Mohd Fauzi Mohamad MFKA2008

i
PHYSICAL FLOOD MODELLING EVALUATION

OF RIVER MEANDERING CHANNEL IN
TIDAL EFFECTED REACH
MOHD FAUZI BIN MOHAMAD
A project report submitted in partial fulfillment of

the requirements for the award of the degree of
Master of Engineering (Civil –Hydrology And Water Resources)
Faculty of Civil Engineering

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
November 2008
iii
This study is especially dedicated to my beloved Wife, my kids and my Mother

and Father, for their everlasting love, care and support, May Allah bless us all.
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the name of ALLAH S.W.T, the Most Gracious and the Most Merciful, all
the praises and thanks to ALLAH S.W.T the Lord of the Universe, for His Kindness,
this project report is finally completed successfully.
For the accomplishment of this project, I would like to extent the special and
greatest gratitude to my project supervisor Assoc. Prof. Dr. Norhan Abd Rahman of
Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia and co supervisor Hj
Abdul Jalil Hassan of Wallingford Software Sdn Bhd, for their enthusiastic effort and
concern. With their invaluable advice, guidance and encouragement, I was able to
complete this project.
I also gratefully acknowledge the support and understanding given by Director

General of NAHRIM in allowing the usage of the facilities and space in NAHRIM
Physical Laboratory and my collogues in NAHRIM for their cooperation and hard
working to ensure the success of the experiments and the data collections. Special
thanks to Mr. Mohd Kamarul Huda, Mr. Arshad Othman, Mr. Irwan Mohd Nor, Mr.
Ghazali Abdul Rahman, Mr. Sezali Baharudin, Mr. Fardzir Johari, Mr. Arif Mohd
Nor, Mr. Hairy Ijun, Mr. Hasmizamzurin, Mohd Syafawi bin Mat Ail, Pn. Suriani
Othman and Hafizun Othman and to all the lecturers and everyone that not mentioned
here who were ever willing to give their hand when ever I needed them.
Deepest thanks to my wife, kids and my parents especially for their

encouragement and support in my life. Without them I would not have been able to
complete this project.
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ABSTRACT
Flood is one of the disasters in this country where around 29,000 km² or 9% of
the country was exposed to it. Understanding the flood phenomena along the river
and flood plain wolud be able to help in the assessment of the impact of human
activity in the river basin. Modelling of river and flood plain will form as a basis for
this understanding. The objectives of this study are to develop a physical model of
river meandering channel in tidal effected reach and to assess the flood plain and
water level for various flow under existing conditions and flood mitigation measures
using cut off system. Scope of this study includes the developement of physical
model and the assessment of flood plain and water level. It includes gathering the
available data and construction of physical model for parts of Selangor River at
NAHRIM laboratory. The model was tested for different flows with various
conditions. In the first part, the test was carried out at low water, mean sea and high
water for existing alignment. In the second part of the study, cut off was intruduce at
one stretch of the channel section and similar test cases were carried out. Readings
for velocity and water levels were taken at eight stations along the river channel and
another eight locations in the flood plain area. The results of the experiments shows
that the water levels increases as the flow increases and causes the flood. The
recorded velocity was inconsistent and fluctuates but reduces in value as the flow
increases. The introduction of cut off to the channel reduces the water levels and
proved to be effective to solve flood problem on meandering rivers to certain
discharge. The experiment also shows flood does not occurs near the rivermouth
under all conditions.
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ABSTRAK
Banjir merupakan salah satu masalah di negara ini di mana 29,000 km² atau
9% dari keluasan negara terdedah kepadanya. Memahami fenomena banjir di
sepanjang sungai dan dataran banjir membolehkan penilaian kepada kesan aktiviti
manusia di lembangan sungai. Pemodelan sungai dan dataran banjir merupakan asas
kepada pemahaman ini. Objektif kajian adalah untuk membina model fizikal sungai
berliku di kawasan yang di pengaruhi air pasang surut dan menilai dataran banjir dan
aras air dengan kuantiti luahan yang berbeza dalam keadaan asal dan likuan sungai
sebagai langkah tebatan banjir. Skop kajian merangkumi pengumpulan data,
pembinaan model fizikal bagi sebahagian Sungai Selangor di Makmal NAHRIM.
Model ini diuji dalam keadaan yang berbeza dengan nilai luahan yang berlainan.
Bahagian pertama, ujian dijalankan pada aras air rendah, aras air minima dan aras air
tinggi untuk keadaan asal. Pada bahagian kedua, ujian dijalankan dalam situasi yang
sama seperti bahagian pertama tetapi satu potongan dibuat kepada liku sungai. Lapan
bacaan untuk halaju dan aras air diambil dalam alur sungai dan dataran banjir.
Keputusan ujian menunjukkan aras air bertambah seiring dengan kuantiti luahan
seterusnya menyebabkan banjir. Bagi nilai halaju ianya tidak konsisten dan berubah-
rubah namun halaju berkurangan apabila nilai luahan bertambah. Potongan kepada
liku sungai telah mengurangkan aras air dan mungkin menjadi kaedah penyelesaian
kepada masalah banjir yang berkesan pada nilai luahan yang tertentu. Hasil kajian
juga menunjukkan banjir tidak berlaku di kawasan berhampiran muara dalam semua
keadaan kajian.
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION PAGE
TITLE i
DECLARATION ii
DEDICATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv
ABSTRACT v
ABSTRAK vi
LIST OF CONTENTS vii
LIST OF FIGURES xi
LIST OF TABLES xiv
LIST OF APPENDICES xv
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Importance of Study 3
1.3 Objectives of the Study 4
1.4 Scope of the Study 4
1.5 Problem Statement 5
viii
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Flood 7
2.2 Tides 8
2.3 Tidal Datum and Tidal Range 10
2.4 Influence of Tides to Flood Occurrence 11
2.5 River Catchment 14
2.6 Catchment Factor 14
2.6.1 Topography 15
2.6.2 Shape 15
2.6.3 Size 15
2.6.4 Soil Type 15
2.6.5 Land Use 16
2.7 River Sinuousity 16
2.8 Physical Laboratory Studies 17
2.8.1 General 17
2.8.2 Prototype Information Required 18
2.8.3 Design the Construction of
Model 19
2.8.4 Operational of Model 22
3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction 24
3.2 Planning and Literature Review 26
3.3 Methodology of Study 26
3.4 Data Collection and Analysis of Site Data 26
3.5 Data Input 27
3.6 Physical Model Construction 27
3.7 Instrumentations 30
3.7.1 Streamflow Velocity Meter 32
3.7.2 Isco 2150 Area Velocity Module 32
3.7.3 Streamflow Velocity Meter 32
ix
3.7.4 Isco 2150 Area Velocity Module 34

3.7.4.1 Continuous Wave Doppler
flow 34
3.8 Instrument Calibrations 35
3.9 Discharge Measurements 35
3.10 Site Location 36
3.11 Simulations 38
3.12 Model Calibrations 40
3.13 Problem Faced 42
3.14 Model Limitation 42
4 RESULTS ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Introduction 44
4.2 Experimental Results 44
4.3 Model Calibrations Results 45
4.4 Types of Test Cases 45
4.5 Analysis of Test Results 46
4.5.1 Plot of longitudinal section versus
water level for different flows 46
4.5.2 Plot of observed flood plain without
and with cut off 47
4.5.3 Plot of water level, velocity versus
flow in flood plain without and
with cut off 48
4.5.4 Plot of water level versus flow
under tidal effect without and
with cut off 49
4.6 Discussion 68
5 CONCLUSIONS
5.1 Conclusions 70
5.2 Recommendations 71
x
REFERENCES 72
APPENDICES 74
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO TITLE PAGE
2.1 Definition sketches of common type of tides 9

2.2 Tidal Datum and various tidal levels 10
2.3 Limit of tide as a function of upstream flow 12
2.4 Typical curve of tides in two locations of upstream 12
2.5 View of sinous river 17
2.6 Calculation of sinuosity 17
3.1 Methodology chart for the study 25
3.2a Schematic diagram of physical model showing the
locations of recording stations 29
3.2b Cross section of channel at station 6 29
3.2c Cross section of channel at station 8 29
3.3 Overall view of physical model from upstream 30
3.4a Miniature velocity meter 31
3.4b Water level gauge 31
3.4c Tidal gate controller 31
3.4d Streamflo velocity meter propeller 31
3.4e 430 Digital probes indicator 31
3.4f Isco 2150 area velocity module 31
3.5 Rating curve for V-Notch equation 36
3.6a Malaysia map that highlights the location study area 37
3.6b Selangor river catchment map that highlights the
locations of study area 37
4.1 Schematic diagram of channel cross section showing
the left bank, right bank, water level and bed level 49
4.2a Plot of water level along the longitudinal sections at
low, mean, high water, Q = 1 l/s 50
4.2b Plot of water level along the longitudinal sections at
xii
4.2c Plot of water level along the longitudinal sections at

4.2d Plot of water level along the longitudinal sections at
4.2e Plot of water level along the longitudinal sections at
4.2f Plot of water level along the longitudinal sections at
4.2g Plot of water level along the longitudinal sections at
4.2h Plot of water level along the longitudinal sections at
4.3a(i)&(ii) Flood plain - Comparison on observed flooded area
without and with cut off at mean sea level, Q = 2 l/s 54
4.3b(i)&(ii) Flood plain - Comparison on observed flooded area
4.3c(i)&(ii) Flood plain - Comparison on observed flooded area
4.3d(i)&(ii) Flood plain - Comparison on observed flooded area
4.4(i)&(ii) Plot of water level vs flow for the stations A, B, C, D,
E, F, G, H & H1 in flood plain at mean sea level 58
4.5(i)&(ii) Plot of velocity vs flow for the stations A, B, C, D, E,
F, G, H & H1 in flood plain at mean sea level 59
4.6a(i)&(ii) Plot of tidal cycle vs water level in the channel
without and with cut off, Q = 1 l/s 60
4.6b(i)&(ii) Plot of tidal cycle vs water level in the channel
4.6c(i)&(ii) Plot of tidal cycle vs water level in the channel
4.6d(i)&(ii) Plot of tidal cycle vs water level in the channel
4.6e(i)&(ii) Plot of tidal cycle vs water level in the channel
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4.6f(i)&(ii) Plot of tidal cycle vs water level in the channel

4.6g(i)&(ii) Plot of tidal cycle vs water level in the channel
4.6h(i)&(ii) Plot of tidal cycle vs water level in the channe
xiv
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO TITLE PAGE
3.1 Data used for simulation experiments 27

3.2 Model condition for compliance with Froude Law 28
3.3 Measurements and their respective instruments 31
3.4 Cases of Simulations 39
3.5 Experimental records of Calibrated Flow 40
3.6 Annual peak flow at Rantau Panjang Station (m3/s) 41
3.7 Peak flow for different return period (Ranhill
Bersekutu Sdn Bhd & Sepakat Setia Perunding
Sdn Bhd, 2002) 41
4.1 Type of Analysis 46
xv
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX NO TITLE PAGE
A Streamflow Velocity Meter Accessories 74

B Isco 2150 Area Velocity Module 76
C1 Record of water level along the longitudinal
sections at low, mean, high water, Q = 1 & 2 l/s 80
D1 Plot of Water Level against Flow - Low Tide,
Mean Sea and High Tide (Station 1 & 2) 84
E1 Photographic view of flood plain with cut off
channel at Q = 1 l/s & 2 l/s 88
F1 Plot of Velocity and Water Level against Flow in
flood plain, at station A & B 92
flood plain, at station C & D 93
xvi

flood plain, at station E & F 94
flood plain, at station G & H 95
G1 Plot of Velocity (middle of channel) against Flow
(Stations 1, 2, 3, 4) - Low Tide, Mean Sea
and High Tide 96
G2 Plot of Velocity (middle of channel) against Flow
(Stations 5, 6, 7, 8) - Low Tide, Mean Sea
and High Tide 97
H1 Plot of Velocity (across the channel at Low Tide)
against Flow at Station 1 & 2 98
I1 Plot of Velocity (across the channel at Mean
Water) against Flow at Station 1 & 2 102
J1 Plot of Velocity (across the channel at High Water)
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
River is a gift from God to mankind. All land is part of river basin and all is
shaped by the water it flows over it and through it. Rivers derive their water from
precipitation, in the form of rain either directly from surface runoff, or indirectly
from springs and marshes. The roles of rivers are very wide to the earth and its
mankind. It has played an important role in the economic, social, cultural and
religious life of people.
The main function of river is as a source of water supply to the lives on the
planet earth. It is also serve as a source of food, transportation and irrigation. The
great milestones of human history took place by the banks of rivers. The first
civilizations emerged in the third millennium B.C. along the Euphrates, Tigris, Nile
and Indus, and a little later along the Yellow. In Malaysia, it can be clearly observed
that the main townships and early settlements are located either at the river banks or
estuaries. The Kampong Laut Mosque which is more than 400 year old was founded
at the banks of Kelantan River is another evidence of early settlement by the rivers.
2
Water flows through the river is a bless as long as it maintain within the
banks. Problems only arise when water overflow the banks and encroach into the
river basins.
In United States only 5% of the total land area are flood plain and coastlines
but was inhibitat by 25% of its populations (Krimm, 1996). In Malaysia, the
estimated area exposed to the flood disaster is estimated around 29,000 km2 or 9%
of the entire country which affecting 2.7 million people or approximately 15% of the
total population of Malaysia (Hiew, 1996).
Flood is one of the main disasters in this country. Major floods recorded are
in 1926, 1931, 1947, 1957, 1967, 1971, 1973, 1979, 1983, 1995, 1998, 2003 dan
2005 (Abdullah, 2006) and most recently in December 2006 and January 2007
which occurred in Johor. The January 1971 flood that hit Kuala Lumpur and many
other states had resulted in a loss of more than RM 200 million then and the death of
61 persons. In fact, during the recent Johor 2006-2007 flood due to a couple of
“abnormally” heavy rainfall events which caused massive floods, the estimated total
cost of these flood disasters is RM 1.5 billion, considered as the most costly flood
events in Malaysian history. In United State, Federal Emergency Management
Agency (FEMA) spend 1 bilion USD for the flood mapping (Krimm, 1996).
Flood can be categorized as:

