DR.

RAM MANOHAR LOHIYA NATIONAL

LAW UNIVERSITY

PROJECTOF
WORLD LEGAL SYSTEM
On: NEPALESE Legal System

Submitted to: Submitted By:

Mr. Malay Pandey Kishan Gupta

Assistant Professor BA LLB (Hons.)Semester I

Acknowledgement

First of all, I would like to thank Mr. Malay Pandey for giving me this opportunity to make the
project on such an immense topic and all the support and guidance that I have received from him,
without which this project could not have turned into a reality. I would also like to thank all my
colleagues and seniors for providing me support and material facts and figures related to this
topic. Last but not the least; I would like to thank my parents for providing me appropriate
guidance and support to prepare the project. All the above mentioned people have very whole
heartedly helped me to make this project in the present shape.
TABLE OF CONTENTS

S. Topic Pg. No.

No
1. INTRODUCTION 1-2

2. THE MAKING OF MODERN NEPAL LEGAL HISTORY OF 2-4

NEPAL

3. JUDICIARY IN NEPAL 5-8

 Supreme Court
 Appellate Court
 District Court
4. OFFICE OF PRESIDENT AND VICE-PRESIDENT 8-8

5. NEPAL’S NEW CONSTITUTION (2015): 65 YEARS IN THE 9-11

MAKING

6. CRITICISM OF THE NEW CONSTITUTION 11-11

7. INFERENCE AND CONCLUSION 11-11

8. BIBLIOGRAPHY, WEBLIOGRAPHY AND OTHER REFERENCES 12-12

INTRODUCTION

This project is an attempt to discuss in detail the Nepalese Legal System and analyze different
aspects which are important for the well-functioning of the nation. A detailed analysis about the
Legal history, the judicial system and the changes which are implemented in recent times in the
constitution of Nepal is made.

Nepal, officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal [1], is a landlocked country located
in South Asia. With an area of 147,181 square kilometers (56,827 sq mi) and a population of
approximately 27 million [2], Nepal is the world's 93rd largest country by area [3] and the 41st
most populous country. It is located in the Himalayas and bordered to the north by China and to
the south, east, and west by India. Nepal is separated from Bangladesh by the narrow Indian
Siliguri Corridor and from Bhutan by the Indian state of Sikkim. Kathmandu is the nation's
capital city and largest metropolis.

The Kingdom of Nepal, also referred to as the Gorkha Kingdom, is currently governed
according to the Constitution of Nepal, which came into effect on September 20, 2015,
replacing the Interim Constitution of 2007. Nepal is the world’s only Hindu monarchy and a
landlocked country situated between India and China’s Tibetan Autonomous region. As an
independent, indivisible, sovereign, secular, inclusive and a fully democratic State (art. 4(1), the
Interim Constitution), the country is a Federal Democratic Republic [4].

Hinduism is practiced by about 81.3% of Nepalis, the highest percentage of any country.
Buddhism is linked historically with Nepal and is practiced by 9% of its people, followed by
Islam at 4.4%, Kiratism 3.1%, Christianity 1.4%, and animism 0.4%. [5] A large portion of the
population, especially in the hill region, may identify themselves as both Hindu and Buddhist,
which can be attributed to the syncretic nature of both faiths in Nepal.[6]

Although Nepal has never been a part of the British Commonwealth, due to its close interaction
with India, its legal system is much influenced by common law [7]. It may also be noted that the
system of law and justice in Nepal, until recently a Hindu kingdom, has its roots in the ancient
Hindu religion and culture. This tradition continued until 1950, when the country was
opened to the external world. With the onset of democracy in 1950, Indian legal and judicial

1 . “CIA – The World Factbook". Cia.gov. Retrieved 14 October 2015.

