LIQUID BIOFUEL

POWER PLANTS
VEGETABLE OIL UTILIZATION

Unrefined vegetable oil

Refinery process Food industry Diesel power plant

Refined oil Waste oil

Power

Heat

Refinery by-products

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IT LOOKS LIKE VEGETABLE OIL.
IT TASTES LIKE VEGETABLE OIL.
IT IS VEGETABLE OIL
– STRAIGHT AND UNPROCESSED.

NOW, IT IS POWER OF THE

GREENER KIND.
The virtuous circle in power generation is the
dream of the modern world: a power plant
that does not increase the sum of greenhouse
gases, that uses renewable fuel and that brings
the energy required to raise the standard of
living where it is most needed. A few years ago
that would have seemed a pipe dream. Today
it is reality.
Wärtsilä liquid biofuel power plants use
highly efficient reciprocating diesel engines
to turn clarified crude vegetable oils into
electricity and heat. Liquid biofuel can be
produced from practically any oil-rich crop,
from oil palm, soy, rapeseed and olive to
sunflower seeds, grown in many regions all
around the world.

“The use of vegetable oils for engine

fuels may seem insignificant today. But
such oils may in the course of time
become as important as petroleum
and the coal tar products of the
present time.”

Rudolf Diesel, 1912

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 RELIABLE ENERGY.
ECONOMIC VIABILITY.
RAIN OR SHINE.
Electricity provided for the grid should be
stable. Many green energy solutions – like
solar and wind power – depend on weather
conditions. Wärtsilä liquid biofuel power plants
rely on dependable, renewable resources and
offer high overall plant performance at all
times.
Surprisingly, biofuels have to offer
just as much to business people as to
environmentalists. Making money while
taking the environmental issues of today into
consideration is a good investment – now and
for the future.
World energy demand is increasing steadily.
At the same time, the Kyoto agreement and
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general concern about the environment are
raising the need to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions. Wärtsilä has developed technical
solutions to meet both needs: liquid biofuel
power plants offer sustainable power
generation with practically zero greenhouse
gas emissions.
In many countries, owners of power plants
with low greenhouse emissions benefit twice
over: firstly from selling their electricity to
the national grids, and secondly from green
incentives.
Still, the future of liquid biofuels depends
on the availability of the fuel and the solutions
to produce it in an environmentally and

economically sound manner. At its best, biofuel
production creates local job opportunities, thus
promoting social and economic cohesion. It
also improves regional fuel supply security by
reducing the need for imported fuels. In some
cases, energy crop cultivation might even help
to fight soil erosion.
Sound economics combined with superior
eco-friendliness!
GREEN ENERGY
INCENTIVE SYSTEMS
There are various incentive mechanisms,
including the Green Certificate, for
motivating companies to enforce green
energy. These are financial contributions
at community, national and regional levels,
the renewable energy certificate system,
and grants of origin.
The EU Emission Trading Scheme
was launched on 1 January 2005 to
gain market experience before the Kyoto
Protocol enters into force in 2008. The
Kyoto Protocol commits the European
Union to reduce the 1990 levels of
greenhouse gas emissions by 8% between
2008 and 2012. Now the EU countries
are working towards a cross-union trading
system, the details of which are still
evolving.
The Clean Development Mechanism
(CDM) and Joint Implementation (JI) are
flexible project-based mechanisms that
operate under the Kyoto Protocol.
Interest in the abatement of greenhouse
gases is also rising outside Europe, e.g.
in Japan, Malaysia and India. Japan, for
instance, has passed laws to promote
the development and introduction of
petroleum-substituting energy since
the 1980s. In Malaysia the target share
of renewable energy is 5% of the total
supply. Also biomass residues from the
palm oil sector offer huge potential energy
resources for meeting Malaysia’s target.
Renewable energy already accounts for
4% of the Indian power sector and the
target is to reach 12% by 2012.
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LBF FUEL SYSTEM

