Session 08 - Fundamentals of GD & T

PEMP- AME501
Session 08
Fundamentals of Geometric
Dimensioning and Tolerancing
Based on ASME Y14.5M
Session Speaker
Dr. N S Mahesh
Professor and Course Manager
Center for Manufacturing
MSRSAS
 M.S Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies - Bangalore 1
PEMP- AME501
Session Objectives
• Introduction to Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing
• Components and the overall system of GD&T
• Need for GD&T and the meaning of dimensioning and
tolerancing and GD&T specifications
• Concepts of Functional Dimensioning and Tolerancing
and Dimensioning and Tolerancing Philosophy
• Implications of Engineering Specifications and their effect
on all downstream processes, such as manufacturing,
inspection, assembly, service, etc.
• The coordinate tolerancing system, geometric
dimensioning and tolerancing system
• Introduction to Geometric Tolerancing Symbols and Terms

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What is an Engineering Drawing?

• An engineering drawing is a document that
communicates a precise description of a part. This
description consists of pictures, words, numbers and
symbols. Together these elements communicate part
information to all drawing users
• Engineering drawing information includes
– Geometry (shape, size and form of the part)
– Critical functional relationships
– Tolerances allowed for proper function
– Material, heat treat, surface coatings
– Part documentation information (part number, revision
level)
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The engineering drawing is the specification for the

component or assembly and is an important
contractual document with many legal implications,
every line and every comment is important

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Three
Three Categories
Categories of
of Dimensioning
Dimensioning
Dimensioning can be divided into three categories:
•general dimensioning,
•geometric dimensioning, and
•surface texture.
The following provides information necessary to

begin to understand geometric dimensioning and
tolerancing (GD&T)

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Consequences of Poor Drawing
• Drawing errors
cost the
organization in
four ways
– Money
– Time
– Material
– Unhappy
customers

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Why Do We Use GD&T?
Drawing showing distance to ideal hole location

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Drawing that does not use GD&T

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Manufactured part
that conforms to
the drawing
(previous slide)
without GD&T

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Drawing that
uses GD&T
gives no room
for ambiguity
and is very
precise and
unique

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• GD&T has increased in practice in last 15 years

because of ISO 9000
- ISO 9000 requires not only that something be required, but
how it is to be controlled. For example, how round does a
round feature have to be?
• GD&T is a system that uses standard symbols to

indicate tolerances that are based on the feature’s
geometry
– Sometimes called feature based dimensioning &
tolerancing or true position dimensioning & tolerancing
• GD&T practices are specified in ANSI / ASME

Y14.5M-1994
PEMP- AME501
What is GD&T?
• ASME Y14.5M-1994 GD&T is a language of
symbols used on mechanical drawings to efficiently
and accurately communicate geometry requirements
for features on parts and assemblies.
• GD&T, both ASME Y14.5M-1994 and ISO series are
the only recognized international drawing standards
in use throughout the world.
• GD&T is the language that designers use to translate
design requirements into measurable specifications.

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The Geometric Dimensioning and
Tolerancing System
• Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing (GD&T) is an
international language that is used on engineering drawings
to accurately describe a part
• GD&T language consists of a well-defined set of symbols,
rules, definitions and conventions
• GD&T is a precise mathematical language that can be used
to describe the size, form, orientation and location of part
features
• G D & T is an exact language that enables designers to
“say what they mean” through a drawing.
• GD&T is also a design philosophy on how to design and
dimension parts
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GD&T is a means of dimensioning & tolerancing a drawing
which considers the function of the part and how this part
functions with related parts
– This allows a drawing to contain a more defined feature more accurately,
without increasing tolerances
– Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing (GD&T) is an international
language that is used on engineering drawings to accurately describe a part
– GD&T language consists of a well-defined set of symbols, rules,
definitions and conventions
– GD&T is a precise mathematical language that can be used to describe the
size, form, orientation and location of part features
– G D & T is an exact language that enables designers to “say what they
mean” through a drawing
– GD&T is also a design philosophy on how to design and dimension parts

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WHEN
WHEN TO
TO USE
USE GD&T
GD&T
• When part features are critical to a function or

interchangeability
• When functional gaging is desirable
• When datum references are desirable to insure consistency
between design
• When standard interpretation or tolerance is not already
implied
• When it allows a better choice of machining processes to
be made for production of a part

