12th Practical Booklet With Readings (Paper-1)

1
XII
With accurate
readings Electronics
(C-2)
Practical Experiments Paper-I
Prof. Dattaraj Vidyasagar
www.vsagar.org
Vidyasagar Academy, Practical Booklet of XII Bifocal Electronics, www.vsagar.org

2
N O T ES S P AC E

3
Experiment 1 (Set-1)
Name –Line regulation using zener diode.

Aim – to study the working of zener regulator and its line regulation.
Apparatus –resistors, capacitor, transformer, zener diode, rectifier diodes, dimmer stat, voltmeter
(0–10V),connecting wires, etc.
Connection diagram –
r g
r . o
a
Circuit diagram of zener line regulator
Observation table –
g
Sr. Line voltage DC Output voltage
No. (Vin) (Vo)
a
1. 170V 4.8V
2. 180V 5.0V
s
3. 190V 5.1V
4. 200V 5.2V
v
5. 210V 5.4V
6. 220V 5.6V
7. 230V 5.6V
8. 240V 5.6V
9. 250V 5.6V
10. 260V 5.6V
11. 270V 5.6V
Formula –
SR  Vo1  Vo 2
Vo1> Vo2, Take any
also,
two consecutive
SR
% SR   100 values of Vo
Vo1

4
Specifications of components –
Type of component Specifications

Resistor 47, ½W, carbon composition, 5% tolerance
LED Color: RED , VF = 1.65V
Diodes 1N4001 rectifier diode
Zener diode 5.6V, 400mW zener diode
Capacitor 1000F/25V electrolytic capacitor
Transformer 6V–0V–6V, 500mA secondary transformer
Dimmerstat 170V to 270V variable dimmerstat
Procedure –
1) Be careful while doing the experiment, as it carries dangerously high voltage.

2) Switch on the circuit and keep its line voltage at 170VAC, using dimmerstat.
g
3) Measure the DC output voltage of the circuit in this position of dimmerstat.
r
4) Repeat the above procedure as per given in observation table.
5) Plot a graph of line voltage versus output DC voltage.
o
6) Calculate percentage line regulation using the given formula.
Results –
r .
a
1) At minimum line voltage, the output voltage Vo = 4.8V.
2) At maximum line voltage, the output voltage Vo = 5.6V.
a g
v s

5
Name – Load regulation using zener diode.

Aim – to study the working of zener regulator and its load regulation.
Apparatus – resistors, capacitor, transformer, zener diode, rectifier diodes, voltmeter (0–10V),
ammeter (0–100mA), connecting wires, etc.
r g
r .
Circuit diagram of zener load regulatoro
a
g
Sr. Load current Output voltage
No. (IL) (Vo)
a
1. 0 (min.) VNL= 5.6V
2. 10mA 5.6V
s
3. 15mA 5.6V
4. 20mA 5.6V
v
5. 25mA 5.6V
6. 30mA 5.6V
7. 35mA 5.2V
8. 40mA 5.0V
9. 50mA 4.8V
10. Max. 50mA VFL= 4.8V
Formula –
V  VFL
% LR  NL  100
V NL
Where,
VNL  Load voltage with no load current
VFL  Load voltage with full load current

6

Resistor 47, ¼W, carbon composition, 5% tolerance
Potentiometer 1k/5W wire wound pot
LED color RED , VF = 1.65V
Zener diode 5.6V, 400mW zener diode
Voltmeter 0–10V, DC voltmeter
Ammeter 0–100mA, DC ammeter
Procedure –
1) Switch on the circuit and keep load resistance (RL) in maximum resistance position.
2) Measure the output voltage of the circuit in this condition.
g
3) Note it down as VNL = 5.6V in observation table.
r
4) Now reduce the resistance of load by varying the pot in equal steps, note down
corresponding readings of output voltage and load current.
o
5) Reduce RL for maximum load current. Note down VFL = 4.8V in observation table.
.
6) Plot a graph of output DC voltage versus load current.
7) Calculate percentage load regulation using given formula.
Results –
a r
1) At maximum load resistance, the output voltage Vo = 5.6V and IL = 10mA.
2) At minimum load resistance, the output voltage Vo = 4.8V and IL = 50mA.
a g
v s

