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IV. TESTING OF SPECIMENS l=length in mm of the span on which the specimen was
supported and
Compressive strength of cubes are determined at p=maximum load in kg applied to the specimen.
28 days using compression testing machine (CTM) of 4.3 Split Tensile Test on Cylinder
capacity 2000 KN. Flexural testing setup of UTM machine Cylinders of size 150mm diameter of height 300
of capacity 40 tones was used to determine the flexural mm were tested in CTM and calculate the split tensile
strength of beams. strength 7 days and 28 days curing.
4.1 Compressive Strength Test on Cube T= 2P/π DL
A cube compression test was performed on 4.4 Durability Studies with H2SO4 and HCl
standard cubes of plain and GGBS of size 150mm 150 mm Concrete cubes of 150 x 150 x 150 mm3 size
at 28 days of immersion in water for curing. Results are were cast for durability studies for grades M20 of
shown in Table and graphical presentation between concrete. 1% H2SO4, 1% HCl concentration for 90 days
compressive strength and percentage GGBS volume curing and 5% H2SO4, 5% HCl concentration for 28 days
fraction is shown. curing were considered for durability studies. Each grade
The compressive strength of specimen was consists of 0%, to 100% and hence each grade contains
calculated by the following formula: 120 cubes placed in individual tubs for each concentration.
Fc =Pc / A The normality of the solution was checked for every 2
days. The Compressive strength of cubes exposed to
Where, H2SO4 and HCl are tested for compressive strength.
Pc = Failure load in compression, kN
A = Loaded area of cube, mm2 V. ANALYSIS OF STRENGTH
4.2 Flexural Test on Plain Concrete and GGBS CHARACTERISTICS
Standard beams of size 100 x 100 x 500 mm were
supported symmetrically over a span of 400 mm subjected This chapter gives us information of strength
central point’s loading till failure of the specimen. performance analysis of GGBS concrete which is obtained
Experimental flexural strength: from experimental setup.
Maximum experimental flexural strength of the 5.1 Compressive Strength of GGBS Concrete
beam specimen was computed by the following equation The compressive strength performance of M20
from theory of strength of materials. The flexural strength GGBS concrete is studied for different percentage of
of concrete beam specimen was calculated as: GGBS to compare with normal plain cement concrete.
Fb= 3P x a/bd2 if a<20 Study contains comparison between compressive strength
Where, of GGBS concrete with changing type of cement as PPC
Fb=flexural stress in MPa, and OPC. Also compare the compressive strength of
b =measured width in cm of the specimen ,d=depth in mm GGBS concrete with natural sand and crush sand. The
of the specimen. main objective of the study is to find best proportion of
replacement of cement, for which concrete shows best grade GGBS concrete with same percentage of
performance characteristics. To full proof of the results replacement.
also study the compressive strength analysis for M-20
Table 5.1 Compressive strength of M20 concrete over different percentage GGBS for 7 days using cement as PPC &
Natural sand
Sr. no. % of the GGBS Compressive Compressive Percentage
strength of GGBS strength of P.C.C. increased in
concrete in N/mm2 N/mm2 compressive
strength
1 20 17.95 1.76
2 30 17.71 0.40
3 40 20 17.64 13.38
4 50 16.1 -8.73
5 60 16.03 -9.13
6 70 15.81 -10.37
7 80 15.33 -13.10
8 90 15.21 -13.78
9 100 14.86 -15.76
Table 5.2 Compressive strength of M20 concrete over different percentage GGBS for 28 days using cement as PPC &
Natural sand
Sr. no. % of the GGBS Compressive Compressive Percentage
strength of GGBS strength of P.C.C. increased in
