Ƚɭɦɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɵɟ ɧɚɭɤɢ.

Ʉɭɥɶɬɭɪɨɥɨɝɢɹ

ɄɈɇɐȿɉɌ ɋɌɊȺȾȺɇɂə ȼ ɊɍɋɋɄɈɃ ɎɂɅɈɋɈɎɂɂ ɄɍɅɖɌɍɊɕ

ɂ.ȼ. Ȼɚɪɞɵɤɨɜɚ

Bardykova I.V. The concept of suffering in Russian philosophy of culture. The article presents the re-
search in the field of sense phenomenology, the research of the concept of suffering, in particular, and the
linking concepts, such as passion, compassion, pain, fear, grief, depression, shame, fault, confession and oth-
er. The concept of suffering as a key concept within Russian culture is analyzed from historical-philosophical
and religious points of view. Specificity of functioning of suffering in culture is defined by its ambivalent na-
ture, which in its turn defines its multilevel sensual manifestations. According to ideas of Christian anthro-
pology sufferings are classified into corporal, soul and spiritual. It allows speaking about an integral image of
a person that cannot de divided into its projections and parts.

Ɉɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɬɟɦɟ ɫɬɪɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚ- ɞɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɛɟɡɜɟɪɢɟ, ɛɟɡɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɫɬɶ, ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬ-

ɟɬ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ. ȼ
ɜɟɤ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ «ɱɭɞɟɫ» ɢ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɚ
ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɧɚɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɩɟɪ-
ɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɚ ɬɨɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɢ ɬɟɥɟɫɧɨɝɨ
ɫɬɪɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɢ «ɨɩɪɨɳɟɧɢɹ» ɜ ɩɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɮɟ-
ɧɨɦɟɧɨɜ ɫɬɪɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɛɨɥɢ. ɑɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɚ-
ɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ «ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɧɨɣ ɚɧɬɪɨ-
ɩɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɟ», ɢ ɜɫɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢ-
ɧɢɦɚɟɦɵɟ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɢ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɢ ɫɬɪɚɞɚɧɢɹ
ɦɟɞɢɤɚɦɟɧɬɨɡɧɵɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬ ɤ ɝɥɭ-
ɛɢɧɧɵɦ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹɦ ɚɤɬɨɜ ɫɚɦɨɩɨɡɧɚ-
ɧɢɹ ɢ, ɤɚɤ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ, ɪɟɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ.
ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɫɬɪɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɪɟɚ-
ɥɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɛɵɬɢɹ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɬ ɜɨ-
ɩɪɨɫ ɨ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɨ-
ɝɨ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɛɭɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɦɨɬɢ-
ɜɨɦ ɤ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɞɢɚɥɨɝɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ.
Ɏɟɧɨɦɟɧ ɫɬɪɚɞɚɧɢɹ, ɹɜɥɹɹɫɶ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɦ ɨɫ-
ɦɵɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɦ ɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɟ, ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɟɬ
ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɸ ɤ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɧɢɸ. əɜɥɹɹɫɶ ɢɧ-
ɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɫ-
ɦɨɫɚ, ɫɬɪɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɢɬ ɤ ɩɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɨɣ
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɛɵɬɢɹ, ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɹ
ɤɚɤ ɫɜɨɸ ɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ – ɛɵɬɢɣɧɭɸ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸ-
ɳɭɸ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɫɜɟɪɯɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ – ɢɧɨɛɵɬɢɟ ɜ Ȼɨɝɟ,
ɹɜɥɹɹɫɶ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɫɦɵɫɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɤ
ɫɜɹɬɨɫɬɢ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɨɛ-
ɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɹ ɫɜɨɸ ɚɦɛɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɶ.
ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ ɫ ɟɟ ɜɚɪɢɚɛɟɥɶɧɨ-
ɫɬɶɸ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɫɦɵɫɥɨɜ ɫɬɚɜɢɬ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜ
ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɸ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɉɨɫɬɭɩɤɚ ɢ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɨɬ-
ɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɫɜɨɣ ɜɵɛɨɪ. ɋɬɪɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɤ
ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ, ɪɟ-
ɲɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɭɛɟɠɞɟɧɧɨ-
ɫɬɢ ɜ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɚ, «ɧɟɫɟɧɢɟ ɤɪɟ-
ɫɬɚ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ» ɡɚɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ
ɢɫɤɚɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɣ ɭɛɟɠɞɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. ɋɬɪɚ-
ɜɢɟ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɚ – «ɬɨɱɤɢ ɨɬ-
ɫɱɟɬɚ» ɫɦɵɫɥɨɮɨɪɦ – ɡɚɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ
«ɭɫɩɨɤɚɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ» ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɚɯ ɤɨɦɩɟɧ-
ɫɚɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɭɸɳɢɯ «ɜɬɨɪɭɸ
ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ», ɨɬɬɟɫɧɹɹ ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɟɝɨ ɫɥɟ-
ɞɭɸɳɢɣ «ɜɢɬɨɤ». ɋɬɪɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ
ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ ɫɦɵɫɥɨɜ, «ɩɨɜɨɪɨ-
ɬɨɦ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɚ», «ɨɛɦɚɧɨɦ ɡɪɟ-
ɧɢɹ», ɤɨɝɞɚ ɤɭɥɶɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɚ-
ɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɫɦɵɫɥɨɜɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɟɣ (ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟ-
ɧɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɫɦɵɫɥɨɨɛɪɚɡ) ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫɨ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɦ
ɫɬɪɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɠɟɥɚɧɢɟɦ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɧɢɹ.
ɉɨɞ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɨɦ ɜ ɧɚɲɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ
ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ «ɩɭɱɨɤ» ɫɦɵɫɥɨɜ, «ɫɝɭɫɬɨɤ ɤɭɥɶ-
ɬɭɪɵ» (ɘ.ɋ. ɋɬɟɩɚɧɨɜ), ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ
ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɦɢɪ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ.
Ʉɨɧɰɟɩɬ – ɷɬɨ ɢ ɬɨ, ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɱɟɝɨ ɱɟɥɨ-
ɜɟɤ ɢ ɫɚɦ ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɭ ɢ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɧɟɟ.
ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɚ, ɞɚɧ-
ɧɨɣ ɘ.ɋ. ɋɬɟɩɚɧɨɜɵɦ [1, ɫ. 46.], ɜ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɜɵ-
ɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ 1) ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ, ɫɥɨɣ ɤɨɧ-
ɰɟɩɬɚ ɫɬɪɚɞɚɧɢɹ, ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ, ɤɬɨ
ɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɹɡɵɤɨɦ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ, ɜɵɹɜ-
ɥɹɟɦɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ «ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ», ɨɛɳɟɭɩɨɬɪɟ-
ɛɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ, «ɫɪɟɡɚ» ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ; 2) ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɵɣ
ɫɥɨɣ – ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ, ɧɟ ɫɬɨɥɶ ɹɜɧɨ ɩɪɨ-
ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɫɟɛɹ ɢ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɫɭɛɤɭɥɶ-
ɬɭɪ, ɢ 3) ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɹɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɚ, ɜɤɥɸ-
ɱɚɸɳɚɹ ɟɝɨ ɷɬɢɦɨɥɨɝɢɸ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɸ ɮɭɧɤ-
ɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɚ ɜ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɟ. Ʉɨɧɰɟɩɬ
ɫɬɪɚɞɚɧɢɹ, ɛɭɞɭɱɢ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɵɦ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɨɦ, ɨɛ-
ɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɟ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɨ-
ɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ,
ɚ ɝɨɜɨɪɹ ɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɧɨ, ɨɩɵɬɚ ɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɨɛ ɷɬɨɦ
ɨɩɵɬɟ, ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ.
ɋɬɚɪɨɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɨɟ ɋɌɊȺȾȺɌɂ («ɫɬɚɪɚɬɶ-
ɫɹ, ɞɨɛɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ», ɢɡ *strad-tɴ), ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɣ
ɥɢɧɝɜɢɫɬ Ⱥ. ȼɚɣɚɧ [1] ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬ ɨɬ *srƗ-

314

ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫɨ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɦ, ɫɬɪɚɫɬɶɸ. ɋ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɚɧ-
ɫɬɜɨɦ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɥɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ «ɫɬɪɚɯ Ȼɨɠɢɣ»,
ɬ. ɟ. ɛɥɚɝɨɱɟɫɬɢɟ, ɛɨɹɡɧɶ ɝɪɟɯɚ. ȼ ɋɥɨɜɚɪɟ
ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ
ɜ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɥɟ ɥɟɤɫɟɦɵ «ɫɬɪɚɞɚɧɢɟ»
ɜɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫɟɦɚ ɬɨɫɤɚ [2], ɬ. ɟ. «ɫɬɟɫɧɟɧɢɟ,
ɩɪɢɬɟɫɧɟɧɢɟ» [3], «ɫɬɪɚɞɚɬɶ ɬɨɫɤɨɣ», ɚ ɫ ɧɟɣ
ɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɚɹ ɫɤɭɤɚ. ɉɨ ȼ. Ⱦɚɥɸ, ɫɬɪɚɞɚɬɶ –
ɡɧɚɱɢɬ «ɛɢɬɶɫɹ, ɛɨɪɨɬɶɫɹ, ɛɟɞɨɜɚɬɶ, ɦɭɱɢɬɶ-
ɫɹ, ɦɚɹɬɶɫɹ» [4], ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɨɟ ɨɬ ɫɬɪɚɞɚ «ɪɚ-
ɛɨɬɚ, ɧɭɠɞɚ». Ɏɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɢɣ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɞɚɟɬ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɭɸ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɰɢɸ: «ɩɪɟɬɟɪɩɟɜɚɧɢɟ,
ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ» [5]. «Ɉɬ-
ɫɬɪɚɞɨɜɚɥɢ, ɯɥɟɛ ɭɛɪɚɧ», «ɨɛɫɬɪɚɞɚɟɲɶɫɹ –
ɨɛɬɟɪɩɢɲɶɫɹ» – ɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɦɭɞɪɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɹɜɥɹɟɬ
ɨɛɟ ɫɟɦɵ ɜ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɟ ɥɟɤɫɟɦɵ «ɫɬɪɚɞɚɬɶ»,
ɬ. ɟ. ɬɪɭɞ ɢ ɬɟɪɩɟɧɢɟ.
ɋɬɪɚɞɚɧɢɟ – ɝɪɟɱ. ʌȐșȘȝĮ, ʌȐıȤȦ, «ɫɬɪɚ-
ɞɚɧɢɟ, ɛɨɥɟɡɧɶ, ɦɭɱɟɧɢɟ», ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬ ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧ-
ɧɵɦɢ ɝɪɟɱ. ıIJȡȘȞȒȢ, ıIJȡȘȞȩȢ «ɨɫɬɪɵɣ, ɝɪɭ-
ɛɵɣ», ɥɚɬ. strƝnuus «ɭɫɟɪɞɧɵɣ, ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɢɦɱɢ-
ɜɵɣ» – ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɤɨɧɰɟɩ-
ɬɨɦ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɚɧɫɬɜɚ, ɫɦɵɫɥ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɫɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ
ɤ ɨɬɪɟɱɟɧɢɸ ɨɬ ɫɟɛɹ, ɨɬɤɚɡɭ ɨɬ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ
ɜɨɥɢ ɢ ɭɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɤɨ ɏɪɢɫɬɭ.
Ɉɬɰɵ ɐɟɪɤɜɢ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɢ ɨ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɬɧɨɫɬɢ
ɫɬɪɚɞɚɧɢɹ, ɨ ɫɬɪɚɞɚɧɢɢ ɤɚɤ ɨɫɨɛɨɣ «ɩɟɱɚɬɢ
Ȼɨɠɶɟɣ», ɜ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɢ ɫɬɪɚɞɚ-
ɧɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɫɨɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɵ ɫɨ ɫɬɪɚɞɚɧɢɹɦɢ
(ɫɬɪɚɫɬɹɦɢ, ɝɪ. SD-R9, SD-KPD, ɥɚɬ. pathos)
ɏɪɢɫɬɚ ɢ ȿɝɨ ɤɪɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɪɬɶɸ. «ɂɛɨ ɜɵ ɤ
ɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɡɜɚɧɵ, ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ ɢ ɏɪɢɫɬɨɫ ɩɨ-
ɫɬɪɚɞɚɥ ɡɚ ɧɚɫ, ɨɫɬɚɜɢɜ ɧɚɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɚɛɵ ɦɵ
ɲɥɢ ɩɨ ɫɥɟɞɚɦ ȿɝɨ» (1 ɉɟɬɪ. 3:21), «…ɫ ɇɢɦ
ɫɬɪɚɞɚɟɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫ ɇɢɦ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜɢɬɶɫɹ»
(Ɋɢɦ. 8:17).
