Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Lecture 3
Research Process
– The Research Problem
– Formulation of Research Objectives
– Review of Related Literature
– Delimitation of the Research Problem
– Formulation of Testable Hypothesis
– Identification of Research Variables
– Construction of Research Design
– Designing Tools for Data Collection
– Designing Plan for Data Analysis
– Collection of Data
– Data Processing
– Data Analysis and Interpretation
– Drawing Conclusions and
Recommendations
– Writing of Research Report
– Reporting of Research Findings
Related Literature
• Composed of discussions of facts and
principles to which the present study is
related
• PARAPHRASE!
GUIDE QUESTIONS
1. Do the accumulated literature indicate gaps
and inconsistencies which you hope to fill?
2. Are the variables adequately described?
3. What data gathering instruments have been
used? Are they reliable and valid tools?
4. Are the target and sampling populations
presented?
5. Were the hypotheses tested and correctly
interpreted?
6. Are the results logical? Are the conclusions
and recommendations data-based?
HOW TO WRITE THE REVIEW OF
RELATED LITERATURE
• Use headings arranged in logical order to
indicate main points
• Avoid too long introduction to your main
topic.
• Include information that are directly related
and relevant to your topic.
• A maximum of half-page (double-space) must
constitute one paragraph
• Do not copy in toto the information from your
source. No more than 10% of the entire paper
is allowed for direct quotation.
• Give due credit to the real source of your data.
Cite the authors at the end of the sentence.
How?
• Paraphrase using your own words and style
the data gathered.
• Summarize important points from your
sources and relate them to your topic.
• Reinforce your data with selected figures or
statistics from your course.
A common problem in writing RRL is
that it can turn onto a boring list
of ideas in paragraph form.
HOW TO AVOID THE PREVIOUS
• Make subheads (not too many), transitional
phrases and unifying ideas to make
information flow smoothly.
HOW TO AVOID THE PREVIOUS
• Spice your writing with a variety. Keep your paper alive!
Specific Objectives:
1. To identify the changes in testes histology due to neem
seed kernel extract (NSKE) exposure.
2. To determine the relationship between neem seed kernel
extract (NSKE) and occurrence of abnormal sperm
morphology.
3. To provide a feasible physiological basis for the anti-libido
property of neem extract.