CP de Limba Engleza - Gabriela Dima

Universitatea “Dunărea de Jos” din Galați
Departamentul pentru Învăţământ la Distanţă

şi cu Frecvenţă Redusă
Curs practic de limba

engleză
Gabriela Dima
Facultatea de Litere
Specializarea:
Limba și literatura română – Limba și literatura engleză
Anul III, Semestrul 1
“Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati
Faculty of Letters
Translation Theory and Practice

(Practical course in English language
for 3rd year students)
Course tutor:
Professor
Gabriela Dima, PhD
Galaţi
2013
Contents
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 5
Chapter 1
CONCEPTUAL BACKGROUND ........................................................................................ 7
1. 1. ST (Source Text) Analysis ..................................................................................... 7
1.2. Text-Typology ......................................................................................................... 8
1.3. Parallel Corpora .................................................................................................... 10
Chapter 2
TRANSLATION METHODS AND STRATEGIES ............................................................. 13
2.1. Types of Translation ............................................................................................. 13
2.2. Translation Methods and Procedures ................................................................. 14
2.2.1. Translation Methods ...................................................................................... 14
2.2.2. Translation Procedures ................................................................................. 16
Chapter 3
APPLICATIONS ................................................................................................................ 19
UNIT 1............................................................................................................................ 19
UNIT 2............................................................................................................................ 23
UNIT 3............................................................................................................................ 27
UNIT 4............................................................................................................................ 31
UNIT 5............................................................................................................................ 36
REFERENCES .................................................................................................................. 41
Translation Theory and Practice 3

Introduction
INTRODUCTION
Translation studies, a relatively young domain of research, has been acknowledged

as an academic discipline which concerns itself with analyzing translation on different
coordinates: “ ‘Translation studies’ is now understood to refer to the academic discipline
concerned with the study of translation at large, including literary and non-literary
translation, various forms of oral interpreting, as well as DUBBNG and SUBTITLING […].
‘Translation studies’ is also understood to cover the whole spectrum of research and
pedagogical activities, from developing theoretical frameworks to conducting individual
case studies to engaging in practical matters such as training translators and developing
criteria for translation assessment”. (Pym and Turk, 2005: 277).
Translation studies has also its contribution to sharing wide-world knowledge:
“Evidence from literature shows a spectacular perspective on the concept of translation,
both synchronically and diachronically, translation theorization and practicalities providing
a generous frame of intercultural communication worldwide, triggering dialogues between
big and small countries as well.” (Dima, 2012: 117).
„A perfect interdiscipline, interfacing with a host of other fields” (Hatim, Munday,
2004: 169), translation studies has particularly contributed to the development of
intercultural communication through the most complex of all linguistic acts, using its own
methods, procedures, strategies and techniques, as Bell states, “we live in a changing
world in which knowledge is expanding and information transfer is vital; therefore
translation has become of utmost importance”(1991: XVI), adapting frameworks and
methodologies from other disciplines. ‘The phenomenon of translation’, as Manfredi (2008)
calls it, has become crucial in a world rushing towards globalization. We should, therefore,
say that whether for expressive, informative, persuasive and pedagogical purposes,
communication nowadays relies heavily on translation.
An incursion into the translation studies’ lab will reveal both the interactive desk
where an array of concepts will help target-readers understand the way in which
translation as a product has been processed, and the translator as the agent of this
enterprise.

Conceptual Background
Chapter 1
CONCEPTUAL BACKGROUND
The present chapter aims at presenting a selection of the most

representative key concepts used in translation studies. These will be
illustrated in the chapter of applications of the present course.
1. 1. ST (Source Text) Analysis

The Source Text (ST) is the input of any translation and bears the
characteristics of the Source Language (SL) system, being for the
translator “a pattern to write as he supposes the author would have done,
had he lived in our age and in our country” (Munday 2001:23).
ST analysis can be achieved along the following dichotomies:
a. Form /vs/ Content
The form of any ST is shaped along its sentential arrangement
according to the syntactic laws of the respective SL system. In English,
word order is fixed, of the type SVO, the subject occupying the first
position within the hierarchy of the terms gravitating around the Predicate:
S>DO>IO, followed by adjuncts as non-terms. Nevertheless, this word
order is subject to modifications dictated by pragmatic and rhetorical
effects created by the speaker/writer of the message.
The content of any ST to be translated is centered around the types
of the contexts displaying the meaning and intentions of the message
producer: local, sentential, topical or global: ”Translation, on the other
hand, is a dynamic process which involves the manipulation of textual
substance in one language to create textual substance in another
language. Part of the production process in translation consists of
matching units of meaning which arise in one culture with those of another
culture before finding their textually and situationally appropriate linguistic
expression”. (Nkwenti-Azeh 2005: 251).
An important role is played by the lexical density of the text which
can help the translator find out the type and number of both content and
function words, the prominence of collocations etc. This can be done
using, for example, the computer tool, textalyser.net., keeping in mind the
fact that the translator should be careful in being as faithful as possible
both to the form and the meaning of the original text. (Croitoru 2007, Dima
2009).
b. Denotation /vs / Connotation
This dichotomy is central to the translation process, it decides on the
ST type and the methods and strategies of translating it.
The meaning of words is first and foremost defined through their
denotation. The concept of denotation is viewed in a larger sense as
referring also to the grammar of words, their forms and sentential order,
subordination and grammatical synonymy (Leviţchi, 1994: 47). Denotation
comes first in a dictionary entry and it helps the translator find both the
literal meaning of the word and its frequency of usage. Connotation comes
second to denotation and it stands for the emotional associations that
words or expressions may carry, in addition to their explicit or literal
meaning. Understanding both denotation and connotation, the translator