7
Name –study of line regulation using IC LM 317.

Aim –to calculate values of R1 and R2 and study line regulation of the circuit.
Apparatus – resistors, capacitor, transformer, IC LM 317, rectifier diodes, dimmerstat, voltmeter
(0–10V), connecting wires, etc.
r g
r . o
Circuit diagram of LM 317 voltage regulator for line regulation
a
g
Sr. Line voltage DC Output voltage
No. (Vin) (Vo)
1. 170V 4.6V
a
2. 180V 4.7V
3. 190V 4.8V
s
4. 200V 4.9V
5. 210V 5.0V
v
6. 220V 5.0V
7. 230V 5.0V
8. 240V 5.0V
9. 250V 5.0V
10. 260V 5.0V
11. 270V 5.0V
Procedure –
1) First, calculate R2 using the formula, for given value of Vo = 5V. Consider R1 = 100.
R 
Vo  1.25 2  1
 R1 
2) Solder calculated value of R2 in the circuit. For non–standard value of R2 use
series/parallel combination of standard resistors.
3) Measure output voltage for various values of line voltage as given in observation table.
4) Plot a graph of line voltage versus output voltage. For this, adjust dimmerstat in circuit.
5) Calculate percentage line regulation using the given formula.

8
Formula –
SR  Vo1  Vo 2
Vo1> Vo2, Take any
also,
two consecutive
SR
% SR   100 values of Vo
Vo1

IC LM 317 Adjustable 3–terminal +ve voltage regulator IC,
Vomin = 1.2V, Vomax = 37V, ILmax = 1.5A
SR = 0.01%, LR = 0.1% (typical values),
RR = 80dB, internal short circuit protection.
Resistors R1 = 100,
g
R2 = 300, all ¼W, carbon composition, 5% tolerance
r
Transformer
o
6V–0V–6V, 500mA secondary transformer
Dimmerstat 170V to 270V variable dimmerstat
Pin configurations –
r .
g a
s a
v
Pin configurations of IC LM317 and rectifier diode
Note: Do not change given value of R1 = 100. This value ensures minimum load current
requirement (which is 10mA) of the IC which is ILmin = 12.5mA at Vomin = 1.25V.
Results –
1) Calculated value of R2 = 300 for given Vo = 5V.
2) The %SR of IC LM 317 = 8.7%.

9
Name – study of load regulation using IC LM 317.

Aim – to calculate values of R1 and R2 and study load regulation of the circuit.
Apparatus – resistors, capacitor, transformer, IC LM 317, rectifier diodes, voltmeter (0–10V),
ammeter (0–100mA), connecting wires, etc.
r g
r . o
a
Circuit diagram of LM 317 voltage regulator for load regulation
g
Sr. Load current Output voltage
No. (IL) (Vo)
1. 0 (min.) VNL = 5V
a
2. 5mA 5.0V
3. 10mA 5.0V
s
4. 15mA 5.0V
5. 20mA 5.0V
v
6. 25mA 5.0V
7. 30mA 5.0V
8. 40mA 4.8V
9. 60mA 4.6V
10. Max. 100mA VFL = 4.5V
Procedure –
1) First, calculate R2 using the formula, for given value of Vo = 5V. Consider R1 = 100.
R 
Vo  1.25 2  1
 R1 
2) Solder calculated value of R2 in the circuit. For non–standard value of R2 use
series/parallel combination of standard resistors.
3) Measure Vo and IL for various values of load resistance (RL). Adjust pot to change RL.
4) Plot a graph of output voltage versus load current. For this, adjust the dimmerstat in the
circuit.
5) Calculate percentage load regulation using the given formula.

10
Formula –
V  VFL
% LR  NL  100
V NL
Where,
VNL  Load voltage with no load current
VFL  Load voltage with full load current

IC LM 317 Adjustable 3–terminal +ve voltage regulator IC,
Vomin = 1.2V, Vomax = 37V, ILmax = 1.5A
SR = 0.01%, LR = 0.1% (typical values),
RR = 80dB, internal short circuit protection.
Resistors R1 = 100,
R2 = 300, all ¼W, carbon composition, 5% tolerance
g
r
r . o
g a
s a Pin configurations of IC LM317 and rectifier diode
Note – do NOT change given value of R1 = 100. This value ensures minimum load current
v
requirement (which is 10mA) of the IC which is ILmin = 12.5mA at Vomin = 1.25V.
Results –
1) Calculated value of R2 = 300 for given Vo = 5V
2) The percentage LR of IC LM 317 = 10%