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɥɟ
ɥɟɤɫɟɦɵ «ɫɬɪɚɞɚɧɢɟ» ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɫɬɪɚ-
ɫɬɢ, ɫɬɪɚɯɚ, ɝɪɟɯɚ, ɬɨɫɤɢ, ɫɤɭɤɢ. ɏɪɢɫɬɢɚɧɫɤɚɹ
ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɹ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɬ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɫɟ-
ɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɹ, ɤɚɤ «ɝɪɟɯ – ɫɬɪɚɞɚɧɢɟ –
ɢɫɤɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ», ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɩ-
ɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɹ «ɬɨɫɤɚ – ɫɤɭɤɚ» ɛɨɥɟɟ ɯɚɪɚɤ-
ɬɟɪɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɨ-ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɨɣ ɢ ɥɢɬɟ-
ɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ. Ɍɚɤ, ɷɤɡɢɫɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ
ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɬɨɫɤɭ ɤɚɤ ɫɬɪɚɯ ɩɟɪɟɞ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ, «ɛɟɡɞɧɭ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɦɧɨɣ ɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɰɟɧɞɟɧɬɧɵɦ», ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ [ɬɨɫɤɚ]
ɩɪɨɛɭɠɞɚɟɬ ɛɨɝɨɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ (ɇ.Ⱥ. Ȼɟɪɞɹɟɜ);
ɤɚɤ «ɝɨɥɨɜɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɫɜɨɛɨ-
ɞɵ» ɢ «ɫɬɪɚɯ-ɬɨɫɤɭ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɫɜɨɢɦ «ə»
(ɋ. Ʉɶɟɪɤɟɝɨɪ); ɤɚɤ «ɫɬɪɚɯ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɧɢɱɬɨ»
(Ɇ. ɏɚɣɞɟɝɝɟɪ); «ɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧ-
ȼɟɫɬɧɢɤ ɌȽɍ, ɜɵɩɭɫɤ 5 (49), 2007
ɧɨɝɨ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɦɨɞɭɫɟ ɧɟ-ɛɵɬɢɹ»
(ɀ.-ɉ. ɋɚɪɬɪ) ɢ ɞɪ. Ɋɭɫɫɤɚɹ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ, ɜ
ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, Ɏ.Ɇ. Ⱦɨɫɬɨɟɜɫɤɢɣ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ
ɞɜɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɚ ɬɨɫɤɢ: ɤɚɤ ɬɨɫɤɢ-ɭɧɵɧɢɹ (ɜɨɩɥɨ-
ɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɚɯ ɦɨɤɪɨɝɨ ɫɧɟɝɚ, ɫɥɹɤɨɬɢ,
ɠɟɥɬɵɯ ɮɨɧɚɪɟɣ, ɩɪɨɦɨɡɝɥɨɣ ɩɨɝɨɞɵ, ɬɨɲ-
ɧɨɬɵ) ɢ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɨɫɤɢ ɜ ɨɠɢɞɚɧɢɢ
ɛɭɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɜɨɫɤɪɟɫɟɧɢɹ, ɬɨɫɤɢ-ɧɚɞɟɠɞɵ.
ɉɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɞɢɫɤɭɪɫ ɫɜɹɬɨɨɬɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɢɟ ɹɜɢɥɢɫɶ
ɨɞɧɢɦɢ ɢɡ ɛɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɟɣ, ɝɞɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɵɜɚ-
ɥɢɫɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɫɟɦɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ.
ȼ ɬɪɭɞɚɯ Ɉɬɰɨɜ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɐɟɪɤɜɢ, ɞɚɜ-
ɲɢɯ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɫɢ-
ɯɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɭɞɟɥɟɧɨ ɩɨɧɹ-
ɬɢɸ ɫɬɪɚɞɚɧɢɹ-ɫɬɪɚɫɬɢ. Ʌɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɫɜɹɬɨ-
ɨɬɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɟɞɢɧ-
ɫɬɜɟ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɵɯ, ɞɭɲɟɜɧɵɯ ɢ ɬɟɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɹɜ-
ɥɟɧɢɣ (ɜ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɥɟɫɧɨɣ – ıYPD, ɞɭ-
ɲɟɜɧɨɣ – ȥȣȤȒ, ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɣ – ʌȞȑȨȝĮ – ɫɭɳɧɨ-
ɫɬɟɣ), ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɚɹ ɫɨɡɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɨɥɟɣ (ȞȠȨȢ)
ɢ ɫɨ-ɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ – ɫɨɜɟɫɬɶɸ – ȢȣȞİȚįȘıȚȢ.
ɋɜ. ɂɨɚɧɧ Ⱦɚɦɚɫɤɢɧ ɜ «Ɍɨɱɧɨɦ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ
ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɜɟɪɵ» ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɜɫɟ ɫɬɪɚɞɚɧɢɹ
ɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɥɟɫɧɵɟ ɢ ɞɭɲɟɜɧɵɟ. Ʉ ɩɟɪ-
ɜɵɦ ɨɧ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɢ ɢ ɪɚɧɵ, ɤɨ ɜɬɨɪɵɦ –
ɩɨɯɨɬɶ ɢ ɝɧɟɜ – ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɬɪɚɫɬɟɣ. ɉɨ ɦɧɟ-
ɧɢɸ Ⱦɚɦɚɫɤɢɧɚ, «ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ» ɛɨɹɡɧɶ,
ɫɬɪɚɯ ɢ ɛɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɬ ɤ ɱɢɫɥɭ «ɛɟɫ-
ɩɨɪɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɫɬɟɣ», ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɱɢɫɥɹ-
ɸɬɫɹ ɤ ɝɪɟɯɨɜɧɵɦ [6]. Ɍɟɥɟɫɧɨɦɭ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɭ ɧɟ
ɞɚɧɨ ɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɛɪɚ ɢ ɡɥɚ: ɨɧɨ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ
ɦɢɪ ɜ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹɯ ɧɚɫɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ. ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ,
ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɪɩ. Ɇɚɤɫɢɦ ɂɫɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤ, ɤ
ɥɸɛɨɦɭ ɧɚɫɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɢɦɟɲɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ «ɬɹɝɨ-
ɬɚ ɫɬɪɚɞɚɧɢɹ». ɗɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ
ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ, ɛɭɞɭɱɢ «ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɵɦɢ» ɫɨɫɬɨɹ-
ɧɢɹɦɢ, ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ, ɧɚɫɥɚɠ-
ɞɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɤɨɪɟɧɶ –
ɫɬɪɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɚ. ȼ ɪɟ-
ɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɦɢ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɦɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟ-
ɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɥɟɫɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɠɟɥɚɧɢɟ
ɧɚɫɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɯ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɫɬɪɚɞɚɧɢɟɦ.