• Flash flood (very high intensity rain at very short period)
• Monsoon flood (prolong rain during monsoon season)
• Coastal flood (Due to High Tide effect)
In facing the flood problem in tidal effected reach, construction of tidal

control gates are commonly being used. In London, Thames Barrier which was built
in 1982 is one of the approaches in controlling flood due to spring tide. Whilst in
Malaysia, the construction of barrage in some of the rivers such as Sg. Muda, Sg.
Kerian and Sg. Besut is to control the effect of high tide.
3
However, it is crucial to have a clear understanding of the overall effect of

this type of structure as a solution to flood problems in order to provide the best
solution to the problems along the rivers.
Basically flood can occur at any reach of a river due to different factors. In
the upstream area it usually caused by the discharge which exceed bankfull flow and
that discharge cannot be sustained by river cross section and river bed. Whereas
flood occur in estuary area is caused by the tidal influences. However, at the middle
stretch of the open channel the occurence of flood is more complex to explain
because of the combination of both factors.
Presently there are still lack of research on open channel hydraulics under the
tidal influence, one of the main reasons is the limited data available such as water
level and flow along the river bed. The difficulty to produce rating curve in the tidal
influence area also influence the calibration process. Therefore, only one value is
normally used in hydraulic analysis, such as highest spring tide which will result in
very high water level and is inaccurate.
1.2 Importance of Study
Modelling of river and flood plain are required as a basis for the
understanding of flood phenomena along the river and flood plain. Understanding
of this phenomena wolud be able to help in the assessment of the impact of human
activity in the river basin. Outcome of this study may also be benifited in the
process of reducing the damages to the properties and lost of life as well as safe
guarding the environment due to flood.
The understanding of flood behaviour especially in tidal influence areas still

requires a thorough study. Results from this research will also be able to benefit in
4
the effort to overcome flood problem in tidal influence areas and thus shall produce
a more accurate design.
This research is expected to be able to help the relevent implementation

agencies responsible to river and river basin management to apply more efficient
approach for the purpose of analysing and producing the best design practise in
overcoming flood problems.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The objectives of the study can be describe as follows:

• To develop a physical model of river meandering channel in tidal effected reach.
• To assess the flood plain and water level for various flow under existing
conditions and flood mitigation measures for cut off system in tidal effected
reach.
1.4 Scopes of the Study
The scopes of the study includes develop a physical model using the data
gathered for sections of Selangor River at National Hydraulic Research Institute of
Malaysia Physical Laboratory. Development of physical model including choosing
the model scale for construction, evaluating and setting up the instruments and
construcution of physical model.
5
Run the physical model experiment covering flow from low to high under
fixed water level at low tide, mean sea level and high tide and flows in tidal effected
reach. Two phase of experiment were carried out, firstly the test was carried out at
fixed low water, mean sea and high water and with tidal effect simulated by the
computer controlled tidal gate. In the second part of the study, cut off was intruduce
at one stretch of the channel section and test cases similar to first part was carried
out. Readings for velocity and water levels were taken at 8 stations along the river
channel and another 8 locations in the flood plain area.
1.5 Problem Statement
Water flows through the river is a bless as long as it maintain within the
banks. Problems only arise when flows overflow the banks and encroach into the
river basins. Flood is one of the main disasters in this country it basically occurs at
any reach of a river due to different factors. In the upstream area it usually caused
by the discharge which exceed bankfull flow and that discharge cannot be sustained
by river cross section and river bed. Whereas flood occur in estuary area is caused
by the tidal influences. However, at the middle stretch of the open channel the
occurence of flood is more complex to explain because of the combination of both
factors. Flow scenarios changes when water overflow the bank into the flood plain.
Flows in the flood plain will change drastically to various types such as from
subcritical to supercritical or vice versa or calm condition. The water also flow in
various directions to find the lowest level. The flow in flood plain will contribute or
give a great impact to the overall flood behaviour in aspect of maximum flow or
volume and thus directly influence the water level. Chow et. al. (1988) listed a few
difficulties in the analysis of flood plain. They are the major changes in obstacles,
river cross sections and flood plain. Cross (short cut) flow within the river
meandering, bank overflow of flood water to the sides causes the reduction of waves
and changes in flow time between flood plain and main channel. The present lack of
research on open channel hydraulics under at tidal effected reach mainly due to the
6
limited data available such as water level and flow along the river bed and the
difficulty to produce rating curve in this area which influence the calibration
process.
7
CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Flood
Flood is the most significant natural hazard in Malaysia in terms of

population affected, frequency, area extent, flood duration and social economic
damage. Having 189 river basins throughout Malaysia, including Sabah and
Sarawak, the rivers and their corridors of flood plains fulfill a variety of functions
both for human use and for the natural ecosystem, i.e. they are fundamental parts of
the natural, economic, and social system wherever they occur. At the same time,
rivers might be the largest threat to entire corridor areas.
The principle cause of flooding in most circumstances is prolonged or

intense rainfall. A proportion of the rainfall on a natural catchment will soak into the
ground raising the water table whilst the remainder finds its way into the streams
and river, can be defined as runoff. Normally, the percentage runoff in a storm will
be range of 20% to 45% of the incident rainfall but under exceptional circumstances
this can rise to 70% or more. (Paul, 2006). Thus the river flow occurring
immediately after a heavy rain will vary according to the recent rainfall pattern and
there may not be a direct correspondence between the frequency of the rainfall and
the frequency of the flooding.
8
Flood takes time to flow along the river with water building up rapidly in the
headwaters of the catchment but slowly in the downstream area. The speed of the
flow depend upon the river gradient, the shallower the gradient, the lower speed of
the water. For the downstream reaches of a major catchment, the arrival of the flood
peak may be takes several days after the rainfall which caused the flood.
2.2 Tides
Tides are the alternating rise and fall of the sea levels. Water levels in seas
and the rivers connected to them rise and fall approximately twice a day. Tides are
caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and the sun on the earth and its water.
The moon has a stronger effect than the sun because the moon is closer to earth. The
earth makes one complete rotation on its axis per day. Therefore, a site on earth will
face the moon once a day. For any place on earth, high tide occurs when the site is
nearest (faces) the moon. Water levels rise as the moon’s gravity pulls on the earth’s
water.
The second time this site experiences high tide is when the site is farthest
from the moon (about twelve hours later). At this moment, the moon’s gravity is
weakest. The water withstands being pulled away by the moon. And also, the
centrifugal force of spinning earth contributes to this high level of water. When the
earth turns, the site no longer faces the moon nor faces directly away from the moon,
sea and river levels lower as the moon pulls water away.
A rising tide called a flood tide. As ocean levels rise, seawater along the
coast is pushed up into rivers that are connected to the ocean. The flood tide
introduces seawater into freshwater environment of the river. Flood tides may travel
as fast as 25 km per hour. They may temporarily reverse downstream current, so that
the river flows upstream during the flood tide.
9
During certain days of the month, high tides are especially high, and low
tides are especially low. These are called spring tides. They occur about twice a
month. The moon makes one revolution around the earth each month (once every
29.5 days). Spring tides occur when the moon is lined up with the earth and sun.
These happen two ways, when the moon is in between the earth and the sun and
when the moon and sun are on opposite sides of the earth. The gravity of the sun and
moon line up and cause these especially high tides (Dominic et.al, 2004). Figure 2.1
illustrates the common types of tides.
Figure 2.1 Definition sketches of common type of tides

10
2.3 Tidal datum and tidal ranges
The oceans in the world consist of a network of interconnected basins. They

cover approximately 70% of the global surface and have an average depth of about 4
km. The maximum horizontal dimensions may be as much as 10,000 km. The ocean
boundaries are generally known as coastal areas and can be subdivided into beaches,
shores, continental slopes and deep seafloor.
The elevations of water in the coastal areas are expressed with reference to a
variety tidal datum in various parts of the world. Some of these datums and their
reference level are depicted in Figure 2.2.
Highest Astronomical Tide Level

H.A.T
Mean High Water Spring
M.H.W.S
Mean High Water Neap

M.H.W.N
Mean Sea Level

Note : M.S.L
M.S.L might equally be
lower than M.T.L M.T.L
Mean Tide Level
M.L.W.N
Mean Low Water Neap
M.L.W.S
C.D
L.A.T
Figure 2.2 Tidal datums and various tidal levels

11
1. Mean Sea Level (M.S.L) the average height of the surface of the sea in all
states of oscillation. This is taken as equivalent to the level which would
have existed
2. Mean Low Water Level (M.L.W.L) the average of all the low water level
3. Mean High Water (M.H.W) the average of all the high water levels
4. Mean Lower Low Water (M.L.L.W) the average of only the alternate lower
of low water levels
5. Mean Tide Level : the level halfway between M.L.W.L and M.H.W.L
6. Range : The difference in level between consecutive high and low water
7. CD : Chart Datum
8. L.A.T : Lowest Astronomical Tide
9. M.L.W.S.: Mean Low Water Spring
M.S.L, M.L.W.L and M.L.L.W are usually determined from tidal records
covering a period of 19 years.
2.4 Influence of Tides to Flood Occurrence
The characteristic of open channel flow is influence by tides especially area

near to estuary. Understanding the conditon at the estuary, i.e, the tides is very
improtant in order to understand the overall behaviour of flow. Ghosh (1998) prove
that water level and tidal level is closely related to flowrate and the height of sea
level (Figure 2.3). Water level in open channel changes with time and distance from
estuary.
12
HIGH
LUAHAN FLOW
TINGGI
TIDAL LIMIT
HAD PASANG SURUT
LUAHAN RENDAH
HWL LOW FLOW
LWL
Figure 2.3: Limit of tide as a function of upstream flow
The water level at estuary (sea) influence by the location of moon and sun as
well as topography of the area. The tidal wave can be represented by mathematical
equation with combination of phase changes from sinusoidal curve and amplitude.
Estuary
Upstream (1)
Upstream (2)
Muara
Hulu(1)
Hulu(2)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
(Jam)
HOUR
Figure 2.4: Typical curve of tides in two location of upstream

13
Mean sea level depends on the total force which state as total cosine curve
for different amplitude and frequency. This value is influence by moon and sun
locations also known as constituent M2 dan S2. The value of subscript 2 shows the
type of tidal in half day.
Contributors to all constituent is express in the equations below:

h = fA.cos((E + u) - g)) (2.1)
where
h = water level related to mean sea level (m)
f = average amplitude effect modification factor of moon and sun orbit
changes
A = average amplitude
E = tidal force at anytime based on Meridian Greewich time
u = phase increasing due to changes of moon and sun orbit
g = pemalar fasa susulan t
The value of A and g in tidal constant is determine by the location. Tidal

level at any location can be determined by summation of the above formula.
Speed = o (degree/hour)
M2 – Main Constituent of Moon - 28.98
S2 – Main Constituent of Sun - 30.00
K1 and O1 taking into consideration of moon inclination = 15.04, 13.94
Simulation of mean sea level at main estuary can be obtain from Malaysian
Tide Table (Jilid 1) published by Division of Hydrography, Malaysian Royal Navy
and Jadual Air Pasang Surut (Tide Tables) Malaysia by Jabatan Ukur Dan Pemetaan
Malaysia in related year.
Study for Sungai Selangor being done by Hassan (2006) only base on
numerical model and comparison with the site condition at only one location under
high flow but not extreme flood conditon. All values adopted that was analyse in
the flood plain need further refinement.
14
2.5 River Catchment
The river catchment, or drainage basin, is all the land from the mountain to
the seashore, drained by a single river and its tributaries. Catchment areas vary
greatly in size - a big river may have a catchment area of several thousand square
kilometers, whereas a smaller tributary will have a catchment area of only a few
hectares.
2.6 Catchment Factors
The catchment is the most significant factor determining the amount or like
hood of flooding. Catchment factors are
1. Topography shape
2. Shape
3. Size
4. Soil type
5. Land use.
Catchment topography and shape can be determined as the time taken for
rain to reach the river. Catchment size, soil type and development determine the
amount of water to reach the river.
15
2.6.1 Topography
Topography determines the speed with which the runoff will reach a river
clearly a river, clearly rain that falls in the steep mountainous areas will reach the
river faster than flat or gently sloping areas.
2.6.2 Shape
Shape will contribute to the speed with the runoff reaches a river. A long thin
catchment will take longer to drain than a circular catchment.
2.6.3 Size
Size will help determine the amount of water reaching the river, as the lager
the catchment the greater the potential for flooding.
2.6.4 Soil type
Soil type will help to determine how much water reaches the river. Certain
soil types such as sandy soils are very free draining and rainfall on sandy soil is
likely to be absorbed by the ground. However, soils containing clay can be almost
16
impermeable and therefore rainfall on clay soils will run off and contribute to flood
volumes. After prolonged rainfall even free draining soil can become saturated
meaning that any further rainfall will reach the river rather than being absorbed by
the ground.
2.6.5 Land use
Land use will contribute to the volume of water reaching the river, in a
similar way to clay soils. Rainfall on roofs, pavement and roads will be collected by
rivers with almost no absorption into groundwater.
2.7 River Sinuosity
The sinuosity of a stream is defined by stream length divided by the valley

