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CONT R IBUTOR S
ENGLISH LANGUAGE MATHEMATICS SOCIAL STUDIES INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Shawnette Myers-Lawrence Kamau Karenga Charmaine Fuller-Wallace Shandeen Robinson-White
HUMAN & SOCIAL BIOLOGY PRINCIPLES OF BUSINESS PRINCIPLES OF ACCOUNTS INTEGRATED SCIENCE
Leroy Munroe Hilary Bassaragh Tedmore Clarke Marlene Grey-Tomlinson
ENGLISH LITERATURE COMMUNICATION STUDIES CARIBBEAN STUDIES CAREER TALK

Simone Gibbs Peta-Gaye Perkins Bryan Debgeri Whitely Heart Trust NTA
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www.jamaicaobserver.com JOL LECTURE SERIES Jamaica Observer Limited

ENGLISH
LANGUAGE Lesson 26
with
Shawnett Myers-Lawrence
PAPER 1 ITEMS: COMPREHENSION
Hello everyone.
In today’s lesson we will look at the item that will form the
majority of paper one. On the previous syllabus for English A,
comprehension was tested on both paper one and two. For the
upcoming exam this will only be tested on paper one. The aim
of the objective type is to ensure that you choose one correct
answer. Though this objective type can take several forms, the one that you will face is the multiple-choice question
which has thirty five such items on paper one. We had discussed in a previous lesson how to answer multiple choice
questions. What you need to consider for this type of item is that the options that you are given often may help you
to interpret the passage. This is especially true for questions based on a poem.
WHAT IS COMPREHENSION?
It is the act of constructing meaning from a text. What this means is that the reader must play an active role in
constructing meaning. This active role includes:
• an interaction among word
identification, knowledge and
comprehension skills
• filtering, organising, interpreting
and generating relationships
with incoming information
• using reasoning - drawing
conclusions about the
relationships between or among
bits of information that are not
explicitly stated. It requires
relating background knowledge
to what is read or applying
knowledge about text structure
to aid comprehension.
JOL ENGLISH LANGUAGE continues on next page

JOL ENGLISH LANGUAGE continued from previous page
Comprehension occurs on many levels and these have been Good comprehension skills enable students to:
well documented in Bloom’s Taxonomy. These levels may • Decipher the content of the text
be collapsed into three essential levels. These are:
• Make inferences
• The literal level - the answer at this levels are clearly • Use context clues to determine word meanings
stated for example the name or age of someone
• Make predictions about outcomes
mentioned in the passage.
• Gain insight into the writer’s intention
• The inferential level – these questions require the • Identify the writer’s tone
reader to use clues given in the passage for example
• Identify stylistic features
definitions of words as used in the context of the
passage or clues as they relate to situations. If two • Critique or evaluate any aspect of the text
are pupils got into an argument in the morning at • Relate what has been read to real life experiences
lunch time and one is taken to the nurse the other
to the Dean, what transpired between these pupils? Reading comprehension skills are therefore essential to
We know that there was an argument which it
academic success and also a success in careers. Students
seems developed into a physical fight given the fact
therefore, have to take a strategic approach to building
that one student was taken to the nurse to possibly
comprehension skills and as usual practice is essential for
treat an injury and the other, maybe the aggressor,
success. Many of the textbooks that are on the market
to the Dean.
contain multiple choice based on comprehension so you
are encouraged to use these resources to help you. The
• Evaluative level - at this level pupils are asked to
thirty five comprehension items that you will meet on your
make judgments/ give their opinions. How would
exam may be based on four or five stimuli. They may
you describe John? Was the passage informative?
include a combination of any of the following:
Were the techniques effective?
• Poetry
WHAT ARE COMPREHENSION SKILLS? • Advertisement

• Exposition
• They are the strategies a reader uses to construct • Argument or persuasive writing
meaning and retrieve information from a text.
• Narrative
• They are cognitive processes which can be broken

You will find that the types of questions will vary
into steps and taught explicitly.
depending on the genre of the stimuli but as indicated
by the list given above you can expect that the questions
As with all skills you can become proficient at reading
will test a variety of skills. It is therefore essential that you
comprehension if you practice. Some of the skills such as
develop the habit of careful reading.
phonics and word recognition would have been acquired
We will go through the following passage and discuss the
at the primary level. There are many who are able to
kind of responses that you are expected to give in your
recognize and pronounce words but have difficulty
exams.
understanding a text. That is because they are not able to
understand the meaning of the words taken together and
see the relationship among ideas. JOL ENGLISH LANGUAGE continues on next page
2. According to the passage, what do indigestion,

How the mind affects the body headache and stomach ulcer have in common?
a) They may be caused by worries
Those who are studying the diseases that trouble b) They are caused by the same germs
most of us at one time or another during our lives are c) They are minor ailments.
d) They are curable
learning more and more about the mysterious
influences our minds exert over our bodies. Many
3. According to the passage, envy and fear may cause
specialists today say that emotional problems may a) Hatred
cause chronic indigestion, a source of misery to many b) Indolence
people. We know that a worried person is likely to c) Competition
get a headache, a discomfort which will disappear as d) Ill health
soon as that worry leaves him. A professional
business man may get a stomach ulcer if he is 4. What does the writer say is not obtainable without
courage, patience and cheerfulness?
constantly beset by worries, or by failure in his
a) Deep understanding
chosen profession.
b) Good health
c) Relationships
As scientists delve more deeply into the relationship d) Success
between the mind and the body, it becomes clear to
them, and therefore to us, that qualities such as 5. What does the writer say is the effect of living in an
courage, patience, cheerfulness, and affection for industrial society?
a) It causes worries
others, are absolutely essential to our mental and
b) It promotes industry
physical wellbeing. We also understand that qualities
c) It makes people unhealthy
such as envy, doubt, fear, hatred and greed have d) It creates keen competition
harmful physical effects. Since we are living in a
competitive, industrial society, in which the strongest 6. This passage is an example of:
and the fittest stand the best chance of surviving, the a) Exposition
prospects for the future are not bright. b) Argument
c) Description
d) Narration
1. What have those who are studying diseases
discovered? 7. The writer’s tone may be described as:
a) That we continue to learn throughout our a) Critical
lives b) Neutral
b) That the body exerts influence over the mind c) Sarcastic
c) That the mind exerts influence on the body d) Conversational
d) That neither the body nor the mind influences
each other. JOL ENGLISH LANGUAGE continues on next page
Discussion Use the practice sessions to strategize. Which section of

the exam are you most proficient in? You may need to
Questions one to five are examples of literal level questions complete these sections first and save time for those which
as the answers to them may be found in what is said in require more effort.
the passage in one way or another. Questions six and
seven are inferential questions as you will need knowledge Get into the habit of creating mini-outlines for your
outside of the passage to answer them. Question six asks writing tasks. This will help you to think through the entire
for the type of writing. You would therefore have to know discourse and organize your thoughts.
about the features of different types of writing and apply
that knowledge to the features of this passage. Question
Keep a journal or folder of all your work. Review and
six asks you about the writer’s tone. You would have to
reflect on these. Comments from teachers are supposed to
then focus on the writer’s diction, basically how the
help you identify your weaknesses and indicate how to
information is said, which will lead you to draw a
improve these.
conclusion.
Assess your own progress. While test scores are not the
only measure of progress these should give you an idea of
GENERAL TIPS ON PREPARING FOR YOUR EXAM
how much you have grown and which areas are your
strongest.
If you have been following these lecture series and
applying the knowledge you have gained then you should Get support. This might be teachers or peers. Asking others
be well on your way to passing the exam. Remember that to assess you and offer constructive feedback is helpful. A
English A is a skill based exam which requires you to person might not be able to correct what is wrong with
understand other people’s use of English and to produce your writing but he/she will be able to discern when
written English of your own.
something is not quite right. Sharing good work within
groups and discussing what makes these writings good is
Familiarize yourself with the format of the exam paper so
a way to help each other.
you know what to expect. Read the instructions and
ensure that you have a firm knowledge of what the papers
Allow yourself time to relax. If you are tense and tired then
require.
your level of productivity will be low.
You cannot “swat”. Memorizing information is not an
appropriate strategy for preparing for the exam. What you All the best in your exams.
must do instead is to practice past paper questions.
Time yourself for each section of the paper that you

Shawnett Myers-Lawrence is on the staff of
attempt. Stop at the end of the allotted time and assess
St. Hugh’s High School
yourself. If you are not able to complete the task in that ! Email: shawnomyl@yahoo.com
time keep practicing until you are able to meet the time
limit or get quite close.
MATHEMATICS Lesson 26
with Kamau Karenga
MATRIX
7 8 9
+
Today we look at the optional topic, MATRIX (plural MATRICES).
Definition: A MATRIX is a rectangular array of letters and

numbers set within brackets.
4 5 6 –
So, any collection of letters and numbers,
arranged into rectangular rows and columns
and placed within brackets is called a MATRIX. 1 2 3 –:
Order: The order of a matrix is defined as
# rows × # columns
For example: if matrix A =

0 • = +
then the order of matrix A is 3 × 2 (3 rows × 2 columns)
Add & Subtract: Matrices can be added or subtracted IF AND ONLY IF they are of the same order.
Each element of a matrix is added or subtracted to the element in the corresponding position of the
second matrix.
JOL MATHEMATICS continues on next page

JOL MATHEMATICS continued from previous page
Scalar Multiplication: Scalar multiplication refers to the multiplication of a matrix by a scalar quantity, as opposed
to Matrix multiplication by another matrix.
For example: using matrix A above, calculate the matrix 2A =
Equal Matrices: Two matrices are equal if, and only if each element from one matrix is equal to the corresponding
element of the other.
For example: if matrix K = and we are told that K = matrix A (above),
then we can draw the following conclusions:

a = 8, b = 32, x = −1, t = 11, w = 5 and f = 1; all from one matrix equation.
MATRIX MULTIPLICATION
Multiplication of two matrices is completely different from scalar multiplication.
It is a simple procedure but takes a little practice.
First, the order of the two matrices must be compatible.
A × B = AB
Order ! (m × n) (n × p) (m × p)
Notice the columns of A must be equal to the rows of B For instance: (5 × 2) × (2 × 3) = (5 × 3)
(3 × 1) × (1 × 4) = (3 × 4)
(2 × 2) × (2 × 3) = (2 ×3 )
(5 × 2) × (3 × 2) = error
Most multiplication at this stage will involve 2 × 2 matrices. Let us use as example a (2 × 2) matrix times a (2 × 3)
matrix. The result will be a (2 × 3) matrix.
EXAMPLE 1
If B = and G =
find the matrix product BG.

SOLUTION 1
Notice we have a (2 × 2) multiply a (2 × 3); they are compatible and result in a (2 × 3)

must be the same
gives the answer
The first row first column of the answer is found by multiplying the first row of matrix B by the first column of matrix
G, (the first number in the row multiplies the first number in the column and the second number in the row multiplies
the second number in the column).The first row third column of the answer is found by multiplying the first row of B
by the third column of G, etc, etc.
Determinant
The determinant of a (2 x 2) matrix is found by multiplying the primary diagonal and subtracting the product of the
secondary diagonal. For example:
Adjoint
The adjoint matrix is found by switching the elements of the leading diagonal and changing the sign of
the non-leading diagonal.

