INTRODUCTION

In this research we conducted about the building design and maintenance of University of Cebu
building. We conducted a research of the two buildings of University of Cebu, UC- main campus and UC
Custom building about its design and maintenance. The purpose of our research is to determine the
design and maintenance if two building is properly maintained and to survey if the two existing building
is still usable or need to be repair.

In the study we conducted about the problems and issues of the design and maintenance of the
two buildings. We first study the UC Custom building, the problems we found out is the structural of the
building and it's interior design. One of the issues we found the waterproofing issue. That every time
there is a heavy rainfall a leak in the roof occurs and flows into the ceiling. Another problem is cracks in
the wall, columns and beams. According to Andrew Mackintosh in 1995 a Building Consultant, the
common causes of such cracks are identified to the difference thickness of plastering on structures,
insufficient bonding element that hold bricks to the column or beams.

Another problem found is staining of the wall, such as water mark, existense of moss, fungus and
algae. After the condition of research in UC Custom Building, the team proceeded to UC main-campus.
The problems found in UC Main-campus are the same problems found in Custom building like cracks,
waterproofing issues, staining.

A research was conducted by Ahmad Suffian 1965 in Malaysia about the building maintenance of
Infra-Structures in Malaysia. Government of Malaysia is really concern about the importance of the
building maintenance. If it can be carried out wisely it could save money besides potential extended life
span of the building. The maintenance process involved two processes, the preventive maintenance and
corrective maintenance. Of the two, preventive maintenance is more right from the beginning of the
projects. Architect, Engineers, planners should study the potential maintenance and operational problem
before working out the design. This study is presented with an attention to share his experiences on
some building defects and maintenance problems from the building owner' s perspective.

Our research could relate to the study of Ahmad Suffian about the building maintenance in
Malaysia. Because the buildings also of University of Cebu needs to have an maintenance base on the
problems we found out during our research in the two building.

Our research team is compose of engineering student, since as an engineering student studies
the innovation, design, construction, operation and maintenance of structures, machines, materials,
devices, systems, processes, and organizations. We have a great interest into this study because we are
also affected as a student of University of Cebu since we uses that two building. So our goal is to help
find ways or solution to the problems and issues found in the two buildings so no accident will happens.

Methods:
 The research is mainly focused on the Building Design and Maintenance of
the University of Cebu Buildings. The main purpose of this study is to determine
the design and maintenance if two buildings was built to withstand forces of nature
and if it is properly maintained.

There are some problems found in the Design and Maintenance of the
University of Cebu Main-Campus and Custom Building. And as a researcher we
want to conduct a study on how the technical staff solve the problem.

The study will be conducted at University of Cebu Main-Campus and

Custom Building which is situated at Sanciangko St. Cebu City

Figure 2: Map of the Location of University of Cebu Main-Campus and

Custom Building(maps.google.com). There are four streets in the vicinity of
University of Cebu Main-Campus namely Sanciangko St. Osmena Blvd. Colon St.
and Leon Kilat St.
 The researcher found out that the Building in University of Cebu Main-
Campus and Custom Building having some problems/issues like waterproofing
issue, Cracks in the Beam and Column and Staining.

This will be the researchers guide instrument:

Instruction: Read the questions carefully and encircle your answer below.

Maintenance

What are the ways to cure the waterproofing issues?

a.) Cementitious Waterproofing Method

b.) Liquid Waterproofing Membrane Method

c.) Put glues in the leak

2. How many times a day you clean the comfort room?

a.) 1x a day
 b.) 2x a day

c.) 3x a day

3. How many times you check the aircondition in rooms and offices?

a.) once a week

b.) once a month

c.) once a year

4. How do you maintain the drainage system at the building?

a.) Use a drain guard on all your plug holes

b.)Throw garbage in the drainage

c.) Wash it out with hot water once a week.

5. What are the ways to cure the concrete and staining?

a.) Use a wire brush to clean the crack of all dirt, grease and loose grit.

b.) Mixing equal amounts of the two-part epoxy crack sealer.

c.)All of the above

Design

1. What are the functions of concrete footings?

a.) Support the foundation and prevent settling

b.) Serve as the foot of the building

c.) To support the beam

2. What is the building design?

 a.) Refers to the architectural, engineering and technical applications to the

design of buildings

b.) It is an artwork about buildings

c.) A structure with a roof and walls, a house, school, store, or factory.

