Professional Documents
Culture Documents
METHODOLOGY:
• Quantifying the pollutants
• Predicting the impact of the pollutant on water quality
• Determining the background water quality which would be
present without human intervention
• Deciding the levels acceptable for intended uses of the
water.
- The impact of pollution on a river depends both on the nature of
the pollutant and the unique characteristic of the individual
river.
1
7/6/2013
IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS:
2
7/6/2013
3
7/6/2013
dLt
= − rA
dt
where, Lt = oxygen equivalent of the organics remaining
at time t, mg/L
-rA = -kLt
k = reaction rate constant, d-1
4
7/6/2013
dLt
= − kLt
dt
Lt = Loe − kt
BODt = Lo − Lt
(
BODt = Lo 1 − e − kt )
t
(
BODt = Lo 1 − 10− Kt ) (in base 10 form)
where, k = 2.303K
5
7/6/2013
1. Nature of waste.
- Simple sugars and starches are rapidly degraded and
will therefore have a very large BOD rate constant.
- Cellulose (i.e. toilet paper) degrades much more slowly,
and hair and fingernails are almost undegradable.
k (20oC) K (20oC)
Sample
(day -1) (day -1)
Raw sewage 0.35 - 0.70 0.15 - 0.30
Well-treated sewage 0.12 - 0.23 0.05 - 0.10
Polluted river water 0.12 - 0.23 0.05 - 0.11
3. Temperature.
- Most biological processes speed up as the temperature
increases and slow down as the temperature drops. Because
oxygen utilization is caused by metabolism of microorganisms,
the rate of utilization is similarly affected by temperature.
6
7/6/2013
T − 20
kT = k 20 (θ )
where,
T = temp. of interest
kT = BOD rate constant at temp. of interest, d-1
k20 = BOD rate constant at 20 oC, d-1
Θ = temp. coefficient
1.135 for temp. 4 to 20 oC
1.056 for temp. above 20 oC
Procedure:
7
7/6/2013
where,
DOb,t = dissolved oxygen conc. in blank t days after
incubation, mg/L
DOs,t = dissolved oxygen conc. in sample t days after
incubation, mg/L
8
7/6/2013
DO Sag Curve
9
7/6/2013
Mass-Balance Approach
• Simplified mass balances help us understand and solve the DO
sag curve problem.
• Three consecutive mass balances may be used to account for
initial mixing of the waste stream and the river.
• DO, BOD, and temperature all change as a result of mixing of
the waste and the river. Once these are accounted for, the DO
sag curve may be viewed as a non-conservative mass balance.
10
7/6/2013
• The mass influx of DO in the river after mixing equals the sum of
the mass flows:
Mass of DO after mixing = QwDOw + QrDOr
Qw DOw + Qr DOr
DO =
Qw + Qr
11
7/6/2013
Qw Lw + Qr Lr
La =
Qw + Qr
where, La = initial ultimate BOD after mixing.
QwTw + Qr Tr
Tf =
Qw + Qr
Oxygen Deficit
Initial Deficit
12
7/6/2013
Q DOw + Qr DOr
Da = DOs − w
Qw + Qr
where,
Da = initial deficit after mixing, mg/L
DOs= saturation concentration of dissolved oxygen at the
temperature of the river mixing, mg/L
Example No. 11: Calculate the initial deficit of the Bald Eagle
Creek after mixing with the wastewater from the town State
College (from Example 10, DO = 4.75 mg/L). The stream
temperature after mixing is 10 oC.
DO Sag Equation
RDOin + W + A − M − RDOout = 0
13
7/6/2013
where,
RDOin = mass of DO in river flowing into reach
W = mass of DO in wastewater flowing into reach
A = mass of DO added from atmosphere
M = mass of DO removed by microbial degradation
of carbonaceous BOD
RDOout = mass of DO in river flowing out of reach
dD
= kd L − k r D
dt
where,
dD/dt = change in oxygen deficit D per unit of time, mg/L·d
kd = deoxygenation rate constant, d-1
L = ultimate BOD of river, mg/L
kr = reaeration rate constant, d-1
D = oxygen deficit in river water, mg/L
k d La − k d t
D=
k r − kd
e( ) (
− e − k r t + Da e − k r t )
14
7/6/2013
where,
D = oxygen deficit in river water after exertion of BOD
for time t, mg/L
La = initial ultimate BOD after mixing, mg/L
kd = deoxygenation rate constant, d-1
kr = reaeration rate constant, d-1
t = time of travel of wastewater discharge downstream, d
Da = initial deficit after mixing, mg/L
(
D = (k d t La + Da ) e − k d t )
Deoxygenation Rate Constant, kd
15
7/6/2013
• The lowest point on the DO sag curve, which is the critical point, is
of major interest since it indicates the worst conditions in the river.
• The time to the critical point or called the critical time tc can be
found by differentiating the DO sag equation, setting it equal to zero,
and solving for t using base e values for kr and kd.
16
7/6/2013
1 k k − kd
tc = ln r 1 − Da r
kr − kd kd k d La
1 Da
tc = 1 −
kd La
• The critical deficit Dc is found by using the critical time tc in the
DO sag equation.
Management Strategy
1. Determine the minimum DO concentration that will protect the
aquatic life in the stream.
This value, called the DO standard, is generally set to protect
the most sensitive species that exist or could exist in the
particular river.
2. Find the DO at critical point.
If this value is higher than the standard, the stream can
adequately assimilate waste.
If the DO at the critical point is less than the standard, then
additional waste treatment is required.
3. Reduce the ultimate BOD of the waste discharge by increasing
the efficiency of the existing treatment processes or by adding
additional treatment steps.
Often a relatively inexpensive method for improving stream
quality is to reduce Da by adding oxygen to the wastewater to
bring it close to saturation prior to discharge. Artificial aeration
with mechanical systems is also possible under unusual
conditions.
17
7/6/2013
18