length. Figure 2.5 shows the view of sinuous river. A river is considered
meandering if the degree sinuosity exceeded 1.5. Figure 2.6 shows the calculations
of sinuosity, where LR is the actual length of river and LS is the straight length and
sinuosity S = LR/LS. The sinuosity will indicate the stability of the river where
erosion and deposition will be dominant within this area.
17
Ls
LR
Sinuosity S = LR/LS
Figure 2.5 : View of sinuous river Figure 2.6 : Calculation of sinuosity
The effect of sinuosity to the river are the distance travel along the river is
longer and hence will produce gentle slope and more sediment will be deposited and
if the flood water over top the bank , flow in the flood plain will be shorten.
Straightening (cut) the river, which is common practice in the country may create
instability to the river regime.
2.8 Physical Laboratory Studies
2.8.1 General
If the application of established design procedures and available information

fails to provide a solution to a hydraulic problem, then a laboratory study should be
made. A laboratory study is defined as any investigation of a hydraulic problem
carried out by the laboratory staff. An investigation may consist of analytical
studies, laboratory experimentation, field testing, or a combination of these.
The hydraulic problems should be thoroughly examined and discussed by

design and laboratory engineers. The laboratory engineer thus acquires a familiarity
18
with design considerations as well as the limits of laboratory study of the problem.
A mutual selection can then be made of the appropriate study technique that will
assure development of a practical solution to the problem.
Defining the problems involved in a study is not always possible before

construction of a model. If this is the case, selection of a model scale and
construction of the model must then proceed on the basis of experience with similar
studies. Discussion of the study may indicate uncertainty with respect to general
arrangement of the sources of trouble.
Before constructing a model, account must be taken of limitations composed

by funds, time, and availability of personnel in relation to the size of type of model.
The desired accuracy of the final result will also materially affect the type and extent
of the investigation. For example, a small spillway model may be adequate to
indicate upstream or downstream river flow conditions. Limitations of space or
pumping facilities are additional factors controlling model size. In designing the
model, careful consideration of the type of data and method of analysis eases the
interpretation of results as the investigation progresses.
2.8.2 Prototype Information Required
Information for use in planning a model should include drawings depicting

an overall plan and cross sections of the proposed or existing prototype structure.
Sufficient detail should be given to determine the shapes and characteristics of all
surfaces over which the flow will pass. Topography of the site and surrounding
area, results of foundation test boring, and details of other related structures
(particularly the hydraulic features) may be necessary for successful model plans.
Knowledge of the types and condition of materials composing the riverbed and
banks may be useful in establishing the rugosity of the model channel. In analyzing
river or estuary problems, historical data, such as discharge, water stage, tide
19
salinity, sediment-carrying capacity, cross sections of channels, natural hydraulic

gradient controls, and depths, are essential. Problems relating to a model study of
the structure should be discussed with the responsible persons familiar with the
project. Full knowledge of local and general design conditions affecting hydraulic
performance will often save considerable work and time. The importance of
becoming thoroughly familiar with design requirements early in the study cannot be
overemphasized.
2.8.3 Design the construction of Model
(a) Scale.- Success in achieving the desired results from a laboratory study in
the least time and with the least expense depends largely on the design of the model.
The first and most important step in the design is the careful selection of a model
scale. In general, large rather that small model should be built, as permitted by
available space and water supply. A large model (Lr = 1:5) is more useful that a
small one, and improves the accuracy of measurements, but at some point the cost
and difficulty of operation will offset the advantage of large size.
The following scale ratios have been used successfully in Bureau of

Reclamation model studies and may be useful as a guide. Spillways for large dams
have been constructed on scale ratios ranging from 1:30 to 1:100. The range of
horizontal scale ratios for river models is usually between 1:100 and 1:1000, and the
vertical scale ratio for distorted river models, between 1:20 and 1:100 (US
Department of the Interior, 1980).
(b) Materials.- A model need not be made of the same materials as the
prototype. If surfaces over which the water flows are reproduced in shape, and the
roughness of the surfaces is approximately to scale (Normally should be smoother in
the model than in the prototype), the model will usually be satisfactory. Materials
20
for models are selected according to the availability, cost, and precision of
construction necessary in the particular part of the structure.
Models of canal structures are constructed of painted wood, wood covered

with sheet metal, ply board impregnated with a waterproof coating, or cement
mortar.
(c) Instruments.- Instruments are essential in model testing. Their proper

installation and use are strongly emphasized because comparison of measurements
provides the basis for studying the effects of changes made in hydraulic designs.
Provisions should be made for instrumentation while the model is still in the design
stage since instrument connections and piezometers are relatively easy to install
early in the construction, but very difficult after the model is completed.
Piezometers are relatively inexpensive and should be provided in generous numbers
to adequately define the critical pressure areas.
(d) Model Drawings.- Accurate and easily understood model drawings

prevent time-consuming errors in construction. Drawings should contain sufficient
information to allow the building of a model conforming to the design specifications
for the structure. Details are usually shown of the structure, of special features that
are new in concept, should be detailed completely. Having model makers who are
experienced in hydraulic model construction reduces the need for detailed drawings,
and many of the construction methods may be left to the shop manager.
Working drawings that includes all information necessary for installation of

instruments, such as piezometers, flow meters, velocity measuring devices, etc.,
make extensive changes unnecessary after model completion.
(e) Construction.- Models must be constructed with a high degree of

accuracy with skilled craftsmen to perform their work to close tolerances.
Tolerances are particularly closed in critical areas such as spillway crest and models
valves. Greatest accuracy should be maintained where there will be rapid changes in
direction of flow and where high velocities will prevail. The stage of the testing
program will affect the type and accuracy of construction. In early tests, when many
21
schemes are tried for feasibility, the construction need not be as carefully performed
as later when the data acquired are to be used for constructing and operating the
prototype structure.
A head box and a tail box are usually built for each model. The head box
serves as the reservoir upstream from the structure and ensures calm approach
conditions. The box must be watertight for accurate discharge measurements
through the model, and it usually contains a head gage for measuring the elevation
of the water surface in the reservoir.
The tail box at the downstream end of the model contains a gate or other
device used to vary the tailwater level. The gate may automatically adjust the
tailwater depth but is normally adjusted manually. Gravel or special absorbers are
placed in the tail box aids to provide the stability of water inside it. The size of the
model box is designed to contain the important flow features of the structure.
In building a flow channel, contours are scaled from area maps and drawn on
wrapping paper to model size. Profiles are shaped with scaled cross-sectional
templates, and a coating of cement-sand mortar is used to finish the flow surface of
the channel. This type of contouring is adaptable to shallow, wide channels where
slopes are less than the angle of repose of the material.
Models of river systems may be constructed of cement-sand mortar when a

fixed bed is desired or entirely of sand or granulated plastic materials when sediment
movement is part of the study. For calming the flow of water as it enters the model
reservoir, rock baffles or special absorber upstream from the control structure are
provided.
22
2.8.4 Operation of Model
The operating program should be carefully planned to properly evaluate the

worth of the design under study. In general, the evaluation includes proving, by
qualitative and quantitative tests, that the design meets the operation requirements.
For an undistorted model, the operating program can be divided into two phases -
adjustment and testing.
The adjustment phase includes preliminary trials to reveal model defects and
inadequacies. This important phase should not be hurried; time should be taken to
make certain that the model performs as intended and that the instrumentation is
satisfactory. The need for partial redesign, revision, or shifting of measuring
instruments is often indicated by these trial tests. During the adjustment phase, the
investigator becomes acquainted with the peculiarities of the model and becomes
adept in its operations.
Testing should include a systematic examination of each features of a

proposed design for operation improvement, possible reduction in cost of
construction, and reduction in maintenance costs. The investigator must exercise
patience, imagination, and ingenuity, and be capable of interpreting the model
results correctly. Data should be analyzed concurrently with the testing to prevent
accumulation of unnecessary information. As the study progresses, functional
relationships among the different variables should be examined to aid in detection of
measurement errors.
In addition to the regular testing, the investigator should obtain information

to aid in generalizing the results of studies made on other structures of the same
type. Results of studies on many models are usually required in assembling general
design information. It is a waste of time and money to construct models and not
obtain general as well as specific information.
23
Some of these data are obtained in routine testing, but care should be taken to
obtain the remaining general information when possible. Such information can be
valuable for verifications studies by actual field measurements.
Because the end product of any model study is the report which transmits the
findings and recommendations, the investigator must maintain a complete and
accurate set of notes on measurements and observations, and keep a diary, since
dates may be of special significance in the future. Negative as well as positive
results should be recorded. A complete photographic record of all important tests is
indispensable and often eliminates the necessity of repeating test. Video tape
records of portions of the study for comparison of progressive stages serve to recall
the effect of model changes. The tapes may be reviewed while observing model
operation of proposed changes. The importance of presenting a clear, concise, well-
organize, and well-illustrated report of the investigation cannot be overemphasized.
24
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
This chapter will explain the methods of running the project or study
according to the best technique. It will clarify the concept of study, tools that were
used, needed data information and techniques of study carried out. Briefly, the study
methodology chart is reflected in Figure 3.1.
Several approaches have been taken in planning and implementing the

identified works to ensure the study could be conducted smoothly. Generally, there
are three stages and approaches that were used. Firstly, it involves the planning and
literature review phase. The second approach involve with data and information
collection regarding the study. The third approach is the implementation of study
techniques.
25
Introduction
Objectives and scope
Literature Review
- Study concept
- Past studies review
Data Collection for Physical

Model Construction
Physical Model Construction (scale 1:100)
Model Calibration
Model Experiment (9 cases)

- Case 1 (Flow only) - Case 4a (Straight cut & case 2a)
- Case 2a (Low tide) - Case 4b (Straight cut & case 2b)
- Case 2b (Mean sea) - Case 4c (Straight cut & case 2c)
- Case 2c (High tide) - Case 5 (Straight cut & case 3)
- Case 3 (Under tidal effect)
Data Collection (Water level, Flow, Velocity)

- 8 stations for case 2a, 2b, 2c, 4a, 4b, 4c
- 3 stations of case 3 & case 5
Results and Analysis

- Q vs Water level (Case 2a, 2b, 2c, Case 4a, 4b, 4c)
- Graph of velocity vs Q (Case 2a, 2b, 2c & Case 4a, 4b, 4c)
- Graph of water level vs Q (Case 2a, 2b, 2c & Case 4a, 4b, 4c)
- Flood prone (Case 2b & Case 4b)
- Graph of tidal cycle vs water level (Case 3 & Case 5)
Conclusion
Figure 3.1: Methodology chart for the study

26
3.2 Planning and Literature Review
In the early stage of the study, works such as sites observation, information’s
collection on location and conditions of study area have been conducted. Apart
from that, the planning of the suitable scale of the physical model is done so that the
constructed model would be able to fit with the available space in the laboratory.
Besides the availability of space in the physical laboratory, the type of equipments
that is available is also very important to ensure that the experiment can be
successfully carried out. All information that is obtained at this phase will assist in
implementing the study.
3.3 Methodology of study
The method of research identified are as follows:

• To develop a physical model which have the tides control instruments at the
estuary.
• To assess the water level at flood plain which includes open channel and flood
plain including tidal area.
• Carry out simulations under flooding and high tides conditions.
3.4 Data collection and analysis of site data
Site data as per Table 3.1 are used in the development of the physical model.
27
Table 3.1: Data used for simulation works

Types of data Brief Discription
Cross section, river alingment and hydraulic
River channel
structure
Cross section, infrastructure information and
Flood plain
topography
Flow from the upstream which is not effected by
Hydrology
tides
Water level at the Information on changes of water level at
rivermouth rivermouth
3.5 Data Input
Cross sections data and informations of strucutre along the river are available
in Department of Drainage and Irrigation, Malaysia. The cross sections data is the
main input to the physical model experiment.
3.6 Physical model construction
Physical model which was developed covering the tidal influences area. The
non distorted scale of 1:100 was used in the physical model after considering the
practicality of the size in term of space available, construction cost and time required
for the construction. Model of the channel was constructed of cement-sand mortar
with different which produce lower Manning, n value comparing to the actual river
conditions. The different Manning, n values can be referred to Chow (1959), French
28
(1986) atau Sturm (2001). Gravity is the predominant factor influencing fluid
motion in free surface flow. Therefore in compliance with the Froude Law, F =
[V/√ (gL)], (US Department of the Interior, 1980) the corresponding model
conditions are as summarized in Table 3.2.
Table 3.2 : Model Conditions For Compliance With Froude Law

Quantity Dimensions Scale Ratio
Length L 1:x = 1:100
Time T 1:x½ = 1:10
Velocity LT-1 1:x½ = 1:10
Discharge L3T-1 1:x2.5 = 1:100000
Pressure ML-1T-2 1:x = 1:100
Force MLT-2 1:x3 = 1: 106
Energy ML2T-2 1:x4 = 1: 108
Power ML-1T-3 1:x3.5 = 1: 107
The overall size of physical model is 10m x 40m and a scale of 1:100. The
scale and overall size of the model was chosen based on the available space in
NAHRIM physical laboratory and the availability of the equipments. This covers 10
km stretch of Selangor River. Figure 3.2a, shows schematic diagram showing the
recording stations, Figure 3.2b shows cross section of channel at station 6 and 3.2c
shows cross section channel at station 8 of the physical model. Figure 3.3 shows the
overall view of the constructed physical model view from upstream.
29
Figure 3.2a: Schematic diagram of physical model showing the location of recording stations
Figure 3.2b: Cross Section of Channel at Station 6 Figure 3.2c: Cross Section of Channel at Station 8
30
Figure 3.3 : Overall view of physical model view from upstream
3.7 Instrumentations
Types of instrumentations used for the measurements are provided in Table

