TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE ................................................................................................. 8
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................... 9
SYMBOLS AND UNITS .......................................................................... 10
INDEX ..................................................................................................... 12
1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................... 14
1.1 General ........................................................................................... 14
1.2 Impact plates .................................................................................. 15
1.3 Chute wear ..................................................................................... 16
1.4 Flow of bulk solids .......................................................................... 17
1.5 Methodology of flow modelling in transfer chutes .......................... 17
2. PROPERTIES OF BULK SOLIDS ......................................................... 19
2.1 Characteristics of bulk solids .......................................................... 19
2.2 Physical properties of bulk solids ................................................... 21
2.3 Flow properties ............................................................................... 24
2.4 Wall friction ..................................................................................... 27
2.4.1 General ........................................................................................... 27
2.4.2 Wall friction angle ............................................................................ 28
2.4.3 Surface roughness of the chute lining materials ............................. 30
2.5 Friction and flowability characteristics of bulk solids ...................... 31
2.6 Equivalent friction coefficient. ......................................................... 33
2.7 Effective variable friction coefficient ............................................... 35
2.8 Wall friction angle tests results ....................................................... 35
2.9 Wall friction angle testing summary ............................................... 37
2.10 Examples ........................................................................................ 38
3. CHUTE CONFIGURATION .................................................................... 41
3.1 Flow rate ......................................................................................... 41
3.2 Chute inclination ............................................................................. 42
3.3 Chute dimensions........................................................................... 42
3.4 Chute shapes ................................................................................. 44
3.5 Shape of bulk solids flow at conveyor discharge pulley ................. 45
3.6 Example ......................................................................................... 46
4. BULK SOLIDS DISCHARGE PROCESS .............................................. 48
4.1 Discharge trajectories from belt conveyors .................................... 48
4.1.1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 48
4.1.2 Trajectory equations........................................................................ 51
4.2 Discharge trajectories from chutes................................................. 57
4.3 Trajectories from loading spoons ................................................... 58
4.4 Trajectory divergency ..................................................................... 59
4.5 Trajectory intersection points ......................................................... 60
4.5.1 Straight (flat) impact plate ............................................................... 60
4.5.2 Curved impact plate ........................................................................ 60
4.5.3 Loading spoon................................................................................. 61
4.6 Examples ........................................................................................ 62
5. IMPINGEMENT PROCESS ................................................................... 77
5.1 Impingement process description .................................................. 77
5.2 Impact theory.................................................................................. 79
5.3 Impingement theory ....................................................................... 80
5.3.1 Cohesion-less bulk solids ................................................................ 80
5.3.2 Cohesive bulk solids ....................................................................... 83
5.3.3 Impingement forces on impact plate ............................................... 87
5.4 Test comparison ............................................................................. 88
5.5 Examples ........................................................................................ 90
6. BULK SOLID FLOW THROUGH CHUTE COMPONENTS .................. 97
6.1 Mathematical models ..................................................................... 97
6.2 Sloped and vertical chutes ........................................................... 100
6.3 Flow round curved plate ............................................................... 105
6.4 Flow over convex chute ............................................................... 112
6.5 Flow resistance of a changed stream cross-section .................... 114
6.6 Material flow restriction in chutes ................................................. 116
6.6.1 Corner build-ups in chutes. ........................................................... 116
6.6.2 Minimum material stream height ................................................... 117
6.7 Examples ...................................................................................... 118
7. HELICAL CHUTES AND TRIMMERS ................................................. 129
7.1 Helical chutes ............................................................................... 129
7.1.1 Inflow case .................................................................................... 129
7.1.2 Continuous flow............................................................................. 132
7.1.3 Steady continuous flow ................................................................. 133
7.2 Trimmers ...................................................................................... 134
7.3 Examples ...................................................................................... 137
8. APPLICATIONS ................................................................................... 145
8.1 Transfer chute with two circular elements .................................... 145
8.2 Head chute modification ............................................................... 152
8.3 Flow analysis of a transfer station chute. ..................................... 159
8.4 Bifurcated chute ........................................................................... 162
8.5 Typical transfer chute ................................................................... 165
8.6 Flow modelling in a transfer chute ............................................... 167
9. PROTECTION DEVICES ..................................................................... 169
9.1 Introduction ................................................................................... 169
9.2 Sensor types ................................................................................ 171
9.3 Involvement of Instrumentation Supplier ...................................... 173
9.4 Safety Considerations .................................................................. 173
TERMINOLOGY ................................................................................... 175
REFERENCES ..................................................................................... 177
APPENDIX. The International System of Units................................ 187