2 . "National Population and Housing Census 2011 (National Report)”. Central Bureau of Statistics (Nepal).
Retrieved 14 October 2015.
3 . "The World Factbook: Rank order population". CIA. Retrieved 14 October 2015.
4 . http://www.nepaltourism.info/nepal_information/index.html
5 . Nepal census report, 2011.
6 . Shrestha, Khadga Man (2005). "Religious Syncretism and Context of Buddhism in Medieval Nepal”.
7 . Johanna Bond, “Nepal,” Legal Systems of the World: A Political, Social and Cultural Encyclopedia, ed.
H.M.Kritzer.

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values were imported by succeeding generations of law graduates who came from India. [8] The
foundation of an independent judiciary in Nepal was laid in 1950 with the establishment of the
Pradhan Nyayalaya.

THE MAKING OF MODERN NEPAL LEGAL HISTORY OF NEPAL

THE HIMALAYAN KINGDOMS of Nepal and Bhutan share a history of influence by Tibet,
China, and India, and an interlude of British colonial guidance. Although the kingdoms are not
contiguous, each country is bordered by China to the north and India on its other peripheries.
Both kingdoms are ruled by hereditary monarchs and are traditional societies with predominantly
agricultural economies; their cultures, however, differ. Nepal's Hinduism, a legacy of India's
influence, defines its culture and caste-structured society. Bhutan's Buddhist practices and
culture reflect India's influence by way of Tibet. The two countries' legal systems also reflect
their heritage. Nepal's judicial system blends Hindu legal and English common law traditions.
Historically, the Nepalese legal system is based on Hindu philosophy and its growth and
development is largely influenced by Hindu religious texts [9]. After the successful revolution of
2007 B.S., new political system based on the democratic norms and values was recognized in
Nepal. Since then modernization process of the Nepalese legal system has been taking place at
various levels and fields. Nepalese legal system has started to introduce new concept through
different sub systems and the influence of Hindu legal system was minimized and it became
hybrid legal system for last fifty years. After the change of 2007 B.S. the concept of rule of law,
fundamental right of people, independent judiciaries etc. were introduced in the legal system.
These concepts were the voluntary reception of foreign laws by the Nepalese natives. In 2017
B.S., the Government Cases Act introduced some new concept in the process of criminal justice.
Likewise Muluki Ain 2020 B.S. brought changes in the penal system and introduced the concept
of equality before he law in practice which was adopted by previous Constitution but it was not
fully enforced in practice.

In 2047 B. S., the new Constitution was promulgated as per the aspiration of people’s popular
movement. This Constitution has adopted all the concepts, which were necessary for a
democratic country. Such as Rule of law, Fundamental Human Right, Independent judiciary etc
have become the basic principles of Nepalese Legal system.

8 . Ananda M. Bhattarai, “The Judicial System of Nepal: An Overview,” in Fifty Years of Supreme Court of Nepal
(Kathmandu: 2006), 13–34.
9 . Singh, S. (1958). History of Nepal. Calcutta: Susil Gupta (India) Private.

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Nepalese Legal system has over two thousand years of history. The discussion about the legal
history of Nepal starts from Kirants. Dynasty of Kirants (early- B.S. 307) is commonly known as
the first ruling dynasty in Nepal. They formed crude form of government and judicature there
under.

The lichhavis conquered the Kirants Kingdom of Kathmandu in B.S. 307 and introduced state
system based on religious myth and realities. They paid sufficient attention towards the
development of well-managed justice system in the country. However, the rulers could not be
free from religious prejudice. As a result, the King becomes source of all state powers.

In B.S. 1197, Mallas started to rule over the country. They also accepted the religious influence.
However, some of the Malla Kings did a lot for the reformation of judicial system. They
composed each one central court for civil; appeals known as Kotlinga and Itachapali. Besides,
Mallas issued legislative incorporations, known as thitis (a kind of obligatory legal rule in
society). Basically, administration of justice was governed under the thitis.