3.) What are the functions of a column in a building?

a.) Used to support the load of the upper floors and also the weight of the

roofs

b.) Is an element transmits compression, the weight of the structure above to

other structural elements below.

c.) Just a design in a building

4.) What are the functions of a beam in a building?

a.) Is a structural element that resists loads applied to the beam's.

b.) The loads applied to the beam

c.)All of the above

 5.) What is a structural plan?

a.) It is a plan for how a building or other structure will be built.

b.) It is visual art in which a person uses various drawing .

c.) Is any diagram or steps with details of timing and resources, used to

achieve an objective to do something.

INSTRUMENTS

Maintenance

What are the ways to cure the waterproofing issues?

a.) Cementitious Waterproofing Method

b.) Liquid Waterproofing Membrane Method

c.) Put glues in the leak

2. How many times a day you clean the comfort room?

 a.) 1x a day

b.) 2x a day

c.) 3x a day

3. How many times you check the aircondition in rooms and offices?

a.) once a week

b.) once a month

c.) once a year

4. How do you maintain the drainage system at the building?

a.) Use a drain guard on all your plug holes

b.)Throw garbage in the drainage

c.) Wash it out with hot water once a week.

5. What are the ways to cure the concrete and staining?

a.) Use a wire brush to clean the crack of all dirt, grease and loose grit.

b.) Mixing equal amounts of the two-part epoxy crack sealer.

c.)All of the above

Design

1. What are the functions of concrete footings?

a.) Support the foundation and prevent settling

b.) Serve as the foot of the building

c.) To support the beam

 2. What is the building design?

a.) Refers to the architectural, engineering and technical applications to the

design of buildings

b.) It is an artwork about buildings

c.) A structure with a roof and walls, a house, school, store, or factory.

3.) What are the functions of a column in a building?

a.) Used to support the load of the upper floors and also the weight of the

roofs

b.) Is an element transmits compression, the weight of the structure above to

other structural elements below.

c.) Just a design in a building

4.) What are the functions of a beam in a building?

a.) Is a structural element that resists loads applied to the beam's.

b.) The loads applied to the beam

 c.)All of the above

5.) What is a structural plan?

a.) It is plan for how a building or other structures will be built.

b.) It is visual art in which a person uses various drawing .

c.) Is any diagram or steps with details of timing and resources, used to

achieve an objective to do something.

Sampling Technique

1. How many?

Why 10? We chose 10 employee's because the population of the building design and maintenance in
University of Cebu have an approximately not more than 20 employee's in this institution.

2. How do you select them?

We select the employee's involving the maintenance of the building like technicians, janitors, the tenant
associaton's officers and the civil engineer instructor and we can assume that we're selecting by asking
them first how long they work here in this institution.

Summary of Findings

Design

1. What are the functions of concrete footings?

Majority of the maintenance personnel answered that the functions of concrete footings is to
prevent from settling and support the foundation.

2. What is a building design?

 According to the engineer that a Building design based on engineering, architectural and technical
applications to the design of buildings.

3. What are the functions of a column in a building?

According to the engineer, the functions of a column is used to support the loads of upper floors
and also to support the weight of the roof.

4. What are the functions of a beam in a building?

According to the engineer that a beam primarily resists loads applied to the beam axis. Its
deflection is by bending.

5. What is structural design?

In structural design, according to the engineer we ask the structural design is the analysis and
design of steel, concrete, or timber framed structures such as high rise buildings, bridges, dams, towers,
stadiums, retaining walls and foundations.

Maintenance

1. What are the ways to cure the waterproofing issues ?

Majority of the maintenance personnel said that tl cure waterproofing they make object or
structure waterproof or water-resistant so that it remains relatively unaffected by water or resisting the
ingress of water under specified conditions and cement waterproofing method because they find it
effective.

2.How many times you clean the comfort room?

According to the maintenance, majority of them, they maintain the comfort room three times a
day. By cleaning the comfort room issues

3.How many times you check the air condition in room and offices?

