Ritual and Religion at Huaricoto

Author(s): Richard L. Burger and Lucy Salazar Burger

Source: Archaeology, Vol. 33, No. 6 (November/December 1980), pp. 26-32
Published by: Archaeological Institute of America
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 Ritual and at Huaricoto
Religion
by Richard L. Burger and Lucy Salazar Burger

A largeshrine
atHuaricotowasthesiteofoffering
burningswhich placeinthestone-lined
took hearth
inthecenter
ofthefloor.
These
ceremonial
sitesrepresent
a newreligious inthePeruvian
tradition highlands.

the beginningofthe twentiethcenturywhen B.c., Chavin societyexhibitedstrongreligious

Max Uhle, the fatherofPeruvian archaeology,
In suggestedthat foreigninfluencesfirststimu-
lated the emergenceofculturein Peru, his theories
were accepted withoutquestion. Uhle claimed that
the Maya travelingfromMexico influencedlocal
fishinggroupsand sowed the firstseeds ofciviliza-
tion.In thedecades thatfollowed,however,archae-
ologistJulio C. Tello argued convincinglyforthe
independentdevelopmentofculturein Peru. Proof
was foundat the highland site ofChavin de
Huantar and related sites on the Peruvian coast
where the remains ofsophisticatedceremonialcen-
ters were found.The conceptofthe Chavin civiliza-
tionwas bornand became recognizedby mostAn-
dean archaeologistsas the earliest civilizationin
Peru. Appearingsometimein the firstmillennium
traits. Like the earliest civilizationsofMesoamer-
ica, religionpermeatedeveryaspect oflife- social,
political and economic.The keytothesuccessofthe
Chavin culturelay squarely on the organizationof
these beliefsand ideologies.Wheredid theycome
from?How did theydevelop?
Elements ofChavin ideologycan be founden-
coded at the vast ceremonialcenterat Chavin de
Huantar. Hundreds ofsculpturesonce adornedthe
exteriorofthe temple and hintat a once active
religionwhichspread throughoutthe highlands
and coast. Surprisingly,no forerunner ofthistype
ofceremonial centerhas been discoveredin the
immediate vicinityor in the neighboringvalleys.
Archaeologistshad to search on the centraland
northerncoast ofPeru forthe antecedentsofmany