ȼ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɫɬɪɚɞɚɧɢɟ
ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɱɟɥɨ-
ɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ. Ⱦɶɹɜɨɥɶɫɤɨɟ ɢɫɤɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɢ
ɫɜɨɟɜɨɥɢɟ, ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ ɜ ɚɤɬɟ
ɜɤɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɨɞɚ ɫ ɞɪɟɜɚ ɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɞɨɛɪɚ ɢ
ɡɥɚ, ɫɬɚɥɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɫɬɪɚɫɬ-
ɧɨɣ/ɫɬɪɚɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ. Ɍɟɥɨ, ɭɞɨɜɨɥɶ-
ɫɬɜɢɹ, ɫɬɪɚɫɬɢ ɢ ɝɪɟɯɢ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟ-
ɥɹɬɶ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɬɟɥɟɫɧɵɟ ɭɞɨɜɨɥɶ-
ɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɨ ɫɬɪɚɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɢ
315
Ƚɭɦɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɵɟ ɧɚɭɤɢ. Ʉɭɥɶɬɭɪɨɥɨɝɢɹ
ɫɬɪɚɫɬɹɦɢ. Ʉɨɪɧɢ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ ɫɬɪɚ-
ɫɬɢ ɥɟɠɚɬ ɜ ɇɨɜɨɦ Ɂɚɜɟɬɟ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɬɪɚɫɬɶ
(ʌȐșȠȢ, ʌȐșȘȝĮ) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɟ
ɠɟɥɚɧɢɟ ɱɟɝɨ-ɬɨ ɡɚɩɪɟɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ (Ƚɚɥ. 5:24.
Ʉɨɥ. 3:5). ɉɪɩ. Ɇɚɤɫɢɦ ɂɫɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢ-
ɪɭɟɬ ɞɜɚ ɫɨɡɜɭɱɧɵɯ ɝɪɟɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɥɨɜɚ: ’ȩįȣȞȘ –
ɛɨɥɶ, ɫɬɪɚɞɚɧɢɟ (ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ
ɝɪɟɯɨɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ), ɢ ‘ȒįȠȞȘ – ɭɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɢɟ, ɜɥɟ-
ɱɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɧɚɫɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹɦ.
ȆĮșȘIJȩȞ – ɫɬɪɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɶ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ
ɫɬɪɚɞɚɧɢɹɦ, «ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɬɪɚɫɬɹɦ»: ɝɨɥɨ-
ɞɭ, ɯɨɥɨɞɭ, ɠɚɠɞɟ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦ ɬɥɟ-
ɧɢɹ. «ɗɬɚ ɫɬɪɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɨ ɩɪɢ-
ɱɢɧɟ ɝɪɟɯɚ ɜ ɨɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɝɪɟɯɚ – ɭɞɨ-
ɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɧɚɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɡɚ ɭɞɨ-
ɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɢɟ, ɤɚɤ «ɝɪɟɯ» ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɚ, ɹɜɢɜɲɢɣɫɹ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɝɪɟɯɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɟ-
ɧɢɹ» [7]. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɤɚɤ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɟɬ
ɋ.Ɇ. Ʉɥɢɦɨɜɚ, «ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɚ ɫɥɨɜɚ «ɫɬɪɚɫɬɶ»
ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɚɦɛɢɜɚ-
ɥɟɧɬɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɱɭɜɫɬɜ ɭɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɢɹ ɢ
ɫɬɪɚɞɚɧɢɹ» [8]. ɋɬɪɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢ-
ɫɬɢɤɨɣ, ɢɦɦɚɧɟɧɬɧɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɳɟɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨ-
ɦɭ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɭ ɤɚɤ ɬɟɥɟɫɧɨ-ɞɭɲɟɜɧɨ-ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɣ
ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɢ. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɜ ɩɨɥɧɨɦ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬ-
ɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɨ ɫɜɹɬɨɨɬɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɞɚ-
ɧɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɬɟɥɟɫɧɨɟ,
ɞɭɲɟɜɧɨɟ ɢ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɟ.
Ɍɟɥɟɫɧɵɟ (ɢɥɢ ɩɥɨɬɫɤɢɟ) ɫɬɪɚɞɚɧɢɹ – ɷɬɨ
ɫɬɪɚɞɚɧɢɹ-ɭɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɢɹ, ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤ-
ɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ, ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɜɲɢɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ,
ɬɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ – ɫɥɟɞɫɬ-
ɜɢɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ «ɤɨɠɚɧɵɯ ɪɢɡ». Ⱦɭɲɟɜɧɵɟ
ɫɬɪɚɞɚɧɢɹ (ɢɥɢ ɫɬɪɚɫɬɢ) ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤ ɢɥɢ
ɢɧɚɱɟ «ɫɪɚɳɟɧɧɵɦɢ» ɫ ɬɟɥɟɫɧɵɦɢ. Ɉɬɰɵ
ɐɟɪɤɜɢ, ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɹ ɞɭɲɟɜɧɵɟ ɫɢɥɵ ɱɟɥɨɜɟ-
ɤɚ, ɧɚɞɟɥɹɥɢ ɞɭɲɭ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɥɟɣ («ɠɟɥɚ-
ɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɞɭɲɢ»), ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɢ
ɫɜɨɟɜɨɥɢɟɦ («ɱɭɜɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɟ», ɩɨ Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɢɸ
ɇɢɫɫɤɨɦɭ, «ɹɪɨɫɬɧɨɟ» (Ɇɚɤɫɢɦ ɂɫɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤ)
ɧɚɱɚɥɨ) ɢ ɪɚɡɭɦɨɦ («ɭɦɧɚɹ» ɢɥɢ «ɦɵɫɥɢ-
ɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɢɥɚ ɞɭɲɢ» [9]). Ⱦɭɲɟɜɧɨɟ ɧɟɡɞɨɪɨ-
ɜɶɟ ɟɫɬɶ ɩɨɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɥɢ ɫɬɪɚɫɬɹɦɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ
ɜɨɥɹ «ɩɥɟɧɟɧɚ» ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ, ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɚ ɨɬ
ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ, ɫɨɡɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɛɟɫɫɨɡɧɚ-
ɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɧɟɟ.
Ⱦɭɯɨɜɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ
ɜɫɟɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɞɚɧɢɣ. Ƚɨɪɞɵɧɹ – ɜɪɨɠɞɟɧ-
ɧɵɣ ɩɨɪɨɤ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɢ «ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɞɜɢɠɟ-
ɧɢɟ» ɜɫɟ ɞɭɲɟɜɧɵɟ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɢ ɬɟɥɟɫɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɚ-
ɞɚɧɢɹ. Ƚɨɪɞɵɧɹ «ɩɢɬɚɟɬ» ɬɚɤɢɟ ɞɭɲɟɜɧɵɟ
ɫɬɪɚɫɬɢ (ɫɬɪɚɞɚɧɢɹ), ɤɚɤ ɬɳɟɫɥɚɜɢɟ, ɨɛɦɚɧ,
ɝɧɟɜ, ɡɚɜɢɫɬɶ, ɩɨɯɨɬɶ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ «ɩɪɨɜɨɰɢɪɭ-
316
ɸɬ» ɬɟɥɟɫɧɵɟ – ɛɥɭɞ, ɨɛɴɟɞɚɧɢɟ, ɩɶɹɧɫɬɜɨ
ɢ ɬ. ɞ. ȼ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹ-
ɧɢɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɲɢɦ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɦ
ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ – ɟɝɨ ɞɭɯɨɦ: «Ⱦɭɯ ɟɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟ-
ɝɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɬɶ ɜɵɫɲɢɟ
ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ: ɞɨɛɪɨ ɢ ɡɥɨ, ɢɫɬɢɧɭ ɢ ɥɨɠɶ, ɤɪɚɫɨɬɭ
ɢ ɭɪɨɞɫɬɜɨ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɫɞɟ-
ɥɚɧ, ɬɨ ɞɭɯ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɢɬɶ ɫɜɨɟɦɭ ɪɟ-
ɲɟɧɢɸ ɞɭɲɭ ɢ ɬɟɥɨ», – ɩɢɲɟɬ Ɏɟɨɮɚɧ Ɂɚ-
ɬɜɨɪɧɢɤ [10]. Ⱦɭɯɨɜɧɨɟ ɫɬɪɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɟɫɬɶ ɩɨɞɚɜ-
ɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɭɦɚ ɫɬɪɚɫɬɹɦɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ, ɩɨ ɫɥɨɜɚɦ
ɫɜ. Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɢɹ ɇɢɫɫɤɨɝɨ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ «ɢɡɜɪɚɳɟ-
ɧɢɟ ɱɟɪɬ ɛɥɚɝɨɝɨ ɜ ɛɟɫɫɥɨɜɟɫɧɵɣ ɨɛɪɚɡ», ɚ ɪɚ-
ɡɭɦ, ɤɚɤ ɡɟɦɥɟɞɟɥɟɰ, ɜɨɡɞɟɥɵɜɚɟɬ «ɧɚɱɚɬɤɢ
ɫɬɪɚɫɬɟɣ» [11]. ɇɚ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ «ɥɨɤɚɥɢ-
ɡɭɟɬɫɹ» ɢ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɟ «ɛɨɝɨɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ» –
ɬɨɫɤɢ, ɭɬɪɚɬɵ ɫɦɵɫɥɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɫɬɪɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɚɧɫɬɜɟ
ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɸ ɚɧɬɢɧɨɦɢɱɧɭɸ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ-
ɥɹɸɳɭɸ: ɹɜɥɹɹɫɶ ɡɥɨɦ, ɫɬɪɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ
ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɦ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɧɢɹ.
ȼɫɹɤɚɹ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɨɫɬɶ (ɪɚɞɨ-
ɫɬɢ, ɫɤɨɪɛɢ, ɫɬɪɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.) ɞɥɹ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜ-
ɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɩɪɢɟɦɥɟɦɚ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜɨ ɜɫɹ-
ɤɨɦ «ɪɚɞɨɫɬɧɨɦ» ɭɠɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ «ɫɤɨɪɛ-
ɧɨɟ», ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɟ ɫ Ƚɨɥɝɨɮɫɤɨɣ ɠɟɪɬɜɨɣ, ɚ ɜɨ
ɜɫɹɤɨɦ ɫɬɪɚɞɚɧɢɢ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ
ɨɠɢɞɚɧɢɹ ɦɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɥɟɧɢɹ. ɇɚ
ɡɚɩɚɞɟ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɚɧɫɤɨɟ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɲɥɨ ɩɨ ɬɚ-
ɤɨɦɭ ɩɭɬɢ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɨɧ-
ɬɪɚɫɬ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɤɨɪɛɶɸ ɋɬɪɚɫɬɧɨɣ ɉɹɬɧɢɰɵ ɢ
ɪɚɞɨɫɬɶɸ ɉɚɫɯɢ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɫɹ ɞɨɜɟɞɟɧ ɞɨ ɩɪɟɞɟ-
ɥɚ. ɋɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɢɧɚɱɟ ɬɪɚɤɬɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɞɚɧɢɟ
ɜ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɢɢ: «ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ Ɋɚɫɩɹɬɢɹ ɩɪɟɞ-
ɫɬɚɟɬ ɭ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɪɭɫɫɤɢɯ ɢɤɨ-
ɧɨɩɢɫɰɟɜ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɚɥɟɤɢɦ ɨɬ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ
ɧɚɬɭɪɚɥɢɡɦɚ (ɢ ɫɟɧɬɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɢɡɦɚ!) – ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɬɨɝɨ: ɥɢɧɢɢ ɦɭɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɟɪɬɵɯ ɪɭɤ
Ɋɚɫɩɹɬɨɝɨ ɭɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɜɨɫɯɢɳɚɸɬ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɥɟɬɹ-
ɳɢɦ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɛɥɚɠɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɚɫɯɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɧɟ-
ɜɟɫɨɦɨɫɬɶ. ɋɨɡɟɪɰɚɹ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ Ɋɚɫ-
ɩɹɬɢɹ, ɦɵ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɟɦ ɜɫɸ
ɩɚɪɚɞɨɤɫɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ,
ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɋɬɪɚɫɬɧɚɹ ɉɹɬɧɢɰɚ ɢ ɉɚɫɯɚ ɞɨ
ɤɨɧɰɚ ɧɟɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɦɵ», – ɩɢɫɚɥ ɋ.ɋ. Ⱥɜɟɪɢɧɰɟɜ
[11, ɫ. 155].
ɇɟɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɚɞɚ-
ɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɤɨɪɛɢ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɚ ɜ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɦɭ-
ɡɵɤɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɟ. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɷɬɨ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨ
ɜ ɩɟɫɧɨɩɟɧɢɹɯ ɉɚɫɯɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɨ ɪɚ-
ɞɨɫɬɧɨɟ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɦɭɡɵɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɤɚɧɜɟ ɫɤɨɪɛɧɵɟ ɬɨɧɵ. ɗɤɫɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɥɢ-
ɬɢɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɨ ɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɨ ɜ ɦɚɠɨɪ-

ɧɨɦ ɬɨɧɟ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɭ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬ
ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɦɢɧɨɪɧɨɟ, ɫɤɨɪɛɧɨɟ ɡɜɭɱɚɧɢɟ, ɜ ɱɚ-
ɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢɪɦɨɫɨɜ ɩɚɫɯɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɨɧɚ.