3.3.
31
Table 3.3 : Measurements and Their Respective Instruments

Quantity Instrument
Discharge V-notch placed at the outlet of the model system
Water Level 1) Movable point gauges
2) Adhesive ruler scales
3) Automatic water level
Velocity Small and miniature current meter
Tidal Tidal gate controller
Figure 3.4a, 3.4b, 3.4c, 3.4d, 3.4e and 3.4f shows the type of instrument used
in the physical model experiment.
Figure 3.4a: Miniature Figure 3.4b: Water Level Figure 3.4c: Tidal
Velocity Meter Gauge Gate Controller
Figure 3.4d: Streamflo Figure 3.4e: 430 Digital Figure 3.4f: Isco
Velocity Meter Propeller Probes Indicator 2150 Area Velocity
Module
32
3.7.1 Water Level Gauge
Figure 3.4b shows the water level gauge which is used to measure the water
level in the channel and flood plain during the experiment. Measuring unit used was
in mm.
3.7.2 Tidal Gate Controller
Tidal gate controller as shown in Figure 3.4c operated using the computer
aided controller will control the water level at the downstream storage tank to the
condition and level required.
3.7.3 Streamflow Velocity Meter
The Streamflow series of instruments are used to measure, indicate and

record very low velocities of water and other conductive fluids. Figure 3.4a shows
the Velocity Meter being used during the experiment and Figure 3.4d shows the
close up view of Streamflo Velocity Meter Propeller. Designed primarily for
laboratory and specialised industrial use, the miniature head of the flow sensing
probe can be inserted into small ducts and channels where it has the ability to
measure velocities as low as 5.0 cm/sec. It is thus suitable for measuring accurately
the velocities in hydraulic models of river estuaries, dams, harbours, etc., in addition
to field measurements of clean water flows, (Nixon Flowmeters, 2008).
33
Using indicator model 430, Figure 3.4e, a completely portable system

requiring no mains supply is available. This is ideal for carrying around from one
measuring point to the next.
The use of two probes allows the range of detectable flow rates to be
extended up to 300 cm/sec. All components have been chosen carefully to give
long reliable life with the minimum changes in calibration within the operating
temperature range stated under specification.
The sensing probe was originally designed by the British Department of

Scientific and Industrial Research. Further development by Nixon Flowmeters has
resulted in a compact system offering digital indication with optional recording
facilities.
The sensing probe is a measuring head joined by a slim tube to the plug and
socket which connects to the measuring instrument.
The measuring head comprises a five bladed PVC rotor mounted on a hard
stainless steel spindle, itself terminating in fine burnished conical pivots which run
in jewels mounted in a shrouded frame. Minimum frictional resistance is thus
ensured. An insulated gold wire contained within the tube terminates 0.1 mm from
the rotor blade tips. When the rotor is revolved by the movement of a conductive
liquid, the passage of the rotor blades past the gold wire tip slightly varies the
measurable impedance between the tip and the tube. This variation is used to
modulate a 15 kHz carrier signal, generated within the indicating instrument which
in turn is applied to the electronic detector circuits. All components have been
chosen carefully to give long reliable life with the minimum changes in calibration
within the operating temperature range stated under specification.
Automatic compensation is made for changes in liquid conductivity.

Following amplification and filtering out of the carrier frequency, a square wave
signal is obtained. In the digital indicator the pulses are counted over a known time
period to obtain a digital reading.
Appendix A describes the Streamflow Velocity Meter Accessories.

34
3.7.4 Isco 2150 Area Velocity Module
Figure 3.4f: Isco 2150 Area Velocity Module which consist of 2150 Flow
Module and 2150 Area Velocity Sensor (ISCO Flow Modules, 2006).
3.7.4.1 Continuous Wave Doppler flow
The 2150 Flow Module uses continuous wave Doppler technology to

measure mean velocity. The sensor transmits a continuous ultrasonic wave, and then
measures the frequency shift of returned echoes reflected by air bubbles or particles
in the flow.
The 2150’s “smart” area velocity probe is built on digital electronics, so the
analog level is digitized in the sensor itself to overcome electromagnetic
interference. The probe is also factory-calibrated for 10-foot (3 meter) span at
different temperatures. This built-in calibration eliminates drift in the level signal,
providing long-term level stability that reduces recalibration frequency and
completely eliminates span recalibration.
In field use, the 2150 is typically powered either by two alkaline, or Isco
Rechargeable Lead-acid batteries, within a 2191 Battery Module. Highly efficient
power management extends battery life up to 15 months at 15-minute data storage
intervals. Other power options (including solar) are available.
Appendix B describes the details of Isco 2150 Area Velocity Modules.

35
3.8 Instruments Calibration
All instruments used should undergo an inspection of its function

effectiveness. The flowmeter device must be tested in the lab for flow measurement
accuracy compare with the actual flow rate. The calibration should be conducted
every time before measuring any kind of flow. The calibration results will indicate
whether the flowmeter device can be used or not for the flow measurement. If the
percentage difference of the actual flow rate and the device flow rate reading in the
lab shows more than 10% difference; the device has to be repaired by sending the
flowmeter to the supplier or replacing the flowmeter sensor with a new one.
3.9 Discharge Measurement
A 900 V-notch sharp overflow weir with a calibrated discharge coefficient,

Cd, of 0.6 was placed perpendicular to the flow at the outlet of the model system.
The head-discharge relationship is derived from Equation 3.1 (flow through V-
notch).
⎛θ ⎞
5
8
Q= C d 2 g tan ⎜ ⎟h 2 (3.1)
15 ⎝2⎠
where, h is the flow depth over the weir and θ is the notch angle.
36
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
H(mm)
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12
Q (cumecs)
Figure 3.5 : Rating Curve for V-Notch Equation
In addition to the above, flow patterns will be obtained using photographs

and other flow visualization techniques such as a digital camera.
3.10 Site Location
Figure 3.6a indicates the study area in the state of Selangor and Figure 3.6b
shows the stretch of the Selangor River used in the physical model experiments.
About 10 km stretch was selected and constructed in NAHRIM physical laboratory
and located at about 15 km away from rivermouth. Observation done by NAHRIM
shows that tidal influence extended up to 40 km upstream to Kg. Asahan near
Batang Berjuntai where water level station was installed. This means that the
selected stretch is in the tidal effected reach.
37
Figure 3.6a: Malaysia map that highlights the study area locations of parts of
Selangor River
Tadahan Sg. Selangor

Sungai
Tadahan.shp
Batang B erjuntai
Bukit B atu P ahat d
Bukit B atu P ahat u
Bukit B ujang
Kg Lubok
Kg. Asahan
Sg. G er achi Kg. Timah
Kuala Selangor K anan
Sg. Se lan gor (hu lu) Kuala Selangor K iri
Sg. Ke rling Ladang Holm wood
Sg. Ku bu Ladang Kem psey
Sg. G ah au Ladang Kg. Baharu
Sg. Bu loh Ladang Tenam aram
Sg. Ra ba Sg. Ro h Ladang Tg. Pas ir
Rantau P anjang
Sg. Ke mp as Rizab Am pang P ec hah
Sg. Re nin g Rizab Raja Musa
Sg. G ap ih
Rizab Raja M usa Sg. Baharu
Sg. Ka yu Ara Sg. Batang Kali
Sg. M eng ku ang Sg. Buloh
Sg. Ba haru Sg. Darah
Kg. T im ah Sg. Engkak
Kg Lu bok Lada ng Ten ama ramSg. Ke lub i
Lada ng Kg. Baha ru Sg. Gahau
Sg. Ba tan g Ka li Sg. Gapih
Kuala Se lan gor Kana n Lada ng Tg. Pasir Sg. Da rah
Sg. Gerac hi
Ra nta u Pa nja ng Sg. Kayu Ara
Batan g Be rju ntai Sg. Kelubi
Sg. Kem pas
Sg. Kerling
Lada ng Holm w ood
Kg. Asah an Sg. Ra wa ng Sg. Kubu
Kuala Se lan gor Kiri Lada ng Kem psey Sg. Mengkuang
Sg. Raba
Sg. Rawang
Sg. Rening
Sg. Roh
Sg. Selangor (hulu)
Sg. Serusa
Tg. Kajang
W E
20 0 20 40 Kilom eters
S
Figure 3.6b: Selangor River catchment map that highlights the study area locations
38
3.11 Simulations
Simulation process was carried out and the result of each experiments was
recorded. The experiments was done under different scenarios, at different flow
rates and tides conditions where the readings was recorded at eight (8) stations in the
physical model as shown in the plan in Figure 3.1a for the static condition. For tidal
conditons the reading were recorded at three (3) stations. The flow values of 1 l/s –
8 l/s was used in the experiment to represent the prototype and a total of nine cases
of simulations were carried out as describe in Table 3.4.
Existing analysis indicates that 1971 flood (≈ 100 yr ARI), maximum flow
values was about 450 cumec, but that was bassed on 1971 land use i.e rural (Hassan,
A.J. 2006). The catchment is currently has developed especially Rawang Catchment
and the flood is expected to increase, hence 8 l/s was taken as the maximum flow
values for the experiment.
39
Table 3.4 : Cases of Simulations

No Test Tide Flow (l/s) Notes Readings Recorded
Case Conditons at 8 Stations
1 Case 1 Flow only 1,2, 3 Model
(without Calibration
tidal effect
downstream)
2 Case 2a Low tide 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 3 Velocity, 1 Water
Level
3 Case 2b Mean Sea 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 3 Velocity, 1 Water
Level, Flood plain
4 Case 2c High tide 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 3 Velocity, 1 Water
Level
5 Case 3 Under Tidal 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 1 Velocity, 1 Water
Effect Level
(reading at 3
stations)
6 Case 4a Straight cut 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 Cut straight 3 Velocity, 1 Water
& case 2a at one Level
section
7 Case 4b Straight cut 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 3 Velocity, 1 Water
& case 2b Level, Flood plain
8 Case 4c Straight cut 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 3 Velocity, 1 Water
& case 2c Level
9 Case 5 Straight cut 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 1 Velocity. 1 Water
& case 3 Level
(reading at 3
stations)
The experiment were carried out for various scenarios with a total of nine test cases
were carried out as describe above. The data of water level and velocity for each
experiment were recorded at eight (8) identified stations with eight different values
of flows with the exception for case 1. At each location three (3) readings were
taken for velocity i.e at the middle and two sides of the channel and one (1) reading
for water level i.e at the middle of the channel. Flow and velocity were taken for
three (3) different water levels (fixed) at the downstream i.e low water, mean sea
and high water. For the tidal effect simulations one reading for water level and
velocity was taken. These levels are based on the tide data taken at the refered
locations.
40
3.12 Model Calibration
The model calibration was carried out by measuring the flow at the
downstream after the measured upstream flow was release (Case 1). This was done
by recording the time taken to fill up the fixed volume container. 27 liter container
was used for this purposed.
The average value of flow for 3 different flows shows the variance of less
than 10% and is acceptable. The records of flows are as shown in Table 3.5 below.
Table 3.5 : Experimental Records of Calibrated Flow

Upstream flow : 1 l/s Upstream flow : 2 l/s Upstream flow : 3 l/s
Time, Vol, Flow Time, Vol, Flow Time, Vol, Flow
s l l/s s l l/s s l l/s
26.6 27 1.02 13.2 27 2.05 9.0 27 3.0
26.1 27 1.03 13.4 27 2.01 8.8 27 3.07
25.8 27 1.05 13.3 27 2.05 8.6 27 3.14
26.0 27 1.04 13.3 27 2.03 8.5 27 3.18
26.3 27 1.04 13.3 27 2.03 8.9 27 3.03
The calibration process was also carried out by making comparisons of the
model conditions with the historical data. The experiment shows that the water is
content within the river bank at 2 l/s flowrate and started to overflow the bank to the
flood plain at 3 l/s flowrate. This scenario confirm with the recorded historical data
whereby the flood started to occur when the recorded flow is about 250 cumec
(equivalent to 2.5 l/s in physical model). Table 3.6 taken from JPS (from reports of
study by Ranhill Bersekutu Sdn Bhd & Sepakat Setia Perunding Sdn Bhd, 2002)
shows the historical data on annual peak flow at Rantau Panjang station. Table 3.7
shows the return period computed by frequency analysis using Gumbel Extreme
Value Type I (Ranhill Bersekutu Sdn Bhd & Sepakat Setia Perunding Sdn Bhd,
2002).
41
Table 3.6 : Annual peak flow at Rantau Panjang Station (m3/s)

Peak
Peak Peak Peak
Year Year Flow Year
Flow Flow Flow
(JKR)
1922 290 1957 300 1982 191
1923 233 1958 239 1983 338
1924 319 1959 239 1984 181
1925 367 1960 271 1985 195
1926 377 1961 172 1986 176
1927 399 1962 225 1987 202
1928 223 1963 267 1988 218
1929 174 1964 161 1989 252
1930 138 1965 236 187 1990 163
1931 248 1966 216 178 1991 224
1932 279 1967 271 214 1992 181
1933 238 1968 225 178 1993 259
1934 215 1969 236 179 1994 156
1935 249 1970 234 172 1995 210
1936 232 1971 408 595 1996 210
1937 209 1972 230 238 1997 148
1938 131 1973 282 271
1939 173 1974 136 140
1940 214 1975 192 189
1950 245 1976 178 183
1951 260 1977 200 177
1952 223 1978 143 203
1953 239 1979 187 204
1954 278 1980 175 206
1955 208 1981 160
Table 3.7 : Peak flow for different return period (Ranhill Bersekutu Sdn Bhd &
Sepakat Setia Perunding Sdn Bhd, 2002)
Return Period (Year) Peak Flow (m3/s)