can raise himself, so to say, beyond words and sentences, searching for
the true meaning in the originator’s message.
Denotation and connotation can be analyzed within lexical/semantic
fields which are precious instruments in finding instances of either
appropriateness or inadvertencies between the SL and TL, or, to hint at
non-equivalencies, in Ricoeur’s opinion: “ Not only are the semantic fields
not superimposed on one another but the syntaxes are not equivalent, the
turns of phrase do not serve as a vehicle for the same cultural legacies;
and what is to be said about the half-silent connotations, which alter the
best- defined denotations of the original vocabulary, and which drift, as it
were, between the signs, the sentences, the sequences, whether short or
long”. (Ricoeur, 2006: 6)
c. Core /vs/ Non-Core Words
The concept of coreness can contribute to the translator’s registerial
choice when recreating meaning in the TT. If the words in the ST have a
high degree of coreness, it would be easier for the translator to get
equivalence. In contrast, a lower degree of coreness would make the
translator’s search for equivalent words more difficult, the necessary step
to take is to resort to the dictionary.
1.2. Text-Typology
According to Webster’s Third New International Dictionary the word
translation first entered the English vocabulary via Middle English
translacioun, coming from Middle French or Latin translation. In point of
meaning, the dictionary makes three derived distinctions from the more
general meaning ‘an act, process or instance of translating’:
“a. a rendering from one language or representational system into
another “~ is an art that involves the re-creation of a work in another
language for readers with a different background” (Malcolm Cowley); also:
the product of such a rendering;
b. the removal, transfer, or conveyance from one place or condition
to another;
c. a change or alteration to a different substance, form or
appearance: transformation, transmutation, conversion”. (1996: 2429)
Out of all these meanings we have selected the first one on purpose
and underline the connection with the text-type as being representational
for a linguistic system to be translated into a representational text-type
belonging to another linguistic system: “According to Reiss (1977/1989)
each text-type is identified by its semantic, lexical, grammatical and
stylistic features (see Nord 1996:84), which influence the way a text is
translated and also serve as a basis for translation criticism. In the case of
each text-type, these features reflect the primary function which the text
serves, and which, she argues, should be preserved in the translation.” (as
quoted in Dictionary 2014:56).
There have been given various classifications of text-types, but we
have chosen the one which has a strict connection with text-translation, as
found in the Dictionary of Translation Studies 2014. Thus, text-types could
be expressive, informative, operative and multi-medial.
Expressive texts comprise an aesthetic component, as the
speaker/writer “exploits the expressive and associative possibilities of the
language in order to communicate his thoughts in an artistic, creative way”
8 Translation Theory and Practice

(Reiss, 1977/1989:109, as quoted in Dictionary 2014: 56). In Nord’s

opinion, the translator should try to produce an analogous aesthetic effect,
as well as reproducing the semantic content of the original (1996:83, as
quoted in Dictionary 2014:56). Examples of expressive text-types belong
primarily to literary genres: poetry, novel, biography etc.
Operative texts are distinguished by their functionality reflected in the
written language. They include messages which have as a main purpose
to persuade the receiver ‘to undertake a certain course of action’, for
instance, read a book, learn to cook, buy a house, apply for a job etc. In
operative texts “both content and form are subordinated to the
extralinguistic effect which the text is designed to achieve” (Nord 1996: 83,
as quoted in Dictionary 2014: 117). In the same line of thought, Reiss
considers that a translator’s main aim should be the production of a TT
with an equivalent persuasive force to that of the original and the same
basic semantic content, political manifestos, advertisements and sermons,
being some examples of operative texts. (1977/1989:111, as quoted in
Dictionary 2014: 117).
Informative texts have as a main aim to convey information, so a
translator should concentrate on establishing semantic equivalence (
Reiss & Vermeer 1984:157, as quoted in Dictionary 2014:79). Among this
kind of texts, there are included reference works, business letters, official
documents and academic articles.
Multi-medial texts are characterized by the fact that the verbal
content overlaps with elements from other media, for instance, “songs,
comic strips, plays, and writing for radio or television are all examples of
this type […] and the translator of such texts will need to ensure that the
translation is equally suited as the original for use in the relevant
medium”.(Reiss 1977/1989:111, as quoted in Dictionary 2014: 109)
The features of these texts are presented in the table below,
synthesized in Munday 2001:74)
Text types Informative Expressive Operative

Represent Express Make an
Language
objects and sender’s appeal to the
function
facts attitude text receiver
Language
Logical Aesthetic Dialogic
dimension
Content- Appellative-
Text focus Form-focused
focused focused
transmit
transmit elicit desired
TT should referential
aesthetic form response
content
‘Identifying’
‘Plain prose’, ‘Adaptive’
Translation method, adopt
explicitation as equivalent
method perspective of
required effect
the ST author
Table 1: Features of text-types identified by Reiss

1.3. Parallel Corpora

Parallel corpora represent a sound basis for the theory and practice
of translation and an effective means to emphasize the points of contrast
between the syntactic and semantic behavior of text-types in translation.
We have chosen as an illustration the linguistic material analyzed in
Dima 2011, a fragment from the short story Breakfast at Tiffany’s by
Truman Capote, text which is of an expressive, including the description of
the physical qualities of the major character, Holly Golightly.
The parallel corpus delineated is described below:
“a. The ST is an online variant of Breakfast at Tiffany’s as mentioned
in the Corpus Sources.
b. The first Romanian version (TT1), entitled Sandvişuri cu diamante
belongs to Catinca Ralea and was published in 1967 in the volume Harfa
de iarbă şi alte povestiri, Universal Literature Publishing House,
Bucharest.
c. The second Romanian version (TT2) has been translated as Mic
dejun la Tifanny by Constantin Popescu and is included in the volume Mic
dejun la Tifanny şi alte povestiri, published in 2006, Universe Publishing
House, Bucharest.
d. The two Romanian versions belong to different periods of time,
fact which has influenced the selection of vocabulary in both translations.
e. One Romanian variant has been translated by a female, the other
by a male. We aim at identifying the equivalents which make the
difference.
f. We have presented the corpus by aligning the sentences in both
Romanian versions and the English text above.
ST Corpus: Truman Capote’s Breakfast at Tiffany’s
Sample Analysis 1
ST1:“I went out into the hall and leaned over the banister, just
enough to see without being seen. She was still on the stairs, now she
reached the landing, and the ragbag colors of her boy's hair, tawny
streaks, strands of albino-blond and yellow caught the hall light.
TT1: Sandvişuri cu TT2: Mic dejun la

diamante by Catinca Tifanny by Constantin
Ralea ( page 379-380) Popescu ( page 17)
Am ieşit pe palier si m- Am ieşit pe palier şi m-
am aplecat peste am aplecat peste
rampă, atât cât să pot balustradă ca să-i pot
vedea fără să fiu văzut. zări fară să fiu văzut.
Era incă pe scară; dar Holly era pe scară şi
curând ajunse pe ajunsese la palierul ei,
palier. Lumina de pe iar părul ei în toate
palier se reflecta în culorile, tăiat băieţeşte,
culorile variate ale cu şuviţe arămii, de un
părului ei de băiat cu blond aproape alb, sau
şuviţe decolorate de galbene, lucea în lumina
soare, unele de un din hol.
blond albicios, altele
galbene.

