Fluid Mechanics,

Hydraulics, Hydrology,
Water Supply

Correlation Lecturer: Engr. Adonis C. Bibat, CE

Properties of Fluids
1. When analyzing rockets,
spacecraft, and other systems
that involve high-speed gas
flows , the flow speed is often
expressed in terms of the
dimensionless Mach number
defined as
C= 𝑘𝑅𝑇
k=specific heat ratio
• sonic when Ma = 1 T=temp in Kelvin
• subsonic when Ma < 1
• supersonic when Ma > 1
• hypersonic when Ma >> 1
• Transonic when Ma approx.
equal to 1.
Correlation Lecturer: Engr. Adonis C. Bibat, CE
Properties of Fluids
2. Weight = mass x gravity 3. Work = Force x Distance
Unit: Unit:
Force = mass x acceleration
mass, m = kg  S.I.
= (kg)*(m/s2)
= slug  English System
= Newton
Gravity, g = 9.81 m/s2  S.I.
Hence;
= 32.2 ft/s2  English
System Work = (Newton)*(meters)
Hence; = N.m
Weight = (kg)*(m/s2) = Newton, (N) = Joule, (J)  S.I.
= (slug)*(ft/s2)=Pound, (lb) Energy:
• the energy unit is the Btu (British thermal unit)
• 1 Btu = 1.0551 kJ (kilo-Joule)

Correlation Lecturer: Engr. Adonis C. Bibat, CE

Properties of Fluids
4. Power = Work/Time 5. Density, ρ = mass/unit volume
= Force x Velocity ρ = m/V (kg/m3)
Unit:
Power = (N.m)/(seconds) = watt, (W) 6. Specific volume, v = reciprocal of density
= (N)*(m/s) = watt, (W)  S.I. v = 1/ρ
= Volume/mass (m3/kg)
= (lb.ft)/(seconds) = horsepower, (hp) 7. Specific gravity:
= (lb)*(ft/s) = horsepower, (hp)  english s.g.= ρLIQUID/ ρW (unitless)
Note: commonly used unit of power is horsepower ρW = 1000 kg/m3
1 hp = 746 watts 8. Specific weight or Weight density:
1 hp = 550 (lb-ft)/sec ɣ = ρ*g
ɣ = (kg/m3)*(m/s2) = N/m3

Correlation Lecturer: Engr. Adonis C. Bibat, CE

 9. Density of Ideal Gases
Properties of Fluids Pabs*v = R*T
Pabs= ρ*R*T
Where:
Pabs = absolute pressure
v= specific volume , (1/ρ)
T=thermodynamic (absolute) temperature
R= gas constant
R=(universal gas constant)/(molar mass or
molecular weight)
***The gas constant of air is R = 0.287 kPa.m3/kg.K.
***Universal gas constant, Ru=8.314 kJ/kmol.K
=1.986 Btu/lbmol.R
T=C+273 in Kelvin  S.I.
T=F+460 in Rankine  english
Correlation Lecturer: Engr. Adonis C. Bibat, CE
 Properties of Fluids
10. Ideal Gas
Pabs*V=m*R*T
where;
m=N*M – (eq.1)
m=mass of gas
V=volume of gas
N=no. of moles
M=molar mass
Ru=MR – (eq.2)
Ru = Universal gas constant
R = gas constant
equating M:
m*R=N*Ru
Hence,
Pabs*V=N*Ru*T
Correlation Lecturer: Engr. Adonis C. Bibat, CE
 Properties of Fluids
11. Ideal gas at two different states 13. Coefficient of Volume Expansion
P1V1/T1=P2V2/T2
12. coefficient of compressibility, k :
(also called the bulk modulus of compressibility or **volume expansion coefficient of an ideal gas
bulk modulus of elasticity)

Correlation Lecturer: Engr. Adonis C. Bibat, CE