11
Name –study of photo relay.

Aim – to assemble the circuit and measure voltages at different points.
Apparatus – resistors, capacitor, transformer, rectifier diodes, DMM, relay, transistors, LDR,
connecting wires, etc.
Circuit diagram –
r g
Circuit diagram of photo relay
r . o
a
g
Supply Transistor (T1) Transistor (T2)
Voltage Voltage Voltage
s a Vcc = 6V
Vbe = 0.62V
Vce = 0.2V
Vbe = 5.8V
Vce = 0.3V
v
Procedure –
1) Solder the circuit on the given tag board, with hot soldering iron.
2) Connect power supply to the circuit and test it under different light conditions.
3) Check that when light falls on LDR, the relay activates and LED glows. When LDR is dark,
the relay deactivates and the LED goes off.
4) For proper sensitivity of LDR, adjust the sensitivity pot in the circuit.
5) Measure voltage at base and collector of transistors in on and off conditions of relay.
6) From above voltages of transistor voltages, determine the operating region of the
transistor.
7) Switch off the circuit and disconnect the LDR from the circuit.
8) Measure the light and dark resistance of the LDR using DMM.
9) Note down the values of LDR, dark resistance = 1M and light resistance = 22.
10) Disconnect the relay coil from the circuit. Measure its resistance using DMM. Note it down
as relay resistance = 300.

12
Type of the component Specifications

Diodes 1N4001, silicon rectifier diode
Transistors
Transistor 148/ 548 Small signal amplifier, silicon transistor, (Gain=100)
SK 100 Medium power silicon transistor, (Gain = 50)
Resistors 1k series resistor, carbon type
Dark resistance 1M, light resistance 22.
Relay 6V, 300, single changeover type relay coil
Potentiometer 470k, carbon composition type
Transformer 230V/6V, 500mA step down type
Pin configurations
r g
r . o
Results –
g a
1) The dark resistance = 1M and light resistance = 22
a
2) The relay coil resistance = 300
3) In ‘ON’ condition of the circuit, T1 is in ON condition and T2 is in ON conditions.
v s

13
Name – study of inverting amplifier using opamp.

Aim – to study the working of inverting amplifier using IC 741 as voltage amplifier.
Apparatus – resistors, capacitor, transformer (center tapped), rectifier diodes, IC 741,
potentiometer, connecting wires, etc.
Circuit diagram –
r g
r . o
Circuit diagram of opamp as inverting DC amplifier
a
g
Measured Calculated
Sr. Vin Vo Gain
R1 RF gain gain
Nos. (Volts) (Volts) difference
a
(Vo/Vin) (RF/R1)
1.2V -1.2V 1 1 0
1 10k 10k
s
2.0V -2.1V 1.05 1 0.05
0.5V -1.0V 2 2 0
2 5k 10k
v
1.5V -3.2V 2.13 2 0.13
0.8V -2.7V 3 3.33 0
3 3.3k 10k
1.6V -5.5V 3.44 3.33 0.11
Take two readings with different input voltages for each value of R1
Procedure –
1) First solder R1 = 10k and RF = 10k. Now switch on the circuit.
2) Connect DC voltmeter at the output of the circuit. Adjust VR1 to change input voltage
between 0–2V, for taking two different values of input voltage.
3) Measure input/output voltage in each case. Note down the values in observation table.
4) Repeat step 1 to step 3 for different values of R1 i.e. replace R1 with new value by
soldering new resistor. While soldering, every time switch off the circuit.
5) Obtain calculated and observed gain of circuit in each combination of R1 and RF.
6) Compare calculated and measured gain and obtain the difference.

14
Formulas –
1) The output voltage of inverting amplifier is given by –
Rf
Vo   V1 
R1
2) The theoretical gain of the circuit is given by –
Rf
 gain
R1
3) The observed gain of the circuit is given by –
 Vo
 gain
Vi
g
r
Operational amplifier, Supply voltage = 18Vmax,
IC 741 Input offset voltage = 2mV, input bias current = 80nA,
CMRR = 90dB, input impedance = 2M
o
Output impedance = 75, slew rate = 0.5V/sec.
.
Resistors 10k, 5k, 3.3k, carbon type 5% tolerance
r
Transformer 230V/6–0–6V, 500mA step down, center tapped
g a
s a
v
Result – write down the result for any one reading.
1) The theoretical gain = 3.33 and observed gain = 3.44
2) Gain difference = 0.11

