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Vibration

Measurement
Sensors

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Who is Wilcoxon Research?

➤ Started in 1960 by engineers from United


States Navy Research Laboratory
➤ Developed Accelerometers, Impedance
Heads, and Reaction Shakers

Primary sales are to industrial customers


➤ Pulp & Paper
➤ Machine Tool
➤ Power Generation
➤ Petrochemical
➤ Food Processing
➤ Steel & Aluminum

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Who is Wilcoxon Research

➤ Early Markets were Naval Engineering and


Test for US, French, and British Navies
➤ Entered Condition Monitoring in the early
1980’s with Palomar, Scientific Atlanta,
and CSI

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Wilcoxon Research Today

➤ Worlds largest manufacturer of industrial


accelerometers
➤ Located in Metropolitan Washington DC
along the I 270 Technology Corridor
➤ Approximately 120 employees

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Basic Vibration Sensors

Ele c tro dynamic


Velocity Trans duc e r
Acc e lerome te r
Noncontacting
Displacement
Transducer

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Eddy Current Probe Fabrication

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Eddy Current Probe - How It Works

➤ Three matched components - Driver, probe and extension cable


➤ Voltage applied to the Driver causes an RF signal to be generated
➤ Signal is transmitted to the probe by the extension cable
➤ Coil inside probe tip serves as an antenna and radiates high frequency
energy into free space
➤ Any conductive material within the field absorbs energy and causes
output of probe to decrease proportional to gap distance

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Eddy Current Probe

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Eddy Current Specifications

Calibrated Range 80 mils beginning at approx. 10 mils


Scale Factor 200mV/mil over a 80 mil range
Linearity 200 mV/mil straight line +/- 0.8 mils
Frequency Response 0 to 600,000 CPM (Theoretical)
Temperature Range Driver
-60 F to +212 F
Probe and Cable
-30 F to +350 F
Relative Humidity to 95% noncondensing

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Fabrication of Electrodynamic Velocity Sensor

➤ Housing vibrates while the spring-suspended coil remains stationary


➤ Amplitude of the output voltage is proportional to the velocity of the
vibration

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Types of Accelerometers

➤ Piezoelectric
– Charge mode
– Internally amplified

➤ Strain Gauge
➤ Piezoresistive
➤ Variable Capacitance
➤ Others

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Piezoelectric Accelerometers
Mo unting
➤ Measures Acceleration Co nn e c to r
Am plifie r S c re w

P ie zo c e ram ic

➤ Velocity or Displacement
S e is m ic
Output Available Mas s

Co nne c to r
Mo unting Bas e
➤ Very Sensitive 2339b

➤ Contacting S e is m ic Ma s s
Am plifie r
P ie zo c e ra m ic s

➤ Measures Absolute Casing


Motion Co nne c to r
Mo u nting
B as e

23 3 9a

➤ Measures Very Low


Frequency Am plifie r
P ie zo c e ra m ic s

➤ Measures Very High Mo unting


S e is m ic Ma s s

Frequency Ba s e
2208a - R1

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Piezoelectric Accelerometer - How It Works

➤ Piezoelectric material (sensing element) is


placed under load using a mass Co nne c to r

➤ As ‘stack’ vibrates, crystal is squeezed or


released S e is m ic Ma s s
Am plifie r
➤ Charge output is proportional to the force P ie zo c e ram ic s

(and acceleration)
Mo unting
Bas e
➤ Electronics convert charge output into 2339a

voltage output

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Operational Range

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Vibration vs. Frequency

1,000
➤ Very Little Vibration
100 Displacement (mils pp)
Amplitude in terms of
10 Acceleration is Produced
EU 1.0
at Low Frequencies
(mils pp)
(ips)
(g) 0.1
➤ Much Larger Amplitudes
Velocity (ips)
are produced in terms of
.01 Displacement
Acceleration (g)
.001

.0001
.1 1 10 100 1,000 Hz
.6 60 600 6,000 60,000 cpm
FREQUENCY 1607-R1

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Eddy Probe

Advantages Disadvantages
➤ Low frequency response ➤ Difficult to install
(to 0 Hz) ➤ Practical limits of high
➤ Can measure relative frequency displacement
displacement measurement
➤ Useful as a key phasor ➤ Calibration dependent
for dynamic balancing & on shaft material
analysis ➤ Shaft runout / glitch
➤ Reliable if property produces false signals
installed and maintained

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Electrodynamic Velocity Transducer

Advantages Disadvantages
➤ No external powering ➤ Not useful for very
➤ Powerful signal Output low frequency

➤ Easy to use (not as ➤ Not useful for very


sensitive to mounting high frequency
problems as alternative) ➤ Moving parts wear
➤ Ability to operate at ➤ Mounting orientation
elevated temperatures may be important
➤ Size
➤ Accuracy (resolution /
noise as compared to
alternatives)

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Internally Amplified Accelerometer

Advantages Disadvantages
➤ Very wide frequency ➤ Not responsive to 0 Hz
➤ Wide amplitude range ➤ Internal Amplifier
➤ Broad temperature limits temperature
range
➤ Velocity or
displacement output
available
➤ Rugged, industrial
design

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Low Frequency
Accelerometer Considerations

➤ High Sensitivity Co nne c to r

➤ Low Noise
Am plifie r
➤ Low Pass Filter P ie zo c e ram ic s

➤ Environmental Protection S e is m ic Mas s


Mo unting
B as e
➤ Overload Protected 2208a - R1

➤ Resists Thermal transients


➤ Low Strain Sensitivity
➤ Limited Amplitude Range

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Sensitivity Selection

799M

793, 786A
797, 736

732A, 732AT

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Electronic Sensor Noise

➤ Sets the Absolute


Measurement Floor
➤ Increases as
Frequency Decreases
➤ Dependent on Charge
Sensitivity

PZT Piezoceramics are very sensitive and must be


used for Low Frequency Accelerometers

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500 mV/g

100 mV/g

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Electronic Sensor Noise
➤ Electronic Sensor Noise can be Improved by using
more Lines of Resolution
➤ The Cost is greater Measurement Time
➤ Data Acquisition Time = Lines/Fmax
Lines of Res olution 400 800 1600 3200 3200
Electronic Spectral Noise of
a Low Frequency Sensor 0.16 µg 0.11 µg 0.79 µg 0.056 µg
(1 µg/⌦
Hz)
Measurement Time 40 sec 80 sec 160 sec 320 sec (5.3 min)
Per Data Set
Measurement Time for
Four (4) Averages Without 160 sec 320 sec 640 sec 1,280 sec (21.3 min)
Overlapping
Measurement Time for
Eight (8) Averages Without 320 sec 640 sec 1,280 sec 2,560 sec (42.7 min)
Overlapping
2348a - R1

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Summary of Concepts

Reminder - very little motion in terms of acceleration is


produced at low frequencies

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Strain Gage Accelerometers

➤ Metal (wire or foil) strain gages on a beam or diaphragm


structure
➤ Measure strain caused by inertial forces on mass
➤ Low sensitivity and/or low natural frequency
➤ Rarely used; being replaced by PR and VC

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Piezoresistive Accelerometers

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Variable Capacitance

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Servo Force Balance

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