LBF
LBF LBF storage
LFO/biodiesel day buffer tank
storage tank tank
tank

Transfer
pump Unloading
unit pump
unit

Booster unit
Feeder unit
Mixing
Filter tank
Viscosity
Safety
meter
filter
Booster
pump Heater

Pump F
Flow
meter

Back-up
fuel
heater Return fuel cooler

THIS IS NO NEWS.
Liquid biofuel has been known since the
beginning of the industrial revolution.
But it is only recently that environmental
and commercial pressures have resulted
in substantial research into maximizing
efficiency for electrical power generation.
Biofuel is derived from biological material
and can be produced from any carbon
source, usually plants but it can also be of
animal origin. Common liquid biofuel sources
While optimizing our standard engine Decades of experience and a system of
design, we developed a fuel feed system filters, separators, preheaters and coolers
which controls the temperature and viscosity have helped us to develop optimal solutions
throughout the power plant. This eliminates for maximum fuel efficiency and a minimum
over-heating or cold points which can lead to of emissions.
changes in fuel characteristics.
STRAIGHT8 LIQUID BIOFUEL SPECIFICATION
Property Unit Limit Test method reference
Viscosity, max. cSt @ 40 °C 100 1)

approved for use in Wärtsilä engines are Injection viscosity, min. cSt 1.8 – 2.8 2) ISO 3104
Injection viscosity, max. cSt 24
oils from various oilseeds, such as palm oil, Density, max. kg/m³ @ 15 °C 991 ISO 3675 or 12185
palm stearin, rape seed oil, sunflower oil and Ignition properties 3) FIA test

jatropha oil. Transesterification of the liquid Sulphur, max. % m/m 0.05 ISO 8754
Total sediment existent, max. % m/m 0.05 ISO 10307-1
biofuels produces biodiesel, which is also
Water, max. before engine % v/v 0.20 ISO 3733
approved to run in Wärtsilä engines. Micro carbon residue, max. % m/m 0.50 ISO 10370
The diesel engine, based on compression Ash, max. % m/m 0.05 ISO 6245 / LP1001

ignition technology, turns vegetable oil more Phosphorus, max. mg/kg 100 ISO 10478
Silicon, max. mg/kg 15 ISO 10478
or less straight from the crop into electric
Alkali content (Na+K), max. mg/kg 30 ISO 10478
energy. Flash point (PMCC), min. °C 60 ISO 2719
It is in the fuel feed system where the Cloud point, max. °C 4) ISO 3015
Cold filter plugging point, max. °C 4) IP 309
major research on the larger medium-speed
Copper strip corrosion (3 hrs @ 50 °C), max. Rating 1b ASTM D130
engines has taken place. Medium-speed
Steel corrosion (24 / 72 hours No signs of
Rating LP 2902
engines can run on most qualities of heavy @ 20, 60 and 120 °C), max. corrosion

fuel oil (HFO). These engines have for years Acid number, max. mg KOH/g 15.0 ASTM D664
Strong acid number, max. mg KOH/g 0.0 ASTM D664
proven their worth as power generating
Iodine number, max. g iodine /100 g 120 ISO 3961
sets for electricity under the most extreme 1) If injection viscosity of max. 24 cSt can not be achieved with an unheated fuel, fuel system has to be equipped with a heater
conditions on the planet. 2) Min. limit at engine inlet in running conditions; W20: 1,8 cSt, W32: 2,0 cSt, W46: 2,8 cSt, W34DF: 2,0 cSt, W50DF: 2,8 cSt
3) Ignition properties have to be equal to or better than the requirements for fossil fuels, i.e., CN min. 35 for LFO and CCAI max. 870 for HFO.
4) Cloud point and cold filter plugging point have to be at least 10 °C below fuel injection temperature.

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 A TYPICAL COMBINED CYCLE PLANT
LIQUID BIOFUEL
DEVELOPMENT MILESTONES

• April 1995. A 200 hour engine test with rape

seed oil on a Wärtsilä Vasa 4R32 engine at VTT in
Espoo, Finland. Vegetable oil was approved as fuel
for Wärtsilä diesel engines.
• September 2001. A 50 hour engine test with
vegetable oil on a Wärtsilä 6L26 engine at the test
laboratory in Zwolle, Netherlands
• October 2002. A 18 hour verification test with
refined palm oil, palm stearin and olive olein on a
Wärtsilä 6L32 engine at the engine laboratory in
Vaasa, Finland.
• January 2003. Start up of first commercial power
plant on liquid biofuel in Karlburg, Germany. One
Wärtsilä 6L32 engine with 2.6 MW output.
• August 2004. Start up of the Ital Green Energy
power plant in Monopoli, Italy. Two Wärtsilä 18V32
engines with a total output of 16 MW.
• July 2005. Start up of the third engine at the Ital
Green Energy power plant. Total output extended
to 24 MW.
• January 2008. Start up of Ital Green Energy Block
2 in Monopoly Italy, Six Wärtsilä 18V46 engines
with a total output of 100 MW.
• 2008: Several power plants started up in Italy
• 2009: More start ups in Italy and the first power
plant using jatropha oil will start in Koekhoven, Steam turbine
Belgium.

COMBINED CYCLE PLANTS Exhaust gas silencer

Exhaust gas boiler
In order to meet market needs and demands, we are
continuously developing new plant concepts, among SCR-unit
them Combined Cycle plants. For biofuel plants below (option)
50 MWe, using both Wärtsilä 32 and Wärtsilä 46
engines, very high electrical efficiencies are achieved
when utilising waste heat for generation of additional
electricity. The ORC (Organic Rankine Cycle) as well
as ordinary steam based solutions are used for this
purpose.

50 MWE COMBINED CYCLE PLANT

Engine type........................................3 x Wärtsilä 18V46
Turbine type........................... Condensing steam turbine
Total electrical output......................................51.2 MWe
Electrical efficiency ................................... 49.2% (gross)

Engine-generator set

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LOOK! IT´S PRACTICALLY EMISSION-FREE.