5 293
20 384
50 441
100 484
42
3.13 Problem Faced
Normally for every study, there is a number of problems associated with the
study will be face. Followings are some of the problems faced during this study:
a) The choice of physical model scales, instruments to be used is very crucial in

order to ascertain the experiments can be carried out successfully.
b) Constructions of physical model required more time and fundings as
compare to numerical model.
c) Accuracy of the physical model constructions very much depending on the
skills and expertise of the model constructor.
d) The instrument used for the data measurements is not working at times.
e) Data collection during experimentation too requires a lot of manpower.
f) Modifying the physical model too requires additional fundings and times.
3.14 Model Limitation
There are several limitations on the constructed model as listed below.
a) Constructed flood plain in the physical model are flat whereas in actual case
the topography is undulating, with an existance of infrastructure, tress and
forest. Buildings such as houses, offices, schools and other public buildings
too are not included. All of these factors will produces very high mannings
value as compare with the lower manning value use for the model.
b) Fixed water level were used in the experiment due to limitation of the
available equipments in the laboratory.
c) Allingment of the the model has been slightly adjusted and is defferent from
the actual due to the limited space available in the laboratory.
43
d) The physical model is unable to simulate actual tidal conditions accurately in

the experiment thus producing questionable experimental results for the
cases under tidal effect.
44
CHAPTER IV
RESULTS ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Introduction
This section will be discussing and explains the results and analysis of the
study base on the cases of the experiments being carried out.
The results and analysis for this study are focusing on the effect to the river
channel flow and its surrounding flood plain as the results of the changes in flow
rate. Water level and velocity at the selected stations are observed and recorded.
4.2 Experimental Results
The experiment were carried out for various scenarios as describe in para 3.11 of
Chapter 3. The data of water level and velocity for each experiment were recorded
at eight (8) identified stations with eight different values of flows with the exception
for case 1. At each location three (3) readings were taken for velocity i.e. at the
45
middle and two sides of the channel and one (1) reading for water level i.e at the
middle of the channel. Flow and velocity were taken for three (3) different water
levels (fixed) at the downstream i.e low water, mean sea and high water. For the
tidal effect one reading for water level and velocity were taken. These levels are
based on the tide data taken at the refered locations. Outcome of the analysis obtain
from physical modeling were analyse.
4.3 Model Calibrations Results
The model calibration was carried out and as explained in Para 3.12 of
Chapter III.
4.4 Types of Test Cases
A total of 9 test case were carried out in the experiment and the discussion
and analysis of the cases are as stated in Table 4.1 below.
46
Table 4.1 : Type of Analysis

Analysis Test Case Analysis Type
No
1 Case 2a, 2b & 2c Q vs Water Level
2 Case 2a, 2b & 2c Graph of velocity vs Q (8 stations)
3 Case 2a, 2b & 2c Graph of water level vs Q (8 stations)
4 Case 2b Flood prone (Q from 1 – 8 l/s) 8 stations
5 Case 3 Graph of tidal cycle vs water level (Q from 1 – 8
l/s)
6 Case 4a, 4b & 4c Q vs Water Level
7 Case 4a, 4b & 4c Graph of velocity vs Q (8 stations)
8 Case 4a, 4b & 4c Graph of water level vs Q (8 stations)
9 Case 4b Flood prone (Q from 1 – 8 l/s) 8 stations
10 Case 5 Graph of tidal cycle vs water level (Q from 1 – 8
l/s)
4.5 Analysis of Test Results
The results of the above test cases were analysed and below are the
discussions on the selected cases.
4.5.1 Plot of longitudinal section versus water level for different flows
From the graph plotted in Figure 4.2a to 4.2h, it shows that the water level in
the channel increases as the flow increases. The water level were contain in the
47
river channel during low flow but start to increase higher than the banks as the flow
rate increases. The experiment shows that the water overflow the bank at 3 l/s.
Records also shows that the water level in the channel is higher when the tide
increases, that is the overall water level in the channel at mean sea level is higher
than water level at low tide and the water level at high tide is higher than at mean
sea level.
Appendices C1 – C4 shows the detail records of water level under existing

condition along the longitudinal sections at low, mean, high water for flow, Q from
1 l/s to 8 l/s, Apendices D1 – D4 shows the detail records and plot of water level
against flow under existing condition for low, mean, high water at stations 1 to 8.
4.5.2 Plot of observed flood plain without cut off (existing condition) and with
cut off
Figure 4.3a(i) to 4.3d(ii) shows the extend of flooded area under existing
condition and with cut off, for the existing condition the experiment shows the water
is content within the river bank when flow is 2l/s and overflow to the flood plain and
flooded when flow is 3l/s and worsen as the flow rate increases. As for the cut off
section the experiment shows the water start to overflow the bank when flow is 4l/s
and flooded when flow is 5l/s and worsen when the flow increases.
Once the cut off was introduced, the water level lowered down . These
lower water level help to reduce water surface profile along the river. However
when the flow was increased to 4 l/s, the cut off is not contributing to reduce the
water level which indicates the conveyence of the section had reach the limit.
48
At the riverouth it is observed that the water level is contain within the river
bank and does not overflow into the flood plain at all time and irrespective of with
or without cut off.
Appendices E1 - E4 shows the photographic view of flood plain with cut off
channel for flow, Q from 1 l/s to 8 l/s.
4.5.3 Plot of water level, velocity versus flow in flood plain and along the
channel without cut off (existing condition) and with cut off
The plot of water level versus flow shows that water level increases as the
flow increases, this means that as more water goes into the river system the water
level in the channel increases. The increasing trend will continue as long as the
water is contain within the river banks. Once the water level exceeded the river
banks it will flow into the flood plain and fill up the lower area. During this process
the water level in the river will remain constant as it has reached it limit until all the
area in the flood plain being filled up and the water level will start to increase over
the whole area i.e river channel and flood plain.
Comparing the overall water level of the channel between the existing
condition and the introduction of cut off, the records shows that the water level was
reduced and becoming lower under the cut off case. This implies that introductin of
cut off at certain stretches may be able to reduce flooding to the area. Figure 4.4(i)
and (ii) shows these plots at mean sea level.
The recorded values for velocity are inconsistence but shows the decreasing
trends as the flow increases. The trend are the same for both of the cases, under
existing condition and with cut off. Figure 4.5(i) and (ii) shows the plot of velocity
versus flow for the two cases. This trend is due to the water which overflow the
river bank flow into the flood plain to fill up the lower ground area and subsequently
49
inundates all the area. During this process the velocity changes from high to low as
the water inundates the catchment area. These trends are similar for both cases
under existing condition and with cut off.
Appendices F1 to F4 shows the recorded values of velocity and water level

against flow in the flood plain which illustrates the similar trend.
Appendices G1, G2, H1 to H4, I1 to I4 and J1 to J4 shows the recorded

values of velocity against flow in the river channel which also illustrates the similar
trends as discussed above.
4.5.4 Plot of water level versus flow under tidal effect without and with cut off
Figure 4.4 shows the plot of water level versus flow under tidal influence
without and with cut off. For the cases without cut off the recorded water level
flluctuates at station 6, closest to the tidal area but no fluctuation in water level for
other stations. As for the cut off cases the are no observed fluctuation in water level
recorded for all the stations. This scenario occurs due to the limitation of the
physical model where the actual tidal conditions cannot be simulated accurately in
the experiment.
Figure 4.1 : Schematic diagram of channel cross section showing

the left bank, right bank, water level and bed level
50
Figure 4.2a : Plot of water level along the longitudinal sections at low, mean, high water, Q = 1 l/s
Figure 4.2b : Plot of water level along the longitudinal sections at low, mean, high water, Q = 2 l/s
51
Figure 4.2c : Plot of water level along the longitudinal sections at low, mean, high water, Q = 3 l/s
Figure 4.2d : Plot of water level along the longitudinal sections at low, mean, high water, Q = 4 l/s
52
Figure 4.2e : Plot of water level along the longitudinal sections at low, mean, high water, Q = 5 l/s
Figure 4.2f : Plot of water level along the longitudinal sections at low, mean, high water, Q = 6 l/s
53
Figure 4.2g : Plot of water level along the longitudinal sections at low, mean, high water, Q = 7 l/s
Figure 4.2h : Plot of water level along the longitudinal sections at low, mean, high water, Q = 8 l/s
54
Figure 4.3a(i) :Flood plain - Observed flooded area without cut off at mean sea level, Q = 2 l/s
Figure 4.3a(ii) : Flood plain - Observed flooded area with cut off at mean sea level, Q = 2 l/s
55
Figure 4.3b(i) :Flood plain - Observed flooded area without cut off at mean sea level, Q = 3 l/s
Figure 4.3b(ii) : Flood plain - Observed flooded area with cut off at mean sea level, Q = 3 l/s
56
Figure 4.3c(i) : Flood plain - Observed flooded area without cut off at mean sea level, Q = 4 l/s
Figure 4.3c(ii) : Flood plain - Observed flooded area with cut off at mean sea level, Q = 4 l/s
57
Figure 4.3d(i) : Flood plain - Observed flooded area without cut off at mean sea level, Q = 5 l/s
Figure 4.3d(ii) : Flood plain - Observed flooded area with cut off at mean sea level, Q = 5 l/s
58
Figure 4.4(i) : Plot of water level vs flow for the stations A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H

in flood plain at mean sea level without cut off
Figure 4.4(ii) : Plot of water level vs flow for the stations A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H1

in flood plain at mean sea level with cut off
59
Figure 4.5(i) : Plot of water velocity vs flow for the stations A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H

in flood plain at mean sea level without cut off
Figure 4.5(ii) : Plot of water level vs flow for the stations A, B, C, D, E, F, G,H1
in flood plain at mean sea level with cut off
60
Figure 4.6a(i) : Plot of tidal cycle vs water level in the channel without cut off, Q = 1 l/s
Figure 4.6a(ii) : Plot of tidal cycle vs water level in the channel with cut off, Q = 1 l/s
61
Figure 4.6b(i) : Plot of tidal cycle vs water level in the channel without cut off, Q = 2 l/s
Figure 4.6b(ii) : Plot of tidal cycle vs water level in the channel with cut off, Q = 2 l/s
62
Figure 4.6c(i) : Plot of tidal cycle vs water level in the channel without cut off, Q = 3 l/s
Figure 4.6c(ii) : Plot of tidal cycle vs water level in the channel with cut off, Q = 3 l/s
63
Figure 4.6d(i) : Plot of tidal cycle vs water level in the channel without cut off, Q = 4 l/s
Figure 4.6d(ii) : Plot of tidal cycle vs water level in the channel with cut off, Q = 4 l/s
64
Figure 4.6e(i) : Plot of tidal cycle vs water level in the channel without cut off, Q = 5 l/s
Figure 4.6e(ii) : Plot of tidal cycle vs water level in the channel with cut off, Q = 5 l/s
65
Figure 4.6f(i) : Plot of tidal cycle vs water level in the channel without cut off, Q = 6 l/s
Figure 4.6f(ii) : Plot of tidal cycle vs water level in the channel with cut off, Q = 6 l/s
66
Figure 4.6g(i) : Plot of tidal cycle vs water level in the channel without cut off, Q = 7 l/s
Figure 4.6g(ii) : Plot of tidal cycle vs water level in the channel with cut off, Q = 7 l/s
67
Figure 4.6h(i) : Plot of tidal cycle vs water level in the channel without cut off, Q = 8 l/s
Figure 4.6h(ii) : Plot of tidal cycle vs water level in the channel with cut off, Q = 8 l/s
68
4.6 Discussion
There are several factors that influence flow of water into the river channel
and its surroundings. The factors that are normally associated with this problem are
the intensity of rainfall, physical properties of the river channel such as size, shape
and degree of sinuosity of channel cross sections, categories of land use in the
surrounding areas, locations of the river and tides conditions.
The problems with the river flow arises when it overflow the banks and
encroach into the river basins which causes flooding to the surrounding areas. The
flood could occur at any reach of a river due to different factors. In the upstream
area it usually caused by the discharge which exceeded bankfull flow and that
discharge cannot be sustained by river cross section and river bed. Whereas flood
occur in estuary area is caused by the tidal influences. However, at the middle
stretch of an open channel the occurence of flood is more complex to explain
because of the combination of both factors.
The experiment conducted using physical model is mainly to look at the

behaviour along the river with tidal influence. Within this area the river longitudinal
slope is very gentle which is lower than 1:10000. It creates some difficulty to
construct an accurate model with a scale of 1:100. The flood plain model is
represented by a flat surface even though in real situation, the flood plain is
undulating with many infrastructures crossing and parallel to the river. The approach
taken in this exercise however is to look at the conveyance of the river and the flood
plain behave as a simple storage area.
The experiment was conducted for various flows from upstream under two
main conditions i.e. under existing and flood mitigation measure using cut off
system. The tide level for downstream boundary was set to low, mean and high tide
for above condition.
69
Under existing condition, the model accurately shown flood water start to
overspill to the flood plain when flow reached 3 l/s which is equivalent to 300 m3/s
as reported by consultant and Drainage And Irrigation Department’s record.
Based on this result, it was confidently proceed to experimenting the flood

mitigation measure.
From flood mitigation experiment, it was observed that the propose cut off is
effective measure to mitigate flood problem at a mild slope river. However the
effectiveness need to be further investigate for high flow.
The flood plain in this experiment serve as a storage. It shown water

overspill from the bank as an indicator to the flood extent. Water level in this area
increase as the discharge from upstream increase. Flood behavior in the flood plain
however requires further investigation since it properties does not really represent
the true condition.
70
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS
5.1 Conclusions
The main objective of the study was to develop a physical model covering a
tide reach area. Due to limited space available, a undistorted model can only be
constructed at the scale of 1:100. This approach was taken to produce a simple to
construct model.
Tidal effect was represented as low, mean and high at the downstream end of
the model base on scaled water level from actual value at site. Flow from upstream
was based from value produce from study by consultant.
After performing a few experiment and study on the physical model at