15
Name – study of non-inverting amplifier using opamp.

Aim – to study the working of non-inverting amplifier using IC 741 as DC voltage amplifier.
Circuit diagram –
r g
r . o
Circuit diagram of opamp as non-inverting DC amplifier
a
g
Measured Calculated
Sr. Vin Vo Gain
R1 RF gain gain
Nos. (Volts) (Volts) difference
a
(Vo/Vin) (RF/R1)
1.2V 2.4V 2 2 0
1 10k 10k
s
2.0V 4.2V 2.1 2 0.1
0.5V 1.2V 2.4 3 0.6
2 5k 10k
v
0.8V 2.5V 3.125 3 0.125
0.3V 1.2V 4 4.33 0.33
3 3.3k 10k
0.6V 2.5V 4.17 4.33 0.16
Take two readings with different input voltages for each value of R1
Procedure –
1) First solder R1 = 10k and RF = 10k in the circuit. Now switch on the circuit.
2) Connect DC voltmeter at the output of the circuit. Adjust VR1 to change input voltage
between 0–2V, for taking two different values of input voltage.
3) Measure input/output voltage in each case. Note down the values in observation table.
4) Repeat step 1 to step 3 for different values of R1 i.e. replace R1 with new value by
soldering new resistor.
5) Obtain calculated and observed gain of circuit in each combination of R1 and RF.
6) Compare calculated and measured gain and obtain the difference.

16
Formulas –
1) The output voltage of non-inverting amplifier is given by –
 R 
Vo  1  f V1
 R1 
2) The theoretical gain of the circuit is given by –
 Rf 
1   = gain
 R1 
3) The observed gain of the circuit is given by –
Vo
 gain
Vi
g
r
o
.
Resistors
r
10k, 5k, 3.3k, carbon type 5% tolerance
g a
s a
v
Result – write down the result for any one reading.
1) The theoretical gain = 4.33 and observed gain = 4.17
2) Gain difference = 0.16

17
Name – study of inverting adder using opamp.

Aim – to study the working of inverting amplifier using IC 741 as adder circuit.
Circuit diagram –
r g
r . o
Circuit diagram of opamp as inverting adder
a
Observation tables –
g
Input voltages Observed Calculated
Sr.
output voltage output voltage
Nos. V1 V2 V3
(Vo) (Vo)
s a1.
2.
3.
2V
3V
-0.5V
1V
1V
-1.2V
-3V
1V
-0.8V
-0.3V
-5.2V
+2.2V
0V
-5V
+2.5V
v
4. 0.2V 0.3V 0.5V -1.2V -1.0V
5. -0.1V -0.2V -0.4V +0.8V +0.7V
V1 V2 V3 Vo
2V 1V -3V 0 Volts
Procedure –
1) Note that circuit’s gain = unity, since RF = R1.
2) Switch on the circuit and adjust all three input voltages V1, V2 and V3 between 0–3V.
Measure the output voltage.
3) Repeat the same procedure for at least five different combinations of V1, V2 and V3 with
negative values.
4) Thus, take three positive input voltage combinations and two negative combinations.
5) Compare observed with calculated output voltages. Tabulate the readings.
6) Now, adjust V1, V2 and V3 such that output will be zero for all non–zero input voltages.

18
Formula –
The output voltage of inverting adder is given by –

 Vo  V1 V2 V3 
    
Rf  R1 R 2 R 3 
Let R1= R2 = R3 = RF, then the equation becomes –
Vo = – (V1 + V2 + V3)

g
r
Resistors
o
10k, 5k, 3.3k, carbon type 5% tolerance
.
a r
a g
v
Result –
s
1) The gain of the circuit = 1 (unity)
2) For Vo = 0, the non-zero values of V1 = 2V, V2 = 1V and V3 = -3V

19
Name – study of IC 555 as MMV.

Aim – to study the working IC 555 in Monostable Multivibrator mode as off delay timer.
Apparatus – resistors, capacitors, transformer, rectifier diodes, LED, IC 555, stop watch,
connecting wires, etc.
Circuit diagram –
r g
r . o
Circuit diagram of IC 555 as monostable multivibrator
Sr. Resistor
g a
Capacitor Time measured Time calculated Time
a
No. Value (R1) Value (C1) (sec) (sec) difference
1 100k 10F 1.5sec 1.1sec 0.4sec
s
2 220k 10F 3sec 2.42sec 0.48sec
3 470k 10F 5sec 5.17sec 0.17sec
v 4
Procedure –
1M 10F 14sec 11.0sec 3.0sec
1) Construct the circuit on given circuit board, by soldering different components and wires.
2) Note the color code values of given resistors.
3) Connect any one value of resistor (R) and capacitor (C), as per given in the observation
table.
4) Switch on the circuit and push the trigger switch (S1) momentarily. Do not push the switch
for a long time.
5) The LED must glow. Measure the time for which the LED glows, using stopwatch.
6) Take five readings for five different values of (R), as shown in observation table.
7) Calculate the time for each of the RC combination.
8) Compare observed time, calculated time and obtain difference between them.

