0 Introduction To MATLAB

Numerical Methods For Engineers
Introduction to MATLAB
Introduction to technical programming in

MATLAB!

MATLAB Desktop, when you start!
1
MATLAB stands for MATrix LABoratory
All items in MATLAB are matrices

Vectors and numbers are just special
forms of matrices

Matrices
M ti
and Arrays
2
How to enter matrices?

5

3

4
>> sum(A
sum(A')'
)
ans =
34
34
34
34
S the
So, th row sums are also
l 34!

And so is the sum of the diagonal!

((and the antidiagonal
g as well))
>> sum(diag(A))
ans =
34
To calculate the sum of the antidiagonal:
>> A(1,4)+A(2,3)+A(3,2)+A(4,1)
ans =
34
THIS IS A MAGIC SQUARE!

10
5
The colon operator

>> 1:10
ans =
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
>> 100:-7:50
ans =
100 93 86 79 72 65 58 51
>> sum(A(1:4,3))
ans =
34
>> sum(1:16)/4
ans =
34
11

Variable names consist of a letter, followed by

any number of letters,
letters digits,
digits or underscores.
underscores
MATLAB uses only the first 31 characters of
a variable name.
MATLAB is case sensitive; it distinguishes
between uppercase and lowercase letters.
DON'T USE MATLAB FUNCTION NAMES
AS VARIABLES!
12
6
Bad example:
>> sum = 1+2+3
sum =
6
>> sum(1:10)
??? Index exceeds matrix dimensions.
>> clear sum
>> sum(1:10)
ans =
55
ONCE AGAIN, DON'T USE MATLAB
FUNCTION NAMES AS VARIABLES!
13

14
7
Operators
+ Addition
- Subtraction
* Multiplication
/ Division
\ Left division
^ Power
' Complex conjugate transpose
( ) Specify evaluation order
15

Functions
abs, sqrt,
abs sqrt exp
exp, sin etc
etc.
>> help elfun
Elementary math functions.
Trigonometric.
sin - Sine.
sinh - Hyperbolic sine.
asin - Inverse sine.
asinh - Inverse hyperbolic sine.
cos - Cosine.
cosh - Hyperbolic cosine.
................................................................
16
8
Some useful constants
pi 3.14159265…
i Imaginary unit,
j Same as i
Inf Infinity
N N
NaN N t
Not-a-number
b
17

Examples of Expressions
rho = (1+sqrt(5))/2
rho =
1.6180
a = abs(3+4i)
a=
5
z = sqrt(besselk(4/3,rho-i))
z=
0.3730+ 0.3214i
18
9
19

20
10
21

22
11
23

24
12
25

26
13
27

Graphics
• There are two ways to handle graphics:
¾The graphic interactive tools
¾Basic plotting functions
28
14
Using the graphic tools is good for one of a kind figures.
Using the graphic functions enables you to do the same

thing with different data or at another instant in time.
"Generated Code. You can use the MATLAB M-code

generator to create code that recreates the graph. Note
that studying the generating code for a graph is a good way
to learn how to program with MATLAB."
29

Example
x = 0:pi/100:2*pi;
/ 2*
y = sin(x);
plot(x,y)
xlabel('x = 0:2\pi')
ylabel('Sine of x')
title('Plot
title( Plot of the Sine Function'
Function ,'FontSize'
FontSize ,12)
12)
30
15
31

Several Curves in One Graph

x = 0:pi/100:2
0:pi/100:2*pi;
pi;
y = sin(x);
y2 = sin(x-.25);
y3 = sin(x-.5);
plot(x,y,x,y2,x,y3)
The legend command provides an easy way to

identify the individual plots.
legend('sin(x)','sin(x-.25)','sin(x-.5)')
32
16
33