concrete in N/mm2 N/mm2 compressive
strength
1 20 28.16 4.41
2 30 27.10 0.48
3 40 29.33 26.97 8.75
4 50 24.78 -8.12
5 60 24.70 -8.42
6 70 24.34 -9.75
7 80 24.10 -10.64
8 90 23.9 -11.38
9 100 23.30 -13.61
Table 5.3 Compressive strength of M20concrete over different percentage GGBS for 7 days using cement as OPC &
Natural sand
Sr. no. % of the GGBS Compressive Compressive Percentage
strength of GGBS strength of P.C.C. increased in
concrete in N/mm2 N/mm2 compressive
strength
1 20 20.51 8.46
2 30 19.52 3.23
3 40 20.20 18.91 6.82
4 50 18.56 -1.85
5 60 17.40 -7.99
6 70 17.25 -8.78
7 80 17.12 -9.47
8 90 16.88 -10.74
9 100 16.42 -13.17
Table 5.4 Compressive strength of M20 concrete over different percentage GGBS for 28 days using cement as OPC &
Natural sand
Sr. no. % of the GGBS Compressive Compressive Percentage
strength of GGBS strength of P.C.C. increased in
concrete in N/mm2 N/mm2 compressive
strength
1 20 31.10 6.84
2 30 31.30 7.52
3 40 32.25 29.11 10.79
4 50 28.72 -1.34
5 60 27.70 -4.84
6 70 27.58 -5.26
7 80 27.46 -5.67
8 90 27.10 -6.90
9 100 26.90 -7.59
Table 5.5 Compressive strength of M20concrete over different percentage GGBS for 7 days using cement as OPC &
Crush sand
Sr. no. % of the GGBS Compressive Compressive Percentage
strength of GGBS strength of P.C.C. increased in
concrete in N/mm2 N/mm2 compressive
strength
1 20 18.17 9.13
2 30 19.15 15.02
3 40 16.91 16.65 1.56
4 50 16.01 -3.84
5 60 15.96 -4.14
6 70 15.8 -5.11
7 80 15.66 -5.95
8 90 15.51 -6.85
9 100 15.3 -8.11
Table 5.6 Compressive strength of concrete over different percentage GGBS for 28 days using cement as OPC & Crush
sand
Sr. no. % of the GGBS Compressive Compressive Percentage
strength of GGBS strength of P.C.C. increased in
concrete in N/mm2 N/mm2 compressive
strength
1 20 27.11 5.86
2 30 29.78 16.28
3 40 26.37 25.61 2.97
4 50 25.3 -1.21
5 60 25.1 -1.99
6 70 24.98 -2.46
7 80 24.56 -4.10
8 90 24.3 -5.12
9 100 24.1 -5.90
Table 5.7 Compressive strength of M20concrete over different percentage GGBS for 7 days using cement as OPC &
Natural sand
Sr. no. % of the GGBS Compressive Compressive Percentage
strength of GGBS strength of P.C.C. increased in
concrete in N/mm2 N/mm2 compressive
strength
1 20 24.51 6.70
2 30 25.77 12.19
3 40 23.9 4.05
4 50 22.5 -2.05
5 60 22.35 -2.70
22.97
6 70 22.1 -3.79
7 80 22 -4.22
8 90 21.96 -4.40
9 100 21.65 -5.75
Table 5.8 Compressive strength of M20 concrete over different percentage GGBS for 28 days using cement as OPC &
Natural sand
Sr. no. % of the GGBS Compressive Compressive Percentage
strength of GGBS strength of P.C.C. increased in
concrete in N/mm2 N/mm2 compressive
strength
1 20 37.71 5.63
2 30 40.69 13.98
3 40 36.77 35.70 3.00
4 50 35.6 -0.28
5 60 35.3 -1.12
6 70 35.1 -1.68
7 80 34.96 -2.07
8 90 34.68 -2.86
9 100 34.48 -3.42
Figure no. 5.1- Compressive strength of GGBS concrete with PPC cement and OPC cement for M20 grade in natural
sand for 7 days
Figure no. 5.2- Compressive strength of GGBS concrete with PPC cement and OPC cement for M20 grade in natural
sand for 28 days
Figure no. 5.3- Compressive strength of GGBS concrete with PPC cement and OPC cement for M20 grade in Crush
sand for 7 days
Figure no. 5.4- Compressive strength of GGBS concrete with PPC cement and OPC cement for M20 grade in Crush
sand for 28 days
5.2 Split Tensile Strength of GGBS Concrete replacement for different nature of ingredients. This data is
The split tensile strength performance of GGBS plotted graphically in figure.5.5 to 5.8 which shows that
concrete is studied for different percentage of GGBS. The there is increase in split tensile strength up to 40% of
split tensile strength of plain cement concrete is found to GGBS content thereafter it decreases.