The viewer who is the author himself, starts watching without being
seen, fact which makes the description focalized on Holly and her physical
qualities: ST: I went out into the hall and leaned over the banister, just
enough to see without being seen/ TT1: Am ieşit pe palier si m-am aplecat
peste rampă, atât cât să pot vedea fără să fiu văzut.
/ TT2: Am ieşit pe palier şi m-am aplecat peste balustradă ca să-i
pot zări fară să fiu văzut.
In Ralea’s translation of this first clause there is a shift in the word
order introducing Holly’s appearance, due to the fact that Romanian is
much more flexible than English. Fronting of Lumina de pe hol as an
equivalent to hall light placed at the end of the ST operates as a syntactic
device marking the circumstances of the writer’s watching. It is the pivotal
word anticipating Holly’s description into Romanian, acting both as an
instrument and location.
In Popescu’s translation of the clause the ragbag colors of her boy's
hair, tawny streaks, strands of albino-blond and yellow, caught the hall
light, the complex NP centered around the noun păr and its metonymical
counterpart şuviţe follow the ST determination ordering, but unlike in the
ST, the translator has chosen to unload the sentence by selecting a single
translational equivalent for streaks and strands. And has been translated
by sau supposing that the translator might have imagined that the evening
dark made the colors not so clear. Instead of tăiat băieţeşte as an
equivalent for her boy’s hair, we think that tuns băieţeşte could have also
been a good variant obtained by domestication from the Romanian
expression a se tunde băieţeşte. Popescu’s translation stands for a male’s
direct way in expressing thoughts and making evaluations. His variant is a
case of semantic translation, keeping to all the facets of meaning implied
by the writer.
In Ralea’s translation the genitival construction her boy’s hair has
been rendered by părului ei de băiat followed by the use of the participial
construction decolorate de soare as an equivalent for tawny. We could say
that Ralea’s translation bears the female mark of gentleness and love of
explicitness through thematization which “consists in arranging words in a
particular way so that readers will pay attention to specific key concepts in
the sentence. This aim could be achieved by marking specific words
instead of others in a sentence and this procedure could be regarded as
being a way for the author to express his or her ideology”(Leonardi: 2007:
102).
Sample Analysis 2
ST2: For all her chic thinness, she had an almost breakfast-cereal air
of health, a soap and lemon cleanness, a rough pink darkening in the
cheeks.

Cu toată silueta ei Cu toată silueta ei

subţire şi elegantă, elegantă, fata avea un
avea un aer sănătos aer de om sănătos,
de om care mănâncă care mănâncă
bine dimineaţa, un zdravăn dimineaţa, un
aer îngrijit, care aspect îngrijit, care te
amintea de săpun şi ducea cu gândul la
de lămâie şi o săpun şi lămâie, iar în
roşeaţă violentă obraji îi stăruia o notă
care-i întuneca trandafirie.
obrajii.
The sentential context ST2 has been translated almost similarly in

both variants, being an occasion for the author to express her/ his esthetic
evaluation of what she/he is looking at or a commentary on the effect the
sight has on her/him. The ST metaphorical adjunctions have been
rendered into Romanian with a slight change in the translators’ lexical
choice for rendering the expression had an almost breakfast-cereal air of
health. Popescu translates by a grammatical shift, using the adverbalized
adjective zdravăn modifying the verb mănâncă, while Ralea prefers
domestication using the Romanian expression a mânca bine with a
temporal specification dimineaţa. Both translators use addition and shift to
render the meaning of health, but while Popescu uses the noun om
modified by the adjective sănătos, Ralea uses it to modify aer, which she
reiterates in aer îngrijit, for the sake of symmetry. We can still notice some
difference in the Romanian equivalents to a rough pink darkening in the
cheeks. Popescu’s translation is more poetical and mild in tone, a
subjective evaluation coming from admiring young females with rosy
cheeks e.g. iar în obraji îi stăruia o notă trandafirie. Ralea’s translation o
roşeaţă violentă care-i întuneca obrajii tries to be nearer the ‘cold’ meaning
of the ST modifier epithet rough and the participle darkening as a means
of intensifying the character’s powerful reaction at external stimuli.” (Dima
2011: 305-308)

Translation Methods and Strategies
Chapter 2
TRANSLATION METHODS AND STRATEGIES
2.1. Types of Translation

The translation process includes certain stages which the translator
follows taking into account the text-type and target users. Thus, a
diachronic view on the matter will reveal the fact that specialists in
translation studies have focused on the function of translation and its
typology. Terms, such as general /vs/ specialized translation, pragmatic
translation, literary translation, academic translation, professional
translation, semantic translation, communicative translation etc. occur in
the majority of the studies according to the aim of the research and the
domain of specialization: “A complete theory of translation […] has three
components: specification of function and goal; description and analysis of
operations; and critical comment on relationships between goal and
operation”. (Kelly, 1979: 1)
The synthesis in Table 2 shows the variety of labels attributed to
translation by some of the scholars interested in translation issues.
Linguists Criteria of Translation

classification Typology
Jean Delisle (1980) - function of the source - pragmatic translation
text - literary translation
- degree of - general translation
specialization in the - specialized
source text translation
- general purpose of - academic translation
translating - professional
translation
- translation approach - transcoding
- translation
Peter Newmark (1981, - function of the source - translation of an
1988 and 1991) text expressive text
- translation of an
informative text
- translation of
- style of the source narration
text - translation of
description
- translation of
- content or subject discussion
matter of the source - translation of
text dialogue
- scientific-
technological
translation
- general purpose of - institutional-cultural
translating translation
- literary translation
- translation for

language teaching
- translation for
- translation approach professional purposes
- semantic translation
-communicative
translation
Barbara Snell and - content, degree of - literary translation
Patricia Crampton style, and function of - translation of
(1983) the source text promotional and
instructional material
- translation of
informatory material
- general purpose of - non-commercial
translating translation
- professional
- function of the translation
translation - translation for
publication
- translation for
- degree of style information
involved in the - literary translation
translation - translation of
informatory material
- translation of
promotional and
instructional material
- direction of the - translation into the
translation mother tongue
- translation out of the
mother tongue
- medium of - written translation
translation - oral (or spoken word)
translation
Table 2. A Synthesis of Translation Types
2.2. Translation Methods and Procedures

A research on translation methods and procedures will be a
demanding pursuit since the opinons are different among specialists. Still,
there are some authors whose studies have influenced much the
development of the discipline of translation studies: Tyler, Nida, Catford,
Venuti, Newmark, Baker, to quote just a few.
2.2.1. Translation Methods