Rana Shah, the King of Gorkha, was probably the most illustrations judicial reformist in the
history of Nepal. He issued thitis and followed the rule of “Justice according to thitis (law)”. He
was interested to deliver the judgments also.

Before the unification of Nepal in the 18th century by King Prithivi Narayan Shah, the country
was divided into numerous independence principalities each having its separate administrative
set up with a ruling prince yet the common feature among these principalities was the
recognition of Dharmasastra was silent or vague. Royal edicts provided guiding norms when
Dharmasastra and Rriti Sthiti appeared to be in conflict with each other.

THE MULUKI AIN, 2020 is main pillar of the Nepalese Legal system during the Rana regime
more than a century. This is based on the supremacy of the prime minister’s powers and
principles of punishment are according to caste. Though, necessary amendments and
modifications were happen during the rana regime.

Some of the improvements brought about by the succeeding Rana Prime Minister got the bulky
and detailed Muluki Ain redrafted in a hand and abridged from for promulgation in 1886. During
Prime Minister Chandra Shamsher’s rule the practice of “SATI” (burring alive the wife on pyre
with the dead husband) and the practice of slavery were made in the Muluki Ain was initiated on
a five-year trial basis in 1931 by Prime Minister Bhim Shamser and after a trial of total fifteen
years the abolition was finally confirmed by duly amending the Muluki Ain in 1946 during the
reign of Prime Minister Padma Shamsher. [10]

So far as the development of the Nepalese legal system after 1951 is concerned, late King
Tribhuvan Bir Bikram Shah Deva and late King Mahendra Bir Bikram Shah Deva both gave

10 . http://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Nepal.html#legalandpolit

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noteworthy contributions. King Tribhuvan enacted laws to make the judiciary independent and
the Pradhan Nayalaya as the highest and the final court of the land, but has ever since revised
himself decisions of the highest court of land but has only commanded the highest court to revise
own decisions according to law as and when necessary under established procedures.

It was, however, during King Mahendra’s rule that extensive legal and judicial reforms were
carried out. He was the first monarch of Nepal to give a constitution to his people as the
fundamental law of the nation. All laws would invalid that consistent with the provisions of the
constitution. There was spate of legislation including the acts relating to the Supreme Court and
the subordinate courts. King Mahendra publicly declared that there must be complete rule of law
in Nepal. The legal profession, which had begun to develop in Nepal in only 1951, received its
first statute i.e. the Legal Practitioners Act, in 1968. Simultaneously, various law-marking
bodies and law administering agencies were created at different levels with necessary powers
under the Constitution and the laws. The list includes the then Rastriya Panchayat as the Central
legislature, the Mantri Parishad as the central executive and Sarbocha Adlat as the Supreme
Court.

The current Constitution of Nepal, promulgated in 1990, recognizes the judiciary as one of the
three pillars of the state. This principle marks a clear departure from earlier legal enactments in
that it attaches importance to the judiciary, specifies its powers, lays down a framework for its
independence, and determines the basic features of judicial administration. The constitution not
only aspires to an independent system of justice, but one that can competently interpret the
Constitution and laws, thereby ensuring that all laws and executive decisions are in consonance
with the letter and spirit of the constitution. [11] Specifically, the constitution notes that courts and
other legal institutions in Nepal must impart justice “in accordance with the provisions of the
Constitution, the laws, and recognized principles of justice.” [12] This last statement opens up
space for the judiciary’s work to be informed by legal values that are recognized in both
international and comparative law.

During the period 1960–1990, the government of Nepal implemented judicial reform through a
number of legal and institutional measures. Among these measures, the Muluki Ain (the national
code) was overhauled and updated. In 1970 and 1983, respectively, a high-level Judicial Reform
Commission and a Royal Judicial Reform Commission then recommended several substantive,
procedural, and institutional reforms that were taken up by successive governments.
Nevertheless, the judiciary performed in a lackluster manner during this period.
With the reestablishment of democracy in 1990, the judiciary was made the custodian of the
national constitution. [13]

11 . Preamble, Nepalese Constitution, Chapter 11, Articles 84–96, constitution of 2007.

