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Soil: Soils are formed by weathering of rocks and decomposition of organic matter.
Geological cycle: Weathering of rocks -> Transportation -> Deposition -> Upheaval
I.S. classification-
1 micron = 0.001mm
I. 100 mm
II. 63 mm
III. 20 mm
IV. 10 mm
V. 4.75 mm
VI. 2 mm
VII. 1 mm
VIII. 600 micron
IX. 425 micron
X. 300 micron
XI. 212 micron
XII. 150 micron
XIII. 75 micron
Sieve analysis process: Soil sample taken > weight measured > sieves arranged sequentially with
coarser sieve at top and fine sieve at bottom > sieves set to a sieving machine > Shaken for 10
minutes > weight of soil retained in different sieves are measured
Effective size (D10) = The 10% of soil sample is finer than that specific sieve size
E.G: If effective size of soil is 2mm, then 10% of that soil sample will be finer than the 2mm size
D60 = The 60% of soil sample is finer than that specific sieve size
D30= The 30% of soil sample is finer than that specific sieve size
Uniformity Coefficient (CU) = D60/D10 [it gives an idea about the grading of the soil]
i) Soil solid
ii) Water
iii) Air
Unsaturated Soil
Air
Void
Water
Soil solid
Dry Soil
Air Void
Soil solid
Saturated Soil
Water Void
Soil solid
Submerged unit wt.(ɣSUB): Saturated unit wt. – Unit wt. of water = ɣSAT - ɣW
Specific gravity (G): Ratio of unit wt. of a given vol. of soil solids at a given temperature to the wt. of
an equal vol. of distilled water at that temperature = ɣS/ ɣW