PEMP- AME501
GD&T Benefits
• GD&T provides better product design
• GD&T increases tolerances with cylindrical
tolerance zones
• GD&T allows additional (bonus) tolerances
• GD&T allows the designer to communicate
more clearly
• GD&T eliminates confusion at inspection

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Coordinate Tolerancing System
• Coordinate Tolerancing is a dimensioning

system where a part feature is located (or
defined) by means of rectangular dimensions
with given tolerances

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Notes required to make coordinate
dimensional equivalent to GD&T
Drawing

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Comparison between GD&T and
Coordinate Tolerancing

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Using English to
control part
features

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Shortcomings of Coordinate
Tolerancing
• Coordinate Tolerancing has three
shortcomings
1. Square or rectangular tolerance zones
2. Fixed-size tolerance zones
3. Ambiguous instructions for inspection

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Coordinate Tolerancing and Square
Tolerance Zones

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Coordinate Tolerancing and Ambiguous
Instructions for Inspection

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Cylindrical vs square Tolerance Zone

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Coordinate Vs Geometric Tolerancing Methods
8.5 +/- 0.1
1.4 A B C
8.5 +/- 0.1
Rectangular Circular Tolerance Zone
Tolerance Zone
10.25 +/- 0.5 10.25

B
10.25 +/- 0.5 10.25 C
Coordinate Dimensioning Geometric Dimensioning
Increased Effective Tolerance

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COORDINATE V/s ROUND

TOLERANCE ZONE

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COORDINATE V/s ROUND TOLERANCE

ZONE

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ROUND TOLERANCE ZONE

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+/- 0.5
1.4
+/- 0.5
Rectangular Tolerance Zone Circular Tolerance Zone
Circular Tolerance Zone

57% Larger
Tolerance Zone
Rectangular Tolerance Zone

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Training all relevant personnel to the mechanical drawing

industry standard (geometric dimensioning and tolerancing) will
reduce confusion, increase available tolerance and save time and
money.

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Coordinate Tolerancing Vs. GD&T
Drawing Coordinate Tolerancing Geometric Tolerancing
concept
Tolerance Condition Condition
zone shape Square or rectangular tol zones for hole locations Can use diameter symbol to allow
Results round tol zones
Less tolerance available for hole Results
Higher manufacturing costs 57% more tol for hole location
Lower manufacturing costs
Tolerance Condition Condition
zone Tol zone is fixed in size Use of MMC modifier allows tol zones
flexibility Results to increase under certain conditions
Functional parts scrapped Results
Higher operating costs Functional parts used
Lower operating costs
Ease of Condition Condition
inspection Implied datum allows choices for set up when inspecting The datum system communicates one
the part set up for inspection
Results Results
Multiple inspectors may get different results Clear instructions for inspection
Good parts scrapped Eliminates disputes over part
Bad parts accepted acceptance
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How Does GD&T Work?

• Identify part surfaces to serve as origins and provide
specific rules explaining how these surfaces establish
the starting point and direction for measurements.
• Convey the nominal (ideal) distances and orientations
from origins to other surfaces.
• Establish boundaries and/or tolerance zones for
specific attributes of each surface along with specific
rules for conformance.
• Allow dynamic interaction between tolerances
(simulating actual assembly possibilities) where
appropriate to maximize tolerances.

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Symbols
• Anyone, regardless of his or her native tongue, can
read and write symbols.
• Symbols mean exactly the same thing to everyone.
• Symbols are so compact they can be placed close to
where they apply, and they reduce clutter.
• Symbols are quicker to draw and easier for computers
to draw automatically.
• Symbols are easier to spot visually.