20
Formula –
The pulse width i.e. the time for which LED remains on is given by –
T = 1.1 x R1 x C1
Where, R1 is in ohms and C1 is in Farad

IC 555 Timer IC, Supply voltage = 18Vmax
LED Color: RED, VF = 1.65V
Capacitors 1000F/25V,
10F/63V, electrolytic capacitor
Resistors 100k, 220k, 330k, 470k 1M,
g
all carbon type 5% tolerance
. o r
a r
Brief theory –
a g
s
Pin–1: it is connected to ground of power supply.
Pin–2: it is called trigger pin. It triggers i.e. starts up time cycle of IC, when its voltage is less than ⅓ of
v
supply voltage. Hence, output of IC becomes high.
Pin–3: it is output pin. It gives complementary output condition. Thus, it can source or sink a maximum
current of 200mA into the load resistor.
Pin–4: it is reset pin. When it is +ve, the IC works normally. However when it is –ve, the IC stops its working,
whatever may be the signal at pin–2.
Pin–5: control voltage pin. It is used to change the threshold voltage of the IC. When it is not in use, it is
returned to ground through a small capacitor of 0.01F to avoid noise pickup.
Pin–6: it is threshold pin. It finalizes the time cycle of the IC, when its voltage becomes ⅔ of power supply
voltage or control voltage. Hence, output of IC becomes low.
Pin–7: it is discharge pin. It becomes active through internal transistor, when output of IC is low. It
discharges external capacitor into itself.
Pin–8: it is connected to +ve terminal of power supply, generally 3V to 18V.
Result – write down any one value of the reading.

1) The observed value of time T = 14sec
2) The calculated value of time T = 11sec
3) The difference between calculated and observed time = 3sec

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1

Prof. Dattaraj Vidyasagar

Vidyasagar Academy, Practical Booklet of XII Bifocal Electronics, www.vsagar.org

Vidyasagar Academy, Practical Booklet of XII Bifocal Electronics, www.vsagar.org

Name –Line regulation using zener diode.

Vidyasagar Academy, Practical Booklet of XII Bifocal Electronics, www.vsagar.org

Type of component Specifications

1) Be careful while doing the experiment, as it carries dangerously high voltage.

Vidyasagar Academy, Practical Booklet of XII Bifocal Electronics, www.vsagar.org

Name – Load regulation using zener diode.

Vidyasagar Academy, Practical Booklet of XII Bifocal Electronics, www.vsagar.org

Type of component Specifications

Vidyasagar Academy, Practical Booklet of XII Bifocal Electronics, www.vsagar.org

Name –study of line regulation using IC LM 317.

Vidyasagar Academy, Practical Booklet of XII Bifocal Electronics, www.vsagar.org

Type of component Specifications

Vidyasagar Academy, Practical Booklet of XII Bifocal Electronics, www.vsagar.org

Name – study of load regulation using IC LM 317.

Vidyasagar Academy, Practical Booklet of XII Bifocal Electronics, www.vsagar.org

Type of component Specifications

Vidyasagar Academy, Practical Booklet of XII Bifocal Electronics, www.vsagar.org

Name –study of photo relay.

Vidyasagar Academy, Practical Booklet of XII Bifocal Electronics, www.vsagar.org

Type of the component Specifications

Vidyasagar Academy, Practical Booklet of XII Bifocal Electronics, www.vsagar.org

Name – study of inverting amplifier using opamp.

Vidyasagar Academy, Practical Booklet of XII Bifocal Electronics, www.vsagar.org

Type of the component Specifications

Vidyasagar Academy, Practical Booklet of XII Bifocal Electronics, www.vsagar.org

Name – study of non-inverting amplifier using opamp.

Vidyasagar Academy, Practical Booklet of XII Bifocal Electronics, www.vsagar.org

Vidyasagar Academy, Practical Booklet of XII Bifocal Electronics, www.vsagar.org

Name – study of inverting adder using opamp.

Vidyasagar Academy, Practical Booklet of XII Bifocal Electronics, www.vsagar.org

The output voltage of inverting adder is given by –

Type of the component Specifications

Vidyasagar Academy, Practical Booklet of XII Bifocal Electronics, www.vsagar.org

Name – study of IC 555 as MMV.

Vidyasagar Academy, Practical Booklet of XII Bifocal Electronics, www.vsagar.org

Type of the component Specifications

Result – write down any one value of the reading.

Vidyasagar Academy, Practical Booklet of XII Bifocal Electronics, www.vsagar.org

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