be maximum tensile strength of GGBS concrete for 40 %
Table 5.9 Split tensile strength of M20 concrete over different percentage GGBS for 7 days using cement as PPC &
Natural sand
Sr. no. % of the GGBS Split Tensile Split Tensile Percentage
strength of GGBS strength of P.C.C. increased in Split
concrete in N/mm2 N/mm2 Tensile strength
1 20 2.15 4.88
2 30 2.27 10.73
3 40 2.31 12.68
4 50 2.09 1.95
5 60 2.01 -1.95
2.05
6 70 1.99 -2.93
7 80 1.81 -11.71
8 90 1.73 -15.61
9 100 1.65 -19.51
Table 5.10 Split tensile strength of M20 concrete over different percentage GGBS for 28 days using cement as PPC &
Natural sand
Sr. no. % of the GGBS Split Tensile Split Tensile Percentage
strength of GGBS strength of P.C.C. increased in Split
concrete in N/mm2 N/mm2 Tensile strength
1 20 3.15 8.25
2 30 3.19 9.62
3 40 3.37 2.91 15.81
4 50 3.07 5.50
5 60 2.85 -2.06
6 70 2.74 -5.84
7 80 2.66 -8.59
8 90 2.5 -14.09
9 100 2.41 -17.18
Table 5.11 Split tensile strength of M20concrete over different percentage GGBS for 7 days using cement as OPC &
Natural sand
Sr. no. % of the GGBS Split Tensile Split Tensile Percentage
strength of GGBS strength of P.C.C. increased in Split
concrete in N/mm2 N/mm2 Tensile strength
1 20 2.31 7.94
2 30 2.37 10.75
3 40 2.55 2.14 19.16
4 50 2.23 4.21
5 60 2.1 -1.87
6 70 2.01 -6.07
7 80 1.91 -10.75
8 90 1.86 -13.08
9 100 1.73 -19.16
Table 5.12 Split tensile strength of M20 concrete over different percentage GGBS for 28 days using cement as OPC &
Natural sand
Sr. no. % of the GGBS Split Tensile Split Tensile Percentage
strength of GGBS strength of P.C.C. increased in Split
concrete in N/mm2 N/mm2 Tensile strength
1 20 3.63 17.48
2 30 3.47 12.30
3 40 3.77 3.09 22.01
4 50 3.32 7.44
5 60 3.05 -1.29
6 70 2.95 -4.53
7 80 2.85 -7.77
8 90 2.74 -11.33
9 100 2.65 -14.24
Table 5.13 Split tensile strength of M20concrete over different percentage GGBS for 7 days using cement as OPC &
Crush sand
Sr. no. % of the GGBS Split Tensile Split Tensile Percentage
strength of GGBS strength of P.C.C. increased in Split
concrete in N/mm2 N/mm2 Tensile strength
1 20 2.15 8.59
2 30 2.34 18.18
3 40 2.36 1.98 19.19
4 50 2.03 2.53
5 60 2.01 1.52
6 70 1.95 -1.52
7 80 1.87 -5.56
8 90 1.65 -16.67
9 100 1.52 -23.23
Table 5.14 Split tensile strength of concrete over different percentage GGBS for 28 days using cement as OPC & Crush
sand
Sr. no. % of the GGBS Split Tensile Split Tensile Percentage
strength of GGBS strength of P.C.C. increased in Split
concrete in N/mm2 N/mm2 Tensile strength
1 20 3.35 8.06
2 30 3.33 7.42
3 40 3. 51 3.10 13.22
4 50 3.09 -0.32
5 60 2.95 -4.84
6 70 2.86 -7.74
7 80 2.71 -12.58
8 90 2.45 -20.97
9 100 2.10 -32.26
Table 5.15 Split tensile strength of M20concrete over different percentage GGBS for 7 days using cement as OPC &
Natural sand
Sr. no. % of the GGBS Split Tensile Split Tensile Percentage
strength of GGBS strength of P.C.C. increased in Split
concrete in N/mm2 N/mm2 Tensile strength
1 20 2.62 2.34
2 30 2.73 6.64
3 40 2.79 2.56 8.98
4 50 2.63 2.73
5 60 2.50 -2.34
6 70 2.45 -4.30
7 80 2.30 -10.16
8 90 2.10 -17.97
9 100 1.85 -27.73
Table 5.16 Split tensile strength of M20 concrete over different percentage GGBS for 28 days using cement as OPC &
Natural sand
Sr. no. % of the GGBS Split Tensile Split Tensile Percentage
strength of GGBS strength of P.C.C. increased in Split
concrete in N/mm2 N/mm2 Tensile strength
1 20 3.79 6.16
2 30 3.95 10.64
3 40 3.99 3.57 11.76
4 50 3.60 0.84
5 60 3.42 -4.20
6 70 3.31 -7.28
7 80 3.26 -8.68
8 90 3.10 -13.17
9 100 2.75 -22.97
Figure no. 5.5 Split Tensile strength of GGBS concrete with PPC cement and OPC cement for M20 grade for Natural
Sand 7 days
Figure no. 5.6 Split Tensile strength of GGBS concrete with PPC cement and OPC cement for M20 grade for Natural
Sand 28 days
Figure no. 5.7 Split Tensile strength of GGBS concrete with PPC cement and OPC cement for M20 grade for Crushed
Sand 7 days
Figure no. 5.8 Split Tensile strength of GGBS concrete with PPC cement and OPC cement for M20 grade for Crushed
Sand 28 days
5.3 Flexural Strength of GGBS Concrete strength of GGBS concrete for 40 % replacement for
The flexural strength performance of GGBS different nature of ingredients. This data is plotted
concrete is studied for different percentage of GGBS by graphically which shows that there is increase in split
using central point load test on beams. The flexural tensile strength up to 40% of GGBS content thereafter it
strength of plain cement concrete is found to be maximum decreases.