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A LIFETIME OF CLEAN ENERGY IS ENSURED
BY SOLUTIONS BEYOND THE FUEL.
To reduce the total of greenhouse emissions,
Wärtsilä liquid biofuel power plants are
designed to operate on straight vegetable
oils – without any supplementary energy for
fuel refinement needed. The oils can typically
be extracted with simple methods so that even
the CO2 emissions associated with the fuel
refinement are minimized.
The sulphur emissions are insignificant
compared to those associated with fossil
fuels because vegetable oils do not contain
significant amounts of sulphur.
The selective catalyst reduction
technologies for NOX abatement typically
enable an 85…90% reduction of NOX
emissions from the exhaust gases.
Particle emissions (PM) in liquid-biofuel-
based power plants depend mainly on the ash
content of the source fuel. Experience has
shown that with good-quality liquid biofuels it
is possible to reach low PM levels that meet
stringent European standards.
Moreover, with vegetable oils the carbon
monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions are
low due to the highly efficient diesel engine
process.
The power is also generated with minimal
use of water, so the impact on water resources
is negligible.
Last but not least, Wärtsilä liquid biofuel
power plants offer a very high simple cycle
electrical efficiency. You get more output for
your input!
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SUSTAINED PARTNERSHIP
FOR SUSTAINED DEVELOPMENT.
Our aim is to ensure you get the best possible
performance from your power plant investment
throughout its lifecycle. After all, who could be
better at this than the people who designed
and built the plant?
We provide a comprehensive range of
services built on the concept of enhancing
the customer’s profitability by optimizing all
aspects of the power plant operation. The
services range from rapid spare parts delivery
to a complete operation and maintenance
partnership, allowing you to focus on your core
business.
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KOEKHOVE, MERKSPLAS, BELGIUM
Engine: ..............................................1 x Wärtsilä 20V32
Output: ...........................9 MWe + 7.5 MWth (Hot water)
Fuel: .....................................Liquid biofuel (Jatropha oil)
Emission control: .............................SCR NOX abatement
Delivered: ........................................................ Q3 2009
The heat produced by the plant is supplied to a drying
facility for digested biomass recovered from a manure
fermentation plant as well as a greenhouse producing
tomatoes
The 9 MW Wärtsilä 20V32 engine will provide
electrical power sufficient to serve approximately
20,000 households. The gross electrical efficiency is
44.2% and an overall efficiency of more than 85%,
annual CO reduction will be more than 36,000 tons.
Wärtsilä Operations & Management
currently runs more than 130 plants around
the world, making it the world’s leading power
plant O&M contractor.
If you choose to operate the plant yourself,
you can still rest assured that you have the
best possible support available when and BY THE END OF 2009
where you need it – from training to online THERE WILL BE ABOUT
support and service or modernization and 700 MW OF WÄRTSILÄ
upgrading of the plant. Our global network is LIQUID BIOFUEL POWER
always ready to make sure your power plant PLANTS IN OPERATION.
performs flawlessly, free of breakdowns and
unwanted downtime throughout its lifetime.
 LIQUID FUEL ENGINES
Wärtsilä 20
Technical data 50 Hz/1000 rpm Unit 6L20 8L20 9L20
Power, electrical kW 1026 1368 1539
Heat rate kJ/kWh 8584 8670 8604
Electrical efficiency % 41.9 41.5 41.8
Technical data 60 Hz/900 rpm
Power, electrical kW 969 1292 1454
Heat rate kJ/kWh 8541 8627 8561
Electrical efficiency % 42.2 41.7 42.0
Dimensions and dry weight with generating set
Length mm 5400 6540 6820
Width mm 1850 1950 1950
Height mm 2375 2620 2620
Weight tonne 18 23 24
Heat rate and electrical efficiency at generator terminals, including engine-driven pumps. ISO 3046 conditions and
LHV. Tolerance 5%. Power factor 0.8.

Wärtsilä 32
Technical data 50 Hz/750 rpm 6L32 9L32 12V32 16V32 18V32 20V32
MONOPOLI, ITALY Power, electrical kW 2636 3974 5327 7124 8032 8924
ItalGreen Energy in Italy and Wärtsilä combined to build the world’s largest power Heat rate kJ/kWh 8069 8027 7880 7856 7840 7840
plant for simultaneous generation of electricity and heat fuelled exclusively by straight Electrical efficiency % 44.6 44.8 45.7 45.8 45.9 45.9
Technical data 60 Hz/720rpm
vegetable oil. The plant commissioned the first two Wärtsilä 18V32 generating sets Power, electrical kW 2579 3888 5211 6970 7841 8730
in August 2004 with a total capacity of some 16 MW. In 2005 the plant extended its Heat rate kJ/kWh 8069 8027 7880 7856 7861 7840
capacity to 24 MW and the latest extension of 100 MW is under construction and will be Electrical efficiency % 44.6 44.8 45.7 45.8 45.8 45.9
Dimensions and dry weight with generating set
in commercial use early in 2007. Length mm 8766 11200 10030 11239 11500 12200
Located inside the existing vegetable oil refinery, the plant supplies both green electricity Width mm 2418 2410 3050 3300 3300 3300
to the national grid and steam and power to satisfy the factory process demand. Fuel Height mm 3738 3740 4420 4343 4220 4420
Weight tonne 58 82 92 119 127 130
testing, detailed engineering, delivery of the full generating set package, start-up and Heat rate and electrical efficiency at generator terminals, including engine-driven pumps. ISO 3046 conditions and
erection supervision were all included in our delivery. Operation of the 3 first engines LHV. Tolerance 5%. Power factor 0.8.

