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Flip Flops
• Continuously check its inputs and changes its output accordingly
only at times determined by clocking signal
• It works on bases of clock pulses
• Flip flops are slower than latches due to clock signal
• Power requirement of flip flops is more
• Different flip flops are
- SR flip flop
- JK flip flop
- D flip flop
- T flip flop
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Clock
• It is usually derived from an oscillator or other circuitry that
alternates its output between 1 and 0
• It is used to synchronize the flow of data in a digital system
1
0
Rising (positive)
Edge
Falling (negative)
Edge
Positive Level
3
Negative Level
In flip flops ususally whatever is input is usually stored as output
R'
0 0 1 No change
1 0 1 Q=1
0 1 1 Q=0
1 1 1 Invalid
• Waveform
4
SR Flip Flop
• Question: For a given S and R inputs to SR flip-flop, sketch the output
signal Q.
• Solution:
S R CLK Output
- Truth table
0 0 1 No change
1 0 1 Q=1
0 1 1 Q=0
1 1 1 Invalid
- Output signal
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JK Flip Flop
Q'
0 0 1 No change
1 0 1 1
0 1 1 0
1 1 1 Toggle
• Waveform
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D
Data
Flip Flop
• Gate level representation
• Truth table
D CLK Output
0 1 0
1 1 1
• Waveform
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T Flip
Toggle
Flop
• Gate level representation
• Truth table
CLK T Output
1 0 Q
1 1 Qˊ
• Waveform
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Registers
• Group of binary storage cells suitable for holding binary
information
• It consists of a group of flip flops and gates that effect their
transmission
• Simplest possible register
- consists of only flip flops
- no external gates
• Example: 4 bit register
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Registers
• A sequential circuit may consist of a register (memory) and a
combinational circuit.
• The external inputs and present states of the register determine
the next states of the register and the external outputs, through
the combinational circuit.
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Using Registers to implement Sequential Circuits
• Solution
A = ∑ m(4,6) = A . xˊ
A = ∑ m(1,2,5,6) = A .xˊ + Aˊ .x
= A ⊕x
y = ∑ m(3,7) = A .x
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Counters
00 01
11 10
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The complete state diagram and table
Volatility It is volatile in nature as it is automatically It is non-volatile and is never erased when computer
erased when computer shuts down shutdowns or restarts
Accessability It can directly be accessed by processor It cannot directly be accessed by processor, since it
is transferred into RAM where it is executed by
processor
Storage Stores upto 16 GB or more per chip Stores upto 4 MB or more per chip
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How it looks like