Inverse
The inverse matrix is found by combining the determinant with the adjoint
Identity Matrix

SOLVING SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS
Matrices can be used to solve linear simultaneous equations.
EXAMPLE 2
Solve the following linear equations using the matrix method.
2x + 5y = –3
7x + 15y = 17
SOLUTION 2

MATRICES IN GEOMETRICAL TRANSFORMATION
Various 2 x 2 matrices can be used to calculate the coordinates of images in transformation. Some of the common
ones are listed below. Students are advised to memorize these transformation matrices.
To determine the image of an object, list the coordinates of the vertices in column matrix form and multiply by the
appropriate matrix (the transformational matrix comes first).

You may be required to find the position of an object after a transformation using a matrix method.
EXAMPLE 3
The vertices of triangle DEF are D(1, 1), E(2, 1), F(2, 4). The triangle undergoes an ENLARGEMENT, with a scale factor of
3 and the centre of enlargement at the origin. Determine the coordinates of the image D′, E′, F′ using a matrix method.
SOLUTION 3
The appropriate transformational matrix is: E =
Create a matrix using the vertices of DEF. Note x at top row, y at bottom row, point D in the left column, point F to the
right column and point E in the middle column
Do matrix multiplication,
Note transformational matrix in front:
The coordinates are:
" D (3, 3) (left column);
" E (6, 3) (mid column);
" F (6, 12) (right column)
Here is a sketch to show what the transformation looks like.
If the coordinates of object and image are given, you may be required to determine the transformation matrix.

EXAMPLE 4
Determine the matrix which maps A (2, 4) " A′ (– 4, 2)

B (10, 2) " B′ (– 2, 10)
and C (2, 2) " C′ (– 2, 2)
SOLUTION 4
a=0
c=1
NOTE: We only need two of the columns in order to solve the simultaneous equations, any two.

This matrix is that of a Rotation of 90° in an anti-clockwise direction around the origin.
A sketch illustrates what the transformation looks like.
EVALUATION
The matrix P = maps the point Q (4, 6) onto T (4, − 6)
i) Determine the values of a and b.

ii) Determine the image of (– 10, 8) under the transformation P.
iii) Describe fully the transformation P.
iv) Find the matrix that maps point T back onto point Q.

SOLUTION (METHOD 1)
a = 1 and b = – 1
Therefore (– 10, 8) maps into (– 10 – 8)
SOLUTION (METHOD 2)
a = 1; b = – 1
PEACE and LOVE!
Kamau Karenga is on the staff of Portmore Community College ! Email: kkarenga@pcc.edu.jm


SOCIAL
STUDIES Lesson 26
with
Charmaine Fuller-Wallace
CONSUMER AFFAIRS
ACTIVITY # 1
CONCEPTS AND TERMS ASSOCIATED WITH CONSUMER AFFAIRS

Instruction: Use the following concepts/terms to match with the correct definition below.
Black market Demand Free Goods Producer Goods Budgeting Devaluation

GoodsSaving Consumer Goods Disposable income Gross Income Supply Consumer
Dividend Hire purchase Services Credit E-commerce Investment
Layaway Plan Credit union Economic goods Income Thrift Credit Card
Inflation Debit Card Exchange rate Pricing Electronic transaction
WORDS MEANINGS
Individuals, businesses or institutions that use goods and services for his/her wants
1.
and needs.
2. An estimate of individual’s expenses and income over a specified period of time.
3. The money which an individual receives from investments, work or rent.
The process whereby a business, whether small or large, sets the price at which it will
4.
sell its products and services to consumers.
This is where an individual, a group of persons or business put money into a financial
5.
institution.
6. This is the act of setting aside money, usually in a financial institution, for future use.
All the tangible products that consumers use to satisfy their needs and wants.
7.
Examples: house, food, car, clothes.
JOL SOCIAL STUDIES continues on next page

JOL SOCIAL STUDIES continued from previous page
WORDS MEANINGS
This is an agreement whereby goods, services or money are exchanged with the
8.
promise to pay later for a period agreed by both parties.
Economic activity that takes place outside of the laws and regulations of the
9. government. Black market transactions usually occur “under the table” to enable
participants to avoid government price controls or taxes.
Trading or business transaction that is completed online or using the internet.
10.
Example online banking, purchasing airline tickets online
This is a credit system whereby the seller/retailer keeps the item the consumer wants
11. while the consumers puts a deposit on the item and then makes regular payments
until the purchase price is met.
This is where a consumer buys or sells something using the internet. It is also where
12.
money is transferred electronically, especially over the internet:
This is way in which an individual uses money and other resources carefully and not
13.
wastefully.
This is the portion of the gross income that is left after taxes and all other compulsory
14.
deductions have been taken out of an individual’s gross income.
This is the rate at which the prices for goods and services in an economy is rising over
15.
a period of time and the decline in the purchasing power of currency.
This is the quantity of a goods or services that consumers are willing or able to buy at
16.
a certain price and at a certain time
17. This is a financial institution that is owned and managed by its members.
The official or deliberate reduction in a country’s official exchange rate relative to

18.
other countries.
19. The amount of goods sellers have and are willing to offer for sale at a particular time.
This money paid either quarterly; every 6 months or yearly by a company to its
20.
shareholders out of its profits (or reserves).
Actions that are performed to satisfy the needs and wants of consumers. Example:
21.
providing transportation to the public.
The price for which the currency of a country can be exchanged for another country’s
22.
currency.

WORDS MEANINGS
These are goods which consumers do not have to pay for and are available in
23.
unlimited quantities. Example: air and sunlight
This is type of credit system whereby the buyer/consumer is allowed to pay for the
24.
item with interest applied in regular instalments while using the item.
The amount of money an individual receives for his/her income before taxes or any
25.
deductions is withdrawn.
These are goods that are scarce, and consumers have to pay a price to get these
26.
goods.
This allows eligible users to borrow money or buy goods and services on credit up to
a predetermined limit. The card holder/owner can choose to pay off the entire
27.
balance owned without having to pay an interest or pay part of the balance and pay
interest on the remaining balance.
This type of card is connected to an individual’s, savings, chequing or money market

28. account through an electronic system. This card allows the purchaser to pay for goods
and services without having to use cash.
These are goods which are used to satisfy the needs and wants and consumers
29. directly and are available in the form in which consumers wish to consume the goods.
Example of this type of goods are: items of clothing, food items, appliances
These are items which are used to make other goods. Example are raw materials such
30.
as the ingredients flour that is used to make bread.
CATEGORIES OF CONSUMERS
Consumers are individuals, businesses or institutions that uses goods and services to satisfy their needs and wants.
Words such as buyer, shopper and customer are often used to describe a consumer. Consumers are usually classified
according to how they pay for goods and services. The different categories of consumers are: Consumers of goods,
Consumers of credit and Consumers of services.

RIGHTS OF A CONSUMER RESPONSIBILITIES OF A CONSUMER

Consumers have rights which guarantee them some Consumers also have responsibilities which they must
measure of protection against unfair practices. Consumers exercise to protect their rights. The consumer has the
however must know their rights and must also safeguard responsibility to:
their rights by acting responsibly. Consumers must be
protected because they can be exploited by service 3 be wise
providers, manufacturers, retailers and wholesalers. 3 compare prices before purchasing
Consumer protection include all the activities which are 3 complain about violations of their rights
designed to guarantee their rights. The rights of 3 check to ensure that goods bought are of acceptable
consumers are: quality and fit the purpose for which they have been
bought
3 Right to be informed about products, its contents 3 inform themselves about a product or service so that
and where it is manufactured and packaged. they can make an informed decision
Consumers need to be informed so that they can
make an informed choice about whether or not to Despite the law having rights to protect the consumers,
use a particular good or service. sometimes the rights of consumers are violated.
3 Right to redress: Consumers have the right to refuse

HOW COSUMER’S RIGHTS ARE SOMETIMES VIOLATED
products or services that are unsatisfactory and at
the same time, obtain a refund. Consumers usually wants the best quality goods and
services at fair prices. Businesses on the other hand often
3 Right to be heard by government concerning any want to ensure that they make as much profit as they can
regulations or decisions that may affect them. which sometimes results in consumers being overcharged
or sold inferior quality products at very high prices.
3 Right to be protected from unfair methods of Businesses may violate consumers rights by:
competition. A consumer should have access to a
wide variety of similar products and services. 3 denying consumers a refund or exchange on faulty
or poor quality goods resulting in the consumer
3 Right to be able to afford goods and services to losing money;
satisfy their basic needs for food, clothing, shelter, 3 giving consumers incorrect weights and measures
healthcare, water, education and sanitation. resulting in the consumers not getting what they
paid for;
3 Right to safety from any products that could be 3 selling consumers goods that may endanger their
deemed dangerous and or unhealthy. health;
3 giving consumers misleading information about a
3 Right to consumer education: Consumers should be particular product in order to get consumers to
educated about the various goods and services that purchase that product;
are available for consumption or use in the country 3 giving consumers unfair conditions in a contract, for
so that they can decide how, where and when to example, no refund or exchange after 3 days, which
spend their money and so that they can voice their sometimes is not enough time to make a
opinions on issues that affect them. determination as to the effectiveness of the product.
3 Right to a healthy clean, and safe environment. JOL SOCIAL STUDIES continues on next page
WAYS IN WHICH CONSUMERS CAN PROTECT HIMSELF/HERSELF
Consumers can protect themselves by:
• reading warranties and hire purchase agreements before purchasing an item
• ensuring that they get a receipt whenever they purchase and item
• keeping receipts as proof of purchase of an item in case they need to return the item
• not purchasing poor quality products
• educating themselves consumer affairs
• knowing their rights and responsibilities
• taking action to protect their rights and responsibilities
ACTIVITY 2
ANSWER TRUE OR FALSES TO THE ITEMS BELOW
TRUE/FALSE STATEMENTS
1 Goods and services are produced to satisfy consumers needs and wants.
In order to protect consumers, government established consumer protection agencies

2
such as the Consumer Affairs Commission and the Bureau of Standard.
Consumers should ensure that when buying an item, consumers should sign the contract
3
then read it at a later more convenient time
4 Some goods may be classified as both producers and consumers
Consumers rights may be violated when there are too many similar products available
5
to consumers

ANSWERS ACTIVITY # 1
1. Consumer 12. Electronic transaction 23. Free Goods
2. Budgeting 13. Thrift 24. Hire purchase
3. Income 14. Disposable income 25. Gross Income
4. Pricing 15. Inflation 26. Economic goods
5. Investment 16. Demand 27. Credit Card
6. Saving 17. Credit union 28. Debit Card
7. Goods 18. Devaluation 29. Consumer Goods
8. Credit 19. Supply 30. Producer Goods
9. Black market 20. Dividend
10. E-commerce 21. Services
11. Layaway Plan 22. Exchange rate
ANSWERS ACTIVITY # 2
1. T 2. T 3. F 4. T 5. T
Charmaine Fuller-Wallace is on the staff of St. Andrew Technical High School

! Email: charmief2@yahoo.com
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INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY Lesson 26
with
Shandeen Robinson-White
EXAMINATION PREPARATION!
This week we will be analyzing the questions on the

January 2018 Paper 2 examination. Remember, read over
your notes and then attempt the answers to the questions.
It would also help if you have a copy of the exam paper.
JANUARY 2018 – Section 1
Section 1 has six questions, each is valued 10 marks.