26 ARCHAEOLOGY

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A ceremonial hearth(foreground) wasusedinreli-
atHuaricoto
giousceremonies Themassive
toburnofferings. wall(background)
builtata latertimedelimits
theritual
precinct stones
andincludes
weighing uptofivetons.
distinctivearchitecturalfeaturesofChavin de
Huantar, forexample, the monumentalU-shaped
pyramids.One ofthese sites,Huaca La Florida on
thecentralcoast,has been datedtotheearlypartof
the Initial period,almost a thousandyears before
the firsttempleat Chavin de Huantar appeared.
Theoretically,the modelforthe Chavin de
Huantar religiouscult was probablycoastal or
westernin origin.But somedisconcertingelements
are present,forexample, an iconographywhich
emphasizes exoticanimals, such as monkeysand
jaguars, and plants todayassociated withthe tropi-
cal lowlands to the east. Perhaps the Chavin de
Huantar cult also adoptedsome ofits mythsand
beliefsfromthese Amazonian sources.Andean ar-
chaeologistswere leftwiththe curiouslyinexplic-
able situationthat somethingas fundamentalas a
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religious systemcould be tracedto outsidesources
both to the east and west. Nothingat Chavin de
Huantar suggestedan earlier local religioustradi-
tionwhichhad clear historicaland ideologicalrela-
tionshipsto the new cult. Is it plausible that the
Chavin religious systemwas totallyintrusivein
the highlands? If it was, what highlandreligious
systemdid it replace? At one time,these questions
could not even be addressed because ofthe lack of
evidence,but recentexcavations at Huaricotoand
othersites have changed this situationdramat-
ically.
Huaricoto is a small artificialmoundsittingon a
terraceoverlookingthecentralCallejón de Huaylas
valley at an elevation of2,750 metersabove sea
level. Only 55 kilometersfromChavin de Huantar,
Huaricoto was firstsettledin the fourthmillen-
nium b.c. and continuedto be occupieduntilthe
seventh centuryafterChrist.During this time,the
site grew fromone quarter acre to seven and a half.
The accumulation ofcultural remainshad reached
about six metersin heightin the westernsector
ofthe site by the time it was abandoned. Gary
Vescelius ofCornell University'sVicos Project,dis-
covered Huaricoto duringexplorationsin the
Marcará and Vicos area, and the sitewas excavated
byVescelius and Hernán Amat oftheUniversityof
San Marcos in 1962. Sixteen years later,RichardL.
Burger and Abelardo Sandoval M. ofSuny, Bing-
hampton initiatednew archaeological investiga-
tionswiththe sponsorshipoftheMuseo Nacional de
Antropologíay Arqueología, Lima; the National
Geographic Society;and the Organizationof
American States.
One ofthe mostdominantcharacteristicsof
Huaricoto is its distinctivereligiousnature.The
most significantpart ofthe story,however,is the
factthat the site functionedas a small ceremonial
centerfromabout 2000 to 200 b.c., a timereflecting
pre-Chavin as well as Chavin associations.This
representsnothingless that 1,800 years ofa religi-
ous systemwhichflourishedwithrelativelylittle
change. This new religiousideology,whichwe pro-
pose to call the Kotosh ReligiousTradition,appears
to have existed throughoutthe Chavin de Huantar
heartland. Most surprisingly,the Kotosh Religious
Tradition was not disruptedat Huaricotowiththe
appearance ofthe alien Chavin cult. Instead,the
two religious traditionscoexistedin a syncretistic
relationship.The local pre-Chavinritescontinued
to be performed, but certainideologicalinnovations
fromChavin de Huantar were incorporatedintothe
ceremonies.
At firstglance the earliest occupationat
Huaricoto seems to be ratherskimpy- a makeshift
hearth,scatteredcarbon,the remainsofa stone
wall, discarded chippingdebris,and a quartzite
core. But the combinationofthese artifactsleftthe
door open fora varietyofpossibilities:Huaricoto
may have servedeitheras a temporarycamporany
numberofotherfunctions.Uncorrectedradiocar-
1980 27
November/December
 bon measurementsof3290±120 b.c. and 2820+200
b.c. give some idea oftheage oftheinitial use ofthe
site. Above this poorlyunderstoodfirstoccupation
