INTRODUCTION

STRUCTURAL DESIGN – 2
CE 524

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO

 INTRODUCTION

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 INTRODUCTION

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 INTRODUCTION
DESIGN PROCESS

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

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HISTORY OF STEEL STRUCTURES

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

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CAST IRON

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

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WROUGHT IRON

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

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CARBON STEEL

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

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CARBON STEEL

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

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COMPARISON BETWEEN CAST IRON, WROUGHT IRON AND
CARBON STEEL
CAST IRON WROUGHT IRON CARBON STEEL
COMPOSITION Crude form containing 2 – Purest Midway
4% carbon Contains up to 0.25%
carbon
MELTING POINT 1200 degree Celsius 1500 degree Celsius 1300 – 1400 degree
Celsius
HARDNESS Hard, hardened by heating Cannot be hardened or Can be hardened and
and sudden cooling tempered tempered
STRENGTH Compressive strength – Compressive strength – 2.0 Compressive strength –
6.3 – 7.1 tonnes/sq cm tonnes/sq cm 4.75 – 25.2 tonnes/sq cm
Ultimate strength – 1.26 – Ultimate strength – 3.15 Ultimate strength – 5.51
1.57 tonnes/sq cm tonnes/sq cm – 11.02 tonnes/sq cm

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 INTRODUCTION
STEEL STRUCTURES

Steel Structures are assembly of structural steel shapes joined

together by means of rivets, bolts or weld connections according to
specification/standard.

STRUCTURAL STEEL

CARBON STEEL:
Low Carbon Steel 𝑐 ≤ 0.15%
Mild Carbon Steel 𝑐 = 0.15% − 0.29%
Medium Carbon Steel 𝑐 = 0.30% − 0.59%
High Carbon Steel 𝑐 = 0.60% − 1.70%

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

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STRUCTURAL STEEL

HIGH – STRENGTH LOW – ALLOY STEELS:

Fy 40 𝑘𝑠𝑖 𝑡𝑜 70 𝑘𝑠𝑖
may include chromium, copper, manganese, nickel in addition to
carbon

ALLOY STEEL
Fy > 80 ksi

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

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TENSILE PROPERTIES OF STRUCTURAL STEEL

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

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STRUCTURAL STEEL SECTION

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

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STRUCTURAL STEEL SECTION
• Hot rolled steel section is the most used in structural steelwork
• Beams and columns are produced in standard sizes and weights
designated by serial sizes
• Serial sizes shows the inside dimensions between flanges,
flange edge and web remain constant while the overall
depth and weights vary.

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 INTRODUCTION
HOT ROLLED SECTION

• Hot rolling is used to produce sheet metal or simple cross sections from
billets
• Industrial metal is passed or deformed with its temperature above its
crystallization
• Permits large deformations of the metal with a low number of rolling
cycles
• Concerned primarily in manipulating material shape and geometry
rather than mechanical properties

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

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STRUCTURAL STEEL SECTION

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

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COLD ROLLED SECTION

• Cold rolled steel is manufactures at

temperature below its crystallization,
typically at around room temperature.
• No steel shrinking or changing form or
appearance
• Has a much smoother appearance
and may have square corners more
accurate in dimension and finish.
• Preferred in the machining world where
the quality and appearance of the
steel are important factors.