You will be tested on topics such as computer
hardware and software, binary, data communication
and networking.
QUESTION 1
This question tested your knowledge of input and Joystick – Input device
output devices. For 6 marks you were to write
whether the device named is an input or output
device. There is no need to write anything else. Here
are some images of input and output devices.
OCR – Input device
Plotter – Output device JOL INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY continues on next page

JOL INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY continued from previous page
PART B of question 1 continues to test your knowledge

of computer hardware, but this time you were to
name a device for the activities described. For
example, which device could be used by participants
in an online meeting sharing video to see each other?
A suggested response is a video camera.

For one mark you do not need to put
much thought into the answer. Choose
the obvious answer.
(ii) a bank teller processing cheques – MICR (again

its ok to use the abbreviation)
Printer – Output device
(iii) a cashier checking out items being purchased in
a supermarket – barcode reader
(iv) electronic marking of 10 000 multiple choice

sheets - OMR
QUESTION 2
This question tested your understanding of the use of

Microphone – Output device various computer hardware. Your response should
apply to the scenario given.
(a) Recommend an audio output device that can be

used in teleconferencing, and give reasons for
your recommendation.
Suggested response:
Speaker – so that the participants (staff) in the

conference will be able to hear what Sharon is saying.
Keep your response simple and to the

point. You will get one point for naming
the device and one point for the reason.
Speakers – Output device
Again, get straight to the point!
Please note that you were not shown images in

the exam. JOL INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY continues on next page
(iii) Magnetic tape is suitable for archiving important

QUESTION 2B
information. It can store large amounts of data
and can read data four times faster than a hard
For each of the following, suggest one scenario (with disk.
reason) in which it would be more suitable to use: (iv) A joystick is suitable for playing games because
it has control buttons.
(i) Dot matrix vs laser printer
(ii) Plotter vs printer
(iii) Magnetic tape vs USB drive QUESTION 3
(iv) Joystick vs mouse
Revise binary conversions.
(a) Convert 4210 to base two.
Answer: Continuously divide the base 10 number by

2, noting the remainder.
The answer is: 1010102
It is important to remember to show

workings. The examiner is more
interested in how you arrive at the
answer, than the answer itself.
(b) Determine the decimal equivalent of 10012
23 22 21 20
8 4 2 1 place value
Suggested response:
1 0 0 1 binary number to be
Be explicit when stating the scenario. DO NOT expect converted
the examiner to assume what you want to say.
Instead, write what you intend to say. On the other 8*1 + 4*0 + 2*0 + 1*1
hand, do not get too carried away with your response, 8 + 0 +0 + 1 = 910
get to the point. You will get one mark for naming the
scenario and one mark for the reason. (c) Write a representation for the positive sign (+)
of a binary-coded decimal (BCD)
(i) Dot matrix is suitable for printing receipts in a
department store for example, because it The answer is: 1010
generates multiple copies of the receipt in one
print.
1111 is also accepted; 1011 is used to
(ii) A plotter is suited for drawing circuit diagrams for represent the negative sign (-)
electronics, printed circuit board layouts, mechanical
drawings and posters because they can print in very
large sizes. JOL INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY continues on next page
(d) If the ASCII equivalent of the letter P is 1010000 Study the following specifications and then answer the
determine the ASCII equivalent for the letter U. questions that follow:
Again, it is very important that you show workings.

The first thing to do is to determine how many spaces Windows 10 Home 64
to the right (or left) is U from P, which is 5 spaces.
Then convert 5 to binary (which is 0101). Then add
1010000 and 0101. Intel Core i7-6560U Processor
Your answer should be: 1010101. Beautiful 33.8cm Diagonal Quad-HD OLED
Touchscreen display
QUESTION 4 8GB RAM and 512GB PCI SSD Storage
Question 4 was testing your knowledge & understanding 500GB SATA Hard Drive 720 RPM
of processing modes – real time, batch and time sharing -
and your ability to apply them to a scenario given.
Intel IRIS Graphics; Audio by Bang & Olufsen
(i) Real time is suitable for any process that requires each
transaction to be completed processed immediately
True Vision Full-HD Webcam
upon entry and where the database should always be
up to date. For example, in a 24 hour production
system where timely reports must be constantly Cortana Optimized Microphone; QWERTY Keyboard
produced and sent for immediate action.
(ii) Batch processing relies on accumulating transaction Questions

data over a period of time and then processing the
entire batch at once, example weekly, daily or (i) State the primary memory capacity
monthly. The preparation of pay slips is suitable for
this mode. (ii) Name the type of hard drive
(iii) Time sharing refers to the concurrent use of a (iii) Name the operating system
computer by more than one user. The use of
mainframes enables this. It is also synonymous with (iv) State the hardware interface (user interface)
the term ‘multiuser’.
(v) Identify two input devices
QUESTION 4B Compare your answers with mine at the

end of the lesson.
This question looked at computer specifications. After
studying this subject you should be able to identify the
parts of a computer system. JOL INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY continues on next page
External hard drives are low cost, portable and convenient

QUESTION 5
to set up on any computer. However, they can be easily
affected by sunlight, heat, humidity, liquids, dust and
For this question you were to select the appropriate term magnetic fields. They have no passwords, so if get lost or
to match the situation described: stolen the information is readily available.
(i) High speed wireless access to a network - WIFI For 4 marks you may not need to write all
(ii) Direct line between two computers - POINT TO POINT of the above. It is best if you get straight to
(iii) Data can travel in two directions but only one way at the point. Say the obvious thing.
a time - HALF DUPLEX
(iv) A private network that belongs to an organization Conclusion
- INTRANET
(v) Unauthorized distribution of computer programs
This is where we stop in this lesson. Next week we will
- SOFTWARE PIRACY
continue with sections 2 and 3 of the exam. Get a copy of the
(vi) Use of computer systems to distribute information
January 2018 paper. Also, use the 3rd edition of the Jamaica
- BROADCAST
Observer Information Technology Lecture Series booklet to
help you revise for the examination. Keep practising!
Each response is valued one mark. When
you get questions like these, read them
Word to the wise: “Everyone has inside them a piece of
carefully; look for the key words. You may
good news. The good news is you don’t
be given a list or may not. The solution is to study!
know how great you can be! How much
you can love! What you can accomplish!
QUESTION 5B And what your potential is.” Everything
you need to accomplish your goals is
already in you. – Anne Frank
You were to state an advantage and a disadvantage of the
following devices:
SUGGESTED RESPONSES TO QUESTION 4B
(i) DVD
i. 8GB RAM and 512GB PCI SSD Storage
(ii) External hard drive
ii. 500GB SATA Hard Drive 720 RPM
iii. Windows 10 Home 64
iv. Beautiful 33.8cm Diagonal Quad-HD OLED Touchscreen

display
v. Cortana Optimized Microphone; QWERTY Keyboard
Suggested Response Did you get all correct? Email me and let me know.
DVDs have large storage capacity; ideal for storing films

with video and sound. Shandeen Robinson-White is affiliated with
Maths Unlimited and Hillel Academy.
A disadvantage is that they do not work in CD drives and ! Email: teacherrobwhite@hotmail.com
they are easily damaged by breaking or scratching.

HUMAN & SOCIAL
BIOLOGY Lesson 26
with
Leroy Munroe
METHODS OF CONTROLLING MICRO-ORGANISMS,

IMMUNITY AND DRUGS AND ITS EFFECT.
Objectives:
At the end of this lesson students should be able to:
1. Describe the methods of controlling

microorganism
2. Identify the different types of immunity
3. Define the term ‘drugs’
4. Identify the effects of different drugs on the
body
METHODS OF CONTROLLING MICROORGANISMS Antibiotics