Majority of the maintenance that they checked the air condition in the room and offices once a
month.

4. How do you maintain the drainage system at the building?

According to the maintenance answered,they always check the drainage if there clog
debris and remove it so it cannot cause clogs.

5. What are the ways to cure the concrete cracks and staining?

According to the maintenance, to cure the concrete cracks and staining is u must make sure that
there's no oil or dirt still on the floor before using any concrete filler.
Data and Analysis

Design

1. What are the functions of concrete footings?

As we conducted survey Civil engineer instructor answered that the functions of concrete
footings is to support the foundation and prevent settling.

In the study conducted by Brent Anderson in 1985, Footings are an important part of foundation
construction. They are typically made of concrete with re-bar reinforcement that has been poured into
an excavated trench. The purpose of footings is to support the foundation and prevent settling. Footings
are especially important in areas with troublesome soils. The construction of footings is best left to the
pros that can assess the soil conditions and decide on the proper depth and width for the footings as
well as the proper placement. The dimensions of footings also depend on the size and type of structure
that will be built. Placement of footings is crucial to provide the proper support for the foundation and
ultimately the structure. Concrete footings may also be needed for projects such as a deck, pergola,
retaining wall or other types of construction. If you know your soil bearing capacity, following these
practical guidelines will ensure strong footings.

Source: Brent Anderson is a consulting engineer and concrete contractor who serves on the American
Concrete Institute Committee 332, Residential Concrete.

As a researcher's Concrete footings exist to transfer the structural loads from the building (snow
load, live load, dead load, wind load, earthquake load, etc.) to the Earth. Obviously, the foundations on a
building are critical from a structural standpoint. However, since they are usually unseen after back
filling, too many times the foundations are not built without enough attention to detail.

It’s often said that any building project that doesn’t come out of the ground well will be difficult to ever
get back on track. It’s important for the Construction Supervisor to understand both the function and the
acceptable tolerances on foundations.

2. What is the building design?

As we conducted survey the Civil Engineer instructor said that the building design refers to the
broadly based architectural engineering and technical applications to the design of the buildings.

Building design refers to the broadly based architectural, engineering and technical applications
to the design of buildings. All building projects require the services of a building designer, typically a
licensed architect or structural engineer. Smaller, less complicated projects often do not require a
licensed professional, and the design of such projects is often undertaken by building designers, drafts
persons, interior designers, or contractors. Larger, more complex building projects require the services of
many professionals trained in specialist disciplines, usually coordinated by an architect.

Source: Andrew Mackintosh, STANDS4 LLC, 2018.

 As researcher' s Building design needs a coherent structure if the structure is coherent and
strong, it protects the whole buildings, and a complete structural frame around the building is tied in to
the foundation, the walls and the roof structure. Doors and windows have a beam over them to carry the
weight of the wall above and to strengthen the columns. The top of the walls is also tied together with
the columns, by a second reinforced concrete ring beam, and end walls are strengthened.

3.) What are the functions of a column in the building?

As we conducted survey the Civil Engineer instructor said that the functions of the column in
the building used to support the weight of the roof and also in the upper floors.

A column is used to support the weight of the roof and/or the upper floors. Now a days, a lot of
columns are used for decorative purposes. A column along with load bearing beams can support a lot of
weight. A concrete column in a multi-floor building must have ample steel reinforcement for the
components that rest upon it. Welded 'haunches' are used to support the weight of girders and other
pieces that rest on loads the column.

Source: Ádány S., Dunai L., Rigidity of Column-Base Connections under Combined Loading, Preliminary
Report of the International Colloquium, European Session, Stability of Steel Structures, ed. Iványi M.,
Veröci B., . (1995).

As a researcher's columns are vertical load bearing members of a structure.. They provide
support by carrying beams ( horizontal load bearing members, column or pillar in architecture and
structural engineering is a structural element that transmits, through compression, the weight of the
structure above to other structural elements below. In other words, a column is a compression member.

4.) What are the functions of a beam in the building?

As we conducted survey he Civil Engineer instructor that the functions of the beam in the
building is a structural element that primarily resist loads applied laterally to the beam's axis.