Newmark asserts that there is an essential difference between
translation methods and translation procedures: “while translation methods
relate to whole texts, translation procedures are used for sentences and
the smaller units of language”. (1998/2001: 78). It is still Newmark to quote

when listing methods of translation which have been used frequently in

translation studies.(1998/2001: 80): word-for-word translation, literal
translation, faithful translation, semantic translation, addaptation, free
translation, idiomatic translation, communicative translation.
Word-for-word translation: the SL word order is preserved and the
words are translated by their most common meanings, out of context.
e.g. And she seized her bag and coat and ran upstairs to the nursery.
Şi-şi lua/înşfăcă haina şi geanta şi fugi pe scări spre camera
copilului.
Literal translation: the SL grammatical constructions are converted to
their nearest TL equivalents, but the lexical words are again translated out
of context. It is the easiest and simplest form of translation. It occurs
whenever word-for-word translation is possible without breaking
(grammatical) rules in the target language. A SL text mechanically
reproduced in a TL text can:
- distort the grammatical and stylistic patterns of the receptor
language.
- distort the message (misunderstanding).
e.g. I like things that appeared;then one is sure.
Imi plac lucrurile care se văd; atunci eşti sigur.
Faithful translation attempts to produce the precise contextual
meaning of the original within the constraints of the TL grammatical
structures.
e.g. I liked them--I felt, quite as their friends must have done--they were so
simple; and I had no objection to them if they would suit.
Imi plăceau, îmi dădeam seama, cum, desigur, plăceau prietenilor
lor. Erau atât de simpli. Şi nu aveam nici o obiecţie împotriva lor, dacă s-
ar fi potrivit.
Semantic translation which differs from 'faithful translation' only in as
far as it must take more account of the aesthetic value of the SL text.
e.g. The reason that solar power is not used widely today is that solar
energy is more expensive to use than other forms of energy.
Energia solară nu este folosită pe scara larga în zilele noastre,
deoarece este mai costisitoare decât alte forme de energie.
Adaptation is the freest form of translation, and is used mainly for
plays (comedies) and poetry; the themes, characters, plots are usually
preserved, the SL culture is converted to the TL culture and the text is
rewritten.
e.g. Sir Toby: Will you encounter the house? my niece is desirous( that)
you should enter, if your trade be to her.
Doreşti să intri? Nepoata mea doreşte. Aşa că , dacă ai treabă cu
dînsa, pofteşte.
Free translation produces the TL text without the style, form, or
content of the original.
Idiomatic translation reproduces the 'message' of the original but
tends to distort nuances of meaning by preferring colloquialisms and
idioms where these do not exist in the original.
e.g. I had seized their type- I had already setttled what I would do with
them.
Le-am descifrat tipul- ştiam deja ce-aş putea “scoate” din ei.

Communicative translation attempts to render the exact contextual

meaning of the original in such a way that both content and language are
readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership
2.2.2. Translation Procedures

Among translation procedures, Newmark (1988) includes:
transference, naturalization, cultural equivalent, functional equivalent,
lexical synonymy, through-translation, modulation, paraphrase
Transference or transcription is the process of transferring a SL word
to a TL text.
e.g. They knew that I was do the first of the books, “ Rutland Ramsay”…
Ştiau că eu făceam primul volum, “ Rutland Ramsay”…
Naturalization adapts the SL word first to the normal pronunciation,
then to the normal morphology of the TL.
e.g. Then, everybody came to the meeting.
Apoi, toată lumea a venit la meeting.
Cultural equivalence means replacing a cultural word in the SL with a
TL one.
e.g. He took his A-level in 2000.
A luat bacalaureatul in anul 2000.
Functional equivalent requires the use of a culture-neutral word.
(1988: 83)
e.g. Sarmalele sunt bucate tradiţionale româneşti.
Stuffed cabbage rolls is a traditional Romanian dish.
Lexical synonymy is a "near TL equivalent." (1988: 84), where a
precise equivalent may not exist.
e.g. The control tower presented an ultimatum to the pilot.
Turnul de control i-a dat un ultimatum pilotului.
Through-translation is the literal translation of common collocations,
names of organizations and components of compounds. It can also be
called: calque or loan translation. (1988: 84)
e.g. Security Council of United Nations
Consiliul de Securitate al Naţiunilor Unite
Modulation – a semantic procedure that changes the category of
thought, the focus, the point of view and the whole conceptualization.
e.g. I had taken Mrs. Prest into my confidence; without her in truth I should
have made but little advance, for the fruitful idea in the whole business
dropped from her friendly lips.
O alesesem pe doamna Prest drept confidentă; fără ea, sincer să fiu,
n-aş fi rezolvat mare lucru, pentru că ea a binevoit să-mi sugereze soluţia
inspirată de toată povestea aceasta.
Paraphrase - sometimes called periphrasis, is a translation
procedure whereby the translator replaces a word in the source text by a
group of words or an expression in the target text.
e.g. He paid some attention to the management of his collieries in the
Midland counties, excusing himself for this taint of industry on the
ground that the one advantage of having coal was that it enabled a
gentleman to afford the decency of burning wood on his own hearth.

Se ocupa într-o oarecare măsură de administrarea minelor sale de

cărbuni din regiunile centrale ale ţării, găsind drept scuză pentru această
urmă de slăbiciune pentru industrie faptul că singurul avantaj de a fi
proprietarul unei mine era acela că îi îngăduia unui gentleman să-şi
permită decenţa de a arde lemne în propriul său cămin.
Some authors use other terms and classifications, overlapping with
or distinguishing from those of Newmark’s, but what is important to
emphasize is the fact that all have had their contribution to the
development of translation studies.


Applications
Chapter 3
APPLICATIONS
UNIT 1
Romanian ST
În mileniul internautic, globalizant şi repezit în care te afli, călătoria şi-a pierdut

frisonul iniţiatic. Aşternerea la drum nu mai are aplomb picaresc sau sâmbure de mister.
Totul s-a redus la o deplasare eficientă, cu economie de timp şi abundenţă de mijloace.
Nimeni nu mai pleacă în direcţii incerte, nimeni nu mai caută sensuri pitite în mecanica
paşilor. Călătorul de azi e o vietate decisă, care trebuie să ajungă repede din punctul A în
punctul B. El are un aer posac, preocupat sau febril, în funcţie de agenda zilei. Stilistica
voiajului, fie el de plăcere sau de afaceri, a sărăcit metodic, pe măsură ce s-a îmbogăţit
recuzita tehnică. Autobuzele, trenurile, avioanele şi metrourile transportă cohorte de
pasageri plecaţi, vorba lui George Bernard Shaw, „la întâlniri cu ei înşişi, la care se tem să
nu întârzie". Ei bine, de ce să îngădui, tu, nesimţitule, posomoreala ulcerantă a acestor
veşnici hoinari? Chiar nu poţi face nimic? Ba vezi bine că poţi, dacă ştii să-ţi alegi
instrumentele şi momentul optim al intervenţiei.
Radu Paraschivescu, Nesimţitul călător în Ghidul nesimţitului, p 10
https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B1CumSvXYQc5SUVYTnNSbEkxZlU/edit?pli=1
A. Source Text Analysis

1. Read and specify the text type.
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2. Analyse the words according to their frequency of usage.
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3. Delineate lexical fields within the text.
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4. Find synonymic series and distinguish among the components.
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5. Explain the meaning of posomoreala ulceranta.
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B. Source Text Translation

1. Choose the most appropriate variant for the ST sentences.
“În mileniul internautic, globalizant şi repezit în care te afli, călătoria şi-a pierdut frisonul
iniţiatic.”
a. In the rushy, globalizing, web – surfing millennium where we live, the journey has lost its
initiatic tremor.
b. Our hasty, globalizing and web-dominated millennium has caused journeys lose their
initiatory enthusiasm.
c. In the impetuous, globalizing and internet-governed millennium where we live, journeys
have lost their initiatory enthusiasm.
2. Translate the text into English.