An antibiotic is a drug that is used to kill or stop the growth
of bacteria and other infections caused by microorganisms
Disinfectant both inside as well as outside the body. Antibiotics are
Disinfectants are chemical agents that are used to destroy produced from certain fungi; bacteria and other organisms.
or control the reproduction and growth of microorganisms. Antibiotics are used in the prevention and treatment of
Disinfectants are used on non-living surfaces such as floors, infectious diseases such as gonorrhoea. They are also
counter tops, dishes and so on. Chlorine is a type of
produced synthetically. The most commonly known antibiotic
disinfectant used to kill bacteria and protozoa in water to
is penicillin. Penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming
make it safe for drinking. Bleach is another disinfectant that
in 1926. Antifungals are medications used to treat fungal
is used to clean surfaces in the home and pour in water to
infections such as ringworm and yeast infections.
disinfect it by killing bacteria and other organisms.
Antigens
Antiseptics
An antigen is a molecule made of protein or carbohydrate
Antiseptics are substances that are used to kill or inhibit
that may be present on the surface of a red blood cell and
the growth of microorganisms on the external surfaces of
other cells in the body. Antigens cause the lymphocytes
the body. Antiseptics can be used on living tissues. Their
uses include cleansing of wound surfaces after an injury; (white blood cells) to produce and release antibodies to fight
preparation of the skin for an injection or surgical any invading disease-causing organisms. When the immune
procedure and disinfection of the mouth (oral cavity). system detects the antigen of an invading microorganism,
Some common antiseptic include, alcohol, hydrogen such as common cold, it triggers the body to fight it off.
peroxide, iodine and Dettol that can be used to clean
wounds. JOL HUMAN & SOCIAL BIOLOGY continues on next page
JOL HUMAN & SOCIAL BIOLOGY continued from previous page
Antibody and antitoxins The first breast milk that the baby sucks known as
Antibodies are like soldiers, they fight and protect the body colostrum, is important; it passes on the antibodies to the
from invading microorganisms. Antibodies are large baby which helps to fight against diseases. This immunity
protein molecules found in the blood that detect and only lasts for about six months. The baby is unable to
destroy microorganisms such as viruses and bacteria. Each make these antibodies.
antibody has a unique target, known as the antigen,
present on the invading organism. This antigen is like a Natural acquired active immunity
key that helps the antibody in identifying the organism. This is immunity to a disease that is not innate but has
This is because both the antibody and the antigen have been acquired during life. With acquired immunity, a
similar structure. person builds their own resistance to disease. It is seldom
that a person caught the same disease twice. This
immunity is acquired by the development of antibodies
Toxins behave like antigens and make antibodies called
from a previous infection. This is because some
anti-toxins. An anti-toxin is an antibody that is capable of
lymphocytes, called memory cells, from previous infections
neutralizing a toxin or specific cause of a disease.
remain in the body. If the disease reoccurs in the future, it
Antibodies combine with the particular antigen that
maybe not be as severe as the first attack because the
produced them. Antitoxins are specific or direct against a
body had already developed ways of fighting it. This is the
toxin. Influenza is caused by various strains of virus each
reason persons rarely catch conjunctivitis (pink eye),
having different antigens on their surface. Antibodies
measles and other infectious diseases more than once.
against one strain will not affect the other strain. They
provide ‘passive immunity’. Artificial active immunity
This is the immunity given to a person through vaccination
Types of immunity with an antigen. The immunization shots babies receive
Immunity is the body’s resistance to diseases or at the clinic or hospital is a type of artificial immunity.
pathogens. When a person’s immune system is These shots contain an inactive or weakened antigen or
compromised, it will be difficult for the body to resist germ. The idea behind this is the body will develop
disease-causing organisms. Immunity is divided into two antibodies to fight pathogens once they try to infect the
broad groups natural and artificial as explained below. body in the future. In Jamaica, we have been given
Natural is made by the body and artificial is man-made. vaccination against several diseases such as chicken pox,
Immunity is either ‘passive’ or ‘active’, see below. polio, mumps, diphtheria and a host of other diseases
successfully. Vaccination is responsible for the eradication
Natural innate active immunity of several diseases worldwide.
Natural innate active immunity is the immunity that a
person is born with, innate means from birth. Active Artificial passive immunity
means the body produces its own immunity. It is inherited Artificial passive immunity is the injection of serum
genetically. With natural innate immunity a person will be containing antibodies into an individual who has been
able to resist a disease on meeting the pathogen causing infected with a pathogen. The serum is called antiserum
it the first time. and provides immediate protection by releasing a large
amount of antibodies into the blood. Antiserum provides
Natural innate passive immunity short term immunity against diseases. Antiserum is made
With natural innate passive immunity antibodies produce from the blood plasma of animals. Antiserum is important
by the mother are passed to the developing feotus through in treating botulism, tetanus, poisoning, diphtheria and
the placenta. Passive means the antibodies are made in animal or insect bites such as a snake.
another person or animal. These antibodies can also pass
on to the baby through the mother’s breast milk. JOL HUMAN & SOCIAL BIOLOGY continues on next page
Difference between ‘immunity’ and ‘immunization’ Drugs may be prescriptive or non-prescriptive. Prescriptive
Immunity is the resistance to pathogens or disease drugs are medications that are prescribed to a patient by
organisms, while immunization is defined by the World a doctor to manage pain, treat or cure of health conditions
Health Organization as the process whereby a person is such as cancer pain, mental disease, diabetes and other
made immune or resistant to an infectious disease, by the infections. Prescriptive drugs can only be obtained with
administration of a vaccine. Vaccines stimulate the body’s
written instructions from a doctor to a pharmacist. These
own immune system to protect the person against
drugs are taken under medical advice from a doctor for the
subsequent infection or disease. Immunization is a proven
tool for controlling and eliminating life-threatening prevention or cure of diseases. Prescriptive drugs include
infectious diseases. sedatives, pain killers and antibiotics.
Difference between ‘vaccine’ and ‘vaccination’ A sedative is a drug that induces the nervous system to
A vaccine is a substance that is used to stimulate the remain calm. Sedatives include sleeping pills and
production of antibodies and provide immunity against
tranquillizers that slow down the nervous system hence,
one or several diseases. The substance contains weakened
the body functions. They help to relieve stress, depression,
bacteria or viruses or parts of these organisms. It is the
antibodies that are created in response to the vaccine that anxiety and induce sleep. Some pain killers are also
protect against a future infection by the targeted disease. prescriptive drugs. Pain killers are drugs that relieve pain
without any loss of consciousness. They include
Vaccines can be given orally, nasally, or as an injection into
the muscle or subcutaneous tissue (fat). paracetamols, aspirins, and panadols and so on. Antibiotics
are drugs that are taken to kill bacteria and other
Vaccination is the administrating of a vaccine to stimulate
an individual’s immune system to develop immunity to infections; an example of antibiotics is penicillin.
pathogens. Vaccination is the most effective method of
preventing infectious diseases; widespread immunity due Non-prescriptive drugs are the drugs that are taken
to vaccination is largely responsible for the worldwide without the advice of a medical practitioner.
eradication of smallpox and the restriction of diseases such Non-prescription drugs in this lesson referred to illegal
as polio, measles and tetanus from much of the world. drugs such as cocaine, LSD, heroin, ecstasy, alcohol and
marijuana. Drugs can also be classified as a stimulant or
Drugs and their effects
A drug is a chemical substance that has a physiological depressant. A stimulant is a drug that when taken
effect when taken into the body. Drugs alter the way the increases the activity of the central nervous system or
body works. Drugs usually interfere or disturb the sympathetic nervous system such as increasing the heart
metabolic actions or activities of the body. rate, increasing breathing rate and digestive activities.
Drug dependence is the desire to continually use a

Depressant drugs are drugs that lower the nervous system.
chemical substance despite the harm that it may cause. A
person who is drug dependent needs the drug to function Depressant drugs slow down the activity of the brain and
normally. Drug dependence can lead to drug addiction. other parts of the central nervous. These drugs operate by
Drug addiction is when a person develops a compulsive affecting neurones in the central nervous system, which
and uncontrollable craving for a drug despite its negative leads to symptoms such as drowsiness, relaxation,
or dangerous effect. They want to get more of the drug and decreased inhibition, anesthesia, sleep, coma and even
without it their lives can be sheer misery. When a person death. Many depressants also have the potential to be
feels that they must have the drug in order to stay alive addictive.
the person is physiologically dependent on the drug. When
the body’s metabolism is changed due to the taking of the
drug the individual is physically dependent on the drug. JOL HUMAN & SOCIAL BIOLOGY continues on next page
Cocaine When a person takes LSD, they may experience a ‘trip’ that
Cocaine hydrochloride is a whitish crystalline power may be good or bad depending on the initial mood. A
known on the street as ‘coke’ ‘snow’ and ‘crack’ that is an ‘good trip’ brings a wonderful joy while a ‘bad trip’ brings
addictive stimulant. It produces a feeling of euphoria anxiety, confusion, fearfulness and panic. LSD may have
(high) when taken. Cocaine may have the following effects the following effects on a person increased blood pressure
on the body, constricted blood vessels, dilated pupils, and heart rate, high body temperature, and sweating,
increased body temperature, increased heart rate and dilated pupil, dizziness, loss of appetite, dry mouth,
blood pressure, reduced appetite, increased sense of sleepiness, nausea and numbness. The user may suffer
alertness, and high levels of energy activity. Cocaine use from time and impaired depth and time perception of the
may lead to sudden death, weight loss and distruction of shape and size of an object, movement, colour, sound
the septum of the nose. Excessive doses of cocaine may touch and own body image. The senses may also crossover
lead to seizures and death from respiratory failure, stroke
giving a feeling of hearing colours and seeing sounds that
and heart failure. Overdose may also lead to an entire body
are frightening. Fatal accidents can occur because the user
convulsion, exhaustion and hallucination.
thinks they can do things that are impossible such as flying
out of a window.
LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) or acid
LSD is the most powerful conscious-altering drug known
See next week’s lesson for more on the effects of drugs.
to mankind. It is made from a fungus called ergo. It is the
world’s most powerful hallucinogen. It causes distortion
in thinking and feelings. These distortions include
delusions and visual hallucinogens during which a person Leroy Munroe is on staff of the
sees, hears or feels things that do not really exist. LSD can Trench Town Polytechnic College
be taken as a tablet, capsule or liquid which is applied to ! Email: leroy_munroe@yahoo.com
an absorbent paper called ‘window pane’ or ‘blotter’.
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PRINCIPLES OF
ACCOUNTS Lesson 26
with
Tedmore Clarke
SHORT ANSWER QUIZ
Today’s lesson will take the form of a short-answer quiz. 12. What are the three main classes of accounts?
Answers are provided later on in the lesson.
13. Identify two main uses of a credit note.
1. What are Fixed Assets?
14. What is meant by the ‘Imprest System’ with regards to
2. Explain the difference between a Trade Discount and a
Cash Discount. the petty cash book?
3. Explain what is meant by contra entries. 15. A brief description of a transaction being recorded in
the General Journal is called a ________________________
4. Identify the two situations where contra entries exist.
16. Goods sold on credit should be recorded in the
5. How should an overdraft be shown on a firm’s cash
__________________________________________________________
book?
6. Why is it necessary for a firm to prepare a bank 17. Where the debit side of a trial balance exceeds the
reconciliation statement? credit, on which side of the Suspense Account should
the difference be placed?
7. How would an overstatement of an expense affect the
net profit of a business? 18. How would an overstatement of purchases affect the
profit of a business?
8. Bad Debts written off should be shown in the Profit and
Loss Account as a/an ____________________________________
19. An increase in the provision for doubtful debts should
9. The recovery of an amount previously written off as bad be shown in the Profit and Loss Account as
should be treated in the Profit and Loss account as ___________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
20. What is the formula for calculating Working Capital?
10. Money borrowed by a firm, repayable in six month’s
time, should be shown on the books of the firm as a 21. ‘Accrued Expenses’ will be shown in the books of a firm
____________________________ ____________________________ as a _________________________ _________________________
11. ‘Accrued Income’ will be shown on the books of a firm

as a _________________________ _________________________ JOL PRINCIPLES OF ACCOUNTS continues on next page
JOL PRINCIPLES OF ACCOUNTS continued from previous page
22. Money borrowed by a firm, repayable in eighteen 35. Accounts that record revenues and expenses are called
month’s time, should be shown on the books of the ____________________________ ____________________________
firm as a ______________________ ______________________
36. When is a debit note normally used by a firm?
23. How is a credit balance on a partner’s current account
to be interpreted? 37. Which is the most liquid asset of a firm?
24. Where no profit-sharing ratio is given, how should 38. The following alternative names are used to represent
profits be shared between/among partners? what ‘items’?
25. What three types of stock are usually associated with i. Accounts Receivable
a manufacturing firm?
ii. Accounts Payable
26. What is the formula for calculating Production Cost Per
Unit? iii. Inventory
27. How should wages paid to actual production workers iv. Income Statement
be shown in the Manufacturing Account?
v. Statement of Financial Position
28. What is the formula for calculating Net Profit
Percentage? vi. Cost of Sales
29. Another name for the Purchases Ledger Control vii. Non-Current Assets
Account is ______________________________________________
viii. Non-Current Liabilities
30. What is the formula for calculating the Acid Test (Quick)
Ratio? ix. Net Income
31. The formula: Cost of Goods Sold is used when x. Owner’s Equity
calculating Average Stock
xi. Obligations
32. How is a debit balance on a partner’s current account
to be interpreted? xii. Revenue
33. What are the entries necessary for charging xiii. Unearned (deferred) Revenue
depreciation?
xiv. Expenses Payable
34. Goods bought on credit should be recorded in the
____________________________ ____________________________ JOL PRINCIPLES OF ACCOUNTS continues on next page
13. Two main uses of a credit note are:

ANSWERS
a. To account for goods returned
b. To correct an overcharge on an invoice
1. Fixed Assets are assets of long life bought for use in the
business and not primarily for resale. 14. The Imprest System means that the amount spent by
the petty cashier for a period will be reimbursed (given
2. A trade discount is a reduction in the original retail
back to the petty cashier) so that the new period can
price (list price) of an article and is used to encourage
begin with the same amount of the float as the
customers to buy in bulk. A cash discount, on the other
previous period.
hand, is a reduction in an amount to be paid, providing
that the payment is made within a stipulated time
period (prompt payment). 15. Narration
3. Where the cash book records the complete double-entry 16. Sales Journal
for a transaction, such a transaction involves entries
being made on both sides of the cash book. Such 17. The credit side (the same side that is short)
entries are called contra entries.
18. An overstatement of purchases will cause profit to be
4. Contra entries exist in the following situations: understated, since cost of goods sold would be too
a. Cash paid into bank (cash banked) great.
b. Cash withdrawn from bank (for use in the
business) 19. An expense
5. An overdraft should be shown as a credit balance on 20. Working Capital = Current Assets – Current Liabilities
the bank columns of the firm’s cash book.
21. Current Liability
6. It is necessary for a firm to prepare a bank
reconciliation statement in order to agree its cash
22. Long-term Liability
book’s balance with that of the bank statement.
7. An overstatement of an expense will cause net profit 23. This indicates that the firm owes the partner this
to be understated, since the total of expenses would amount in addition to his capital and any loan.
have been too great.
24. Equally
8. Expense
25. Raw Materials, Work-in-Progress and Finished Goods
9. Income (or revenue)
Total Production Cost
10. Current Liability 26. Production Cost Per Unit = –––––––––––––––––––––––––
Number of Units Produced
11. Current Asset

27. This should be shown as direct labour.
12. Personal Accounts, Nominal Accounts and Real
Accounts JOL PRINCIPLES OF ACCOUNTS continues on next page
28. Net Profit (or Net Income) Percentage 38. i. Debtors

Net Profit 100
= –––––––––– x –––-– ii. Creditors
Net Sales 1
iii. Stock
29. Total Creditors Account or Accounts Payable Control
Account. iv. Trading and Profit & Loss Account
v. Balance Sheet
Current Assets Less Closing Stock
30. Acid Test Ratio = –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Current Liabilities vi. Cost of Goods Sold
31. Rate of Stock-Turnover (or Rate of Stock-turn) vii. Fixed Assets
32. This indicates that the partner owes the firm, since he viii. Long-Term Liabilities
had withdrawn more from the business than was ix. Net Profit
available to him.
x. Capital
33. Debit Profit and Loss A/C and credit Provision for
xi. Liabilities
Depreciation A/C
xii. Sales
34. Purchases Journal/Purchases Day Book.
xiii. ‘Prepaid’ Income
35. Nominal Accounts
xiv. Accrued Expenses
36. A debit note is normally used to correct an undercharge
on an invoice. Tedmore Clarke is on the staff of Quality Academics
! Email: tedmoreorless@hotmail.com
37. Cash
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INTEGRATED
SCIENCE Lesson 26
with
Marlene Grey-Tomlinson
EXAM PRACTICE
Hello students, in this lesson I present some more CSEC

type Paper 2 questions.
Grab a friend or two and work together Good luck!
1. In the Caribbean, fuels which are normally used are

charcoal, petroleum and gasoline.
(i) Why is charcoal not a fossil fuel? (2 marks)

(ii) How can gasoline be obtained? (2 marks)
(iii) State a problem, besides pollution, of using
gasoline in cars? (1 mark) (ii) Mr. Jason was given some cough mixture
(iv) How was this problem initially overcome? to take. On the bottle it was written shake
(1 mark)
before consumption. Why do you think he
(v) Why was the earlier approach of overcoming
must shake before taking the mixture?
this problem not a good way? (2 marks)
(1 mark)
(vi) What are petroleum gases? (2 marks)
(vii) Why are these gases used in its liquid form at
homes? (1 mark) (iii) What are the differences between this
(viii) Why must a compound with a distinct smell cough mixture and a sugar solution that
be added to the LPG? (1 mark) makes a cough mixture a suspension and
(ix) What are the pollutants formed by burning the sugar mixture a solution? (2 marks)
these gases? (2 marks)
(iv) For the following substances classify each
of them either as compounds, solutions,
2. Solutions, suspensions and colloids are mixtures and colloids or suspensions. (4 marks)
not compounds. Sea water is a solution but common a. Ethanol
salt is a compound. b. Air
c. Sugar
(i) With reference to sea water and sodium
d. Egg white
chloride (common salt). Give a difference
between a mixture and a compound.
(2 marks) JOL INTEGRATED SCIENCE continues on next page
JOL INTEGRATED SCIENCE continued from previous page
(b) Rose took a beaker of water and put some dirt in 4. (a) Ahmad was given two pieces of plasticine. He
it. Then she added a teaspoon of soap. She stirred was told to shape one of it into a sphere and then
them and obtained an emulsion. put it in a beaker of water. Then he was told to
take the other piece and shape it like a boat and
(i) What is an emulsion? (1 mark) to place it in the same beaker of water. He
(ii) How is the emulsion formed? (3 marks) observed that only one of the plasticine floated
(iii) How would you differentiate this while the other sank.
emulsion from a named solution?
(i) What was the aim of the experiment?
(2 marks)
(1 mark)
(ii) Which piece of plasticine floated?
(1 mark)
3. (a) Mr. George, a farmer, grows a variety of plants on (iii) Explain your answer in (ii) above.
his small farm. He grows yam, maize and beans. (2 marks)
He does not grow all the crops at one time but (iv) Give one variable that must be kept
he rotates their growth. He rotates his crops once constant to make the experiment a fair
in four years. In the fourth year he would allow one. (1 mark)
grass to grow on his plot of land.
(b) Richard took three pieces of different wood A,B
(i) Why does he rotate his crops? (2 marks) and C and placed them in tap water, density
(ii) Why does he include beans as one of his 1g/cm3. He made the following observation.
crops? (1 mark)
(iii) What is he doing to his farm in the
fourth year where he allowed the grass
to grow? (1 mark)
(iv) How does the grass help him to do the
activity in (iii)? (1 mark)
(v) After completing one cycle of crops, he
would plough back the remains of the
previous plants into the soil. Why does
(i) What was he trying to show? (1 mark)
he do this? (2 marks) (ii) Why was there a difference in the way
(vi) Often he would introduce earthworms the wood floats? (1 mark)
into the soil. Why does he do this? (iii) What is up thrust? (1 mark)
(2 marks) (iv) Arrange the wood in order of
decreasing up thrust in the water?
(1 mark)
(b) Plants are often plagued by ectoparasites and (v) Explain your answer in (iv) above.
endoparasites. Some of the parasites that plague (2 marks)
plants are the love vine, aphids, rusts and smuts. (vi) If instead of water he used methylated
spirit, density 0.8g/dm3, draw a
(i) Differentiate between ectoparasites and diagram to show how the pieces of
endoparasites. (2 marks) wood would float.
(ii) Classify the parasites given into (vii) Why is there a difference from the
ectoparasites and endoparasites. previous diagram? (1 mark)
(2 marks)
(iii) How do rusts affect plants? (1 mark) JOL INTEGRATED SCIENCE continues on next page
5. (a) Our ears are very important sense organs to us. Through our ears we can hear. It is known that sounds that
enter our ears must pass through three different media before they are changed into nerve impulses.
(i) Write in order the three different media that sound passes through as it moves through the ear? (2
marks)
(ii) Explain your answer in (i) above. (4 marks)
(iii) How does the person hear the sound? (2 marks)
(iv) What is the use of the round window in the ear? (1 mark)
(b) The following statements concern sounds. For each statement explain whether it’s true or false. If it’s true
give an example to illustrate it and if it’s false explain your answer. (2 marks)
(i) Since we can hear of frequency between 20 Hz and 20 000 Hz, sounds of 50 000 Hz do not affect us.
(ii) Red Indians put their ears to the ground because sound travels faster in solids.
(iii) Impurities in sound notes give the characteristic qualities of sound produced by different musical
instruments.
6. (a) Jacob was given a crowbar. He used it in two different ways to lift a stone as shown in the diagram.
(i) Give a difference between these two methods. (1 mark)

(ii) Mark the load, fulcrum and effort on these two diagrams. (4 marks)
(iii) What class levers does the crowbar function as in each method? (2 marks)
(iv) For each class lever in (iii) above give an example of each. (2 marks)
(v) In which of the methods above would lesser effort be applied if the loads are equal. (1 mark)
(b) Jason told Hamid that he prefers to use a screwdriver with a bigger head than one with a smaller head as it
requires less effort. Hamid disagrees and said a driver with a smaller head is better as it will take less time
to do the work.
(i) What kind of machine is a screwdriver? (1 mark)

(ii) Explain Jason’s statement. (1 mark)
(iii) Why is Hamid also correct in what he said? (2 marks)
(iv) The screwdriver that Jason uses has a head diameter of 4 cm and an axle diameter of 1 cm. what is
its mechanical advantage? (1 mark)
JOL INTEGRATED SCIENCE continues on next page

7. (a)The following is a fungi growing on starch jelly. (i) What causes the change at point X? (1
mark)
(ii) What process occurs in the tree before
X? (1 mark)
(iii) Explain the shape of the graph between
X and Y. (2 marks)
(c) It is known that root hairs like any other part of

the plant, respires.
(i) What is respiration? (1 mark)

(ii) Why do roots need to respire? (1 mark)
(iii) How do the root hair cells obtain the
materials needed for respiration?
(2 marks)
(i) How is part X important to the organism?
(1 mark) 8. The following diagram shows the various positions of
(ii) Why is this organism described as the moon as it moves round the earth. The position of
heterotrophic? (1 mark) the sun is also indicated.
(iii) Give an example of another organism that
would be grouped as the above organism.
(1 mark)
(iv) In an experiment, a red blood cell and a cell
from this organism are placed in water for
some 4 hours. The red blood cell burst but not
the cell from the organism. Explain this
observation. (1 mark)
(v) What role does this organism play in the
carbon cycle? (2 marks)
(b) In an experiment a student measures the amount

of oxygen released and taken in by a tree. The (i) In which direction does the moon go
following graph shows his results. round the sun? (1 mark)
(ii) In which position does the earth see
the full moon? (1 mark)
(iii) Why does the earth see the full moon
at this position? (2 marks)
(iv) How are tides affected by the moon and
sun? (2 marks)
(v) At which positions would the earth
experience the highest high tide and
the lowest low tide? (2 marks)
(vi) Explain your answer in (v) above.
(2 marks)
JOL INTEGRATED SCIENCE continues on next page

(b) Living things living along the coast are adapted to conditions along the coast.
(i) What adaptations are necessary for the periwinkles? (1 mark)