was a secondoccupationduringwhichHuaricoto
was convertedintoa small temple.Two features
fromthis secondoccupationwere completelyexca-
vated- hearthsin whichceremonialofferings had
been burnt.The largerofthese combinesa rectan-
gle withan invertedtrapezoidto formitsdistinctive
shape. It was constructedby cuttinghalfa meter
into a thicklayer ofred clay, and thenslippingthe
sunken geometricformwitha fineouterlayerof
yellow clay. In the centerofthe flooris a deep
stone-linedcircularpit in whichthe burningtook
place. Burntclay,ratherthan large stones,was
used to reinforcethe edges ofthis pit. Fragmentsof
clay impressedwithcane were recoveredfromthe
floorofthe structureand suggestthat the ceremo-
nial hearthhad a perishableroofbuiltofwattleand
daub. No walls were encounteredand it does not
appear that a superstructuresurroundedthe
sunken hearth area. The pre-Chavmpeople at
Huaricotoapparentlybuilttheirshrinein theopen.
Some idea ofthe ritual whichwas performed
here can be inferredfromthearchaeologicalassoci-
ations. The pit where the burningtookplace was
filledwithash and carbon.Burntbone froma large
mammal suggeststhat meat may have been one of
the principalofferings. Four pieces ofquartz which
had been intentionallystruckfroma corewerealso
included in the burntremains.This clear quartz
may have been includedforits symbolicvalue. Be-
liefin the originand magical qual-
' ities of supernatural conditionofthe delicate slip demonstratesthat,like
quartz was widespreadin Prehispanic
America and continuedto exist cross-culturally the otherhearths,it was neverexposedto rough
intothis centuiy among traditionalshamans. activityor the elements.Unfortunately, no ceram-
Shortlyafterthe ceremonytookplace, the round ics were foundwith any ofthese early ceremonial
burningpit was coveredoverwitha layer ofyellow hearths,althoughceramicsdid occurin the strata
clay, masking the pit but leaving the sunken geo- above them. Radiocarbonmeasurementsof2020
metricframearoundit. Beforetherainyseason,the B.C.+110 fromthe firsthearthand 2260 b.c.±120
ritual hearthwas filledwithclay conservingit in fromjust above the half-moonhearth,however,
nearly perfectcondition.At a slightlylater time,a supporttheiridentificationas Late Preceramic(ca.
similar hearthwas built above the southwest 2200-1800 b.c.). Furtherexcavationsduringthe
cornerofthispit.Onlythecornerofit,however,was second and thirdfieldseasons in the deepestde-
recoveredbut its formand constructionappear to positsofHuaricotorevealed sectionsofa large stone
be identicalto thefirstceremonialhearthexceptfor platformwhichalso dates to Late Preceramictimes.
its orientation.Shells broughtin fromthe coast for The Huaricoto hearthsrecall otherLate Pre-
the ritual were leftlyingon the flooraroundthe ceramic sites in the Peruvian highlands,especially
hearth. Kotosh, 150 kilometersto the southeastand La
About 30 meterstothe southeast,anotherscrap Galgada, 115 kilometersto the northwest.At all
ofevidence was unearthed- the remainsofa third three sites,the centralfeaturesconsistofsuper-
ritual hearth,half-moonin shape when seen from imposedritualhearthsused forburntofferings. The
above. In threedimensionit has the shape ofa creation ofimpressivepyramidstructureslike the
quarter ofan orange. Like the firsthearth,this ones at Chavin de Huantar obviouslywas notcon-
structurewas dug into and carved out ofan earlier sidered to be importantbythese early Peruvians.
layerofclay. Filled withash, carbon,small flakesof Large open plazas were also missingat these sites
quartz, and burntbone, it was thencoveredcom- and the ceremoniesappear to have been restricted
pletelywitha finegrayclay slip; the burninghad to a small numberofparticipantsand spectators.
taken place withinthe pit,and the soil and stones The Kotosh Religious Traditionseems to have been
around it were scorched.Althoughthe formwas rathersimple,consistingofthe performanceof
verydifferent fromthe otherhearths,the rituals witha decided
cyclical rituals ofburntofferings,
performedhere were obviouslysimilar.The perfect lack ofemphasis on public iconography.One ofthe