12 . Article 84, Nepalese Constitution, 2007.
13 . Nepalese Legal System lawi.asia Retrieved 12 october, 2015, from http://lawi.asia/

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JUDICIARY IN NEPAL

The judiciary is one of the most important organs of the government which gives equal justice to
the people using the existing laws. The legislative formulates law, the executive executes the law
whereas the judiciary interprets the law and punishes the law breakers. Judiciary is an authentic
organ to interpret the constitution. Judiciary protects the fundamental rights of people and
maintains the rule of law in the country. If there is competent legislative and executive in a
country but the judiciary is not independent and impartial, the constitution cannot function.
Democracy will be effective and successful where judiciary is powerful and impartial because
judiciary is the protector of rights and interests of common citizens. In fact, judiciary is the soul
of any political system in modern age. The concept of democratic state with rule of law will not
be materialized without strong judicial system. The judiciary plays an important role to make
Loktantra successful and prosperous. For this, the judiciary must be independent, impartial and
competent.

As the Government of Nepal Act and the Interim Government of Nepal Act, the laws and the
constitutions issued thereafter were also influenced by the adversary system of legal tradition.
The Constitutions of 1959, 1962 and 1990 recognized the precedents propounded by the apex
court as one of the binding sources of law. Besides, the apex court was constitutionally allowed
to review the parliamentary enactment and executive actions if they were deemed inconsistent
with the Constitution.

The Interim Constitution of Nepal, 2007 issued in the form of sixth constitutional instrument,
follows the adversary legal tradition in a constitutional monarchy. To establish an independent
and competent system of justice viewing for the purpose of transforming the concept of the rule
of law into a living reality is one of the basic objective of the constitution. Keeping this in mind
the constitution has granted all powers relating to justice to the court and other judicial institution
to be exercised in accordance with constitution, laws and recognized principles of justice.

There is the provision of judiciary in part 10 of the Interim Constitution of Nepal-2063.

According to the article 100 of the constitution the judicial power of Nepal is exercised by the
courts and judicial institutions. There are three types of court in Nepal. They are:
a. Supreme Court
b. Appellate Court
c. District Court

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Supreme Court of Nepal

The Supreme Court of Nepal is the highest court in Nepal. It has ultimate appellate jurisdiction
over all Appellate and District court. The court consists of fourteen Justices and one Chief
Justice. [14]

The Supreme Court is composed of the Chief Justice. The Chief Justice is appointed by President
on the recommendation of the Constitutional Council. He/She is appointed from among the
justices having minimum three years of experience of the Supreme Court. Justices of the
Supreme Court are appointed by Chief Justice of Nepal on the recommendation of the Judicial
Council. The Registrar and other officers of the Court are appointed by Government of Nepal
under the recommendation of the Judicial Service Commission.

Justices of the Supreme Court are appointed from among the judges who have worked for seven
years as the judges of the Court of Appeal, or Gazetted first class officer of Judicial Service for
minimum 12 years or have worked as any Senior Advocate or Advocate with minimum
practicing experience of fifteen years, or a distinguished jurist who has worked for minimum 15
years in the judicial or legal field.

Justices of the Supreme Court hold their office till the age of sixty-five. They may be removed
through an Impeach (motion) passed by a two third majority of the House of Representatives on
the ground of incompetence or bad moral conduct or dishonesty. The Chief Justice may resign
from office at any time by submitting resignation to the council of ministers and other justices
may resign from their office by submitting their resignation to the Chief Justice.

The Supreme Court has both judicial and extra judicial powers. The judicial powers include the
power of hearing the writ petitions, the power of hearing appeal, the power of reviewing its own
judgments, the power to revise the judgments delivered by the Court of Appeal and the power to
try certain cases (as specified by law). The Supreme Court also has power of making rules,
administration of all the Court of Appeal and all the District Courts, formulating policies and
programs regarding judicial administration, managerial reforms in various courts, the publication
and dissemination of the Supreme Court decisions.