(ii) What is the difference in condition between the upper zone and the middle zone? (2 marks)
(iii) What is the sub-littoral zone? (1 mark)
(iv) Why are conditions in the sub-littoral different from the rock pools? (1 mark)
(v) What can be found at zone A? (1 mark)
The answers will be given in the next lesson.
Marlene Grey-Tomlinson is on the staff of Excelsior High School ! Email: mgrey.xlcr@gmail.com
LECTURE SERIES NOW

♦ Spanish YOUR
COPIES

ENGLISH
LITERATURE Lesson 26
with
Simone Gibbs
ESSAY RESPONSE
Good day all. Welcome back to another lesson. There are only
a few weeks to go now before the examination. This week I
am going to write my response to an essay question – the
kind that you might get on Paper 02 of the examination.
By now you should be aware of the changes that have

been made to the examination in general and Paper 02 in
particular. Since I will be responding to a question in the
prose section I think that I should give you some
information about this section – which also includes some
of the changes which have been made in that section.
GENERAL REMINDERS – PROSE PAPER 02

1. The essay questions on prose will be in Section C of the exam paper.
2. Section C will contain questions on ALL of the prescribed prose texts – To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee, A World of
Prose for CSEC edited by Hazel Simmons-McDonald and David Robinson and Edwidge Danticat’s Breath, Eyes, Memory.
3. In previous years there were as many as SIX questions in this section – TWO on each of the texts. This year, however,
THERE WILL ONLY BE FOUR QUESTIONS – TWO on A World of Prose and only ONE on each of the novels. It therefore
means that if you plan to write a response to an essay question on any of the novels, you MUST know the novel very
well as your options are limited.
4. One of the questions from A World of Prose for CSEC will name two of the short stories. The other question will allow
you more freedom to choose two stories from the ten that you have studied based on an identified situation or
issue/theme.
5. Most of the questions on previous exam papers were written in parts or sections. Based on the specimen paper that
has been provided by CSEC, it would appear as if more of the questions will be written as a sentence or few sentences
(I will give an example below). Be prepared if that happens. Do NOT misinterpret or underestimate the question,
the examiners will still be testing your knowledge of the text and the genre.
6. You are still only required to do ONE essay question from Section C.
JOL ENGLISH LITERATURE continues on next page

JOL ENGLISH LITERATURE continued from previous page
Here are two examples of questions that you might get on Thirdly, I should discuss or give my informed opinion on
the novels in the examination. Read them CAREFULLY and how these incidents affect the children.
decide which one you would do.
Finally, I need to identify a narrative technique that Harper
Lee uses to comment on racism.
SAMPLE QUESTIONS
Now that I have pinpointed what is being asked of me, I
1. In Breath, Eyes, Memory male-female relationships are will begin my essay.
impacted by cultural beliefs and practices.
SAMPLE RESPONSE
Write an essay in which you describe ONE male-female
relationship in the novel. In this essay you must also
discuss how cultural beliefs and practices impact that Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird is set in a fictitious small
relationship, and examine how ONE technique is used town, named Maycomb in the 1930’s, in Alabama U.S.A.
This was a time before the Civil Rights Movement gave
by the writer to explore male-female relationships.
black people in that country equal rights and
(Total 25 marks)
opportunities as white people. As a result of this blacks
and whites lived in separate and unequal spaces which
2. In To Kill a Mockingbird Scout and Jem experience
caused many white people to believe that they were
racism in various forms in Maycomb.
superior to black people. As a result of this feeling of
superiority whites often mistreated the blacks. In this
Write an essay in which you describe TWO incidents essay I will describe two incidents in which main
which expose the children to racism. In this essay you characters – Scout and Jem Finch are faced with racism.
must also discuss how these incidents affect the Secondly I will discuss how these situations impact the
children and examine ONE narrative technique that the children and finally I will examine a narrative technique
writer uses to comment on racism. that Harper Lee uses to comment on racism.
(Total 25 marks)
The children’s father, Atticus, works as a lawyer in the
N.B. Apart from the 25 marks allocated to each question State Attorney’s office. As a public defender it was his job
there will be an additional 10 marks for organisation to defend any citizen of the state that was appointed to
and mechanics of writing. As such each essay will be him, who needed legal services. Consequently he was
marked out of 35 marks. given the task of defending Tom Robinson, a black man
who was accused of raping and beating a white woman –
Which one of these questions would you choose? Mayella Ewell. Many of the townspeople (whites) did not
Whichever one you choose you have to ensure that you like the fact that Atticus was going to defend Tom
understand what the question is asking you to do. I have Robinson and both adults and children made offensive
decided to do the second question. As such I will take some statements to Scout and Jem about it. Not only did these
time to identify what I am being asked to write about. comments make the children’s lives uncomfortable but
they got into fights as a result. Atticus advised them that
Firstly, I see that the issue that they want me to focus on before the trial was over they would hear many offensive
is racism that Scout and Jem have experienced. things about him and he made them promise that they
would not get into fights because of what others said. The
Secondly, I am being asked to describe, that is, to give a children agreed.
detailed account of, two instances when they are exposed
to racism. JOL ENGLISH LITERATURE continues on next page
JOL ENGLISH LITERATURE continued from previous page
On one occasion when Aunt Alexandria and her grandson When the guilty verdict was returned Jem was devastated.
Frances visit, not only does Francis call Atticus a negro Were they blind? Didn’t they see that they were sending
lover, but he also states that Atticus was ruining the family an innocent man to jail? Jem was overwhelmed. He began
by defending Tom Robinson. This was too much for Scout. to cry and had to be led from the courtroom. Outside Jem’s
She pummelled Frances with her fists and he ran disbelief continued. He could not believe that twelve of the
men whom he had known since he was born, men who he
screaming into the yard. Frances refused to return to the
had believed to be fair decent and honourable, had made
house as he was afraid of Scout who stayed on the porch
such a decision. It made him confused and sad.
waiting on him to return in order to finish what she had
started before he ran off. When asked what had happened Harper Lee chooses to use the voice of a child narrator to
between them Frances did not tell what he had said, he relate the events in the novel: Scout is about eight (8) years
only reported what Scout had done. Of course Scout got old. Since the story is told from her perspective, the events
into trouble for beating up Frances. are mostly reported innocently, without judgement or bias
and without many of the negative emotions that adults have
Since Scout had promised her father that she would not in uncomfortable situations. One such example can be seen
get into any fights because of what people said about him, the night when Atticus decides to sit outside the jail all night
the fight with Frances meant that she had betrayed his when Tom Robinson was placed there before the trial. Several
men in the town went down to the jail to accost Atticus and
trust. She felt terrible. Atticus asked very little of his
do the unspeakable to Tom Robinson. Scout had followed Jem
children, and the one thing that he had asked them to do,
downtown and when she saw Mr. Cunningham among the
she had not fulfilled. Worse the fight with Frances seemed men she simply walked up to him, greeted him and began a
to confirm their aunt’s belief that Atticus’ children were conversation about his son Walter, who was in her class and
running wild and that Scout in particular was not being enquired about the rest of the family. Scout was not even
groomed into becoming a young lady. This might have aware of the danger that Atticus was in, nor of the danger
contributed to her making the decision to move in with that she had averted when Mr. Cunningham shamefacedly
them and take control of the household. Now they had to engaged her in conversation and then he and the other men
do as she said to do when she moved in as Atticus allowed got back into the truck they had come in and left.
her to govern (for the most part) his house and the
children. The carefree lifestyle that they had enjoyed In this way Harper Lee is able to use the innocence of a
child to make the point that racism is indeed nonsensical
would be seriously affected.
as it causes fear and hatred among people and it divides
us as well. Further, it often causes some people to believe
Jem was also affected by the racism that existed in that they have the right to behave in violent ways and to
Maycomb. Unknown to their father and Calpurnia, Scout treat others as less than human.
and Jem went down to the courthouse to view the trial
once it had started. Since there were no seats in the white As can be seen from the above racism has impacted the lives
section on the ground floor the children slipped into the of Scout and Jem in various ways. The writer tells the story
section for coloured people upstairs on the balcony; it did from a child’s perspective not only to give the reader a glimpse
not even cross their minds that they were doing into a child’s world, but also to suggest that people are not
something out of the ordinary. From his vantage Jem got born racist, but they become that way through socialisation.
a clear view of everything that the prosecutor and the
That’s my essay. I hope you were able to do one of
defence attorney did. After Atticus presented his evidence,
these questions.
questioned the witnesses and the accused and said his
closing argument, Jem was absolutely sure that his father
had won and that Tom Robinson would be freed. It was Simone Gibbs is on the staff of Calabar High School
! Email: simonecgibbs@yahoo.com
obvious – Tom Robinson was innocent.
ERIES
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CSEC stu anguage
s h L
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on Tech
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COMMUNICATION
STUDIES Lesson 26
with
Peta-Gaye Perkins Bryan
ORGANIZATION SKILLS
Hi everyone. In this week’s lesson we will be looking at organizing skills as well as specific topics you will need to
ensure you review for your essay question in module 2. In your syllabus you will find the topic ‘Organising Skills’ under
item 6 of the content area in module 3, but it is going to be very useful for all the modules in your CAPE Communication
Studies exams. When you think about organizing skills for writing what is it that comes to mind for you? An essay?
Or a letter? It must be one of those because I can assure you that you do not organize your WhatsApp messages. Am
I right or am I right?
It must be noted then that there are a few steps you need to know that form a part of the writing process. Some of
these steps are:
1. Brain storming 2. Pre-writing 3. Drafting 4. Revising and editing 5. Publishing
JOL COMMUNICATION STUDIES continues on next page

JOL COMMUNICATION STUDIES continued from previous page
Take a look at the video below to see how you can manage these smaller parts outlined above to help you get to a
completed essay.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=71Y2uIyJM4g&feature=youtu.be
The first step to writing an essay is brainstorming. Brainstorming is a process in which persons generate ideas on
different topics. Brainstorming can be defined as a group problem-solving technique that involves the spontaneous
contribution of ideas from all members of the group; also : the mulling over of ideas by one or more individuals in an
attempt to devise or find a solution to a problem. For you in your exam your brainstorming would begin when you
make jottings on everything you know about the topic. This you can do on the blank sheet that you will be getting –
not on the ruled paper.

Pre-writing involves
what you will be noting
before you begin the
essay. What you can do
here is put your jottings
from the brainstorming
in order. If your question
asked you to comment
on attitudes to language
then you will make
jottings on the different
attitudes to language
and why people usually
have these different
attitudes. After you have
done this you may begin
to put your jottings in
order of importance.
Drafting involves you

putting your ideas into
sentences. Here is where
you will begin writing
your essay. Ensure that
you remember that you
include your thesis
statement, topic
sentences and
t ra n s i t i o n a l w o rd s
a nd p hra s e s.
After you have completed your draft it is imperative that I know it may seem hard to do all of this in the exam but
you leave time for revising and editing. You may be it is possible. I encourage you to practise writing your
wondering what you are revising. Well, you want to be essay at home under timed conditions. After you do this
able to read the entire essay before you move on to the at home (or in class) a few times you will get better at
next one. Try to check for missing words, incorrect managing your time and it will not seem overwhelming
spelling, incomplete sentences and words you wrote twice. to write your essay.
I am repeating so you do not forget – you MUST check your
work as there are those times you forget and use skl for In previous lessons we looked at the hamburger analogy
school, u instead of you or l8tr for later. to writing an essay and so today we are going to use a
different approach. The view below may be more helpful
Publishing – This means you are ready to have someone
for some of you as well as it may concretise the concept
read your work. In the same way that you publish a
for others.
website when it is complete or a book gets published for
sale when it is finished when your essay is ready for
‘publishing’ you are ready to move on to the next question. JOL COMMUNICATION STUDIES continues on next page
Writing an essay is like building a house
Like houses, essays consist of several parts. Essays have a beginning, middle and an end...while houses have a
foundation, rooms and a roof. Each part serves a specific purpose. When building a house, your tools consist of items
like wood and nails. When you build an essay, words are your tools. Sentences and paragraphs are then constructed
from those words. To move from room to room in a house, a person would use doors or stairs. In an essay, to move
from one idea to another, a person uses transition words.