28 archaeology

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Chavínreligious
sculpture thesunken
adorning circular
plazaatChavín
deHuantar
includes
a procession
ofsupernatural
figures
andlargefelines.

fewexceptionsto the rarityofpublic religiousart

are the two sets ofcrossedclay arms foundat one of
the temples at Kotosh. Yet no public art has been
encounteredso farat the numerousearly temple
structuresat La Galgada despitetheexcellentstate
ofpreservationthere.

T he termKotosh Religious Traditiondoes not

implythatthe ceremonialcentersassociated withit
are identical,but it does suggestthat theywere
dedicated to variants ofthe same ideology.Similar
rituals were probablyheld at these geographically
distant centers.Kotosh,the namesake, was not
necessarilythe earliest or mostimportantofthese
religious centers,but it was the firstceremonial
centerofthistraditionto be excavated. Centerslike
Kotosh, Huaricoto and La Galgada may even have
been linked togetherformally,as were later Pre-
hispanic ceremonialsites. Accordingto ethnohis-
torical documents,networksofceremonialcenters
were hierarchicallyorganizedand relationswere
sometimesexpressedby kinship.A hierarchyof
ritual sites may already have existedduringthe
Late Preceramicperiodas exemplifiedbythediffer-
ence betweenKotosh and Huaricotoin scale, tech-
nologyand labor investment.The Preceramic
hearths at Huaricoto were placed out in the open Thesculpturedclaycrossed
handsatKotosh
areanexample
of
and lack the large stone superstructures, niches rarepublicart.