The judicial power of the Supreme Court is used through the composition of the various types of
Benches. They are called as Single Bench, Division Bench, Full Bench and Special Bench.

14 . http://www.supremecourt.gov.np/index.php

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Appellate Court

The Court of Appeal is the second tier in the hierarchy of the Courts in Nepal. Sixteen Court of
Appeal in various geographical locations are established under the Supreme Court. The Court of
Appeal is composed of the Chief Judge, Judges and Additional Judges. The judges of the Court
of Appeal are appointed by Chief Justice under the recommendation of the Judicial Council. The
Registrar and other officers of the Court are appointed by The Government of Nepal under the
recommendation of the Judicial Service Commission.

The Chief Judge or the judges of the Court of Appeal are appointed from among the individuals
either who have worked as a District Judge or as an officer of Nepalese Judicial Service in an
equivalent rank for a minimum of seven years, or any Senior Advocate or Advocate with
minimum practicing experience of ten years, or any legal researcher or law teacher or person
engaged in any field of law and justice for a minimum of ten years.

The Judges of the Court of Appeal hold their office till the age of sixty three. They may resign
from their office at any time by submitting resignation to the Chief Justice or if the Chief Justice
under the recommendation of the Judicial Council may dismiss them on the ground of
incompetence, or bad moral conduct, or dishonesty. The Court of Appeal are empowered to hear
appeals, writ petitions and try certain cases under their respective jurisdiction. [15]

District Courts

The District Courts are the court of first instance. Judges of the District Courts are appointed by
the Chief Justice under the recommendation of the Judicial Council.

The District Judges are appointed from among the individuals who have a minimum of three
years experience as a Class II officer of the Nepalese Judicial Service or Advocate with
minimum practicing experience of eight years. Junior level officials of the Court are appointed
by the respective Courts under the recommendation of the Public Service Commission of Nepal.

The District Judges hold their office till the age of sixty-three. They may resign from their office
by tendering resignation to the Chief Justice or Chief Justice under the recommendation of the
Judicial Council may dismiss them on the ground of incompetence or bad moral conduct or
dishonesty.

15 . http://www.supremecourt.gov.np/main.php?d=general&f=courtofappeal

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The District Courts are responsible for trying all the civil and criminal cases. Section 7 of the
Administration of Justice Act of 1991 [16] has empowered the District Courts to try all the cases
under their respective jurisdiction.

Tahsildar (Execution Official) of the court is responsible for executing final judicial decisions of
the Courts. Keeping coordination with the District Judge she/he has to collect the fine and
imprison the offenders sentenced in the criminal offenses. Besides, she/he has to execute the
final judgements delivered on various form of civil claims by providing damage, compensation,
entitlement, partition, maintenance, monetary payments and so on (whichever applicable) to the
concerned.
The Registrar has to look into the management of the Court under the general guidance of the
District Judge. The Registrar is assisted by the officials representing various sections of the
Court. She/he is also responsible to receive the petitions and litigation and complete the
procedural requirements as specified by the law.

OFFICE OF PRESIDENT AND VICE-PRESIDENT

The President of the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal is the head of state of Nepal. The
office was created after the country was declared a republic in May 2008. The President is to be
formally addressed as "The Right Honourable." Under the Interim Constitution adopted in
January 2007, all powers of governance were removed from the King of Nepal, and the Nepalese
Constituent Assembly elected in the 2008 Constituent Assembly election was to decide in its first
meeting whether to continue the monarchy or to declare a republic. On 28 May 2008, the
Assembly voted to abolish the monarchy. The Fifth Amendment to the Interim Constitution
established that the President, Vice-President, Prime Minister and Constituent Assembly
chairman and vice-chairman would all be elected on the basis of a "political understanding".
However, if one were not forthcoming, they could be elected by a simple majority.