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C. Translation Awareness
a. Discuss and illustrate the type of translation equivalence achieved.
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b. Rank the text according to the degree of translation difficulty.

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c. Comment on the dictionaries used.
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English ST
As for the acquaintance which is to be sought in travel, that which is most of all
profitable, is acquaintance with the secretaries and employed men of ambassadors; for so
in travelling in one country he shall suck the experience of many: let him also see and visit
eminent persons in all kinds, which are of great name abroad, that he may be able to tell
how the life agreeth with the fame; for quarrels, they are with care and discretion to be
avoided: they are commonly for mistresses, healths, place, and words; and let a man
beware how he keepeth company with choleric and quarrelsome persons; for they will
engage him into their own quarrels. When a traveller returneth home, let him not leave the
countries where he hath travelled altogether behind him; but maintain a correspondence
by letters with those of his acquaintance which are of most worth; and let his travel appear
rather in his discourse than in his apparel or gesture; and in his discourse, let him be
rather advised in his answers, than forward to tell stories: and let it appear that he doth not
change his country manners for those of foreign parts; but only prick in some flowers of
that he hath learned abroad into the customs of his own country.
Francis Bacon, Of Travel
http://grammar.about.com/od/classicessays/a/Of-Travel-By-Francis-Bacon.htm

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2. Provide the modern spelling of the text.
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3. Discuss the differences between the synonymic pairs: acquaintance and relative; travel
and journey.
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4. Explain the meaning of but only prick in some flowers.
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1. Choose the most appropriate variant for the ST sentence.
“When a traveller returneth home, let him not leave the countries where he hath travelled
altogether behind him;”
a. Când un calator se întoarce acasă, nu-l încurajaţi să dea uitării locurile pe care le-a
văzut.
b. La întoarcerea acasă, încurajaţi-l pe cel care a călătorit să vorbească despre locurile
vizitate.
c. Odata întors acasă, aminteşte-i călătorului de locurile pe care le-a văzut şi nu-l lăsa să
le uite.
2. Translate the text into Romanian.
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UNIT 2
Romanian ST
Dar pentru că te-am văzut iubitor de curse de cai, ca şi mine, dă-mi voie să fac o
comparaţie care are să-ţi dovedească definitiv, dacă mai era nevoie, că nu aş putea
deveni niciodată scriitoare [...]. Ştii că sunt, în general luate, două categorii de cai. Cei
pretendenţi la marile premii clasice şi cei care se mulţumesc să-şi încerce norocul numai
în handicapuri modeste. Se întâmplă însă în unii ani că se găseşte pe hipodrom câte un
cal cu sânge foarte aristocratic şi cu toţi muşchii necontenit gata de întrecere, care câştigă
toate premiile mari, nelăsând celor care sunt abia cu puţin inferiori lui nici unul. Fiecare
dintre aceşti cai nenorocoşi ar putea câştiga orice handicap, rareori însă, sau din pricina
regulamentelor, sau a mândriei proprietarilor, aleargă în aceste curse. Aşa că ei nu se
aleg în unii ani cu nici un premiu. Ei bine, într-un orăşel de provincie, toate fetele frumoase
sunt faţă de cea mai frumoasă - chiar când deosebirea e tot aşa de mică - în situaţia
acestor nenorocoşi candidaţi. Cea mai frumoasă recoltează toate visurile, toate ambiţiile
adolescenţilor din oraş [...]. Eram deci, în strâmtul şi proaspătul nostru orăşel de munte,
cea mai frumoasă fată, iubită de elevii liceului, curtată de tinerii magistraţi şi obiectul
cavalerismului ofiţerilor din garnizoană.
Camil Petrescu, Patul lui Procust, p 8/19
https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B1CumSvXYQc5N3Y1RXJuSWppcWs/edit?pli=1

Applications

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2. Explain the meaning of handicap in the text.
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3. Find instances of words changing from denotative to connotative meaning.
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4. Build up synonym essays for frumoasa and beautiful. Use dictionaries.
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1. Choose the most appropriate variant for the ST sentence:
„Se întâmplă însă în unii ani că se găseşte pe hipodrom câte un cal cu sânge foarte
aristocratic şi cu toţi muşchii necontenit gata de întrecere”
a. It so happens that in certain years, on the horse racing track, there may appear a horse
of a most noble breed and a great conformation ready for confrontation.
b. In certain years, it happens to find on the show ring a horse of an outstanding bloodline
and a great bone ready for competition.
c. In some years, there can be found on the hippodrome a horse of a most noble breed
and with steel in his muscle always ready for competition.
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English ST
A young member of the band turned her head at the exclamation. She was a fine and
handsome girl--not handsomer than some others, possibly--but her mobile peony mouth
and large innocent eyes added eloquence to colour and shape. She wore a red ribbon in
her hair, and was the only one of the white company who could boast of such a
pronounced adornment. As she looked round Durbeyfield was seen moving along the road
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in a chaise belonging to The Pure Drop, driven by a frizzle-headed brawny damsel with her
gown-sleeves rolled above her elbows. This was the cheerful servant of that
establishment, who, in her part of factotum, turned groom and ostler at times. Durbeyfield,
leaning back, and with his eyes closed luxuriously, was waving his hand above his head,
and singing in a slow recitative-- […]
Tess Durbeyfield at this time of her life was a mere vessel of emotion untinctured by
experience.
Thomas Hardy, Tess of the d'Urbervilles, p.9-10
http://www.literaturepage.com/read/tess-of-the-durbervilles-9.html

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2. Find archaic words in the text and provide modern equivalents.
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3. Explain the meanings of chaise and ostler using English dictionaries.
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4. Find antonyms for innocent, cheerful, slow.
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“Tess Durbeyfield at this time of her life was a mere vessel of emotion untinctured by
experience”
a. La acest moment din viaţa ei, Tess Durbeyfield cunostea pentru prima dată adevăratele
sentimente şi emoţii.
b. Pe vremea aceea, Tess Durbeyfield vibra ca un cristal, datorită unei sensibilităţi
nealterate de experienţă.