National Hydraulic Research Institute of Malaysia (NAHRIM) and analyzing all the
data, several conclusions have been made from the study results.
The analysis shows that the water level in the channel increases as the flow
increases. The water level were contain in the river channel during low flow but
overflow the bank at 3 l/s. The records of water level in the channel is higher as the
tide increases from low water to mean sea and highest at the high water.
71
Experimental records shows the water level reduces when the cut off is
introduced. These lower water level help to reduce water surface profile along the
river. However when the flow was increased to 4 l/s, the cut off is not contributing
to reduce the water level which indicates the conveyence of the section had reach the
limit.
At the riverouth it is observed that the water level is contained within the
river bank and does not overflow into the flood plain at all time and irrespective of
with or without cut off. This shows that the flood does not normally occur within
the estuary areas.
From the experiment it also shows that the cut off had proved to be effective
to solve flood problem on meandering rivers to certain discharge. This technique
could be a cheap solution for higher sinousity without disturbing the river as the cut
off portion is done at the shortest distance.
The experiment shown that the objective of the study was successfully
achieved however further improvement can be done such as to develop a distorted
model.
5.2 Recommendations
It is recommended that further experiment shall be carried out to study the

different cases such as;
i. Introduce cut off at different river sections
ii. Introduce more than one cut off
iii. Creating bunds along certain stretches of river banks
iv. Introduce cut off for high flow while for normal and below 5 ARI, the
flow follow existing allignment (maintain river morphology).
72
REFERENCES
1 Abdullah, (2006). Managing Water Resources in Malaysia: The Use of Isotope

Technique and Its Potential. In: Seminar on Water Resources and Environment,
3-5 April 2006, Bukit Merah, Taiping. Department of Drainage and Irrigation,
Malaysia.
2 Chow, V.T, Maidment, D. R, Mays, L.W. (1988). Applied Hydrology.
Singapore: McGraw-Hill International Edition.
3 Chow, V.T. (1959). Open Channel Hydraulic. New York: Mc Graw-Hill
International Edition.
4 Dominic Reeve, Andrew Chadwick and Christopher Fleming, (2004). Coastal
Engineering Processes, Theory and Design Practice: Spon Press
5 French, R.H. (1986). Open Channel Hydraulic. New York: Mc Graw-Hill
International Edition.
6 Ghosh, S.N. (1998). Tidal Hydrailic Engineering. Netherland: A.A. Balkema
Publishers. Pp. 15.
7 Hassan, A.J. (2006). Pemodelan Sungai Dan Dataran Banjir Untuk Penjanaan
Peta Risiko Banjir : Kajian Kes Sg. Selangor. Master thesis, Universiti Sains
Malaysia.
8 Hiew, K.L. (1996). Flood mitigation and flood risk management in Malaysia.
Proceedings of an International Workshop on Flood plain Risk Management, 11-
13 November 1996, Hiroshima, Japan. pp.229-241.
9 ISCO Flow Modules, (2006). Technical Specifications.
10 Jabatan Ukur Dan Pemetaan Malaysia. (2007). Jadual Ramalan Air Pasang
Surut (Tide Tables) Malaysia.
11 Krimm, R. W. (1996). Reducing flood losses in the United States. Proceedings
of an International Workshop on Flood plain Risk management, 11-13 Nov
1996, Hiroshima, Japan. pp.3-11.
12 Nixon Flowmeters, (2008). Technical Specifications.
13 Paul G. Samuel, (2006). The European Perspective and Reseach on Flooding.
Taylor & Francis/Balkema, River Basin Modelling for Flood Mitigation. Pp 21-
58.
73
14 Ranhill Bersekutu Sdn Bhd & Sepakat Setia Perunding Sdn Bhd. (2002).
Master Plan Study on Flood Mitigation and River Management for Sg.Selangor
River Basin. Kuala Lumpur: Department of Drainage and Irrigation, Selangor.
15 Sturm, T.W. (2001). Open Channel Hydraulic. New York: Mc Graw Hill Higher
Education.
16 Tentera Laut DiRaja Malaysia. (2005). Jadual Pasang Surut – Tide Table
Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Tentera Diraja Malaysia.
17 US Department of the Interior, (1980). Hydraulic Laboratory Techniques: A
Water Resources Technical Publication.
74
APPENDIX A
Streamflow Velocity Meter Accessories
a. Probes
• 4O3 - Standard low speed velocity probe for the range 5.0 to 150 cm/sec.
• 4O4 - Standard high speed velocity probe for the range 60 to 300 cm/sec.
Fitted with streamlined fairing to provide additional mechanical
strength and freedom from turbulence at higher velocities. 150
cm/sec.
• 423 - 90 Degree angles probe to measure vertical velocities over the range
5.0 to 150 cm/sec
With all probes, increased immersion depths can be provided to special

order. The maximum length of probes is only restricted by shipping constraints.
Sealed probe/cable connectors have been supplied to enable immersion of the cable
and probe assembly.
b. Probe Parts & Materials
• Rotor - 11.6 mm diameter PVC machined from solid and balanced

• Spindle - Hardened stainless steel with conical ends
• Bearings - Synthetic sapphire vee jewels Cage Heavy Chromium plated brass
• Stem - Stainless steel
• Input Socket - BNC
• Weight - 0.20 kg
c. 430 Digital Indicator
The 430 digital indicator has been designed to replace all previous models of
indicator, and provides all required functions in one compact unit. The power
75
supply/charger is truly universal and incorporates a range of mains type fittings to

enable the unit to be used virtually anywhere in the world at 110 or 220 V a.c. 50 or
60 Hz. The indicator is supplied with a full set of Nickel metal hydride batteries
allowing over 7 days continuous operation on one change.
The indicator can read frequency over 1 second or 10 second, can be set to
count total pulses, or can be programmed to read velocity directly in cm/sec using
data from the individual probes calibration certificate. A 0 to 5 V DC output is
available for driving data loggers and chart recorders and this can be programmed to
any frequency range.
d. Indicator Specification
• Indication - 3 1/2 Digit LCD display

• Controls - On/off and 1 second/10 second buttons
• Input socket - BNC
• Output socket - Miniature DIN type with plug supplied
• Output - 0.5 V DC
• Supply - Nickel metal hydride battery or mains power
• Weight - 540 gms
e. Technical Data
• Velocity Range - 5 to 150 & 60 to 300 cm/sec using two sensing probes
• Accuracy - ±1.5% of true velocity
• Scaling - digital indicators scaled in Hz or cm/sec. Conversion to cm/sec by
means of individual calibration curves
• Operating temperature - 0 to 50°C
• Operating Medium - Water or other fluid having similar conductive
properties
76
APPENDIX B
Isco 2150 Area Velocity Module
a. Standard Features
• Portable and permanent-site AV flow monitoring for inflow and infiltration,
capacity assessment, sewer overflow, and other sewer studies.
• Measuring shallow flows in small pipes. Our low-profile area velocity sensor
minimizes flow stream obstruction and senses velocity in flows down to 1
inch (25 mm) in depth.
• Rugged, submersible enclosure meets NEMA 4X, 6P (IP68) environmental
specs.
• Chemically resistant epoxy-encapsulated sensor withstands abuse, resists oil
and grease fouling, and eliminates the need for frequent cleaning.
• Replaceable high-capacity internal desiccant cartridge and hydrophobic filter
protect sensor reference from water entry and internal moisture.
• Pressure transducer vent system automatically compensates for atmospheric
pressure changes to maintain accuracy.
• The quick-connect sensor can be easily removed and interchanged in the
field without requiring recalibration.
• Up to four 2100 Series flow modules can be networked by stacking and/or
extension cables.
• Secure data storage. All data are continuously stored in flash memory to
protect against loss in case of power failure
• Easy to upgrade. New operating software can be downloaded into non-
volatile flash memory, without affecting stored program and data.
• Records and stores input voltage and temperature data.
• Variable rate data storage lets you change the data storage interval when
programmed conditions occur. This feature assures maximum information
about an exceptional event – such as an overflow – while conserving power
and data capacity during normal conditions.
• 38,400 bps communications provides speedy setup and data retrieval.
77
b. Applications
• Stack modules you need to build a compact, integrated system.

• Monitor multiple flow streams at the same time.
• Obtain redundant measurements to guarantee integrity.
• Remotely locate modules and connect them via cable.
• Expand your monitoring system as your requirements evolve.
c. Specifications
Table A1 below shows the specifications of the Isco 2150 Area Velocity
Module instruments.
Table A1 : Specifications of the Isco 2150 Area Velocity Module.
2150 Flow Module

Size (HxWxD): 2.9 x 11.3 x 7.5 in (74 x 287 x 191 mm)
Weight: 2.0 lb (0.9 kg)
Materials of
High-impact polystyrene, stainless steel
construction:
Enclosure (self-
NEMA 4X, 6P (IP68)
certified):
Temperature
-40° to 140° F (-40° to 60° C) operating and storage
Range:
12 VDC nominal (7.0 to 16.6 VDC), 100 mA typical, 1 mA
Power Required:
standby
Typically, an Isco 2191 Battery Module, containing 2 alkaline or
Power Source: 2 rechargeable lead-acid batteries. (Other power options are
available; ask for details.)
Typical Battery (using 15-minute data storage interval) Energizer® Model 529
Life: alkaline - 15 months; Isco rechargeable lead-acid - 2.5 months
Non-volatile programmable flash; can be updated using PC
Program Memory:
without opening enclosure; retains user program after updating.
Built-in Conversions
Flow Rate Up to 2 independent level-to-area conversions and/or level-to-
Conversions: flow rate conversions.
Channel Shapes - round, U-shaped, rectangular, trapezoidal,
Level-to-Area
elliptical, with silt correction; Data Points - Up to 50 level-area
Conversions:
points.
Level-to-Flow Most common weirs and flumes; Manning Formula; Data Points
78
Conversions: (up to 50 level-flow points); 2-term polynomial equation

Total Flow Up to 2 independent, net, positive or negative, based on either
Calculations: flow rate conversion
Data Handling and Communications
Non-volatile flash; retains stored data during program updates.
Capacity 395,000 bytes (up to 79,000 readings, equal to over
Data Storage:
270 days of level and velocity readings at 15-minute intervals,
plus total flow and input voltage readings at 24-hour intervals)
Level, velocity, flow rate 1, flow rate 2, total flow 1, total flow
Data Types:
2, input voltage, temperature
Storage Mode: Rollover; 5 bytes per reading.
15 or 30 seconds; 1, 2, 5, 15, or 30 minutes; or 1, 2, 4, 12, or 24
Storage Interval: hours; Storage rate variable based on level, velocity, flow rate,
total flow, or input voltage
Serial connection to PC or optional 2101 Field Wizard module;
Data Retrieval: optional modules for spread spectrum radio; land-line or cellular
modem; 1xRTT. Modbus and 4-20 mA analog available.
Isco Flowlink for setup, data retrieval, editing, analysis, and
Software:
reporting
Multi-module Up to four 2100 Series Flow Modules, stacked and/or remotely
networking: connected. Max distance between modules 3300 ft (1000 m).
Serial
Communication 38,400 bps
Speed:
2150 Area Velocity Sensor
Cable (Length x 25 ft x 0.37 in (7.6 m x 9 mm) standard. Custom lengths
Diameter): available on request.
Weight (including
2.2 lbs (1 kg)
cable):
Sensor - Epoxy, chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC),
Materials of
stainless steel; Cable - Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), chlorinated
construction:
polyvinyl chloride (CPVC)
Operating
32° to 140° F (0° to 60° C)
Temperature:
Level Measurement
Method: Submerged pressure transducer mounted in the flow stream
Transducer Type: Differential linear integrated circuit pressure transducer
(standard) 0.033 to 10 ft (0.010 to 3.05 m); (optional) up to 30 ft
Range:
(9.15 m).
Maximum
34 ft (10.5 m)
Allowable Level:
79
Accuracy: ±0.01 ft from 0.033 to 10 ft, (±0.003 m from 0.01 to 3.05 m)

Long-Term
±0.023 ft/yr (±0.007 m/yr)
Stability:
Compensated
32° to 122°F (0° to 50°C)
Range:
Velocity Measurement
Method: Doppler ultrasonic, frequency 500 kHz
Typical Minimum
0.08 ft (25 mm)
Depth:
Range: -5 to +20 ft/s (-1.5 to +6.1 m/s)
(in water with uniform velocity profile, speed of sound = 4850
ft/s, for indicated velocity range); ±0.1 ft/s from -5 to 5 ft/s
Accuracy:
(±0.03 m/s from -1.5 to +1.5 m/s); ±2% of reading from 5 to 20
ft/s (1.5 to 6.1 m/s)
Temperature Measurement
Accuracy: ±3.6° F (±2° C)
2191 Battery Module
Weight (without
3.2 lb (1.4 kg)
batteries):
Materials of
High-impact polystyrene, stainless steel
construction:
Enclosure (self
NEMA 4X, 6P, (IP68)
certified):
Two 6-volt Energizer Model 529* alkaline (25 Ahrs capacity) or
Batteries: Isco Rechargeable Lead-acid (5 Ahrs capacity) recommended.
*Note – Energizer 529 ER does not give specified life.
80
APPENDIX C1
Record of water level along the longitudinal sections at low, mean, high water, Q = 1 l/s
Right Bank Level
Station Distance (m) Left Bank Level (mAD) Bed Level (mAD) Low(mAD) Mean(mAD) High(mAD)
(mAD)
U/S 0 10.438 10.284 10.438
1 22.1 10.314 10.248 10.3 10.2954 10.3006 10.3075
2 40.1 10.318 10.237 10.3 10.296 10.2966 10.3017
8 56.2 10.308 10.22 10.307 10.2853 10.2954 10.305
3 66.8 10.329 10.266 10.329 10.295 10.302 10.312
7 76.9 10.324 10.261 10.329 10.306 10.3118 10.3242
4 85.4 10.33 10.259 10.334 10.2959 10.3034 10.3115
5 91.5 10.331 10.253 10.325 10.2834 10.289 10.297
6 96.2 10.328 10.255 10.334 10.2985 10.303 10.3052
D/S 99 10.315 10.242 10.323
Right Bank Level