1980 29
November/December

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 atShillacato,
A temple
Huanucocontaineda cere-
monialhearth
andventila-
tormuchlikethose
found
atHuaricoto.
and benches like those surroundingthe ritual
hearths at Kotosh and La Galgada. Also notable is
the absence ofsubterraneanventilatorsin the
ritual hearthsat Huaricoto,whichmay have been
omittedbecause therewere no structuresto block
air into the burningpits.
The distributionofthe Kotosh Religious Tradi-
tion extendedat least 250 kilometersfromnorthto
south duringLate Preceramictimes,and included
centersin intermontanevalleys and on the eastern
and westernslopes ofthe Andes. Their ecological
diversityis aptly illustratedby the varyingeleva-
tion ofLa Galgada at 1,000 metersabove sea level,
Kotosh at 2,000 metersabove sea level, and
Huaricoto at 2,750 metersabove sea level. Yet out-
side ofHuaricoto,traces ofthis traditionbecome
more sketchyafterthe Late Preceramicperiod.At
Kotosh, templestructuresfeaturingritual hearths
were consideredthe hallmark ofthe Late Precer-
amic culturethere,but theydid notcontinueto
functionin later times.The same cult,however,
continuedto thrivenearbyduringthe Early Initial
period (1800-1500 b.c.) at Shillacoto. The main
30 ARCHAEOLOGY
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templethereis simplya largerversionofthebetter
known Late Preceramictemplesat Kotosh.At La
Galgada, a sequence oftempleswithceremonial
hearths has been excavated by TerenceGriederof
the UniversityofTexas and AlbertoBueno ofIn-
stitutoNacional de Cultura. This series ofsuper-
imposed temples appears to have lasted about five
centuries fromthe Late Preceramicintothe Early
Initial period.During the 1979 excavationsat
Huacaloma, Cajamarca, a UniversityofTokyo
team directedby Kazuo Terada discoverda religi-
ous structurewitha well-madecircularfireplacein
the earliest Initial periodlayers.Ifthisstructureis,
as it seems, anothertempleofthe Kotosh Religious
Tradition,it would push the extentofthe cult even
deeper intothe northernhighlands.
At Huaricoto itself,the Kotosh Religious Tradi-
tion continuedto thrivelong afterthe Preceramic
period. Two ritual hearths,nearlythe same age,
have been unearthedin later Initial periodlevels.
The older ofthe two consistsofa low stonewall,
roughlysquare in shape, whichframesa slightly
recessed floorwitha circularhearthin itscenter.A
Pottery onthenorth
found edgeoftheHuaricoto
temple.
shortventilatorconnectstheritualhearthwiththe
floorbeyondthe framedarea. Ash filledtheburning
pit'andventilator,and thestonesides and clay floor
ofthe burningpit were charred.All the organic
offeringswere destroyedby fireand a finelyflaked
bifacewas leftin the hearthwhile the firewas still
hot. It was completelyburnt,but its fragiletip
remained unbrokenand the edges ofthe tool
showed no appreciablewear. Perhaps itwas used to
slaughter a sacrificialanimal whose ashes were
recoveredfromthe pit,or possiblythe pointitself
was an offering ofsome symbolicvalue, like the
quartz flakesfromthe Preceramichearths.After
the offering, a fineunburntclay floorwas laid on
topofthe burningpit,completelyhidingit.A white
plaster floorcoveredthe stoneventilatorand sealed
its outlet.
Not long afterwards,a shrinewas builttwo
metersto the south ofthe olderhearth.Althoughit
differsfromthe ritual hearthsin form,construction
and size, theyare partiallycontemporaryand were
visible simultaneouslyto worshipersat one pointin
the Late Initial period.This shrineis the firstindi-
cation ofa large superstructurearoundtheceremo-
nial hearths at Huaricoto. In the centerofthe floor
is a stone-linedhearthconnectedto a ventilator
whichrunsunderthe floorto theexteriorfaceofthe
wall. Afterofferings had been incinerated,a fresh
floorwas laid over the hearthand a wedge-shaped
white plaster floorborderedby stonewalls was
added on the south as an entranceto the elliptical
superstructurecoveringthe ventilatoropening.
The subsequent floorsofthe structureyieldedan
undamaged club head orporra and small fishbones.
The flooraround these hearthshad been left
clean and lacked diagnosticceramics,but a groupof
Late Initial ceramicswas recoveredfromthe ter-
races whichsupportedtheplatformsofthehearths.
These Huaricoto styleceramicsare representedby
thickenedneckless ollas and simplebowlswith
straightor convexwalls. Vessels were decorated
with unevenlyspaced punctuations,incisionsand
bands filledwithparallel incisionsor hatching.In
some cases, red post-firepigmentfillsthese inci-
sions, contrastingwiththe dark surface;in other
instances,the vessels are paintedwitha pre-firered
slip whichacts as a foilforthe lightercolorofthe
texturedunslippedzones.
Above theInitial periodlayerswereseveral ma-
jor architecturalperiodsand numerousfloorsdat-
ing to the Early Horizon,withthe fluorescenceof
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A polished
boneartifact
carvedwitha Chavinmotif
indicates
thepenetration
of
theChavincultatHuari-
coto.Length,
4.9centi-
meters.
the Chavin culture. During its firstphase, the
principal ceremonial precinctwas set apart on the
east by a large wall made ofslabs weighingup to
fivetons. The original floorassociated withthe
eastern face ofthe large wall yieldeda radiocarbon
date of490 b.c. ± 130. A thicklayerofred clay was
added to the interiorofthe wall and below it lay a
cache ofbadly crushedhuman bones. An abundant
layer ofcarbon and ceremonialparaphernalia in-
cluding a pan-pipe,a human craniumfragment,
and a carved bone was depositedon topofthisfloor.
The carbon yielded dates of380 b.c. ±110 and 360
b.c. ± 80. While it is apparentthat human remains
played a role in the Early Horizonrituals at
Huaricoto, it is not clear whetherthese bones indi-
cate human sacrificeor the reutilizationofbones
afterdeath.
T he mostimpressiveconstructionat Huaricotois