When you are writing your essays it’s not that you are to
think only about module 2 but all three modules.
Another aspect of module 3 that you will be tested on will

be on how you organize your writing or essays. Believe it
or not, yes, there will be questions on skills surrounding
how you write. Let us go back a few years to what you
would have been taught as it relates to how to write an
essay. Yes, you are told that all essays must have an
introduction, a body and a conclusion but what do you do
before and after you write? Do you remember that step
called pre-writing? What about that step called editing,
do you remember that? Well, let us have a look at all the
steps involved.
As we are on the last lap I will leave a few study tips that
STUDY TIPS FOR MODULE 2 you can use, whether alone or with your friends.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p60rN9JEapg
When you are preparing for the module 2 question here are
a few of the areas that you will be asked to respond to. Before we close for this week please complete the
1. Attitudes to language questions below as a part of your practice sessions or
study group meetings.
2. Variations of language spoken
3. Factors which may contribute to why the characters EXAMPLES OF MULTIPLE CHOICE ITEMS FOR PAPER 1
speak the way they do
4. What would possibly influence a character’s decision For this week’s multiple choice practice we are going to
to want to use any variety of English look at some other questions which can come from module
3. In next week’s lesson I will share my answers and you
5. What the use of language reveals about each
can compare your own to see how well you did.
character
6. C o m m u n i c a t i v e b e h a v i o u r s ( n o n v e r b a l Items 1-5
communication) – this is usually asked in the
question about a tv or video presentation Instructions: Read the following scenario and then
answer Items 1-5.
7. The effect one’s language will have on the characters
8. Registers used between/among characters April 18 is World Amateur Radio Awareness Day and the
students of Clayfield High are attending a symposium.
9. Characters’ responses to the language used by other
During the presentation, some students left the room
characters
while others either slept or slouched in their chairs. The
presenter realizes that she may not be effective at being
It must be noted that the questions can come in a variety
clear and decides to make changes before presenting to
of ways and so you must be careful when you read the
another group.
questions. Ensure you also identify the different features
of Creole when you see it once you begin to comment on
the varieties of language used. JOL COMMUNICATION STUDIES continues on next page
1. Select the appropriate organizational features that the 4. Which part of the writing process will the presenter be
presenter could use to guarantee that the engaging in as she prepares for her next set of
amended presentation is clear and engaging? students?
(A) Drafting
I. Clear topic sentences (B) Revising
II. Clear thesis statement (C) Publishing
III. Transitional words (D) Supporting details
5. Which of the following strategies could be used to help

(A) I and II only
entice the interest of the students at Clayfield High?
(B) I and III only
(A) Pamphlets distributed in the transportation
(C) II and III only centre
(D) I, II and III (B) Announcements over the intercom
(C) Skit about the advantages of radio
2. Which of the following sets of nonverbal (D) Posters on the notice board
communication would BEST help the presenter to
enrich her presentation? Do not forget to use all the resources you have to help
prepare for exams.
(A) Use of gestures, facial expression and vocalics
(B) Time management and distance from audience For next week’s lesson we will look at some more multiple
(C) Use of graphics and time management choice questions as we continue to revise. Until next week,
(D) Distance from audience, hairstyle and facial take care, and don’t forget to read and prepare.
expressions
References:
Writing an essay is like Building a House. Retrieved
3. Which of the following would NOT be an effective
from http://education.wichita.edu/caduceus/
medium if the presenter were to make a similar
examples/essay_student/index.htm
presentation to a group of grade 7 students?
(A) Lecture
(B) Dramatization Peta-Gaye Perkins Bryan is on the staff of
(C) Cartoon animation Queen’s High School for Girls
! Email: perkins.pg@gmail.com
(D) Slide presentation
LECTURE SERIES NOW

♦ Spanish YOUR
COPIES

CARIBBEAN
STUDIES Lesson 26
with
Debgeri Whitely
ISSUES IN
CARIBBEAN DEVELOPMENT
Hello everyone, welcome back to today’s lesson. We are in
the final stretch of the Syllabus and the unit of focus comes
from Module 2: Issues in Caribbean Development; The
Integration Movement. Once again, I ask of you to continue
doing your reading in order to comprehend the topic(s) Caribbean Sea
that are covered each week. See you next week and all the
best for the remainder of this week.
What is Integration?
Politically it is the process whereby people transfer their
commitment and loyalty from smaller /weaker states to a
larger central political system.
Early attempts of Integration within the Caribbean
The Caribbean region has a long history of integration starting with the Leeward Island Federation in 1871 , the attempts
at a Windward Island Federation in 1876 and the British Honduras and Jamaica alignment 1862-1884.
Why the Caribbean needs Integration?
3 Lack of expertise
3 Local firms lack access to larger markets
3 Individual countries lack adequate resources for development
3 Lack of investment and economic opportunities in individual islands
3 Our relatively small size of individual economies makes us limited and vulnerable
3 Our inability to cope with negative shocks for example natural disasters and global conditions
JOL CARIBBEAN STUDIES continues on next page

JOL CARIBBEAN STUDIES continued from previous page
What is Regional Integration?
Regional Integration – is a process in which states that share a common geographic location, history and or political
structure enter into an agreement in order to introduce coordination and increase cooperation through common
institutions and rules. This integration is usually aimed at bringing together resources and talents and to unify systems
of government to some extent in order to protect borders, increase efficiency and pool resources for its citizens.
The table below shows the factors that promotes or hinders Regional Integration
Factors PROMOTING Regional Integration Factors HINDERING Regional Integration
• Close proximity to each other through air and • Different strategies for economic growth
sea travel • Territorial interests supersede regional interest
• Shared common history (insularity)
• Common Language • Some concessions to foreign investors run
• Shared common culture in terms of dress,cuisine, contrary to CARICOM objectives
music and general lifestyle • Stifled regional trade due to commonality in
• Small size products
• Similar economic, social and political problems • Poor communication among territories
• Regional institutions such as UWI, CXC, WICB • Competition among member states
• Limited resources (human and physical) • Differences in resource distribution
• Common local and international problems • Countries produce similar products ...
• Challenges of globalization Affect trading relationship
• Increase in the number of trading blocs eg. EU • Territories do not have the same currency
and FTAA • Territories are scattered over the region
Benefits of Integration
3 Growth of intra-regional trade

3 Flow of technical assistance from MDCs to LDCs
3 Cooperation in non-economic ventures
3 Overall improvement in employment and standard of living
3 Greater sense of unity through cultural exchange
3 Greater self-reliance to increase production and consumption of locally grown food
3 Flow of financial resources from MDCs to LDCs
3 Joint development of basic natural resources for regional use
3 Establishment of common services
3 Greater sense of solidarity and fraternity
JOL CARIBBEAN STUDIES continues on next page

Failure of the Federation

ACTIVITY
3 Lack of knowledge on the part of the masses about
the importance of a federation
3 With the aid of a timeline, show the evolution of the 3 Inefficient communication system among small islands
idea of Caribbean Integration. 3 Envy and jealously among member states due to
differences in level of economic development
3 Define the term ‘Federation’. 3 Distrust by smaller states of the larger states
proposal to change constitution of the federation
THE WEST INDIAN FEDERATION 3 Larger islands had less to gain and it was felt that
the smaller islands might delay their development
3 Smaller islands were over represented in the Federal
The West Indian Federation, also known as the Federation Government
of the West Indies, was a short-lived POLITICAL UNION of 3 British Government wanted to transfer liability of
10 former British Caribbean territories that existed from 3 small islands to the larger islands
January 1958 to 31 May 1962.
3 Inadequate revenues
3 Weaken federation while keeping lid on their own
PRINCIPAL MEMBERS - Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago AND
affairs
Barbados
3 Jamaica and Trinidad at loggerhead
OTHER MEMBERS - Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, 3 Withdrawal of Jamaica in 1961
Grenada, Montserrat, St Kitts-Nevis-Anguilla, Saint Lucia
and St Vincent CARIFTA
West Indian Federation (W.I.F) came into existence in January
1958 following Montego Bay Conference, several other 3 Caribbean Free Trade Association came into being in
meeting and discussions in the Caribbean and in London 1968 following the Dickenson Bay Agreement which
which lead to the passing of the “British Caribbean Federation was signed in December 15, 1965. This consisted of
Act” followed by an Order in Council on July 31, 1957. former federation members as well as Guyana and
Belize. The secretariat was based in Guyana. It was
Aims of the West Indian Federation governed by Heads of Government Conference and
3 Strengthen the movement for self-government/ Carifta Council of Ministers.
independence 3 Its aim was to promote economic and social
3 Promote economic development development in the region by encouraging free
3 Safeguard the democratic system against trade among members.
dictatorship and communism
Benefits of CARIFTA
Achievements of the West Indian Federation 3 Function cooperation in non-economic matters such
as health, education, legal affairs, ship and air
3 Facilitation of the movement from colonialism to
services etc.
independence
3 Region open up to free trade
3 The coming together of smaller states increased
their effectiveness in dealing with international 3 A larger market and enhanced economic growth
bodies 3 Carifta games
3 Establishment of technical school in the Leeward 3 Carifesta
Islands 3 CDB
3 Brought about some degree of freedom of movement
3 Brought about some level of economic integration JOL CARIBBEAN STUDIES continues on next page
As a result of the benefits accrued, cooperation under Achievements

CARIFTA was deepened, regional trade increased and 3 Services offered by various institutions
evolved into CARICOM (Caribbean Community/ Common 3 Better negotiations with trading partners
Market) 3 Stronger persuasive voice in global matters
3 Better appreciation of cultures
CARICOM 3 Establishment of CSM
3 Economic strength as resources are pooled
3 Larger market for individual states
This came into being with the signing of the Treaty of 3 Stronger Caribbean identity
Chaguaramas on July 4, 1973 by Jamaica, Trinidad, 3 Benefits from the talents of individual member
Barbados and Guyana. It began operation on 1st August. states
Presently membership includes CARIFTA members as well 3 CARICOM Passport
as Haiti and Suriname.
Failures
3 Competition among member states in air transport
MEMBERS OF CARICOM 3 Ideals of common currency still not achieved
3 Freedom of movement and capital is still a major
3 Antigua and Barbuda, issue
3 The Bahamas,Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Grenada,

Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Montserrat, Saint Lucia, St. ORGANIZATION OF EASTERN CARIBBEAN STATES (OECS)
Kitts and Nevis, St. Vincent and the Grenadines,
Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago Organization of Eastern Caribbean States came into being on
June 18, 1981 after the signing of the Treaty of Basseterre.
CARICOM ASSOCIATE MEMBERS OECS Objectives
3 Anguilla , Bermuda , British Virgin Islands, Cayman These objectives were outlined in the Treaty of Basseterre.
Islands ,Turks and Caicos Islands 3 To promote co-operation among the Member states
at the regional and international level
3 To promote unity and solidarity among the Member
Main Objectives States and to defend their sovereignty, territorial
integrity and independence
3 Improvement in economic development through 3 To assist the Member State in the realization of their
trade liberalization (removal of trade barriers) obligations and responsibilities to the international
community with due regard to the role of
3 Functional cooperation in areas such as health, international law as a standard of conduct in their
education, culture, broadcasting, transport, relationships
meteorological services, technical assistance, 3 To seek to achieve the fullest possible level of
disaster management where resources are pooled harmonization of foreign policy among the Member
for Human & social development. States
3 To promote economic integration among the
3 Common policies in dealing with non-member Member States
states and transnational companies (coordination of
foreign policies). JOL CARIBBEAN STUDIES continues on next page
How UWI Enhances Development and Integration

ASSOCIATION OF CARIBBEAN STATES (ACS)
3 Offering a curriculum which is relevant to the needs
of the region
This came into being in 1995 by a Colombian treaty called 3 Producing skilled personnel in business, government
the Treaty of Cartegena. This group consists of English, and industry
Spanish, French and Dutch territories. Its administrative 3 Placing emphasis on Caribbean issues
office is located in Trinidad.
3 Producing people who are committed to the region
developing science and technology
Aims of the ACS
3 Producing research which contributes to
3 To strengthen cooperation and integration through
development of private sectors
increased economic activity through trade
3 Preserve environment thus ensuring sustainable 3 Producing research which helps in solving society
development problems
3 Develop external economic relations 3 Raising level of innovation and entrepreneurship in
the region
Achievements 3 Breaking down barriers and dispelling ignorance
3 Established Sustainable Tourism Zone of the and prejudice towards other nationals
Caribbean 3 Forging lasting friendships and family relationship
3 Regional cooperation in natural disasters through student integration
3 Uniting by air and sea to facilitate trade and tourism
3 Cooperation in science and technology CARIBBEAN EXAMINATION COUNCIL (CXC)
3 Promoting the teaching of the official language of
the ACS
3 This council was established in 1972. Its main
purpose was to serve as a regional examination
UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST INDIES body for secondary education.
3 This replaced the British GCE exams.
This university was established in 1948 as the University 3 CXC offers certificates in technical, vocational and
College of the West Indies. The first campus erected at academic level at the CSEC level from 1976 as well
Mona in Jamaica and was later expanded with the opening as the advanced proficiency from 1998 and started
of the St Augustine (1960) and Cave Hill (1963) campuses. to offer an associate degree in 2006.
Other centres have been established in non campus 3 They produce teaching materials and also trained
territories. The university offers full time, part time and teachers to deliver the syllabi to the students.
distance educational courses to ensure that tertiary
3 Through CXC, many jobs are created. These job offers
education is accessible to the regional populace.
include administrators, curriculum officers,
measurement expert, content specialists, markers,
Challenges faced by UWI
supervisors and examiners.
3 Foreign universities which offer degrees by distance
3 CXC also serves as a means of keeping foreign
teaching
exchange in the region rather than going to England.
3 Off shore universities
3 It fosters awareness and understanding among the
3 Individual governments which see the need for a
regional populace and contributes to the
local university
professional development of teachers.
3 Allowing children of poor to acquire tertiary
education while governments force them to pay a
portion of the costs JOL CARIBBEAN STUDIES continues on next page
Benefits
WEST INDIES CRICKET BOARD (WICB)
Under CSME benefits will include:
3 goods being traded in free market conditions
This was established in 1925 (makes it one of the oldest
3 people of approved categories are moving freely
examples of regional cooperation) to establish and sustain
West Indies cricket as the sporting symbol of the West 3 capital is moving, increase inflow of new capital
Indies as well as to develop and promote WI cricket for the 3 entrepreneurship and technology
benefit and enjoyment of the West Indies people, clients 3 larger market opportunities
and other stakeholders. The board controls, regulates and 3 greater opportunities for travel (CARICOM PASSPORT)
arranges cricket in the region through competitions (under 3 study and work in CARICOM countries
15, under 19, seniors[20/20, ODI & TEST], setting up of an
3 increased employment opportunities and improved
academy (St. Georges University in Grenada). It consists of
standard of living
a president, two members each from Trinidad, Jamaica,
3 secure platform for entry into FTAA
Barbados and Guyana and one from the other territories.
3 greater economies of scale Pan Caribbean Brands,
JOL CARIBBEAN STUDIES continues on next page 3 strengthened competitiveness

3 lower consumer prices
Functions 3 creation of regional companies, increased

3 Its functions includes: opportunities to invest through direct stock
3 Selecting a cricket team to represent the region in ownership or mutual fund investments
international competitions (test, ODI’s ,20/20 &
women’s cricket) Challenges
3 They arrange regional tournament 3 Geographical distances have been a challenge
3 They train and arrange suitable umpires. 3 Changing of legislations to allow for employment
3 Create opportunities for life after cricket in within the region by Caribbean nationals
conjunction with UWI. 3 Regional accreditation bodies to assess
3 Create job opportunities qualifications/certifications
3 Cultural differences especially among Hindus and
CARICOM SINGLE MARKET ECONOMY (CSME) Muslims
3 Issue of work permit as only some categories of
The-CSME (2005) is a single enlarged economic space workers don’t require permits while others do
created through the removal of restrictions and resulting 3 Double taxation
in the free movement of goods, services, persons (artistes, 3 Social security benefits
media workers, university graduates, sportspersons, and
3 Harmonization of standards
musicians), capital and technology. It confers the right on
3 Failure to establish a common currency
CARICOM nationals to establish business in any CARICOM
member state and to be treated in the same manner as a
national of that state. JOL CARIBBEAN STUDIES continues on next page
REGIONAL SECURITY SYSTEM ACTIVITY
This body came into being in 1982 through a Memorandum Find the achievements and challenges for the missing
of Understanding between Barbados, Antigua & Barbuda, integration movements.
Dominica, St. Vincent & Grenadines which was to provide
References
assistance in times of national emergencies and national
security threats. 1. CAPE Caribbean Studies for self-study and distance
learning (distributed by Nelson-Thornes Ltd)
Objectives 2. Caribbean Studies: for CAPE Examinations – 2nd Ed
by Jennifer Mohamed (distributed by Macmillan
3 Ensure stability and wellbeing of its members Education)
3. CAPE Caribbean Studies: An Interdisciplinary
through mutual cooperation
approach by Jennifer Mohamed –1st Ed ( distributed
by Macmillan Education)
3 Maintain principles of democracy, individual liberty 4. CAPE Caribbean Studies by Ottley, Gentles and
and rule of law Dawson (distributed by Pearson Education Ltd)
5. CAPE Revision Guide Caribbean Studies by
3 Promote cooperation among its members in the Thompson, Lawson-Downer, St John and
prevention and interdiction of illegal drug Thomas-Hunte(Distributed by HarperCollins
trafficking, national emergencies, search and rescue, Publishers Ltd)
marine policing etc.
Debgeri Whitely is on the staff of St. Hugh’s High School
3 Secondary point (RSS help to crush Grenada ! Email: dwhitely@sthughshigh.org
revolution)
LECTURE SERIES
NOW
AVAILABLE BUY
YOUR
COPIES
T ODAY !

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ENGLISH LANGUAGE MATHEMATICS SOCIAL STUDIES INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

ENGLISH LITERATURE COMMUNICATION STUDIES CARIBBEAN STUDIES CAREER TALK

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PAPER 1 ITEMS: COMPREHENSION

JOL ENGLISH LANGUAGE continues on next page

WHAT ARE COMPREHENSION SKILLS? • Advertisement

• They are cognitive processes which can be broken

2. According to the passage, what do indigestion,

Discussion Use the practice sessions to strategize. Which section of

Time yourself for each section of the paper that you

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Definition: A MATRIX is a rectangular array of letters and

For example: if matrix A =

JOL MATHEMATICS continues on next page

For example: using matrix A above, calculate the matrix 2A =

For example: if matrix K = and we are told that K = matrix A (above),

then we can draw the following conclusions:

It is a simple procedure but takes a little practice.

First, the order of the two matrices must be compatible.

Notice the columns of A must be equal to the rows of B For instance: (5 × 2) × (2 × 3) = (5 × 3)

find the matrix product BG.

JOL MATHEMATICS continues on next page

Notice we have a (2 × 2) multiply a (2 × 3); they are compatible and result in a (2 × 3)

JOL MATHEMATICS continues on next page

JOL MATHEMATICS continues on next page

SOLVING SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS

Matrices can be used to solve linear simultaneous equations.

JOL MATHEMATICS continues on next page

MATRICES IN GEOMETRICAL TRANSFORMATION

JOL MATHEMATICS continues on next page

Note transformational matrix in front:

The coordinates are:

" D (3, 3) (left column);

" E (6, 3) (mid column);

" F (6, 12) (right column)

Here is a sketch to show what the transformation looks like.

JOL MATHEMATICS continues on next page

Determine the matrix which maps A (2, 4) " A′ (– 4, 2)

JOL MATHEMATICS continues on next page

A sketch illustrates what the transformation looks like.

The matrix P = maps the point Q (4, 6) onto T (4, − 6)

i) Determine the values of a and b.

JOL MATHEMATICS continues on next page

Therefore (– 10, 8) maps into (– 10 – 8)

PEACE and LOVE!

Kamau Karenga is on the staff of Portmore Community College ! Email: kkarenga@pcc.edu.jm

www.jamaicaobserver.com JOL LECTURE SERIES Jamaica Observer Limited

CONCEPTS AND TERMS ASSOCIATED WITH CONSUMER AFFAIRS

Black market Demand Free Goods Producer Goods Budgeting Devaluation

2. An estimate of individual’s expenses and income over a specified period of time.

3. The money which an individual receives from investments, work or rent.

JOL SOCIAL STUDIES continues on next page

The official or deliberate reduction in a country’s official exchange rate relative to

JOL SOCIAL STUDIES continues on next page

This type of card is connected to an individual’s, savings, chequing or money market

JOL SOCIAL STUDIES continues on next page

RIGHTS OF A CONSUMER RESPONSIBILITIES OF A CONSUMER

3 Right to redress: Consumers have the right to refuse

WAYS IN WHICH CONSUMERS CAN PROTECT HIMSELF/HERSELF

Consumers can protect themselves by:

• reading warranties and hire purchase agreements before purchasing an item