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Introduction to Geometric
Tolerancing Symbols and Terms

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Contents
• Introduction to Geometric Tolerancing Symbols and
Terms: Definitions, concepts of LMC, MMC and
RFS
• Rules and Concepts of GD& T: Rules, Virtual
Conditions, Resultant Conditions, Applications of
virtual and resultant condition boundaries, Bonus
Tolerance

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LIMITS
LIMITS OF
OF SIZE
SIZE
SIZE DIMENSION
WHAT DOES
THIS MEAN?
2.007
2.003

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LIMITS
LIMITS OF
OF SIZE
SIZE
A variation in form is allowed between the least material
condition (LMC) and the maximum material condition (MMC)
SIZE DIMENSION
ENVELOPE PRINCIPLE
MMC
(2.007)
LMC
(2.003)
Envelop Principle defines the

size and form relationships
ENVELOPE OF SIZE
between mating parts.
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LIMITS
LIMITS OF
OF SIZE
SIZE
ENVELOPE PRINCIPLE
LMC
CLEARANCE
MMC
ALLOWANCE

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LIMITS
LIMITS OF
OF SIZE
SIZE
The actual size of the feature at any cross section
must be within the size boundary
ØMMC
ØLMC

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LIMITS
LIMITS OF
OF SIZE
SIZE
No portion of the feature may be outside a perfect form
barrier at maximum material condition (MMC)

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Maximum Material Condition (MMC)
Least Material Condition (LMC)

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Maximum Material Condition (MMC)
• Maximum Material Condition (MMC)

– The condition in which a feature of size contains
the maximum amount of material within the stated
limits of size – for example, minimum hole
diameter, maximum shaft diameter.

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Maximum Material Condition

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Least Material Condition (LMC)
• Least Material Condition (LMC)

– The condition in which a feature of size contains
the least amount of material within the stated limits
of size – for example, maximum hole diameter,
minimum shaft diameter.

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Examples of Least Material Condition (LMC)

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Maximum and least material conditions

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Other
Other Factors
Factors
i.e.,
i.e.,Parallel
ParallelLine
LineTolerance
ToleranceZones
Zones
PARALLEL LINES PARALLEL LINES PARALLEL LINES
PARALLEL PLANES PARALLEL PLANES PARALLEL PLANES
PARALLEL PLANES PARALLEL PLANES CYLINDER ZONE

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Feature and Feature Of Size (FOS)

• Feature
– The general term applied to a physical portion of a
part, such as a surface, pin, tab, hole, or slot
• Feature of Size (FOS)
– One cylindrical or spherical surface, or a set of two
opposed elements or opposed parallel surfaces,
associated with a size dimension. An axis, median
plane or centerpoint can be derived from a feature
of size

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Examples of features

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Internal and External Features of Size

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Actual Local Size and Actual Mating
Envelope (AME)
• Actual Local Size is the value of any individual
distance at any cross section of a FOS
• Actual Mating Envelope (AME) is a variable
value, derived from an actual part
– For an external feature, the actual mating envelope is
the smallest perfect feature counterpart that can be
circumscribed about the feature
– For an internal feature, the actual mating envelope is
the largest perfect feature counterpart that can be
inscribed within the feature

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Actual Mating Envelope
Internal Feature External Feature

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Actual Mating Envelope

Unconstrained Actual Mating Envelope for an external feature
such as a bent cylinder is shown below:

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Actual mating envelope of an external

feature of size

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Actual mating envelope of an internal feature of size

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Review Exercise - 2
Using the figure, indicate if each letter is associated with a feature of

size dimension or a non-feature of size dimension.
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Material Condition Usage

• Each material condition is used for different
functional reasons
• Geometric tol are often specified to apply at
MMC when the function of a FOS is assembly
• MMC used most often (90%)

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Regardless of Feature Size (RFS)
• Regardless of Feature Size (RFS)

– The term used to indicate that a geometric
tolerance or datum reference applies at any
increment of size of the feature within its size
tolerance.

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Tolerance Zone on RFS Basis

(Straightness of Axis)
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
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Tolerance Zone on MMC Basis

(Straightness of Axis)
0.11

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Review Exercise - 3
Use the figure to fill the value of the MMC and LMC for each
dimension (or indicate, does not apply).

