َﻣﻠ ّﻔﺎﺕِ ﻭﺍﻟﺻّﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻣُﺗﺣﺭّ ﻛﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺻﻭﺍﺕ ٬ﺣﻳﺙ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﻷﻱ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ
ُﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﻳﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺟﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﻛﻣﺑﻳﻭﺗﺭ ﺍﻷﺧﻳﺭﺓ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻫﺗﻣﺎﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺟﻐﺭﺍﻓﻳّﺔ
ِ ﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺗﺑﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺣ ّﺗﻰ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﺩّﺙ ﻣُﺑﺎﺷﺭ ًﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻣ
ُﻣ ّﺗﺻﻝ ﺑﺎﻟ ّ
ﺻ ﱢﻣ َﻣﺕ ﻣﻥ ﻗﺑﻝ ﻭﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺷﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺑﺣﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﻣُﺗﻘﺩّﻣﺔ ً
ﻌﺭﻑ ﺃﻭﻻ ﺑﺎﺳﻡ (ARPA) ﻟﻸﺟﻬﺯﺓ .ﻭﻗﺩُ ُ
ﻟﻠﺣﻛﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻻﻣﺭﻳﻛﻳّﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ٬1969 ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺕ ﺗ َ
ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲّ ﻹﻧﺷﺎء ﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺷﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺳﻣﺢ ﻟﻣُﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﻲ ﻛﻣﺑﻳﻭﺗﺭ ﺍﻷﺑﺣﺎﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﺩّﺙ ﻣﻊ ﻛﻣﺑﻳﻭﺗﺭ(ARPANET)٬
]ﺍﻷﺑﺣﺎﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺟﺎﻣﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺭﻯ٥].
ّ
ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﻛﻬﺭﻭﻣﻐﻧﺎﻁﻳﺳﻲّ ﻟﻧﻘﻝ ﺍﻟ َﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﺳﺭﻋﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺟ ّﺩﺍً ٬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟ ّﻧﻘﻳﺽ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻷﺷﻛﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻬﻭﺩﺓ ﻣﻥLi Fi َﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺿّﻭء ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺋﻲّ
ّ ّ
ﻓﻲ ﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺎﺑﻳﺢ ﺣﻭﻝ Li Fii ﻟﻧﻘﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ .ﻛﻣﺎ ﺃﻧﻪُ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ (RFF) ﺍﻻﺗﺻﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺳﻠﻛﻳّﺔ ٬ﻣﺛﻝ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻱ ﻓﺎﻱ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﺗﺭ ﱡﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺭّ ﺍﺩﻳﻭ
ِ
]٦
]ﺍﻟﻣﺑﻧﻰ ﺳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ًﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻐﻁﻳﺔِ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ َ
ٍ ﺃﻛﺑﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟ ّﺗﻭﺟﻳﻪِ ﺍﻟﻣُﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻘﻁﺔ ﺍ ّﺗﺻﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻱ ﻓﺎﻱ ﻭﺍﺣﺩﺓ.