The position of Vice President of Nepal constitutes the deputy head of State of the country of
Nepal and was created when the Nepalese monarchy was abolished in May 2008.

Under the interim constitution adopted in January 2007, all powers of governance were removed
from the King of Nepal, and the Nepalese Constituent Assembly elected in the Nepalese
Constituent Assembly election, 2008 was to decide in its first meeting whether to continue the
monarchy or to declare a republic. On 28 May 2008 the Assembly had voted to abolish the
monarchy. The Vice President is to be formally addressed as 'His Excellency'

16 . The Judiciary in Nepal, Kathmandu: Nepal law society, 2002.

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NEPAL’S NEW CONSTITUTION (2015): 65 YEARS IN THE MAKING

The new constitution embraces the principles of republicanism, federalism, secularism, and
inclusiveness.

The Interim Constitution of 2007 ended the monarchy and made Nepal a republic, but this
constitution finally ended the chances of a monarchical revival. The constitution passed despite
diplomatic efforts by former King Gyanendra Shah, who visited India last month.

Under the constitution, Nepal’s new federal structure will see the country divided into seven
provinces, with clear lists of legislative powers for the central, provincial, and local bodies. The
Tharu and Madhesi groups had contended that provinces should be demarcated based on the
concentration of ethnic populations, which are spread east to west in the southern part of the
country.

The country with the largest Hindu majority will continue to be a secular state with a special
definition of the term: “respecting pre-historic traditions and religious and cultural freedoms.”
Hindu fundamentalists hosted protests against secularism until the end. They expressed
dissatisfaction both to India — which some Hindu groups thought would intervene at the last
minute to make Nepal a Hindu state — and to leaders of the main three political parties.

The other main characteristic of the new constitution is inclusiveness. The existing state structure
is dominated by one particular community; others are deprived proportional representation,
including in the elected bodies, in the current unitary structure. Changes to this structure began in
2007 with the promulgation of the Interim Constitution and the new constitution emphasize the
continuation of inclusivity, keeping in mind the rights of women, the disabled, sexual minorities,
and other similar groups.

The new constitution also provides a long list of fundamental rights, including economic, social
and cultural rights, with the possibility of progressive realization. These rights can be claimed at
the provincial high court and district courts as part of the right to remedy. Further, after popular
demands from marginalized communities, specific constitutional commissions (such as the
Women Commission, Dalit Commission, Janajati Commission, Madhesi Commission, Tharu
Commission and Muslim Commission) were created along with the National Human Rights
Commission. These commissions have a mandate to receive complaints or recommend changes
in the laws, policies, and practices of areas that discriminate against or deny rights to their
respective communities.

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The last minute changes in the citizenship provisions authorizes women to confer citizenship to
their children, on par with men, but women groups and the Madhesi community still argue that
further change is necessary lest the provisions make women “second class” citizens.

Under the new constitution, Nepal will have a parliamentary form of government with a
president elected by a collegiums of central legislative houses, the Legislative-Parliament and the
National Assembly, as well as the provincial legislative body. The prime minister will be elected
by the Legislative-Parliament based on a majority. The Constitutional Council will nominate the
chief justice and head and members of the constitutional commissions. The Judicial Council
nominates the judges of the Supreme, High, and District Courts; the judicial system is an
integrated one.

Despite public consultations, both on the preliminary text and after adopting the draft
constitution, most of the provisions are carried forward from the previous constitutions that
Nepal had — six of them (not counting the new constitution) since 1950. Some of the basic
features of federalism were incorporated and most of the ideals of the parties – from the right to
the extreme left — are incorporated in the preamble and directive principles of state policies.