started in January 2008

Engines:....................6 x Wärtsilä 18V46 + Steam turbine Wärtsilä 46

Output:...............100 MWe (engines) + 11 MWe (turbine) Technical data 50 Hz/500 rpm Unit 12V46 18V46 20V46F/600 rpm
Fuel:.................................Liquid biofuel (mainly palm oil) Power, electrical kW 11349 17076 22425
Heat rate kJ/kWh 7692 7698 7669
Emission control:..............................SCR NOX abatement Electrical efficiency % 46.8 46.8 46.9
Technical data 60 Hz/514 rpm
Power, electrical kW 11349 17076 22425
Heat rate kJ/kWh 7692 7698 7669
Electrical efficiency % 46.8 46.8 46.9
Dimensions and dry weight with generating set
Length mm 15400 18260 20710
Width mm 5090 5090 6275
Height mm 5700 5885 6230
Weight tonne 265 358 424
Heat rate and electrical efficiency at generator terminals, including engine-driven pumps. ISO 3046 conditions and
LHV. Tolerance 5%. Power factor 0.8.

DUAL-FUEL ENGINES
Wärtsilä 34DF
Technical data 50 Hz/750 rpm Unit 9L34DF 16V34DF 20V34DF
UNIGRÀ, CONSELICE, ITALY Power, electrical kW 3888 6970 8730
Heat rate kJ/kWh 8048 (8127)* 8048 (8127)* 8036 (8127)*
Engines:................. 3 x Wärtsilä 18V46 + combined cycle Electrical efficiency % 44.7 (44.3)* 44.7 (44.3)* 44.8 (44.3)*
Output:........ 50 MWe (engines) + 6 MWe (steam turbine) Technical data 60 Hz/720rpm
Fuel:.....................................Liquid biofuel (vegetable oil) Power, electrical kW 3758 6737 8439
Heat rate kJ/kWh 8048 (8127)* 8048 (8127)* 8036 (8127)*
Emission control:..............................SCR NOX abatement Electrical efficiency % 44.7 (44.3)* 44.7 (44.3)* 44.8 (44.3)*
Delivered:..............................................September 2008 Dimensions and dry weight with generating set
Length mm 10400 11303 12890
Width mm 2780 3300 3300
Height mm 3842 4472 4243
Weight tonne 77 120 132
Heat rate and electrical efficiency at generator terminals, including engine-driven pumps, ISO 3046 conditions and
LHV. Tolerance 5%. Power factor 0.8. Gas Methane Number >80. * In liquid mode.
POWER PLANT OUTPUT RANGE
Wärtsilä 50DF
Technical data 50 Hz/500 rpm Unit 18V50DF 18V50DF*
Liquid biofuel engines MW 1 5 10 50 100 300 500 Power, electrical kW 16621 16621
Wärtsilä 20 Heat rate kJ/kWh 7616 8139
Electrical efficiency % 47.3 44,0
Wärtsilä 32 Technical data 60 Hz/514 rpm
Power, electrical kW 17076 17076
Wärtsilä 46 Heat rate kJ/kWh 7616 8139
Electrical efficiency % 47.3 44,0
Dimensions and dry weight with generating set
Dual-fuel engines (gaseous fuel/liquid fuel)
Length mm 18780 18780
Wärtsilä 34DF Width mm 4090 4090
Height mm 6020 6020
Wärtsilä 50DF Weight tonne 355 355
Heat rate and electrical efficiency at generator terminals, including engine-driven pumps, ISO 3046 conditions and
LHV. Tolerance 5%. Power factor 0.8. Gas Methane Number >80. *in liquid mode..
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 06.2009 / Bock´s Office / Litoset
Wärtsilä is a global leader in complete lifecycle power solutions for the
marine and energy markets. By emphasising technological innovation
and total efficiency, Wärtsilä maximises the environmental and economic
performance of the vessels and power plants of its customers. Wärtsilä
is listed on the NASDAQ OMX Helsinki, Finland.

WÄRTSILÄ® is a registered trademark. Copyright © 2005 Wärtsilä Corporation.

WÄRTSILÄ® is a registered trademark. Copyright © 2009 Wärtsilä Corporation.