Station Distance (m) Left Bank Level (mAD) Bed Level (mAD) Low(mAD) Mean(mAD) High(mAD)
(mAD)
U/S 0 10.438 10.284 10.438
1 22.1 10.314 10.248 10.3 10.3153 10.316 10.3165
2 40.1 10.318 10.237 10.3 10.3146 10.3194 10.3227
8 56.2 10.308 10.22 10.307 10.3058 10.3092 10.316
3 66.8 10.329 10.266 10.329 10.3013 10.3069 10.3099
7 76.9 10.324 10.261 10.329 10.321 10.3219 10.3259
4 85.4 10.33 10.259 10.334 10.3087 10.3118 10.3137
5 91.5 10.331 10.253 10.325 10.2969 10.301 10.3012
6 96.2 10.328 10.255 10.334 10.297 10.3002 10.3048
D/S 99 10.315 10.242 10.323
81
APPENDIX C2
Distance Right Bank Level
Station Left Bank Level (mAD) Bed Level (mAD) Low(mAD) Mean(mAD) High(mAD)
(m) (mAD)
U/S 0 10.438 10.284 10.438
1 22.1 10.314 10.248 10.3 10.3224 10.3211 10.3216
2 40.1 10.318 10.237 10.3 10.3191 10.3234 10.3277
8 56.2 10.308 10.22 10.307 10.3128 10.312 10.3178
3 66.8 10.329 10.266 10.329 10.3175 10.3164 10.3194
7 76.9 10.324 10.261 10.329 10.3278 10.3286 10.3253
4 85.4 10.33 10.259 10.334 10.3151 10.3119 10.3184
5 91.5 10.331 10.253 10.325 10.3044 10.3086 10.3086
6 96.2 10.328 10.255 10.334 10.3019 10.3078 10.3124
D/S 99 10.315 10.242 10.323

(m) (mAD)
U/S 0 10.438 10.284 10.438
1 22.1 10.314 10.248 10.3 10.324 10.328 10.3345
2 40.1 10.318 10.237 10.3 10.3232 10.3261 10.329
8 56.2 10.308 10.22 10.307 10.3168 10.3207 10.329
3 66.8 10.329 10.266 10.329 10.3205 10.3136 10.3275
7 76.9 10.324 10.261 10.329 10.3325 10.3288 10.3354
4 85.4 10.33 10.259 10.334 10.3184 10.3145 10.3271
5 91.5 10.331 10.253 10.325 10.3072 10.309 10.3117
6 96.2 10.328 10.255 10.334 10.3044 10.3106 10.3124
D/S 99 10.315 10.242 10.323
82
APPENDIX C3
(m) (mAD)
U/S 0 10.438 10.284 10.438
1 22.1 10.314 10.248 10.3 10.3327 10.336 10.3375
2 40.1 10.318 10.237 10.3 10.332 10.3301 10.3381
8 56.2 10.308 10.22 10.307 10.3243 10.3302 10.3342
3 66.8 10.329 10.266 10.329 10.329 10.3315 10.3332
7 76.9 10.324 10.261 10.329 10.3388 10.342 10.3405
4 85.4 10.33 10.259 10.334 10.3245 10.3275 10.3283
5 91.5 10.331 10.253 10.325 10.3144 10.3163 10.3156
6 96.2 10.328 10.255 10.334 10.3082 10.3129 10.3132
D/S 99 10.315 10.242 10.323

(m) (mAD)
U/S 0 10.438 10.284 10.438
1 22.1 10.314 10.248 10.3 10.336 10.3366 10.3414
2 40.1 10.318 10.237 10.3 10.336 10.3395 10.3435
8 56.2 10.308 10.22 10.307 10.3266 10.3274 10.3343
3 66.8 10.329 10.266 10.329 10.3344 10.3358 10.3389
7 76.9 10.324 10.261 10.329 10.3433 10.341 10.3467
4 85.4 10.33 10.259 10.334 10.3285 10.3279 10.3306
5 91.5 10.331 10.253 10.325 10.314 10.3185 10.3214
6 96.2 10.328 10.255 10.334 10.3136 10.317 10.317
D/S 99 10.315 10.242 10.323
83
APPENDIX C4
(m) (mAD)
U/S 0 10.438 10.284 10.438
1 22.1 10.314 10.248 10.3 10.337 10.34 10.3445
2 40.1 10.318 10.237 10.3 10.3333 10.341 10.3495
8 56.2 10.308 10.22 10.307 10.3419 10.344 10.3454
3 66.8 10.329 10.266 10.329 10.3447 10.3409 10.3393
7 76.9 10.324 10.261 10.329 10.3453 10.3487 10.3467
4 85.4 10.33 10.259 10.334 10.3293 10.3315 10.3339
5 91.5 10.331 10.253 10.325 10.319 10.321 10.3219
6 96.2 10.328 10.255 10.334 10.3155 10.3187 10.3201
D/S 99 10.315 10.242 10.323
(m) (mAD)
U/S 0 10.438 10.284 10.438
1 22.1 10.314 10.248 10.3 10.3412 10.3446 10.3503
2 40.1 10.318 10.237 10.3 10.3433 10.3462 10.3536
8 56.2 10.308 10.22 10.307 10.3489 10.3494 10.354
3 66.8 10.329 10.266 10.329 10.3413 10.3444 10.3484
7 76.9 10.324 10.261 10.329 10.3523 10.3583 10.3678
4 85.4 10.33 10.259 10.334 10.3354 10.339 10.3424
5 91.5 10.331 10.253 10.325 10.3236 10.3326 10.3314
6 96.2 10.328 10.255 10.334 10.3205 10.3285 10.327
D/S 99 10.315 10.242 10.323
84
APPENDIX D1
Plot of Water Level against Flow - Low Tide, Mean Sea and High Tide (Station 1 & 2)
Station 1
Water Level (cm)
Q,
l/s low Mean High
1 4.74 5.26 5.95
2 6.73 6.8 6.85
3 7.44 7.31 7.36
4 7.6 8 8.65
5 8.47 8.8 8.95
6 8.8 8.86 9.34
7 8.9 9.2 9.65
8 9.32 9.66 10.23
Station 2
Water Level (cm)
Q,
l/s low mean High
1 5.9 5.96 6.47
2 7.76 8.24 8.57
3 8.21 8.64 9.07
4 8.62 8.91 9.2
5 9.5 9.31 10.11
6 9.9 10.25 10.65
7 9.63 10.4 11.25
8 10.6 10.92 11.66
85
APPENDIX D2
Station 3
Water Level (cm)
Q,
l/s low mean High
1 2.9 3.6 4.6
2 3.53 4.09 4.39
3 5.15 5.04 5.34
4 5.45 4.76 6.15
5 6.3 6.55 6.72
6 6.84 6.98 7.29
7 7.87 7.49 7.33
8 7.53 7.84 8.24
Station 4
Water Level (cm)

Q,
l/s low mean High
1 3.69 4.44 5.25
2 4.97 5.28 5.47
3 5.61 5.29 5.94
4 5.94 5.55 6.81
5 6.55 6.85 6.93
6 6.95 6.89 7.16
7 7.03 7.25 7.49
8 7.64 8 8.34
86
APPENDIX D3
Station 5
Water Level (cm)
Q,
l/s low mean High
1 3.04 3.6 4.4
2 4.39 4.8 4.82
3 5.14 5.56 5.56
4 5.42 5.6 5.87
5 6.14 6.33 6.26
6 6.1 6.55 6.84
7 6.6 6.8 6.89
8 7.06 7.96 7.84
Station 6
Water Level (cm)
Q,
l/s Low mean High
1 4.35 4.8 5.02
2 4.2 4.52 4.98
3 4.69 5.28 5.74
4 4.94 5.56 5.74
5 5.32 5.79 5.82
6 5.86 6.2 6.2
7 6.05 6.37 6.51
8 6.55 7.35 7.2
87
APPENDIX D4
Station 7
Water Level (cm)
Q,
l/s low mean High
1 4.5 5.08 6.32
2 6 6.09 6.49
3 6.68 6.76 6.43
4 7.15 6.78 7.44
5 7.78 8.1 7.95
6 8.23 8 8.57
7 8.43 8.77 8.57
8 9.13 9.73 10.68
Station 8
Water Level (cm)
Q,
l/s low mean High
1 6.53 7.54 9.49
2 8.58 8.92 9.92
3 9.28 9.2 9.78
4 9.68 10.07 10.9
5 10.4 11.02 11.42
6 10.7 10.74 11.43
7 12.2 12.4 12.54
8.22 12.9 12.94 13.4
88
APPENDIX E1
i. Photographic view of flood plain with cut off channel at Q = 1 l/s
ii. Photographic view of flood plain with cut off channel at Q = 2 l/s
89
APPENDIX E2
iii. Photographic view of flood plain with cut off channel at Q = 3 l/s
iv. Photographic view of flood plain with cut off channel at Q = 4 l/s
90
APPENDIX E3
v. Photographic view of flood plain with cut off channel at Q = 5 l/s
vi. Photographic view of flood plain with cut off channel at Q = 6 l/s
91
APPENDIX E4
vii. Photographic view of flood plain with cut off channel at Q = 7 l/s
viii. Photographic view of flood plain with cut off channel at Q = 8 l/s
92
APPENDIX F1
Plot of Velocity and Water Level against Flow in flood plain, at station A & B
i. Station A
Water Velocity at Station A
Discharge, Velocity, Level,
Q (l /s) cm/s Cm 25
Velocity, cm
20
4 15.5 1.6 15
5 6 1.6 10
5
6 22.2 2.3 0
7 10.1 2.4 0 2 4 6 8 10
8 19.5 2.9 Discharge, Q(l/s)
Water Level at Station A
Water Level (cm

4
3
2
1
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
Discharge, Q(l/s)
ii. Station B
Water Velocity at Station B

15
Velocity, cm
Q l /s cm/s Cm
10
4 10.1 3.3
5 2 4.2 5
6 2 4.8 0
0 2 4 6 8 10
7 2 4.8
Discharge, Q(l/s)
8 2 5
Water Level at Station B

Water Lavel (cm
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
Discharge, Q(l/s)
93
APPENDIX F2
Plot of Velocity and Water Level against Flow in flood plain, at station C & D
iii. Station C
Water Velocity at Station C

25
Q l /s cm/s Cm
Velocity, cm
20
4 0 3.4 15
10
5 14.1 3.9 5
0
6 14.1 4.5
0 2 4 6 8 10
7 19.5 4.6
Discharge, Q(l/s)
8 16.8 4.9
Water Level at Station C
Water Level (cm

6
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
Discharge, Q(l/s)
iv. Station D
Water Velocity at Point D

20
Velocity (cm/
Q l /s cm/s Cm 15
4 15.5 2.2 10
5 4.7 4.2 5
6 2 4.3 0
0 2 4 6 8 10
7 2 4.8
Discharge, Q(l/s)
8 2 5.1
Water Level at Sation D

Water Level (cm
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
Discharge, Q(l/s)
94
APPENDIX F3
Plot of Velocity and Water Level against Flow in flood plain, at station E & F
v. Station E
Water Velocity at Point E
Q l /s cm/s Cm 20
Velocity (cm/
4 11.4 2 15
5 17.8 2.6 10
5
6 14.1 3
0
7 7.4 3.1 0 2 4 6 8 10
Water Level at Point E

Water Level (cm
4
3
2
1
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
Discharge, Q(l/s)
vi. Station F
Water Velocity at Point F
Q l /s cm/s Cm 15
Velocity (cm/
4 10
5 10.1 2.4
5
6 8.7 2.9
0
7 3.3 3 0 2 4 6 8 10
Water Level at Point F

Water Level (cm
4
3
2
1
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
Discharge, Q (l/s)
95
APPENDIX F4
Plot of Velocity and Water Level against Flow in flood plain, at station G & H
vii. Station G
Water Velocity at Point G
Q l /s cm/s Cm 25
Velocity (cm/
4 20
15
5 10.1 1.5 10
5
6 7.4 1.8 0
7 12.8 2.3 0 2 4 6 8 10
Water Level at Point G
Water Level (cm

3
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
Discharge, Q(l/s)
viii. Station H
Water Velocity at Point H
Q l /s cm/s Cm 50
Velocity (cm/
40
4 30
5 19.5 1.3 20
10
6 18.2 1.8 0
7 14.1 2.1 0 2 4 6 8 10
Water Level at Point H

Water Level (cm
4
3
2
1
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
Discharge, Q(l/s)
96
APPENDIX G1
Plot of Velocity (middle of channel) against Flow (Stations 1, 2, 3, 4) - Low Tide, Mean Sea and High Tide
i. Station 1 ii. Station 2

Q Q
(L/s) low Mean high (L/s) Low mean high
1 17.4 19 13.5 1 21.3 17.5 29.2
2 17 13.2 15.6 2 18.3 16.4 44.6
3 21.3 12.5 14.1 3 13.2 10 14.1
4 15 10.5 16.8 4 18.3 8.5 4.7
5 13.2 13 14.1 5 10.8 7.9 7.4
6 17.4 9.8 15.5 6 13.2 5.9 4.7
7 15.7 5.9 16.8 7 6.5 7.9 4.7
8 6.3 6.5 14.1 8 6.8 5.6 3.3
iii. Station 3 iv. Station 4