Other key aspects of the new charter are:

 The envisioning of Nepal as a secular republic, with secularism defined as religious and
cultural freedom including protection of religion and culture prevalent since ancient time.
Formerly, before the monarchy’s abolition in 2008, the country was a Hindu kingdom led
by a constitutional monarch; the definition of secularism was added to the Constitution to
allay the fears of Hindu groups who viewed secularism as a threat to their religion;

 introduction of proportional representation in the electoral system at both the federal and
state levels, to better include women, lower caste groups, tribal groups, people from the
southern plains, Muslims and other marginalized communities into the state mechanism

 retention of provisions on citizenship whereby women married to foreign nationals

cannot pass on their Nepali nationality to their children, who can become Nepalese only
by naturalization, and foreign women married to Nepali nationals are only eligible for
naturalized citizenship;

 Retention of the cow, revered by Hindus, who constitute over 81% of Nepalis, as the
country’s symbolic national animal;

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  first-ever guarantees of the rights of sexual and gender minorities, with the Constitution
stating that every citizen will receive a citizenship certificate indicating sexual
identification, that no discrimination is to be made on the grounds of sexual orientation,
and that the members of sexual and gender minorities will be entitled to state services’
benefits; and

 Retention of the provision on abolishing the death penalty.

CRITICISM OF THE NEW CONSTITUTION [17]

While most Nepalis reportedly welcomed the new Constitution, it also has come under criticism.
According to some groups, it is regressive in terms of citizenship rights; gender rights activists
deem the provisions on citizenship by naturalization as discriminatory, and the Terai people in
the southern part of Nepal, who are culturally close to neighboring Indians, have protested the
Constitution’s barring naturalized citizens from assuming high political and security offices. In
addition, some ethnic and religious groups contend that their concerns about the definition of
state borders were overlooked; they wanted more states, with some demarcated on the basis of
ethnicity, larger territory for larger groups, and more seats for ethnic minorities in the Assembly
and in government.

INFERENCE AND CONCLUSION

The future of Nepal’s new constitution depends on how the main three parties include the Tharu
and Madhesi parties in the mainstream by offering amendments after the promulgation of the
constitution. In terms of amendment, the new constitution is flexible, as a two-thirds majority
can amend any issues except sovereignty. The success of the constitution will also depend on
how Nepal handles the legitimate concerns of its two big neighbors, India and China.

The success of this constitution will also be judged on how the new government carries out
continued reconstruction after the April 2015 earthquake, and how it tackles the extreme poverty
experienced by the vast rural population. The leadership will have to decide how to handle the
agendas and activities of both the extreme right and left.

17 . “Nepal Formally Adopts New Constitution amid Protests from Minorities, supra”. Retrived from
http://www.loc.gov/law/foreign-news/article/nepal-new-constitution-approved/

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BIBLIOGRAPHY, WEBLIOGRAPHY AND OTHER REFERENCES

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

 Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal: Draft of the constitution. (1990). Kathmandu,

Nepal: The Commission.
 The Constitution of Nepal; English translation. (1963). Kathmandu: His Majesty's Govt.
of Nepal, Ministry of Law and Justice.
 Bhandari, S. (n.d.). Self-determination & constitution making in Nepal: Constituent
assembly, inclusion, & ethnic federalism.

WEBLIOGRAPHY:

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Nepal
 zeenews.india.com/tags/nepal-constitution.html
 http://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Nepal.html#appointmentand
 time.com/.../nepal-constitution-sushil-koirala-protests-madhesi-tharu
 http://www.supremecourt.gov.np/main.php?d=lawmaterial&f=constitution

OTHER REFERENCES:

 Constitution of Nepal Paediatric Society (NEPAS). Journal of Nepal Paediatric Society

J. Nepal Paedtr. Soc.
 NEPAL: Timeline of the constitution dilemma. (2011, August 30). IRIN Asia English
Service. Retrieved October 14, 2015, from http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-
265592806.html
 Political agreement pave the way for new Nepal constitution. (2015, June 8). AP Online.

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