Table 5.17 Flexural strength of M20 concrete over different percentage GGBS for 7 days using cement as PPC &
Natural sand
Sr. no. % of the GGBS Flexural strength Flexural strength Percentage
of GGBS concrete of P.C.C. N/mm2 increased in
in N/mm2 Flexural strength
1 20 2.46 13.36
2 30 2.50 15.21
3 40 2.52 2.17 16.13
4 50 2.33 7.37
5 60 2.15 -0.92
6 70 2.13 -1.84
7 80 2.03 -6.45
8 90 2.01 -7.37
9 100 1.95 -10.14
Table 5.18 Flexural strength of M20 concrete over different percentage GGBS for 28 days using cement as PPC &
Natural sand
Sr. no. % of the GGBS Flexural strength Flexural strength Percentage
of GGBS concrete of P.C.C. N/mm2 increased in
in N/mm2 Flexural strength
1 20 3.53 15.36
2 30 3.59 17.32
3 40 3.68 3.06 20.26
4 50 3.39 10.78
5 60 3.15 2.94
6 70 3.10 1.31
7 80 3.04 -0.65
8 90 2.96 -3.27
9 100 2.89 -5.56
Table 5.19 Flexural strength of M20concrete over different percentage GGBS for 7 days using cement as OPC &
Natural sand
Sr. no. % of the GGBS Flexural strength Flexural strength Percentage
of GGBS concrete of P.C.C. N/mm2 increased in
in N/mm2 Flexural strength
1 20 2.54 13.90
2 30 2.65 18.83
3 40 2.77 2.23 24.22
4 50 2.29 2.69
5 60 2.15 -3.59
6 70 2.08 -6.73
7 80 2.00 -10.31
8 90 1.93 -13.45
9 100 1.88 -15.70
Table5.20 Flexural strength of M20 concrete over different percentage GGBS for 28 days using cement as OPC &
Natural sand
Sr. no. % of the GGBS Flexural strength Flexural strength Percentage
of GGBS concrete of P.C.C. N/mm2 increased in
in N/mm2 Flexural strength
1 20 3.62 13.84
2 30 3.77 18.55
3 40 3.85 3.18 21.07
4 50 3.42 7.55
5 60 3.16 -0.63
6 70 3.09 -2.83
7 80 3.00 -5.66
8 90 2.95 -7.23
9 100 2.86 -10.06
Table 5.21 Flexural strength of M20concrete over different percentage GGBS for 7 days using cement as OPC & Crush
sand
Sr. no. % of the GGBS Flexural strength Flexural strength Percentage
of GGBS concrete of P.C.C. N/mm2 increased in
in N/mm2 Flexural strength
1 20 2.41 12.62
2 30 2.48 15.89
3 40 2.53 2.14 18.22
4 50 2.17 1.40
5 60 2.10 -1.87
6 70 2.06 -3.74
7 80 1.98 -7.48
8 90 1.92 -10.28
9 100 1.87 -12.62
Table 5.22 Flexural strength of concrete over different percentage GGBS for 28 days using cement as OPC & Crush
sand
Sr. no. % of the GGBS Flexural strength Flexural strength Percentage
of GGBS concrete of P.C.C. N/mm2 increased in
in N/mm2 Flexural strength
1 20 3.45 14.24
2 30 3.48 15.23
3 40 3.51 3.02 16.23
4 50 3.12 3.31
5 60 2.98 -1.32
6 70 2.92 -3.31
7 80 2.86 -5.30
8 90 2.77 -8.28
9 100 2.75 -8.94
Table 5.23 Flexural strength of M20concrete over different percentage GGBS for 7 days using cement as OPC &
Natural sand
Sr. no. % of the GGBS Flexural strength Flexural strength Percentage
of GGBS concrete of P.C.C. N/mm2 increased in
in N/mm2 Flexural strength
1 20 2.69 0.75
2 30 2.76 3.37
3 40 2.88 2.67 7.87
4 50 2.65 -0.75
5 60 2.60 -2.62
6 70 2.56 -4.12
7 80 2.51 -5.99
8 90 2.44 -8.61
9 100 2.39 -10.49
Table 5.24 Flexural strength of M20 concrete over different percentage GGBS for 28 days using cement as OPC &
Natural sand
Sr. no. % of the GGBS Flexural strength Flexural strength Percentage
of GGBS concrete of P.C.C. N/mm2 increased in
in N/mm2 Flexural strength
1 20 3.92 1.29
2 30 4.01 3.62
3 40 4.11 3.87 6.20
4 50 3.9 0.78
5 60 3.80 -1.81
6 70 3.72 -3.88
7 80 3.68 -4.91
8 90 3.65 -5.68
9 100 3.62 -6.46
Figure no. 5.9 Flexural strength of GGBS concrete with OPC cement and PPC cement for M20 grade for natural sand
in 7 days
Figure no. 5.10 Flexural strength of GGBS concrete with OPC cement and PPC cement for M20 grade for natural sand
in 28 days
Figure no. 5.11 Flexural strength of GGBS concrete with OPC cement and PPC cement for M20 grade for Crush sand
in 7 days
Figure no. 5.12 Flexural strength of GGBS concrete with OPC cement and PPC cement for M20 grade for Crush sand
in 28 days
5.4 Durability Studies with H2SO4 and HCl normality of the solution was checked for every 2 days.
Concrete cubes of 150 x 150 x 150 mm3 size The Compressive strength of cubes exposed to H2SO4 and
were cast for durability studies for grade M20 of concrete. HCl are tested for compressive strength and results were
1% H2SO4, 1% HCl concentration for 90 days curing and presented for 0%, to 100% of GGBS concrete for M20
5% H2SO4, 5% HCl concentration for 28 days curing grades of concrete at room temperature for 28 and 90 days
were considered for durability studies. Each grade consists respectively. Following Figure shows acid affected
of 0%, to 100% and hence each grade contains 96 cubes concrete cubes.
placed in individual tubs for each concentration. The
Table 5.25 Compressive strength for M 20 grade concrete after H2SO4 acid curing
Sr No % of GGBS Compressive Strength (N/mm2)
28 days ( 5% H2SO4) 90 days (1 % of H2SO4)
1 0 26.40 36.6
2 20 27.80 37.9
3 30 30.10 42.80
4 40 32.92 46.92
5 50 28.50 37.88
6 60 28.30 37.53
7 70 28.15 37.10
8 80 27.63 36.89
9 90 27.33 36.50
10 100 27.10 35.35
Table 5.26 Compressive strength for M 20 grade concrete after HCL acid curing
Sr No % of GGBS Compressive Strength (N/mm2)
28 days ( 5% HCL) 90 days (1 % of HCL)
1 0 26.56 37.92
2 20 27.89 40.25
3 30 29.74 42.79
4 40 33.50 47.95
5 50 29.15 44.39
6 60 29.52 44.10
7 70 29.10 42.56
8 80 28.46 42.15
9 90 27.33 40.30
10 100 27.10 40.15
Effect of H2SO4 and HCl Acids on Durability of and 5% concentrations are tested for compressive strength
Concrete for 90 days and 28 days respectively. The results are
Concrete cubes of 0% to 100% of GGBS concrete presented in Figure 15, 16.
of M20 grade concrete exposed to H2SO4 and HCl of 1%
Figure no. 5.15 Compressive strength of Cubes after acid test for 28 days
Figure no. 5.16 Compressive strength of Cubes after acid test for 90 days
Behaviour under freeze and thaw effect of [10] Luo, R., Cai, Y., Wang, C., & Huang, X. (2003).
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Behaviour under creep and shrinkage of GGBS concrete. Cement and Concrete Research, 33, 1–7.
concrete. [11] P.J. Wainwright & N. Rey. (2000). The influence of
Evaluation of dynamic properties of GGBS ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) additions and
concrete. time delay on the bleeding of concrete. Cement and
Fracture analysis of GGBS concrete. Concrete Composites, 22, 253-257.
Stress transfer mechanism of GGBS concrete. [12] A.Oner & S.Akyuz. (2007). An experimental study on
Behaviour under impact load of GGBS concrete. optimum usage of GGBS for the compressive strength of
concrete. Cement & Concrete Composites, 29, 505–514.
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