Q Q
1 18.3 51.2 27.9 1 15.7 24 15.7
2 17 31 31.9 2 5.8 25.6 15.5
3 17 25.6 35.7 3 22.4 15.8 34.4
4 21.3 15.5 37.1 4 17 17.4 43.8
5 18.3 20.8 26.3 5 18.2 13.8 47.9
6 17.4 15 10.1 6 19.6 14.2 53.3
7 9.2 11.8 6 7 2.6 11.5 60
8 9.3 11.5 2 8 13 9.2 53.3
97
APPENDIX G2
Plot of Velocity (middle of channel) against Flow (Stations 5, 6, 7, 8) - Low Tide, Mean Sea and High Tide
v. Station 5 vi.Station 6
Q Q
1 3.4 38.5 24.5 1 18.3 27 7.8
2 19.6 24 18.5 2 19 21.5 26.3
3 15 10 43.8 3 26.5 14.2 56
4 15.7 15.7 42.5 4 25.6 24 54.6
5 14.1 17.4 42.5 5 17.4 36 61.4
6 12.5 14.3 41.1 6 18.3 48 68.1
7 4.2 13.5 39.8 7 3.3 69.5 68.1
8 6.7 9 26.3 8 6.5 83 43.8
vii. Station 7 viii. Station 8

Q Q
1 33.5 12.6 7.9 1 27.3 9 6
2 23.3 11.5 15.5 2 27.3 2 12.8
3 37 9.2 24.9 3 40.5 5.1 12.8
4 26.5 9.2 31.7 4 47 5.9 2
5 19.6 24 34.4 5 54.5 2 2
6 17.4 25.6 34.4 6 7.5 2 2
7 2 27.6 35.7 7 5 2 3.3
8 3.1 29 42.5 8 11.6 2 2
98
APPENDIX H1
Plot of Velocity (across the channel at Low Tide) against Flow at Station 1 & 2
i. Station 1
Water Level
Q Velocity (cm/s) (cm)
l/s left,1 mid,2 right,3 Middle
1 55.3 17.4 12.5 4.74
2 14.1 17 9.2 6.73
3 18.3 21.3 14.1 7.44
4 17.4 15 16.5 7.6
5 19 13.2 12.5 8.47
6 3.3 17.4 8.2 8.8
7 36 15.7 11.6 8.9
8 1.95 6.3 3.6 9.32
ii. Station 2
Water Level
1 22.4 21.3 20.7 5.9
2 14.1 18.3 17 7.76
3 15.7 13.2 17.4 8.21
4 10.8 18.3 17.4 8.62
5 9.9 10.8 17.4 9.5
6 12.5 13.2 15 9.9
7 5 6.5 5.1 9.63
8 3.3 6.8 14.2 10.63
99
APPENDIX H2
iii. Station 3
Water Level
1 15.7 18.3 21.3 2.9
2 15.7 17 17 3.53
3 15.7 17 14.1 5.15
4 15 21.3 17 5.45
5 10 18.3 9.8 6.3
6 10.8 17.4 14.1 6.84
7 15 9.2 11 7.87
8 6.2 9.3 16.1 7.53
iv. Station 4
Water Level
1 20.7 15.7 11.6 3.69
2 10 5.8 8.2 4.97
3 17 22.4 15 5.61
4 17.4 17 17.2 5.94
5 11.6 18.2 9.2 6.55
6 8.2 19.6 10.1 6.95
7 2.8 2.6 3.3 7.03
8 2.7 13 8 7.64
100
APPENDIX H3
v. Station 5
Water Level
1 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.04
2 17 19.6 17.4 4.39
3 21.3 15 20.7 5.14
4 12.5 15.7 10.8 5.42
5 11.3 14.1 13.2 6.14
6 11.6 12.5 10.8 6.1
7 3.3 4.2 10 6.6
8 3 6.7 10.9 7.06
vi. Station 6
Water Level
1 29 18.3 32.5 4.35
2 20.7 19 17.4 4.2
3 24.4 26.5 28.2 4.69
4 23.3 25.6 24.9 4.94
5 14.1 17.4 17 5.32
6 18.3 18.3 17.4 5.86
7 2.8 3.3 3.3 6.05
8 4 6.5 6 6.55
101
APPENDIX H4
vii. Station 7
Water Level
1 45 33.5 46.5 4.5
2 18.5 23.3 24.9 6
3 39.5 37 24.9 6.68
4 23.3 26.5 22.4 7.15
5 6.5 19.6 4.8 7.78
6 18 17.4 19.6 8.23
7 1.9 2 2.6 8.43
8 1.95 3.1 2 9.13
viii. Station 8
Water Level
1 13.2 27.3 13 6.53
2 29 27.3 38.5 8.58
3 42.5 40.5 37 9.28
4 38.5 47 35.5 9.68
5 39.5 54.5 49 10.43
6 5.1 7.5 4.9 10.66
7 5.1 5 5.9 12.19
8 4 11.6 5.2 12.89
102
APPENDIX I1
Plot of Velocity (across the channel at Mean Water) against Flow at Station 1 & 2
i. Station 1
Water Level
1 19.8 19 22.7 5.26
2 20.8 13.2 29 6.8
3 22.4 12.5 19 7.31
4 15 10.5 8 8
5 12.5 13 21 8.8
6 14.8 9.8 14.8 8.86
7 16.7 5.9 15 9.2
8 7.5 6.5 14.8 9.66
ii. Station 2
Water Level
l/s Left,1 mid,2 right,3 middle
1 35 17.5 10 5.96
2 29 16.4 32.5 8.24
3 19 10 15.5 8.64
4 8.5 8.5 10.3 8.91
5 14.8 7.9 19 9.31
6 11.5 5.9 14.8 10.25
7 15 7.9 19 10.4
8 15.7 5.6 17.5 10.92
103
APPENDIX I2
iii. Station 3
Water Level
1 40.4 51.2 57.7 3.6
2 33.5 31 67.5 4.09
3 62.5 25.6 56 5.04
4 19 15.5 22.3 4.76
5 18 20.8 14.2 6.55
6 25.6 15 25.3 6.98
7 21.5 11.8 47.5 7.49
8 32.5 11.5 17.7 7.84
iv. Station 4
Water Level
l/s left,1 mid,2 right,3 middle
1 29 24 27.7 4.44
2 29 25.6 33.5 5.28
3 27.4 15.8 10 5.29
4 39.5 17.4 14.2 5.55
5 24.6 13.8 19.7 6.85
6 56 14.2 12 6.89
7 27.6 11.5 7.5 7.25
8 19 9.2 14.8 8
104
APPENDIX I3
v. Station 5
Water Level
1 8.75 38.5 37.5 3.6
2 33.5 24 40 4.8
3 26.2 10 52.5 5.56
4 51.5 15.7 15.7 5.6
5 19.7 17.4 39.5 6.33
6 26.4 14.3 20.8 6.55
7 18.5 13.5 8.2 6.8
8 9.5 9 9.6 7.96
vi. Station 6
Water Level
1 24 27 32.5 4.8
2 19.8 21.5 15 4.52
3 13 14.2 17.5 5.28
4 19.7 24 25.6 5.56
5 39.5 36 33.5 5.79
6 48.5 48 48 6.2
7 64.1 69.5 69.5 6.37
8 74.9 83 78.9 7.35
105
APPENDIX I4
vii. Station 7
Water Level
1 14 12.6 17.4 5.08
2 19 11.5 24 6.09
3 2.9 9.2 15 6.76
4 20.7 9.2 21.5 6.78
5 21.4 24 25.6 8.1
6 15.6 25.6 23 8
7 23.6 27.6 31.7 8.77
8 22.2 29 31.7 9.73
viii. Station 8
Water Level
1 20.4 9 29 7.54
2 2 2 2 8.92
3 7 5.1 9.3 9.2
4 18.8 5.9 9.5 10.07
5 2 2 2 11.02
6 2 2 2 10.74
7 2 2 2 12.4
8 2 2 2 12.94
106
APPENDIX J1
Plot of Velocity (across the channel at High Water) against Flow at Station 1 & 2
i. Station 1
Water Level
1 20.9 13.5 35.8 13.5
2 23.5 15.6 21.7 15.6
3 8.7 14.1 15.5 14.1
4 11.4 16.8 11.4 16.8
5 10.1 14.1 11.8 14.1
6 12.8 15.5 15.5 15.5
7 10.1 16.8 20.9 16.8
8 6 14.1 16.8 14.1
ii. Station 2
Water Level
1 28.1 29.2 16.4 6.47
2 32.7 44.6 39.9 8.57
3 16.8 14.1 10.1 9.07
4 7.4 4.7 4.7 9.2
5 10.1 7.4 8.7 10.11
6 7.4 4.7 4.7 10.65
7 4.7 4.7 4.7 11.25
APPENDIX H1
107
APPENDIX J2
iii. Station 3
Water Level
1 45.1 27.9 21.7 4.6
2 30.1 31.9 31.6 4.39
3 34.4 35.7 37.1 5.34
4 31.7 37.1 35.7 6.15
5 22.2 26.3 23.6 6.72
6 10.1 10.1 8.7 7.29
7 4.7 6 4.7 7.33
8 2 2 4.7 8.24
iv. Station 4
Water Level
1 27.6 15.7 47.5 5.25
2 18.9 15.5 54.1 5.47
3 29 34.4 38.4 5.94
4 33 43.8 49.2 6.81
5 39.8 47.9 47.9 6.93
6 47.9 53.3 60 7.16
7 49.2 60 62.7 7.49
8 60 53.3 51.9 8.34
108
APPENDIX J3
v. Station 5
Water Level
1 29.4 24.5 28.6 4.4
2 25.5 18.5 22.7 4.82
3 11.4 43.8 38.4 5.56
4 33.4 42.5 43.8 5.87
5 26.3 42.5 38.4 6.26
6 7.6 41.1 45.2 6.84
7 31.7 39.8 56 6.89
8 23.6 26.3 34.4 7.84
vi. Station 6
Water Level
1 10.1 7.8 4.7 5.02
2 22.2 26.3 12.8 4.98
3 50.6 56 35.7 5.74
4 51.9 54.6 43.8 5.74
5 56 61.4 54.6 5.82
6 57.3 68.1 53.3 6.2
7 64.1 68.1 58.7 6.51
8 37.1 43.8 39.8 7.2
109
APPENDIX J4
vii. Station 7
Water Level
1 10.1 7.9 4.7 6.32
2 16.8 15.5 12.8 6.49
3 23.6 24.9 20.9 6.43
4 24.9 31.7 4.7 7.44
5 27.6 34.4 20.9 7.95
6 27.6 34.4 56 8.57
7 43.8 35.7 29 8.57
8 18.2 42.5 20.9 10.68
viii. Station 8
Water Level
1 4.7 6 3.3 9.49
2 6 12.8 7.4 9.92
3 8.7 12.8 8.7 9.78
4 2 2 6 10.9
5 2 2 2 11.42
6 2 2 3.3 11.43
7 2 3.3 2 12.54
8 2 2 2 13.4

Mohd Fauzi Mohamad MFKA2008

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i

PHYSICAL FLOOD MODELLING EVALUATION

MOHD FAUZI BIN MOHAMAD

A project report submitted in partial fulfillment of

Faculty of Civil Engineering

This study is especially dedicated to my beloved Wife, my kids and my Mother

I also gratefully acknowledge the support and understanding given by Director

Deepest thanks to my wife, kids and my parents especially for their

CHAPTER DESCRIPTION PAGE

3.7.4 Isco 2150 Area Velocity Module 34

4 RESULTS ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

FIGURE NO TITLE PAGE

2.1 Definition sketches of common type of tides 9

4.2c Plot of water level along the longitudinal sections at

4.6f(i)&(ii) Plot of tidal cycle vs water level in the channel

TABLE NO TITLE PAGE

3.1 Data used for simulation experiments 27

APPENDIX NO TITLE PAGE

A Streamflow Velocity Meter Accessories 74

F3 Plot of Velocity and Water Level against Flow in

Flood can be categorized as:

In facing the flood problem in tidal effected reach, construction of tidal

However, it is crucial to have a clear understanding of the overall effect of

1.2 Importance of Study

The understanding of flood behaviour especially in tidal influence areas still

This research is expected to be able to help the relevent implementation

1.3 Objectives of the Study

The objectives of the study can be describe as follows:

1.4 Scopes of the Study

1.5 Problem Statement

Flood is the most significant natural hazard in Malaysia in terms of

The principle cause of flooding in most circumstances is prolonged or

Figure 2.1 Definition sketches of common type of tides

2.3 Tidal datum and tidal ranges

The oceans in the world consist of a network of interconnected basins. They

Highest Astronomical Tide Level

Mean High Water Neap

Mean Sea Level

Figure 2.2 Tidal datums and various tidal levels

2.4 Influence of Tides to Flood Occurrence

The characteristic of open channel flow is influence by tides especially area

Figure 2.3: Limit of tide as a function of upstream flow

Figure 2.4: Typical curve of tides in two location of upstream

Contributors to all constituent is express in the equations below:

The value of A and g in tidal constant is determine by the location. Tidal

2.5 River Catchment

2.6 Catchment Factors

2.6.4 Soil type

2.6.5 Land use

2.7 River Sinuosity

The sinuosity of a stream is defined by stream length divided by the valley

2.8 Physical Laboratory Studies

If the application of established design procedures and available information

The hydraulic problems should be thoroughly examined and discussed by

Defining the problems involved in a study is not always possible before

Before constructing a model, account must be taken of limitations composed

2.8.2 Prototype Information Required

Information for use in planning a model should include drawings depicting

salinity, sediment-carrying capacity, cross sections of channels, natural hydraulic

2.8.3 Design the construction of Model

The following scale ratios have been used successfully in Bureau of

Models of canal structures are constructed of painted wood, wood covered