Lab No 01

Fluid Mechanics-I Lab (MEEN 2217)

Lab Report 01

Title:

Verification of Bernoulli’s equation.

Maaz Aslam
ME172030
15-11-2018

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Lab No 01

Table of content:

Name Cross-Reference

Abstracts 3

Introduction 4

Background and History 5

Apparatus 7

Procedure 9

Calculation and Observations 10

Sample calculation 11

Result 12

Reference 13

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1. Abstracts:
This experiment is about Bernoulli’s theorem. We are performing this experiment to
verify the Bernoulli’s theorem by using venturi meter. The Bernoulli’s theorem relates
the pressure, velocity and elevation in a moving fluid. The compressibility and
viscosity of the fluid are negligible and the flow of fluid is steady or laminar. In this
experiment we are using venturi meter which consist of manometers, a tube which is
narrow from the mid (also called throat) than the other two ends. As the water flows
through it there are reading, which can be read from nanometer. Basically in this
experiment the whole thing we have to do it to prove Bernoulli’s theorem that states
that where the speed is high the pressure will be low. In this experiment it can be seen
that the velocity is increased when the fluid flows from wider to narrow end. The
apparatus is placed on a hydraulics bench and the experiment is performed. The
venture tube has converging and diverging portion that function the increasing and
decreasing the velocity of fluid and lower and higher the static pressure respectively.
This experiment is conducted for 5 times with different flow rates stating from the
first as the level pressure of each manometer is equal and stable. We concluded that
there is a little bit difference on the speed of the flow and the pressure when we use
Bernoulli’s equation to calculate velocity. So, we concluded that the Bernoulli’s
theorem is verified and the objectives are achieved.

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2. Introduction:
Bernoulli’s theorem states that “as the speed of the moving fluid increases, the
pressure within the fluid decreases”. Bernoulli’s principle is named after the Swiss scientist
Daniel Bernoulli. This law says that in a streamline flow of fluid increase in the speed of fluid
took place when there is a decrease in pressure of the fluid took place. Bernoulli’s principle is
named in a book published by Daniel Bernoulli. (Hydrodynamica, wikipedia, 1738)
Bernoulli
principle can be derived from the principle of law of conservation of energy. Bernoulli
principle is a very acute relationship between pressure velocity and elevations. The velocity
of fluid changes as it passes through narrow or widen pipe. As there is a narrow pipe the fluid
flow with relatively high speed. So this principle tells us that the fluid flow through narrow
pipes with high velocity, the pressure decreases eventually. Bernoulli principle can be
explained in term of law of conversation of energy.
Bernoulli’s equation can be applied under certain conditions which are given bellow:
i. The fluid should be incompressible.
ii. The fluid should be of constant density.
iii. The flow must be steady.
iv. It should be continuous.
v. The total energy along all the sections of the fluid flow should remain
constant.

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3. Background and history:

3.1 Bernoulli’s equation:
The Bernoulli equation represents the conservation of mechanical energy for a steady,
incompressible, frictionless flow:
𝑝1 𝑣12 𝑝2 𝑣22
+ + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧2
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔

Where:
p = static pressure detected at a side hole.
v = fluid velocity.
z = vertical elevation of the fluid.
z1 = z2 for a horizontal tube.
The equation may be derived from the Euler Equations by integration.
It may also be derived from energy conservation principles.
Derivation of the Bernoulli Equation is beyond the scope of this theory.

3.2 Other forms of Bernoulli theorem:

If the tube is horizontal, the difference in height can be disregarded,

𝑧1 = 𝑍2

Hence:

𝑝1 𝑣12 𝑝2 𝑣22
+ = +
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔

The static pressure head p, is measured using a manometer directly from a side hole pressure
tapping

The manometer actually measures the static pressure head, h, in meters which is related to p
using the relationship:
𝑝
ℎ =
𝑝𝑔

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This allows the Bernoulli equation to be written in a revised form,

𝑣12 𝑣22
ℎ1 + = ℎ1 +
2𝑔 2𝑔

The velocity related portion of the total pressure head is called the dynamic pressure head.

3.3 Total pressure head:

The total pressure head, can be measured from a probe with an end hole facing into the flow
such that it brings the flow to rest locally at the probe end.
Thus
ℎ2
ℎ𝑡 = ℎ +
2𝑔
And from Bernoulli’s equation, it follows that
ℎ𝑡1 = ℎ𝑡2

3.4 Velocity measurement:

The velocity of the flow is measured by measuring the volume of the flow, V, over time
period, t. This gives the rate of volume flow as:
𝑉
𝑄𝑣 =
𝑡
Which in turn gives the velocity of flow through a defined area, A as:
𝐐𝐯
𝐯 = 𝐀

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4. Apparatus:
i. Manometer tubes
ii. Venture meter
iii. Water inlet
iv. Hydraulic bench
v. Stopwatch

4.1 Explanation of apparatus:

4.1.1 Manometer tubes:

Pressure measuring devices using liquid columns in vertical or inclined tubes are called
manometers. One of the most common is the water filled u-tube manometer used to measure
pressure difference in pivot or orifices located in the airflow in air handling or ventilation
system.

Fig No 01

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4.1.2 Venturi meter:

Venturi meters are flow measurement instruments which use a converging section of pipe to
give an increase in the flow velocity and a corresponding pressure drop from which the flow
rate can be deduced. They have been in common use for many years, especially in the water
supply industry.

Fig No. 02

4.1.3 Hydraulic bench:

Hydraulic bench is a very useful apparatus in hydraulics and fluid mechanics. It is involved in
majority of experiments to be conducted. Find the value of the co-efficient of velocity, co-
efficient of discharge, to study the characteristics of flow over notches, to find head losses
through pipes, to verify Bernoulli’s theorem.

Fig No 03

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5. Procedure:
i. I open the inlet valve to supply tank and allow water to fill up to a maximum
head of height.
ii. I open the outlet valve of the apparatus to have flow through the testing pipe.
Then regulate both the inlet and out let valves so that the head H is maintained
constant. This condition is reached only if the inlet is equal to outlet.
iii. Note the time in seconds to collect water for a rise of height.
iv. In the measuring tank twice as t1 and t2.If the difference in readings exceeds
10%, take a third reading within the range.
v. Note the pressure head Hp at the cross sections A1, A2 etc.
vi. Repeat the experiment for medium and low heads in the supply tank.

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6. Calculation and Observations

Tube Area of flow Discharge Velocity Velocity Pressure Total head
Number (A) (Q) (V) head head (P)
𝜋 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑄 𝑉2 𝑉2
𝐷 𝑉 = 𝑇 =𝑃+
4 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝐴 2𝑔 2𝑔
01 6.1 0.1785 0.029 0.000042 24.8 24.8004
02 3.463 0.1785 0.051 0.00013 24.2 24.2001
03 2.21 0.1785 0.0808 0.00033 20.8 22.0006
04 1.5386 0.1785 0.1160 0.00068 22 22.0006

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7. Sample calculations:
𝜋
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 𝐷
4

𝜋
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 2.8
4

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 6.1

𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 (𝑄) =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
10
𝑄=
56
𝑄 = 0.1785
𝑄
𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝑉) =
𝐴
0.1785
𝑉=
6.1
𝑉2
𝑉𝑒𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 =
2𝑔
𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 = 0.000042
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 = 24.8𝑐𝑚
𝑉2
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 = 𝑃 +
2𝑔
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 = 24.80004

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8. Conclusions:
I concluded that the Bernoulli’s equation is applicable on a steady flow of fluid. I also
concluded that as the pressure is increased the velocity is decreased.

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9. Reference:

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