1. What is radiation resistance?

What are values of radiation resistance and reactance of a half

wave dipole antenna?

Radiated energy is the useful part of the transmitter's signal. However, it represents as much of a
loss to the antenna as the energy lost in heating the antenna wire. In either case, the dissipated
power is equal to I2R. In the case of heat losses, the R is real resistance. In the case of radiation,
R is an assumed resistance; if this resistance were actually present, it would dissipate the same
amount of power that the antenna takes to radiate the energy. This assumed resistance is referred
to as the RADIATION RESISTANCE.
For the antenna in free space, that is, entirely removed from any objects that might affect its
operation, the radiation resistance is 73 ohms. A practical antenna located over a ground plane
may have any value of radiation resistance from 0 to approximately 100 ohms. The exact value
of radiation resistance depends on the height of the antenna above the ground. For most half-
wave wire antennas, the radiation resistance is about 65 ohms. It will usually vary between 55
and 600 ohms for antennas constructed of rod or tubing. The actual value of radiation resistance,
so long as it is 50 ohms or more, has
little effect on the radiation efficiency of the antenna. This is because the ohmic resistance is
about 1 ohm for conductors of large diameter. The ohmic resistance does not become important
until the radiation resistance drops to a value less than 10 ohms. This may be the case when
several antennas are coupled together.

2. Write the expression of electric field and power of a half wave dipole antenna?

3. What are the field pattern and radiation pattern?

A radiation pattern is a plot of the radiated energy from an antenna.

4. What is the value of input impedance of quarter wave dipole antenna?

The impedance of a quarter wave antenna is ohms

5. Draw the radiation pattern of half wave dipole antenna, folded dipole antenna, quarter wave
ground antenna, Yagi-Uda antenna, rectangular patch antenna .
6. Draw a Yagi-Uda antenna and indicate the names of it’s various elements.
7. Writes the equations of Horne antenna.
𝑎′𝑏
𝐷 = 10.2 𝜆2
0

9. Quarter wave transformer: A quarter-wave lossless line transforms the load impedance to the
input terminal as its inverse multiplied by the square of characteristic resistance. It acts as an
impedance inverter and is often referred to as quarter wave transformer.

Since the matching line and the main transmission line both are essentially lossless, so Zin and Zo
are real. So, from the above equation we see that there is no solution if ZL is complex. So quarter
wave transformer can not be used to match the complex load.
10. It is desirable to match transmission line in order to eliminate reflections.
Mismatch line give rise to reflections (echoes) and will distort the information
carrying signal. This can be particularly annoying for example on telephone
circuits

11. Single stub matching: When we tackle the problem of matching a load ZL to a
lossless transmission line that has a characteristic impedance Ro by placing a short
circuited stub parallel with the line is called single stub matching.
In our laboratory experiment we used single stub matching.

12.Reflection coefficient is defined as the ratio of amplitude of relected voltage or

current to the incident voltage or current. -1<=t<=1

Standing wave ratio is the ratio of maximum voltage or current to the minimum
voltage or current on the line. 1<=swr<=infinite.

13.a) =-1 swr=

b) ) =1 swr=

c) ) =positive swr=positive

d) =negative swr=positive

e) ) =0 swr=1

14. Microwave: Microwaves are electromagnetic waves whose frequencies range

from approximately 300 MHz to 100 GHz.

15.A distortionless line does not distort the signal phase, but does introduce a
signal loss since they are not super conductors. This is also known as the Heaviside
condition. Phase distortion does not occur if the phase velocity Vp is constant at all
frequencies. R/L=G/C.

16.The propagation constant of an electromagnetic wave is a measure of the

change undergone by the amplitude of the wave as it propagates in a given
direction. the term attenuation constant is the attenuation of an electromagnetic
wave propagating through a medium per unit distance from the source. It is the real
part of the propagation constant and is measured in nepers per metre.
the phase constant is the imaginary component of the propagation constant for a
plane wave. It represents the change in phase per metre along the path travelled by
the wave at any instant and is equal to the angular wave number of the wave. It is
represented by the symbol β and is measured in units of radians per metre.

17.Characteristic Impedance is determined by R,L,G,C and w not by the length of

line.

18.A klystron is a specialized linear-beam vacuum tube (evacuated electron tube).

Klystrons are used as amplifiers at microwave and radio frequencies to produce
both low-power reference signals for superheterodyne radar receivers and to
produce high-power carrier waves for communications and the driving force for
modern particle accelerators.

The feedback required to maintain oscillations within the cavity in klystron is

obtained by reversing the beam and sending it back through the cavity.this is
accomplished by applying negative voltage in the repeller region which is called
repeller voltage.

19.A waveguide attenuator in which a contoured sheet of dissipative material is

moved into the guide through a nonradiating slot to provide a desired amount of
power absorption.

20. Transmission line cannot be used to carry currents in the radio frequency range
or higher, which reverse direction millions to billions of times per second, because
the energy tends to radiate off the cable as radio waves, causing power losses.
Radio frequency currents also tend to reflect from discontinuities in the cable such
as connectors, and travel back down the cable toward the source. These reflections
act as bottlenecks, preventing the power from reaching the destination.

21. The cutoff frequency of an electromagnetic waveguide is the lowest frequency

for which a mode will propagate in it.

22.The feedback required to maintain oscillations within the cavity is obtained by

reversing the beam and sending it back through the cavity. The electrons in the
beam are velocity-modulated before the beam passes through the cavity the second
time and will give up the energy required to maintain oscillations. The electron
beam is turned around by a negatively charged electrode that repels the beam.