the Early Horizon shrine,innovativeforits use of
cut and dressed stones. The roundsuperstructure
measures 5.4 metersin diameter.A circularsun-
ken area is located in the middleofthe buildinga
hearth with two sub-floorfluessits in the centerof
the recessed floor.Anothershrinewas added on the
westernside, mirroringthe firstone in shape and
construction.Still a thirdEarly Horizonshrine
with a small, poorly-builtceremonialhearthwas
built to the east at a slightlylatertime.Trapezoidal
in shape, it has layers ofinteriorplasteringand a
shortfluejust like the firstshrine.These Early
Horizon layers,in turn,were coveredby rivercob-
bles and a new floor,whichcorrespondsto the last
period ofChavin culture.While the continuitybe-
tween the Early Horizonhearthsand the earlier
ritual featuresis striking,thereis undisputable
1980 31
November/December
 evidence oftechnicaladvancementand increasing
labor investment.This progressis simultaneously
accompaniedat Huaricotobya wideninggap in the
quality ofthe different hearthswherewell-built
large hearthsare foundalongsidesmall,poorlycon-
structedones.
The excavationofHuaricotouncovereda totalof
eight ritual hearths,and fourotherscould be infer-
red fromexposed fragmentsofwalls and sunken
floors.Three hearthscan be tentativelydatedtothe
Late Preceramicperiod,threeto the Initial period,
and fiveto Early Horizontimes.Untoldnumbersof
unexcavated hearthsare still scatteredall overthe
site. The general absence oflargersuperstructures
probablypermittedmorefreedomofchoicein pla-
cing these ritual hearths,and the small labor in-
vestmentin any single shrinemay have encour-
aged buildingnew structuresratherthan renewing
old ones. Huaricoto- a typicalexample ofa highly
specialized ceremonialcenterwhoseprincipalfunc-
tionwas theperformanceofrituals involvingburnt
offerings - was also the scene of practical short-
termactivities.During the Initial periodworship-
ers cooked and fashionedstone and bone imple-
mentson theterraces.The ceremoniesat Huaricoto
may have occurredon onlya fewdays a year,
leaving the site nearly abandoned the restofthe
time. Even today,this is a commonpatternamong
worshipersat the small shrinesofthe Peruvian
highlands.Such sporadicuse ofa ceremonialcenter
would explain the absence oflarge quantitiesof
artifactsdespite its long history.
Althoughthe purposeofthe rituals carriedout
at Huaricoto remains unknown,it is possibleto
outline some oftheircanons. First,the sacred zone
in whichthe rituals were carriedout was defined.
Other activitieswere eitherexcludedfromthe area
throughoutthe year or theirtraceswere erased by
conscioustemplemaintenance.Afterthe sacred
hearths were constructed,appropriateofferings of
meat, coastal shell, fishand lithicswere selected.
During the ceremony,the organicofferings were
totallyoralmostentirelyreducedto an ashen state.
Finally, the ritual hearthwas carefullytrans-
formedintoa sacred place by sealing the burning
pit and ventilatorwithnew floorsand interior
plastering.Althoughthese ancientcanons remain-
ed fixedthroughtime,the ceremonialstructuresat
Huaricoto show surprisingvariabilityin shape and
size. This flexibilitymay have reflectedthe re-
sources and tastes ofthe familiesor villages re-
sponsible forthe constructionofthe ceremonial
hearths. The variabilityat Huaricotocontrasts
sharplywiththe situationencounteredat the
larger templesofthe Kotosh Religious Tradition,
such as Kotosh,where a highdegreeofuniformity
exists betweenthe ceremonialstructures.This ad-
herence to the same architecturaldesigncould be
explained by the presenceofreligiousspecialistsin
residence at the largerceremonialcenters.They
could have directedthe cyclicalrenovationsat the
temples and insuredthat theywere carriedout
32 ARCHAEOLOGY
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accordingto a single divinelyinspiredpattern.
Perhaps the moststrikingpart ofthe Huaricoto
excavations is that theypointto an unexpected
continuityofthe Kotosh ReligiousTraditionduring
the Early Horizonperiod.This does notaccordwith
some conceptionsofthe monolithicexpansionofthe
Cha vín cult in this area. Yet the extensiveexcava-
tions at nearbyChavín de Huantar, the centerof
Chavin religion,have not uncovereda singlecere-
monial hearth.In fact,Chavin de Huantar had very
little in commonwiththe ceremonialcentersofthe
Kotosh Religious Tradition.Obviouslytwosepa-
rate religious cults existed peaceably in the high-
lands ofPeru. The ceramicsfromHuaricotodemon-
stratethat some sortofcontactexistedwithChavin
de Huantar duringthe Early Horizonperiod.
Moreover,traces ofChavin religiousiconography
are representedon a carved bone and some elabo-
rate potteryrecoveredfromthe Early Horizontem-
ple refuseat Huaricoto. These fewtelltale objects
implythat some elementsofthe Chavin cult were
being integratedintothe Huaricotorituals,even
though the traditionalburntofferings continuedto
be performed.Now that excavations have firmly
established the developmentofan earlyreligionat
Huaricoto, the next step is to analyze the complex
interplaybetweenthese two verydifferent ceremo-
nial traditionsofancient Peru.
J||l^
in Pwn: editor,Dufnbartù&Ookê
Conférence
onČhamn.October
26thand27th.l9t8
lili
papyrutfiTi awl ififH
espedally pertinent;AlbertoBuenoM. and Terence
the fini publicationoftheimportantLa Galgada
diflcoveriwwithroecialempha^<» thearehHec.
;Evidenœ forthe Tempera! PriorityofCfliavm de
Hnnntnr fifaltf
quiff?
'radiocarbon measurementswhich
supporttheview
thatChavin de Huantar was flseculminationet de»
Porn»"in ItaairolftitM, editor,Arqiteoiogta
permm
imájmÉ ofGhavfn mtfjtff :
tgfÉte:*
'
^nÍverattyofTokyoPieaé,Ť0l^JapulS71),pre-
ana Itoiogn; Wm *
Rowe, ChatónArt:AnInquirylutoUtFormmiMmn -
^ (The MuiœumofPrtnaitive Art,New York1962),ia j
-a elear and widely accepted aecount ofChavAiart
-?:
íůbííĚÍÍÍÍBIÍÍÍBÍH^^