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c. La vârsta ei, Tess Durbeyfield strălucea asemenea unei comori nepreţuite de

sensibilităţi nealterate de experienţa vieţii.
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UNIT 3
Romanian ST
Aprinse lampa cu abajur de mătase bleu şi trandafiri mici din catifea. Din patul de
bronz, pictat cu îngeraşi, te aşteptai să răsară o scufiţă cu panglici şi dantele. În bufetul
vienez cu două vitrine, modern prin anii '80-'90, un instantaneu al epocii ar fi surprins sticle
de apă de Vichy, flacoane de colonie Cuir de Russie, pastilele întăritoare ale doctorului
Blow sau elixirul bunicilor Cristal de munte. Berzele de argint susţineau cîndva o tipsie
unde tineri domni de acum o jumătate de veac îşi lăsau cărţile de vizită, pendula anunţa
orele de bal sau de primire, în oglindă, îngălbenită acum, se reflectau chipuri gingaşe într-
o cascadă de bucle, zulufi, pene şi flori, umeri goi, coborîţi după cum cercau canoanele
frumuseţilor contemporane cu Eugenia de Montijo. În scrinul de cireş lustruit, lenjeria
delicată, lucrată în mînăstiri, emana arome dulci, mitenele fine de antilopă albă adăstau
alături de dantela scumpă Valenciennes ori mai modestă de Bruxelles...
Melania Lupu trase mînerul de bronz şi scoase o jumătate de cozonac, un borcan de
dulceaţă şi cîteva pastile de ciocolată pe care motanul le prinse din zbor.
Rodica Ojog-Braşoveanu, Bună seara, Melania, p.4

Applications
http://www.girlshare.ro/2381001.7

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2. Explain the meanings of mitene and adastau.
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3. Find synonyms for frumusetilor contemporane.
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„Din patul de bronz, pictat cu îngeraşi, te aşteptai să răsară o scufiţă cu panglici şi dantele”
a. Out of the bronze bed, painted with cherubs, you were expecting a ribboned,
embroidered nightcap to turn up.
b. Out of the bronze bed on which little angels were painted, you might have expected a
ribbonned, laced nightcap to turn up.
c. A nightcap trimmed with ribbons and lace might have appeared from the bronze bed
painted with cherubs.
2. Distinguish among nightcap, bonnet, hood.
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English ST
Laura put back the receiver, flung her arms over her head, took a deep breath,
stretched and let them fall. "Huh," she sighed, and the moment after the sigh she sat up
quickly. She was still, listening. All the doors in the house seemed to be open. The house
was alive with soft, quick steps and running voices. The green baize door that led to the
kitchen regions swung open and shut with a muffled thud. And now there came a long,
chuckling absurd sound. It was the heavy piano being moved on its stiff castors. But the
air! If you stopped to notice, was the air always like this? Little faint winds were playing

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chase, in at the tops of the windows, out at the doors. And there were two tiny spots of
sun, one on the inkpot, one on a silver photograph frame, playing too. Darling little spots.
Especially the one on the inkpot lid. It was quite warm. A warm little silver star. She could
have kissed it.
Katherine Mansfield, The Garden Party, p.5
http://www.eastoftheweb.com/short-stories/UBooks/GardPart.shtml
A. ST Analysis
a. Comment on the use of auditory images in the text.
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b. Distinguish between tiny and little.
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c. Explain the meaning of were playing chase in Little faint winds were playing chase, in at
the tops of the windows, out at the doors.
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“The house was alive with soft, quick steps and running voices”.
a. Intreaga casă era animată de paşi uşori, repezi şi voci neîntrerupte.
b. Intreaga clădire era un freamăt de paşi uşori, grăbiţi, de crâmpeie de glasuri.
c. Casa răsuna de paşi uşori, grăbiţi şi glasuri fremătătoare.
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UNIT 4
Romanian ST
Bunicul e gata îmbrăcat, cu pălăria de pai negru, mănuşile de aţă şi bastonul de
trestie în mână. Poarta din faţă e deschisă. A tras la scară trăsura muscalului. Calul face
ni-ha-ha-ha. Cânii din mahala s-au stârnit la lătrat. Perdelele albe se leagănă uneori cu
atâta avânt ondulat că ajung până departe în odaie.

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— Potaie, să nu te mişti de-acasă! Te las paznicul avutului nostru. E mare cinste

pentru un neisprăvit ca tine, vorbeşte bunica, în timp ce-şi încheie mănuşile lungi cu bumbi
de sidef. Miroase stins a liliac pe sfârşite, şi proaspăt (foarte aproape de nară), a apă de
flori, a papier d'Armenie, a paciuli, a vetiver, a afion. Toate acestea se revarsă din
sertarele bunicei. Mai miroase şi a bomboane acre. Nepotul prizează cu dinadins, până la
strănut.
— Ce-i cu nasul tău? Ai gutunar?
— Îmi miroase a bomboane englezeşti...
— Păreri, zice bunica şi închide sertarul. Hai, Alecule!
Trăsura cu bunicii pleacă: la doamna Boù. Un ultim strănut de râs, şi nepotul rămâne
singur, de capul lui, „paznicul avutului bunicilor".
Ionel Teodoreanu, Bunicii. Cele patru anotimpuri, p. 5
http://ro.scribd.com/doc/39980157/Ionel-Teodoreanu-Bunicii-Cele-Patru-Anotimpuri

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2. Explain the meanings of gutunar.
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3. Identify foreign words in the text and explain their usage by the author.
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„Nepotul prizează cu dinadins, până la strănut”.
a. The nephew is smelling until he starts sneezing.
b. The nephew inhales until he sneezes.
c. The nephew keeps smelling and ends in sneezing.

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English ST
It never occurred to me in those days to write about Holly Golightly, and probably it
would not now except for a conversation I had with Joe Bell that set the whole memory of
her in motion again. Holly Golightly had been a tenant in the old brownstone; she'd

Applications
occupied the apartment below mine. As for Joe Bell, he ran a bar around the corner on
Lexington Avenue; he still does. Both Holly and I used to go there six, seven times a day,
not for a drink, not always, but to make telephone calls: during the war a private telephone
was hard to come by. Moreover, Joe Bell was good about taking messages, which in
Holly's case was no small favor, for she had a tremendous many. Of course this was a
long time ago, and until last week I hadn't seen Joe Bell in several years. Off and on we'd
kept in touch, and occasionally I'd stopped by his bar when passing through the
neighborhood; but actually we'd never been strong friends except in as much as we were
both friends of Holly Golightly. Joe Bell hasn't an easy nature, he admits it himself, he says
it's because he's a bachelor and has a sour stomach. Anyone who knows him will tell you
he's a hard man to talk to. Impossible if you don't share his fixations, of which Holly is one.
Truman Capote, Breakfast at Tiffany’s, p.2-3
http://www.onread.com/fbreader/191739/
A. ST Analysis
a. Specify elements of textual cohesion and coherence.
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b. Distinguish between the uses of past perfect.
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c. Explain the meaning of „ Joe Bell hasn't an easy nature, he admits it himself, he says it's
because he's a bachelor and has a sour stomach”.
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“Both Holly and I used to go there six, seven times a day, not for a drink, not always, but to
make telephone calls: during the war a private telephone was hard to come by”.