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

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COLD ROLLED SECTION

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

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BUILT UP SECTION

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

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MERITS OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
• RELIABLE IN CHARACTER
• Consistency in properties
• Better quality control (factory made)
• Assumption of homogeneity and elasticity is satisfied
• INDUSTRIAL IN BEHAVIOR
• Rolled steel shapes are obtained from rolling mills hence properties
in construction will not much differ
• Less manual error as the members are fabricated and cut in the
factories and then assembled at site
• QUICK IN CONSTRUCTION
• Available in market
• Assembling at site is made by rivets, bolts or weld connection
• Construction time is comparatively much less as compared to
concrete structure
ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT
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MERITS OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
• HIGH STRENGTH AND LIGHTWEIGHT NATURE
• Dead load is lesser – experienced in large span bridges and tall
buildings and in poor foundation condition
• Lowest “c” for different construction materials
• Material 𝑐 = 𝛾/𝑓(𝑚−1 )
• Aluminum 1.1 x 10−4
• Steel 3.2 x 10−4
• Wood 4.5 x 10−4
• Concrete 24 x 10−4
• UNIFORMITY, DURABILITY AND PERFORMANCE
• Long life
• Homogeneous and uniform material
• If properly maintained with paint, properties do not change
appreciably with time
ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT
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MERITS OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
• ELASTICITY
• Behaves closer to design assumptions than most of the other
materials
• Stress produced remains proportional to the strain applied or it
remains a straight line
• Steel sections do not crack or tear before ultimate load and
hence the moment of inertia can be calculated
• DUCTILITY AND WARNING BEFORE FAILURE
• Can withstand extensive deformation without failure under high
tensile stresses
• Percentage elongation of standard tension test specimen after
fracture can be as high as 25 to 30%
• Gives visible deflections or evidence of impending failure in case
of overloads (extra loads can be removed to prevent collapse)
ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT
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MERITS OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
• DUCTILITY AND WARNING BEFORE FAILURE
• Time is available for occupants to vacate the building before
collapse
• High stress concentrations develop at various points
• Ductile nature enable them to yield locally at those points, thus
redistributing the stresses and preventing premature failure
• ADDITION TO EXISTING STRUCTURES
• Addition is very easy to be made
• Connections between new and existing structures can be
employed very effectively
• New bays or even new wings of buildings can be added
• POSSIBLE REUSE
• Steel sections can be reused after it is disassembled

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

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MERITS OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
• WATER TIGHT AND AIR TIGHT CONSTRUCTION
• Provide completely impervious construction
• Reservoirs, oil pipes, gas pipes etc. are preferably made from
structural steel
• LONG SPAN CONSTRUCTION
• High rise buildings, long span bridges and tall transmission towers
are made up of structural steel
• Industrial buildings up to a span of 90 m can be designed by plate
girders or trusses
• Bridge spans up to 260 m are made with plate girders
• For trough truss bridges, spans of 300 m have been used
• TEMPORARY CONSTRUCTION
• Temporary structures preferred steel construction
• May be disassembled by opening few bolts and is easily
ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO reassembled. ASCOT
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DEMERITS OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
• HIGH MAINTENANCE COSTS AND CORROSION
• Steel are susceptible to corrosion when freely exposed to air and
water
• Periodical maintenance requires extra cost
• If not properly maintained, steel members can loose 1 to 1.5 mm of
thickness each year
• Accordingly it can loose weight up to 35% during their specified life
and can fail under the external loads
• HIGH FIREPROOFING COST
• Strength is tremendously reduced at very high temperature
• At about 400 degree Celsius, creep becomes much more
pronounced
• Excellent conductor of heat and may transmit enough heat
• Extra cost is required to properly fireproof the building
ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT
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DEMERITS OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
• SUSCEPTIBILITY TO BUCKLING
• When used for columns, section is not economical because it has
to be stiffened against buckling

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

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DEMERITS OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
• HIGH INITIAL COSTS / LESS AVAILABILITY
• AESTHETICS
• Steel structures without the use of false ceiling and cladding are
considered to have poor aesthetic appearance
• A considerable cost is to be spent to improve their appearance

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

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SPECIFICATIONS
• Adequacy is determined by a set of designed rules, called
specifications
• Includes formulas that guide the designer in checking strength,
stiffness, proportions and other criteria that may govern the
acceptability of the member
• It is based on years of research and experience gained through actual
structural usage

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

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SPECIFICATIONS
• AISC American Institute of Steel Construction
• AISI American Iron and Steel Institute
• AWS American Welding Society
• AASHTO American Association of State Highway and
Transportation Officials
• AREA American Railway Engineering Association
• ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials
• ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers
• BS Code Steel Designer’s Manual

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

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LOADS

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

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LOADS

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

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MECHANISM OF LOAD TRANSFER
• The gravity load passes from top to bottom through all the members of
the structure until it reaches the underneath soil
• The load acts at the floor finish, goes to the underneath slab and
transfers to the beams and walls
• This is then accumulated in the columns, moves to the foundations
and then finally dissipates in the soil.
• For the roof slab, beams and walls are the supports.
• For the beams, columns are acting like supports and for the columns,
foundations are acting as supports.
• Similarly, the underneath soil acts as support for the foundation.
• Load path is only in one direction
• The load of roof slab may act on beams, columns and foundations,
but the load of column is not acting on the beams.
• Similarly, the load of foundation cannot act on the columns.
ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT
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DESIGN PROCEDURE

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

 INTRODUCTION
DESIGN PROCEDURE

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT