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that I B has a maximum value of 0.48 at r/z = 0, i.e., indicating thereby that the stress is a
m a x i m u m b e l o w th e point load.
6.3 W E S T E R G A A R D ' S F O R M U L A F O R P O IN T L O A D S
Boussinesq assumed that the soil is elastic, isotropic and homogeneous for the development of a
point load formula. However, the soil is neither isotropic nor homogeneous. The most common
type of soils that are met in nature are the water deposited sedimentary soils. When th e soil particles
are deposited in water, typical clay strata usua lly have their lenses of coarser materials w i t h i n t h e m .
The soils of this type can be assumed as laterally reinforced by numerous, closely spaced,
horizontal sheets of negligible thickness but of infinite rigidity, which prevent the mass as a whole
from undergoing lateral movem ent of soil grains. Westergaard, a British Scien tist, proposed (1938)
a form ula for the com putation of vertical stress o by a point load, Q , at the surface as z
Q
cr, -' ,3/2 2
M
(6.2)
in w h i c h f j, is Poisson's ratio. If fj, is taken as zero for all practical purposes, E q. (6.2) simplifies to
Q 1 Q
2 3 2 (6.3)
[l 2(r/z) ] '
+
( I I a)
where /,,, = 2 3/2
is the Westergaard stress coefficient. T h e variation of / with th e
[l + 2 ( r / z ) ]
ratios of (r/z) is shown gra phically in Fig. 6.2 along with the Bous sinesq's coefficient I B . The value
of I w at r/z = 0 is 0.32 w hich is less tha n that of I B by 33 per cent.
or 7
h w
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
r/ z 1.5
2.5
176 Chapters
Example 6.1
A concentrated load of 1000 kN is applied at the ground surface. Compute th e vertical pressure (i )
at a depth of 4 m below th e load, (ii) at a distance of 3 m at the same depth. U se Boussinesq's
equation.
Solution
The equation is
Q 3/2;r
_ _ —/ w h e r e /„ = f rrj^-
Z i
z
7 if' ti 9 p/Z
2
[l + ( r / z ) \
Q 1000 2
(i) When B = 3/2 n = 0.48, az
r/z = 0, /„ = 0.48^-
2 = 0.48 x —— = 30 kN/m
z 4x4
(ii) W h e n r/z = 3/4 = 0.75
I
3/27T 0.156x1000
2
R=~T ^T = 0.156, a = — = 9.8k N / m
B 2 2 z 4x4
l + (0.75) f
E x a m p l e 6 .2
A concentrated load of 45000 Ib acts at found ation level at a depth of 6.56 ft below ground surface.
Find the vertical stress along the axis of the load at a depth of 32.8 ft and at a radial distance of
16.4 ft at the same depth by (a) Bo ussine sq, and (b) Westergaard form ulae for n = 0. Neglect the
depth of the foundation.
Solution
(a ) Boussinesq Eq. (6.la)
2
z 2 B B 2
"
z ' 27 1 l + (r/z)
= _45000x027 33 ^n431b/f t2
z 2
(32.8)
13/2
Q 1
2
l +2 ( r / z )
/ = 0 . 1 7 3 3 f o r r / 7 = 0.5
therefore,
2
a = x 0.1733 = 7.25 lb/ft
(32.8)
E x a m p l e 6.3
A rectangular raft of size 30 x 12 m founded a t a depth of 2.5 m below th e ground surface is
subjected to a uniform pressure of 150 kPa. Assume the center of the area is the origin of
coordinates (0, 0). and the corners have coordinates (6, 15). Calculate stresses at a depth of 20 m
below th e foundation level by the methods of (a) Boussinesq, and (b) Westergaard a t coordinates of
(0, 0), (0, 15), (6, 0) (6, 15) and (10, 25). Also determine the ratios of the stresses as obtained by the
tw o methods. Neglect the effect of foundation depth on the stresses (Fig. Ex. 6.3).
Solution
'
Equations (a) Boussinesq: = — IB, IB =
2
z
l+ <r/^f
Q 0.32
(b ) Westergaard:
2
(0,0) 0 (6, 15) f 15 )/20 = 0.81
(
^
2
(6,0) 6/20 = 0.3 (10, 25) ( V i o " + 252 )/20 = 1.35
The stresses at the various locations at z = 20 m may be calculated by using the equations given
above. The results are tabulated below for the given total load Q = qBL = 150 x 12 x 30 = 54000 kN
2
acting at (0, 0) coordinate. Q/z =135.
.(0,0) (0,15)
(10,25)
178 Chapter 6
I0 crJkPa) w
a = 2 2 z (6.4)
z [1 + U / z ) ] z
r — \i x •" • + z
cos fc) =
2q
~ 2 2 (6.5)
n [(x-x) +z ]
Applying the principle of superposition, the total stress o ~ z at point P due to a strip load
distributed over a width B (= 2b ) m ay be written as
+b
2 2 2 dx
[(x-x) +z }
-b
2 2 2
q 1, z 2bz(x -b -z )
or a 1 = — tan" tan" (6.6)
n x-b x+ b
The non-dimensional values of cjjq are given graphically in Fig. 6.5.Eq. (6.6) can be
expressed in a more conv enient form as
= — [/?+sin/?cos(/?+2£)] (6.7)
n
x O
(a) (b)
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