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a. Aveam obiceiul ca, împreună cu Holly, să mergem acolo de şase, şapte ori pe zi, nu
neapărat ca să bem, ci mai ales ca să dea ea telefoane; în timpul războiului era greu să-ţi
instalezi telefon acasă.
b. Impreună cu Holly obişnuiam să mergem acolo de şase sau şapte ori pe zi, nu ca să
bem ceva, ci pentru a da telefoane: deoarece în timpul războiului cu greu aveai telefon
acasă.
c. Atât eu cât şi Holly ne duceam acolo de şase, şapte ori pe zi, nu ca să bem – ci ca să
dăm un telefon: în timpul războiului era greu sa obţii legătura la telefoanele particulare.
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UNIT 5
Romanian ST
Dar Ester, în vremea cînd mergeam la tanti Aura, era o fată vioaie şi foarte deşteaptă,
care citea tot timpul cărţi groase, prăjindu-se la soare în remorca vechiului camion. Cu
cît se bronza mai mult, cu-atît se umplea mai tare de pistrui. Avea pistrui pe tot corpul, pe
toată pielea ei roşcată, dar mai ales pe umeri, pe spate şi sub ochi, în jurul nasului. Uneori
vorbea puţin behăit şi avea tendinţa să-şi înfunde capul între umeri, dar cusururile astea
erau compensate de frumuseţea părului auriu-purpuriu care-i venea pînă la brîu, de
privirea verde a ochilor ei înţelept-jucăuşi. Ea desena complicatele şotroane în formă de
melc, cu pătrăţele faste şi căsuţe periculoase, pe care, dînd cu ciobul şi bolborosind
repede cuvinte ciudate:„ânkara-nânkara-astarot-ţefirah-sabaot-sabaot-sabaot", trebuia să
le parcurgem sărind într-un picior.
Mircea Cartarescu, Nostalgia, p199
http://ro.scribd.com/doc/3825330/Mircea-Cartarescu-Nostalgia

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2. Explain the meaning of vorbea puţin behăit.
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3. Find synonyms for cusururi.
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Applications

„Cu cît se bronza mai mult, cu-atît se umplea mai tare de pistrui”.
a. The more tanned, the more freckled she got.
b. More tanned, more freckled.
c. The more tanned she got, the more freckled.
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Applications
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English ST
For Robyn and Charles week-ends were for work as well as recreation, and the two
activities tended to blend into each other at certain interfaces. Was it work or recreation,
for instance, to browse through the review pages of the Observer and the Sunday Times,
mentally filing away information about the latest books, plays, films, and even fashion and
furniture[…]. A brisk walk in Wellington boots to feed the ducks in the local park was,
however, definitely recreation […]. Robin had a stack of essays to mark, and Charles was
reading a book on deconstruction which he had agreed to review for a scholarly journal.
The gas fire hissed and popped in the hearth. A harpisichord concerto by Haydn tinkled
quietly on the stereo. Outside, as the light faded from the winter sky, melting snow dripped
from the eaves and trickled down the gutters. Robyn, looking from Mario Russell’s overdue
assessed essay on Tess of the D’Urbervilles (which was actually not bad, so perhaps the
modeling job was turning out to be a sensible decision), caught Charles’s abstracted gaze
and smiled.
David Lodge, Nice Work, p. 177
http://htmlimg1.scribdassets.com/2dq4ilhawwwzopu/images/90-24245f11ff.jpg
A. ST Analysis
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a. Comment on the degree of text formality.
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b. Identify cases of parenthetical elements in the fragment.
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Applications

“A harpisichord concerto by Haydn tinkled quietly on the stereo”
a. Dinspre combina stereo se auzeau acordurile în surdină ale unuia dintre concertele
pentru clavecin de Haydn.
b. Combina stereo emitea acordurile tăcute ale unui concert de clavecin de Haydn.
c. Acordurile unui concert pentru clavecin de Haydn răsunau încet dinspre combina stereo.
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Applications
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References
REFERENCES
Aijmer, K., B. Altenberg & M. Johansson (eds), 1996, Languages in contrast. Papers
from a symposium on text-based cross-linguistics studies. Lund: Lund University
Press
Baker, Mona. 1992, In Other Words. A Coursebook on Translation. London:
Routledge
Baker, M.,1995, Corpora in Translation Studies: An overview and some suggestions
for future research, Target 7:2, 223-243
Baker, M. (Ed).,1998, Routledge encyclopedia of translation studies. London & New
York: Routledge
Bell, Robert ,1991, Translation and Translating: Theory Practice, London – Longman
Bernardini, S., 2006, Machine Readable Corpora, in Brown, K., ( editor-in-chief),
Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, Elsevier
Catford, John Cunnison, 1965, A Linguistic Theory of Translation: An Essay on
Applied Linguistics, London: Oxford University Press
Croitoru, E. , 2007, Explicitation and Deletion from the Perspective of Teaching LSP
in Translation Languages for Specific Purposes: Searching for Common
Solutions,Edited by Dita Gálová ,Cambridge Scholars Publishing: Cambridge
Delisle, Jean, 1980, L’analyse du discours comme méthode de traduction,
Ottawa: Presses de l’Université d’Ottawa.
Dima G., 2009, Theorising about Translation through Parallel Corpora, in
Proceedings to the Conference on British and American Studies, 7th edition,
Transilvania University Press, Brasov, pp 131-136
Dima G., 2012, On “Linguistic Hospitality” in Translation, in Revista stiintifica Intertext
N 3/4, pag. 117-122, Institutul de Cercetări filologice şi interculturale (ICFI), ULIM,
Chisinau, Republica Moldova,
http://icfi.ulim.md/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Intertext-3-4-2012-_1_4.pdf
Dima, G., A Case Study in Translation Practice: Male/vs/ Female Authorship, în
revista Communication interculturelle et littérature, Centrul de cercetare Comunicare
interculturală şi literatură, Universitatea „Dunărea de Jos” din Galaţi, Facultatea de
Litere, NR. 4(16) Octombrie-Noiembrie-Decembrie, Editura Europlus, 2011, pp. 305-
308;https://revistacil.wordpress.com/category/arhiva/; www.mla.org; www.fabula.org
Hatim, B., Munday, J., 2004, Translation, An advanced resource book, London-
Routledge
House, Juliane, 1977, A Model for Translation Quality Assessment. Tübingen: TBL
Verlag Gunter Narr
House, Juliane & Shoshana Blum-Kulka (eds) ,1986, Interlingual and Intercultural
Communication, Tübingen: Gunter Narr Verlag.
Jakobson, Roman,1959, On Linguistic Aspects of Translation. In R. A. Brower (ed.).
On Translation. Cambridge. MA: Harvard University Press