A beam is a structural element that primarily resists applied laterally to the beam's axis. Its
mode of deflection is primarily by bending. The loads applied to the beam result in reaction forces at the
beam's support points. The total effect of all the forces acting on the beam is to produce shear forces
and bending moments within the beam, that in turn induce internal stresses, strains and deflections of
the beam. Beams are characterized by their manner of support, profile (shape of cross-section), length,
and their material.

In the study conducted by Baniotopoulos in 1994, beams are traditionally descriptions of

building or civil engineering structural elements, but any structures such as automotive automobile
frames, aircraft components, machine frames, and other mechanical or structural systems contain beam
structures that are designed to carry lateral loads are analyzed in a similar fashion.

Source: Baniotopoulos C. C., On the Numerical Assessment of the Separation Zones in Semi rigid Column
Base Plate Connections, Structural Engineering and Mechanics, (1994).
 As researcher's The loads applied to the beam result in reaction forces at the beam's support
points. The total effect of all the forces acting on the beam is to produce shear forces and bending
moments within the beam, that in turn induce internal stresses, strains and deflections of the beam.
Beams are characterized by their manner of support, profile (shape of cross-section), length, and their
material.

Beams are traditionally descriptions of building or civil engineering structural elements, but any
structures such as automotive automobile frames, aircraft components, machine frames, and other
mechanical or structural systems contain beam structures that are designed to carry lateral loads are
analyzed in a similar fashion.

5.)What is a structural plan?

As we conducted survey Civil Engineer instructor said that the structural plan is a plan or set of
plans for how a building or other structure will be built. Structural drawings are generally prepared by
registered professional structural engineers, and informed by architectural drawings.

It is a method or tool by which we find out safe and economical specifications of a structure or a
member of the structure sufficient to carry the load. In other words finding out cross-sectional
dimension, grade of material, amount of reinforcement etc. necessary to withstand the internal forces
that we have got from structural analysis. Structural design is a Science and an Art. It is a tool for modern
Creators and the world of Design. It can also be used in Literature and Music. It is a way of getting new
ideas and inspirations,at Art schools and workshops,allowing [[architects,painters graphic
designers,interior designers,industrial designers,better work out their projects,developing original
creativity,while basing their designs on natural,biological elements or even other works created by other
creators.This is not a new way to produce design or art,but the systematic approach of getting it to work
is. Structural Research is not an artistic goal,in itself,rather a] catalyst of ideas and imagination,that can
be used to suit all human creativness.

Source: Balakrishnan S., Murray W., Concrete Constitutive Model for NLFE Analysis of

Structures, Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol. 114, No. 7. (1987).

As researcher' s structural design involves analysis and design of mainly steel, concrete, or
timber framed structures such as tall buildings, bridges, dams, towers, offshore platform, stadiums,
retaining walls and foundation.

Conclusion and Recommendation

Design
The complexity of the building design will increase the difficulty in maintenance work. Regular cleaning
and minor repair work can be carried out easily to avoid major replacement of building component. For
example, some of the maintenance requires some tools to be performed. If the designer fails to allow
enough space for the tools to execute maintenance work, it will cause minor problem become major
problem (Jalal A. Al-Khatam, 2003). The building design also including the building height, area and size.
The high rise building is need the additional costs for the equipment and tools used to carry out the
maintenance works. For instance, when carry out the maintenance works at high rise buildings such as
window cleaning, painting work, repairs work and other external works is need scaffolding (Azlan Shah
Ali, 2010).

Importance of Maintenace

According to Chudley (1980,), defines maintenance as any work undertaken in order to keep or
restore every part of a building to an acceptable standard. The types of maintenance activities which are
require achieving this objective. It can be categorized as planned and unplanned maintenance. Those of
the maintenance strategies are provide options to decide which maintenance strategy will be decide to
use, it should be make sure that those alternative decisions are available to management in maintaining
a building. Besides that, it is also need to depend on the failure elements condition then decide a
maintenance strategy to repair or replace it. During making decision to select maintenance strategy, it
must be consider which maintenance strategy is more efficiency (Chudley, 1981).