Ɍɨ ɠɟ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɫɤɨɪɛɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɪɚɞɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ
ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɨ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɢɤɨɧɟ. ȿɜɝɟɧɢɣ
Ɍɪɭɛɟɰɤɨɣ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ «ɧɚɦ ɱɚɫɬɨ
ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫɥɵɲɚɬɶ ɨɛ ɢɡɭɦɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɟɟ
[ɢɤɨɧɵ. – ɂ. Ȼ.] ɠɢɡɧɟɪɚɞɨɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ; ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ
ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬɜɟɪ-
ɝɚɬɶ ɩɪɢɫɭɳɟɝɨ ɟɣ ɚɫɤɟɬɢɡɦɚ, ɦɵ ɫɬɨɢɦ ɩɟ-
ɪɟɞ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵɯ ɡɚɝɚɞɨɤ, ɤɚ-
ɤɢɟ ɤɨɝɞɚ-ɥɢɛɨ ɫɬɚɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬ-
ɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɨɣ. Ʉɚɤ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɢɬɶ ɷɬɨɬ ɚɫɤɟ-
ɬɢɡɦ ɫ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɧɟɨɛɵɱɚɣɧɨ ɠɢɜɵɦɢ ɤɪɚɫɤɚɦɢ?
ȼ ɱɟɦ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɣɧɚ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɹ
ɜɵɫɲɟɣ ɫɤɨɪɛɢ ɢ ɜɵɫɲɟɣ ɪɚɞɨɫɬɢ?» [12].
ȿ. Ɍɪɭɛɟɰɤɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɨɱɟɬɚ-
ɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɨɣ
ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɢ: «ɧɟɬ ɉɚɫɯɢ ɛɟɡ ɋɬɪɚɫɬɧɨɣ ɫɟɞɦɢ-
ɰɵ, ɢ ɤ ɪɚɞɨɫɬɢ ɜɫɟɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɜɨɫɤɪɟɫɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɥɶ-
ɡɹ ɩɪɨɣɬɢ ɦɢɦɨ ɠɢɜɨɬɜɨɪɹɳɟɝɨ ɤɪɟɫɬɚ Ƚɨɫ-
ɩɨɞɧɹ» [12, ɫ. 22]. ɋɤɨɪɛɶ ɢ ɫɜɟɬ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɧɟ-
ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɢɤɨɧɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɜ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ
ɭɡɟɥ, ɢ ɧɟɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨ ɚɫɤɟɬɢɱɟ-
ɫɤɢɟ ɧɨɬɵ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦɢ ɞɭɯɨɜ-
ɧɵɦɢ ɫɜɹɡɹɦɢ ɫɨ ɫɜɟɬɨɦ ɩɚɫɯɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɚɞɨɫɬɢ,
ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɦ ɚɩɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɪɟɜɧɨ-
ɫɬɧɵɯ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɚɧ.
ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɫɨɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ
ɜ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɨɦ ɦɢɪɨɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɨɦ
ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɢ ɹɡɵɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɡɡɪɟ-
ɧɢɣ, ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ «ɧɚɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɦɵɫɥɨɜ», ɩɪɨ-
ɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɩɥɟɬɟɧɢɹ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɢ
ɹɡɵɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɬ
ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚ-
ɰɢɢ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ. Ɍɪɚɧɫ-
ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɚ ɩɪɨ-
ɢɫɯɨɞɢɥɚ ɫ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ Ɋɭɫɢ
ɩɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɰɟɪɤɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɩɨɜɟɞɟɣ, ɫɜɹɬɨ-
ɨɬɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɚɝɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ
ɚɩɨɤɪɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɣ, ɢ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ
ɋɜ. ɉɢɫɚɧɢɹ. ɉɨɩɚɞɚɹ ɧɚ Ɋɭɫɶ ɢɡ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɢ
ɱɟɪɟɡ ɸɠɧɨɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢɟ ɡɟɦɥɢ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ
ɚɞɚɩɬɢɪɭɹɫɶ ɜ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɷɬɧɨɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ,
ɷɬɢ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɢ ɤɧɢɠɧɨ-ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫɧɨɣ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ
ɩɪɢɜɧɨɫɢɥɢ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɫɦɵɫɥɵ ɜ ɫɬɚɪɵɟ, ɛɵɬɨ-
ɜɚɜɲɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɟ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ.
Ʌɨɝɢɤɚ ɹɡɵɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɩɟ-
ɪɟɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɥɨɝɢɤɢ ɚɝɪɚɪɧɨɣ
ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ, ɨɬ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɩɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɜ
ɨɛɪɚɡɟ «ɩɪɟɬɟɪɩɟɜɚɸɳɟɣ» Ɇɚɬɟɪɢ Ɂɟɦɥɢ,
ɡɟɦɥɢ-ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɢɰɵ (ɫɬɪɚɞɚ – ɩɚɯɨɬɧɚɹ
ɡɟɦɥɹ), ɱɟɣ ɨɛɪɚɡ ɜɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɨɜɩɚɥ ɫ ɯɪɢ-
ȼɟɫɬɧɢɤ ɌȽɍ, ɜɵɩɭɫɤ 5 (49), 2007
ɫɬɢɚɧɫɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ Ȼɨɝɨɪɨɞɢɰɵ. ɂɞɟɹ ɫɜɹɬɨ-
ɫɬɢ ɡɟɦɥɢ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɵɜɚɥɚ ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɯ ɥɸɞɹɯ
ɢɞɟɸ ɫɜɹɬɨɫɬɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ, ɠɟɳɢɧɵ-
ɫɨɫɬɪɚɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢ. Ɉɛɪɚɡ ɥɸɛɜɢ-ɠɚɥɨɫɬɢ
ɥɢɲɚɥ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɭ ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɟ ɨɬɤɪɨ-
ɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɷɪɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɧɧɨɬɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɧɚɞɟɥɹɥ
ɱɟɪɬɚɦɢ ɚɫɟɤɫɭɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɧɫɬɜɚ.
Ʉɭɥɶɬ ɡɟɦɥɢ ɩɪɢɞɚɜɚɥ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɟ ɱɟɪɬɵ ɫɬɢ-
ɯɢɢ, ɛɭɣɫɬɜɚ, ɧɟɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ
ɦɭɞɪɨɫɬɢ, ɩɥɨɞɨɧɨɫɧɨɫɬɢ, ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɥɢ-
ɡɨɫɬɢ.
ɋɬɪɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ ɫɬɪɚɫɬɢ ɫɬɚɧɨ-
ɜɢɬɫɹ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɨɣ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ
ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ. Ɍɢɩɢɱɧɨ ɪɭɫɫɤɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɱɚɫɬɭɲɟɤ –
«ɫɬɪɚɞɚɧɢɣ» – ɜɵɪɚɡɢɥɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɭ ɥɸɛɜɢ ɤɚɤ
ɥɸɛɜɢ-ɫɬɪɚɫɬɢ. Ɏɨɥɶɤɥɨɪɧɵɟ ɬɟɤɫɬɵ ɢɡɨɛɢ-
ɥɭɸɬ ɱɚɫɬɭɲɤɚɦɢ-«ɫɬɪɚɞɚɧɢɹɦɢ»: «ə ɫɬɪɚ-
ɞɚɥɚ ɞɧɺɦ ɢ ɧɨɱɶɸ, / ɇɚɫɬɪɚɞɚɥɚ ɫɵɧɚ ɫ ɞɨ-
ɱɶɸ» [13], «ɋɬɪɚɞɚɬɟɥɶ ɦɨɣ, ɫɬɪɚɞɚɣ ɫɨ
ɦɧɨɣ, / Ʉɭɞɚ ɩɨɣɞɺɲɶ – ɜɨɡɶɦɢ ɫ ɫɨɛɨɣ. /
ɋɬɪɚɞɚɬɟɥɶ ɦɨɣ, ɫɬɪɚɞɚɣ ɫɨ ɦɧɨɣ, / ɇɟ ɯɨ-
ɱɟɲɶ ɫɬɪɚɞɚɬɶ – ɫɬɭɩɚɣ ɞɨɦɨɣ» [13, ɫ. 1553],
«ɇɭ, ɤɚɤɨɣ ɠɟ ɬɵ ɫɬɪɚɞɚɬɟɥɶ: / Ɍɪɺɯ ɤɨɩɟɟɤ
ɧɟ ɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɥ. / ɋɬɪɚɞɚɬɟɥɢ, ɫɬɪɚɞɚɬɟɥɢ – /
Ʌɭɱɲɟ ɨɬɰɚ ɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢ» [13, ɫ. 1556] ɢ ɦɧ. ɞɪ.
ȼ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɟɫɥɢ ɫɬɪɚɫɬɶ
ɧɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɠɟɪɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ,
ɬɨ ɟɣ ɩɪɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɹɜɧɨ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɦɵɫɥ
ɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ, ɧɟɪɚɡɭɦɧɨɝɨ ɯɨɬɟɧɢɹ, ɧɟɨɛɭɡɞɚɧ-
ɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɥɨɬɢ. ɋɮɟɪɚ ɫɟɤɫɭɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɠɢɡɧɟɧ-
ɧɨɣ ɫɢɥɵ, ɫɬɪɚɞɚɧɢɹ-ɫɬɪɚɫɬɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɨɬɪɢ-
ɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɤɨɧɧɨɬɚɰɢɸ, ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ
ɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɫɬɪɚɫɬɹɯ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ Ⱦɨɛɪɨɬɨɥɸɛɢɟ ɢ
ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɜɹɬɨɨɬɟɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɬɟɤɫɬɵ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɸɬ
ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɥɟɤɫɟɦɵ ɫɬɪɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɜɟɫ
ɬɚɤɢɦ ɥɟɤɫɟɦɚɦ, ɤɚɤ «ɩɟɱɚɥɶ» ɢ «ɫɤɨɪɛɶ».
ɋɬɪɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬ-
ɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɢɧɨɧɢɦ ɝɨɪɟɱɢ, ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɢ
ɩɪɨɱɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɨɝɧɹ. «Ʌɸɛɨɜɶ ɩɨ-
ɠɚɪ, ɚ ɡɚɝɨɪɢɬɫɹ – ɧɟ ɩɨɬɭɲɢɲɶ». Ƚɨɪɟɬɶ,
ɝɨɪɟɧɢɟ, ɝɨɪɟɥɤɢ, ɨɝɧɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɚɫɬɶ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɥɚ
ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬɪɟɜɨɝɢ: «ȼɫɹɤɨɟ
ɬɪɟɜɨɠɧɨɟ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɟ, ɜɫɹɤɚɹ ɫɬɪɚɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɧɢ-
ɦɚɥɚɫɶ ɦɥɚɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɧɚɪɨɞɨɦ ɡɚ ɧɟɱɬɨ ɧɚ-
ɧɨɫɧɨɟ, ɧɚɩɭɳɟɧɧɨɟ… Ʉɬɨ ɜɥɸɛɥɟɧ, ɬɨɬ ɨɱɚ-
ɪɨɜɚɧ. ȼɨɡɛɭɠɞɚɹ ɬɚɣɧɵɟ ɠɟɥɚɧɢɹ, ɛɟɡɨɬɱɟɬ-
ɧɭɸ ɝɪɭɫɬɶ ɢ ɬɨɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɥɸɛɨɜɶ ɩɨɧɹɬɚ ɧɚɪɨ-
ɞɨɦ ɤɚɤ ɝɪɵɡɭɳɚɹ, ɞɚɜɹɳɚɹ ɬɨɫɤɚ, ɡɚɫɬɚɜ-
ɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɸɧɨɲɭ ɢɥɢ ɞɟɜɢɰɭ ɢɡɧɵɜɚɬɶ, ɫɨ-
ɯɧɭɬɶ, ɬɚɢɬɶ» [14]. ɍ ɫɥɚɜɹɧ ɨɝɨɧɶ ɫɥɭɠɢɥ
ɫɢɦɜɨɥɨɦ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ
ɜɨɞɨɣ ɢ ɫɜɟɬɨɦ ɫɨɡɞɚɥɨ ɜɫɟ ɠɢɜɨɟ ɧɚ ɡɟɦɥɟ.
ɉɨɫɵɩɚɧɢɟ ɝɨɥɨɜɵ ɩɟɩɥɨɦ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɡɧɚ-
317
Ƚɭɦɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɵɟ ɧɚɭɤɢ. Ʉɭɥɶɬɭɪɨɥɨɝɢɹ
ɤɨɦ ɧɟɭɬɨɥɢɦɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɹ («ɩɟɩɟɥ» – ɭɞɜɨɟɧɧɚɹ
ɮɨɪɦɚ ɨɬ ɩɥɚɬɢ, ɩɵɥɚɬɢ – ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ).
ɋ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɨɦ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɨɝɨɧɶ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ
ɫɢɦɜɨɥɨɦ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɫɬɢ ɢ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ,
ɫɢɦɜɨɥɨɦ Ⱦɭɯɚ ɢ Ȼɨɝɚ, ɡɧɚɤɨɦ ɨɱɢɳɚɸɳɢɦ ɢ
ɤɚɪɚɸɳɢɦ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ, ɚ ɝɨɪɹɳɢɣ, ɧɨ ɧɟ-
ɫɝɨɪɚɸɳɢɣ ɤɭɫɬ – ɫɢɦɜɨɥɨɦ ɞɟɜɵ Ɇɚɪɢɢ, ɪɨ-
ɞɢɜɲɟɣ ɏɪɢɫɬɚ «ɛɟɡ ɢɫɬɥɟɧɢɹ».
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɟ ɨɛɧɚ-
ɪɭɠɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɫɬɪɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɤɚɤ
ɫɬɪɚɫɬɢ, ɫɬɢɯɢɢ, ɨɝɧɹ, ɨɛɠɢɝɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ,
ɢ ɫɬɪɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɠɟɪɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɠɚɥɨɫɬɥɢɜɨ-
ɫɬɢ, ɫɨ-ɫɬɪɚɞɚɧɢɹ, ɩɨɤɪɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɡɚɳɢɬɵ.
ɋɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɜ ɷɬɢɦɨɥɨɝɢɸ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ «ɫɬɪɚɫɬɶ»
ɢ «ɫɬɪɚɞɚɧɢɟ», ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɜɵɜɨɞ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ
ɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧɵ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨ ɫɨɫɬɪɚɞɚɧɢɹ, ɛɨɥɢ,
ɦɭɤɢ, ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ, ɫɦɟɪɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɫɨɞɟɪ-
ɠɚɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɟ ɷɬɢ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ɋɬɪɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɟɬ
ɤɚɤ ɤɨɧɝɥɨɦɟɪɚɬ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɣ
ɫɬɪɚɯɚ, ɫɬɪɚɫɬɢ, ɫɬɵɞɚ, ɜɢɧɵ, ɡɥɨɫɬɢ, ɡɚɜɢɫɬɢ,
ɧɚɫɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɝɨɪɟɫɬɢ, ɩɟɱɚɥɢ, ɫɤɨɪɛɢ, ɬɨɫɤɢ,
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɢ ɩɨ-
ɥɭɱɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɜɨɢ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢ-
ɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɧɧɨɬɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɟ.
ɇɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ XIX ɜɟɤɚ
ɪɭɫɫɤɚɹ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɨ-ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɚɹ ɦɵɫɥɶ ɧɚ-
ɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɟ-ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɰɟɥɨ-
ɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɚ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ, ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɤɨ-
ɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ-
ɧɚɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɪɟɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ
ɹɡɵɤɟ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ. Ɍɪɭɞɵ ɨɬɰɨɜ ȼɨɫ-
ɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɐɟɪɤɜɢ, ɨɩɵɬ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɚɫɤɟɡɵ,
ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɹ ɢɫɢɯɚɫɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɦɢɫ-
ɬɢɤɚ ɨɛɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɢɫɶ ɞɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟɦ ɦɢɪɚ
ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɧɚ-
ɥɢɡɚ. ȼ ɫɢɥɭ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɤɚɤ
ɤɥɸɱɟɜɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɨɝɨ
ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɬɨɬ ɮɚɤɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫɬɪɚɞɚ-
ɧɢɟ, ɛɭɞɭɱɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟɦ-ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɧɢɟɦ,
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɨɩɵɬɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɡɧɚ-
ɧɢɹ, ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟɦ ɜɧɟɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɨɝɨ
318
ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɸ ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɸ ɢ
ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɸ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɟɪɟɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ
ɹɡɵɤɟ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɢ ɢ ɮɢɥɨɥɨɝɢɢ.
1. ɋɬɟɩɚɧɨɜ ɘ.ɋ. Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɵ: ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ
ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ. ɂɡɞ. 3-ɟ, ɢɫɩɪ. ɢ ɞɨɩ. Ɇ., 2004.
ɋ. 895.
2. ɋɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨ-
ɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ. Ɇ.; Ʌ., 1963. Ɍ. 14. ɋɬɛ. 985.
3. ɋɪɟɡɧɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɂ.ɂ. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɞɥɹ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɹ
ɞɪɟɜɧɟɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ: ɜ 3 ɬ. Ɇ., 1958. Ɍ. 3.
ɋ. 1057.
4. Ⱦɚɥɶ ȼ. Ɍɨɥɤɨɜɵɣ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɠɢɜɨɝɨ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɪɭɫ-
ɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ. Ɇ., 1955. Ɍ. 4.
5. Ɏɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɢɣ ɷɧɰɢɤɥɨɩɟɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ /
ɝɥ. ɪɟɞ. Ʌ.Ɏ. ɂɥɶɢɱɟɜ, ɉ.ɇ. Ɏɟɞɨɫɟɟɜ. Ɇ.,
1983. ɋ. 655.
6. ɋɜ. ɂɨɚɧɧ Ⱦɚɦɚɫɤɢɧ. Ɍɨɱɧɨɟ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɚ-
ɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɜɟɪɵ. Ɇ., 2004. ɋ. 190.
7. ɋɢɞɨɪɨɜ Ⱥ.ɂ. Ɍɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɝɨ Ɇɚɤ-
ɫɢɦɚ ɂɫɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɚ: ɤɧ. 2. ȼɨɩɪɨɫɨ-ɨɬɜɟɬɵ ɤ
Ɏɚɥɚɫɫɢɸ. ɑ. 1. ȼɨɩɪɨɫɵ I–LV. Ɇ., 1994.
ɋ. 196.
8. Ʉɥɢɦɨɜɚ ɋ.Ɇ. Ɏɟɧɨɦɟɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɫɜɹɬɨɫɬɢ ɢ
ɫɬɪɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ.
ɋɉɛ., 2004. ɋ. 48.
9. ɋɜ. Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɢɣ ɇɢɫɫɤɢɣ. Ɉɛ ɭɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟ-
ɤɚ. ɋɉɛ., 2000. Ƚɥ. VIII.
10. ɉɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɵɣ Ʉɚɬɟɯɢɡɢɫ // Ȼɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɚ əɤɨɜɚ
Ʉɪɨɬɨɜɚ. Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ: http://www.krotov.
info/index.htm. Ɂɚɝɥ. ɫ ɷɤɪɚɧɚ.
11. Ⱥɜɟɪɢɧɰɟɜ ɋ.ɋ. ɋɨɛɪɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɣ / ɩɨɞ
ɪɟɞ. ɇ.ɉ. Ⱥɜɟɪɢɧɰɟɜɨɣ ɢ Ʉ.Ȼ. ɋɢɝɨɜɚ. ɋɜɹɡɶ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧ. Ʉ., 2005. Ƚɥ. XVIII.
12. Ɍɪɭɛɟɰɤɨɣ ȿ.ɇ. Ɍɪɢ ɨɱɟɪɤɚ ɨ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɢɤɨɧɟ.
Paris, 1965. ɋ. 21-22.
13. ɑɚɫɬɭɲɤɚ / ɩɪɟɞɢɫɥ. ȼ.Ɏ. Ȼɨɤɨɜɚ; ɜɫɬɭɩ. ɫɬ.,
ɩɨɞɝɨɬ. ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɱ. ȼ.ɋ. Ȼɚɯɬɢɧɚ. Ɇ.; Ʌ.,
1966.ɋ. 2117.
14. Ⱥɮɚɧɚɫɶɟɜ Ⱥ.ɇ. ɉɨɷɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɨɡɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɚ-
ɜɹɧ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɭ: ɜ 3 ɬ. Ɇ., 1994. Ɍ. 1. ɋ. 115.
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɢɥɚ ɜ ɪɟɞɚɤɰɢɸ 3.02.2007 ɝ.