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Modifiers
• Modifiers communicate additional information about the
drawing or tolerancing of a part
• There are eight modifiers used in geometric tolerancing

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Radius and Controlled Radius

• A radius is a straight line extending from the center of an arc
or a circle to its surface
• When “R” symbol is specified, flats or reversals are allowed
• When “CR” symbol is specified, flats or reversals are not
allowed

PEMP- AME501
Controlled radius example
CR should only be used in special cases for eg: when the part
stresses are very high and reversals in the radiused surface would
produce higher additional stresses
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Geometric Characteristic Symbols
• Geometric Characteristic Symbols are set of

fourteen symbols used in the language of
geometric tolerancing

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Geometric Characteristic Symbols

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FORM AND PROPORTION OF GEOMETRIC
TOLERANCING SYMBOLS

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FORM AND PROPORTION OF
GEOMETRIC TOLERANCING SYMBOLS

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COMPARISON OF SYMBOLS
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Feature Control Frame
• Feature control frame is a rectangular box that is
divided into compartments within which the
geometric characteristic symbol, tolerance value,
modifiers and datum references are placed

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Feature
Feature Control
Control Frame
Frame
FEATURE CONTROL FRAME
GEOMETRIC SYMBOL
TOLERANCE INFORMATION
DATUM REFERENCES
COMPARTMENT VARIABLES
THE
RELATIVE TO
OF THE FEATURE
MUST BE WITHIN
CONNECTING WORDS
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Feature
Feature Control
Control Frame
Frame
Uses feature
control frames
to indicate
tolerance
Reads as: The position of the feature must be within

a .003 diametrical tolerance zone at maximum material
condition relative to datums A, B, and C.
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Feature
Feature Control
Control Frame
Frame
Uses feature
control frames
to indicate
tolerance
Reads as: The position of the feature must be

within a .003 diametrical tolerance zone at
maximum material condition relative to datums
A at maximum material condition and B.

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Placement
Placementof
of Feature
FeatureControl
Control Frames
Frames
I May be attached to a side, end or corner of the symbol
box to an extension line.
I Applied to surface.
I Applied to axis

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Placement
Placement of
of Feature
Feature Control
Control Frames
Frames Cont’d.
Cont’d.
I May be below or closely adjacent to

the dimension or note pertaining to
that feature.
Ø .500±.005

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Placement of feature control frames

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Rules and Concepts of GD&T

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Geometric Tolerance Rule
RULE – 1 (Limits of Size Rule):
Where only a size dimension is given
a) The size dimensions at any cross section must be
within the size tolerance.
b) The surface(s) shall not extend beyond the perfect
form defined by the MMC Size.
c) The form may vary within an envelope between the
MMC and LMC.
RULE – 2
Geometric tolerances are understood to be applied RFS. If MMC or
LMC is required, it must be placed in the feature control frame.

PEMP- AME501
Rule#1
• There are two general rules in ASME Y14.5M-
1994. The first rule establishes default
conditions for features of size. The second rule
establishes a default material conditions for
feature control frames
• Rule#1: For features of size, where only
tolerance of size is specified, the surfaces shall
not extend beyond a boundary (envelope) of
perfect form at MMC
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Rule#1 Examples

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Rule#1 Examples

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Rule#1 Examples

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Interrelationship between features of size
ABCD four FOS, Rule #1 applies independently to each FOS. The angles b/w
these features of size (EFG) are not controlled by Rule 1
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• How to Override Rule#1

– A straightness control applied to a FOS
– A special note applied to a FOS
• Rule#1 Limitation
– Rule#1 does not control the location, orientation or
relationship between features of size

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Inspecting a Feature of Size- Go Gage and No-Go
Gage

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Rule#2
• Rule#2 is called “the all applicable geometric
tolerance rule”
• Rule#2: RFS applies, with respect to the
individual tolerance, datum reference or both,
where no modifying symbol is specified.
MMC or LMC must be specified on the
drawing where required

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Basic Dimensions
• Basic Dimensions
– can be used to define the theoretically exact location, orientation or true
profile of part features or gage information
– that define part features must be accompanied by a geometric tolerance
– that define gage information do not have a tolerance shown on the print

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Basic
Basic Dimension
Dimension
• A theoretically exact size, profile, orientation, or
location of a feature or datum target, therefore, a basic
dimension is untoleranced
• Most often used with position, angularity, and profile
• Basic dimensions have a rectangle surrounding it.
1.000

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Basic
Basic Dimension
Dimension cont’d.
cont’d.