References
http://books.google.ro/books?id=CZXcTzFLDuwC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_
ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
James, C., 1989, Contrastive Analysis, London : Longman
Kelly, Louis G. ,1979, The True Interpreter: A History of Translation Theory and
Practice in the West, Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Krings, H.P. ,1986, Translation problems and translation strategies of advanced
German learners of French. in J. House, & S. Blum-Kulka (Eds.), Interlingual and
intercultural communication, Tubingen: Gunter Narr.
http://books.google.ro/books?id=CZXcTzFLDuwC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_
ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
Laviosa, Sara, 2002, Corpus-based Translation Studies: Theory, findings,
applications, Amsterdam-New York, Rodopi
Leonardi, Vanessa, 2007, Gender and Ideology in Translation: Do Women and Men
Translate Differently? A Contrastive Approach from Italian into English, Peter Lang,
Leviţchi, L. ,1994, Manualul traducătorului de limba engleză, Bucureşti : Teora
Manfredi, M., 2008, Translating Text and Context: Translation Studies and Systemic
Functional Linguistics, Bologna – DUPress (Retrieved from
http://amsacta.cib.unibo.it/2393/1/Manfredi_2008_Monografia.pdf)
Mauranen, A., 2002 ,Will ‘translationese, ruin a contrastive study?, Languages in
Contrast 2(2), 161-86
Munday J., 2001, Introducing Translation Studies Theories and applications,
Routledge
Newmark, Peter, 2001, Approaches to Translation, Hemel Hempstead: Prentice Hall.
Nida, Eugene Albert and Charles Russel Taber. The Theory and Practice of
Translation. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1969 / 1982.
Nkwenti-Azeh, B., Terminology, in Baker, M. (Ed), 2005, Routledge encyclopedia of
translation studies, London & New York: Routledge
Nord, Christiane, 1996, “Text Type and Translation Method, An Objective Approach
to Translation Criticism: Review of Katharina Reiss’ Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der
Übersetzungskritik”, in The Translator 2:1, 81-88.
Pym, A. and Horst, T., Translatability, 2005, in Baker, M. (Ed), Routledge
encyclopedia of translation studies. London & New York: Routledge
Reiss, Katharina ,1977/1989, “Text-types, Translation Types and Translation
Assessment” (translated by Andrew Chesterman), in Andrew Chesterman (ed.),
1989, 105-15.
Reiss, K. and Vermeer, H., 1984, Towards a General Theory of Translational Action
Skopos Theory Explained, 1984, Translated from the German by Christiane Nord
English reviewed by Marina Dudenhöfer, Routledge
Ricoeur, Paul, 2006, On Translation. Routledge. London and New York
Santos, D., 1996, Tense and aspect in English and Potuguese : a contrastive
semantical study, PhD Thesis, Universidade Tecnica de Lisboa
Snell, Barbara & Patricia Crampton ,1983, “Types of Translations”, in Catriona Picken
(ed.), 109-20.Delisle, Jean (1980) L’analyse du discours comme méthode de
traduction, Ottawa: Presses de l’Université d’Ottawa.

References
Venuti, Lawrence, 1995, The Translator's s Invisibility. London and New York:
Routledge
Venuti, L.,1998, Strategies of translation. In M. Baker (Ed.), Encyclopedia of
translation studies (pp. 240-244). London and New York: Routledge.
Dictionary of Translation Studies, 2014, Mark Shuttleworth & Moira Cowie, Routledge
Webster’s Third New International Dictionary. Könemann, 1996.
Other Sources
Gheorghiu, M., A douăsprezecea noapte sau Ce doriţi? în William Shakespeare,
Opere, vol.7, Editura de stat pentru literatură şi artă, Bucureşti, 1959
James, H., The Real Thing/ Un lucru autentic, Editura Paralela 45, 2002
Wilde, O., The Picture of Dorian Gray, Penguin Classics, London, 1985
Wilde O., Portretul lui Dorian Gray, trad. de D. Mazilu, Editura pentru literatură, 1967

CP de Limba Engleza - Gabriela Dima

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Universitatea “Dunărea de Jos” din Galați

Departamentul pentru Învăţământ la Distanţă

Curs practic de limba

Translation Theory and Practice

Translation Theory and Practice 3

Translation studies, a relatively young domain of research, has been acknowledged

Translation Theory and Practice 5

The present chapter aims at presenting a selection of the most

1. 1. ST (Source Text) Analysis

Translation Theory and Practice 7

8 Translation Theory and Practice

(Reiss, 1977/1989:109, as quoted in Dictionary 2014: 56). In Nord’s

Text types Informative Expressive Operative

Translation Theory and Practice 9

1.3. Parallel Corpora

TT1: Sandvişuri cu TT2: Mic dejun la

10 Translation Theory and Practice

Translation Theory and Practice 11

Cu toată silueta ei Cu toată silueta ei

The sentential context ST2 has been translated almost similarly in

12 Translation Theory and Practice

2.1. Types of Translation

Linguists Criteria of Translation

Translation Theory and Practice 13

2.2. Translation Methods and Procedures

2.2.1. Translation Methods

14 Translation Theory and Practice

when listing methods of translation which have been used frequently in

Translation Theory and Practice 15

Communicative translation attempts to render the exact contextual

2.2.2. Translation Procedures

16 Translation Theory and Practice

Se ocupa într-o oarecare măsură de administrarea minelor sale de

Translation Theory and Practice 17

18 Translation Theory and Practice

În mileniul internautic, globalizant şi repezit în care te afli, călătoria şi-a pierdut

A. Source Text Analysis

Translation Theory and Practice 19

B. Source Text Translation

2. Translate the text into English.

20 Translation Theory and Practice

b. Rank the text according to the degree of translation difficulty.

A. Source Text Analysis

Translation Theory and Practice 21

B. Source Text Translation

22 Translation Theory and Practice

Translation Theory and Practice 23

A. Source Text Analysis

B. Source Text Translation

24 Translation Theory and Practice

A. Source Text Analysis

B. Source Text Translation

26 Translation Theory and Practice

c. La vârsta ei, Tess Durbeyfield strălucea asemenea unei comori nepreţuite de

Translation Theory and Practice 27

A. Source Text Analysis

B. Source Text Translation

28 Translation Theory and Practice

Translation Theory and Practice 29

B. Source Text Translation

30 Translation Theory and Practice

Translation Theory and Practice 31

— Potaie, să nu te mişti de-acasă! Te las paznicul avutului nostru. E mare cinste