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Basic dimension example

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Basic dimension used to locate datum
targets

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Virtual Condition and Boundary
Conditions
Virtual Condition (VC) is a worst-case boundary
generated by the collective effects of a feature of size at
MMC or at LMC and the geometric tolerance for that
material condition. The VC of a FOS includes effects of
the size, orientation and location for the FOS. The VC
boundary is related to the datums that are referenced in
the geometric tolerance used to determine the VC

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• Inner Boundary (IB) is a worst-case boundary

generated by the smallest feature of size minus the
stated geometric tolerance (and any additional
tolerance, if applicable)
• Outer boundary (OB) is a worst-case boundary
generated by the largest feature of size plus the stated
geometric tolerance (and any additional tolerance, if
applicable)
• Worst-case Boundary (WCB) is a general term to
refer to the extreme boundary of a FOS that is worst-
case for assembly. Depending upon the part
dimensioning, a worst-case boundary can be VC, IB
or OB
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Feature Control Frame Placement

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MMC Virtual Condition

• VC= MMC + Geometric Tol in the case of
external FOS such as shaft or pin
• VC= MMC - Geometric Tol in the case of
internal FOS such as hole

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MMC VC Examples

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LMC Virtual Condition

• VC= LMC - Geometric Tol in the case of
• VC= LMC + Geometric Tol in the case of

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LMC VC Examples

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RFS Inner and Outer Boundary

• OB= MMC + Geometric Tol in the case of
• IB= MMC - Geometric Tol in the case of

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RFS Inner and Outer Boundary Examples
???

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Worst-Case Boundary Formulas

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Bonus Tolerance
• Bonus tolerance is an additional tolerance for a
geometric control
• Bonus tolerance is only permissible when an
MMC (or LMC) modifier is shown in the
tolerance portion of a feature control frame
• Bonus tolerance comes from the FOS tolerance
• Bonus tolerance is the amount the actual
mating size departs from MMC (or LMC)
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Bonus Tolerance Examples

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Bonus Tolerance

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Review Exercise - 4
Identify Features of Size (FOS) and determine their MMC and VC size values

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Summary
• Introduction and need for GD&T
• Terms and definitions
• Symbols and rules of GD&T
• Concept of bonus tolerance
have been studied

Session 08 - Fundamentals of GD & T

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PEMP- AME501

 M.S Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies - Bangalore 2

What is an Engineering Drawing?

The engineering drawing is the specification for the

 M.S Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies - Bangalore 4

The following provides information necessary to

 M.S Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies - Bangalore 5

 M.S Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies - Bangalore 6

Why Do We Use GD&T?

Drawing showing distance to ideal hole location

 M.S Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies - Bangalore 7

Drawing that does not use GD&T

 M.S Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies - Bangalore 9

 M.S Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies - Bangalore 10

• GD&T has increased in practice in last 15 years

• GD&T is a system that uses standard symbols to

• GD&T practices are specified in ANSI / ASME

 M.S Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies - Bangalore 12

 M.S Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies - Bangalore 14

• When part features are critical to a function or

 M.S Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies - Bangalore 15

 M.S Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies - Bangalore 16

• Coordinate Tolerancing is a dimensioning

 M.S Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies - Bangalore 17

 M.S Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies - Bangalore 18

 M.S Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies - Bangalore 19

 M.S Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies - Bangalore 20

 M.S Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies - Bangalore 21

 M.S Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies - Bangalore 22

 M.S Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies - Bangalore 23

 M.S Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies - Bangalore 24

Cylindrical vs square Tolerance Zone

 M.S Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies - Bangalore 25

10.25 +/- 0.5 10.25

10.25 +/- 0.5 10.25 C

Coordinate Dimensioning Geometric Dimensioning

Increased Effective Tolerance

 M.S Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies - Bangalore 26

COORDINATE V/s ROUND

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COORDINATE V/s ROUND TOLERANCE

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ROUND TOLERANCE ZONE

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Rectangular Tolerance Zone Circular Tolerance Zone

Circular Tolerance Zone

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Training all relevant personnel to the mechanical drawing

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How Does GD&T Work?

 M.S Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies - Bangalore 35

 M.S Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies - Bangalore 36

 M.S Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies - Bangalore 37

 M.S Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies - Bangalore 38

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Envelop Principle defines the

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 M.S Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies - Bangalore 42

 M.S Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies - Bangalore 43

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