Different colors and markers

b blue . Point - solid
g green o circle : dotted
r red x x-mark -. dashdot
c cyan + plus -- dashed
m magenta * star
y yellow s square
k black d diamond
v triangle (down)
^ triangle (up)
< triangleg (left)
> triangle (right)
p pentagram
h hexagram
34
17
Graphic markers
x1 = 0:pi/100:2*pi;
x2 = 0:pi/10:2*pi;
plot(x1,sin(x1),'r:',x2,sin(x2),'r+')
35

36
18
Complex Data
plot(Z)
where Z is a complex vector or matrix, is equivalent to
plot(real(Z),imag(Z))
For example,
p ,
t = 0:pi/10:2*pi;
plot(exp(i*t),'-o')
axis equal
37

38
19
Adding plots to an existing graph

[x,y,z] = peaks;
pcolor(x,y,z)
shading interp
hold on
contour(x,y,z,20,'k')
hold off
39

40
20
Subplots
t = 0:pi/10:2*pi;
[X,Y,Z] = cylinder(4*cos(t));
subplot(2,2,1); mesh(X)
subplot(2,2,2); mesh(Y)
p
subplot(2,2,3); mesh(Z)
subplot(2,2,4); mesh(X,Y,Z)
41

42
21
U i the
Using th Print
P i t Command
C d
[x,y,z] = peaks;
pcolor(x,y,z)
shading interp
hold on
contour(x,y,z,20,'k')
hold off
print -dbitmap myfile
43

You may then insert your figure file into a word

document for your report.
There are many formats you can use:
-dbitmap bitmap
-djpeg jpeg
-deps encapsulated postscript
-dceps encapsulated color postscript
.....................................................................
44
22
Programming
MATLAB has
h severall fl
flow control
t l constructs:
t t
“if”
“switch and case”
“for”
“while”
“continue”
“b k”
“break”
“try - catch”
“return”
We look at the most important ones!
45

If
E
Example
l
if I == J
A(I,J) = 2;
elseif abs(I-J) == 1
A(I,J) = -1;
else
A(I,J) = 0;
end
46
23
For
r = zeros(1,32)
for n = 3:32
r(n) = rank(magic(n));
end
r
47

while
a = 0; fa = -Inf;
b = 3; fb = Inf;
while b-a > eps*b
x = (a+b)/2;
fx = x^3-2*x-5;
if sign(fx) == sign(fa)
a = x; fa = fx;
else
l
b = x; fb = fx;
end
end
x
48
24
Characters and Text

>> s = 'hello'
hello
s=
hello
>> abs(s)
ans =
104 101 108 108 111
>> ss = double(s)
ss =
104 101 108 108 111
>> char(ss)
ans =
hello
49

>> S = char('A','rolling','stone','gathers','momentum.')
S=
A
rolling
stone
gathers
momentum.
>> size(S)
ans =
5 9
50
25
Scripts and Functions

There are two kinds of M-files:
Scripts, which do not accept input arguments
or return output arguments.
They operate on data in the workspace.
Functions, which can accept input arguments
and return output arguments.
Internal variables are local to the function.
51

Create a file called magicrank.m

% Investigate the rank of magic squares
r = zeros(1,32);
for n = 3:32
r(n) = rank(magic(n));
end
r
b ()
bar(r)
type magicrank
52
26
53

function r = rank(A,tol)
% RANK Matrix rank.
% RANK(A) provides an estimate of the number of linearly
% independent rows or columns of a matrix A.
% RANK(A,tol) is the number of singular values of A
% that are larger than tol.
% RANK(A) uses the default tol = max(size(A)) * norm(A) * eps.
s = svd(A);
g
if nargin==1
tol = max(size(A)') * max(s) * eps;
end
r = sum(s > tol);
54
27
>> help rank
RANK Matrix rank.

RANK(A) provides an estimate of the number of linearly
independent rows or columns of a matrix A.
RANK(A,tol) is the number of singular values of A
that are larger than tol.
RANK(A) uses th the d
default
f lt tol
t l = max(size(A))
( i (A)) * norm(A)
(A) * eps.
55

Some Important Commands
• c c – cclear command window
clc ea co a d do
• Who – shows variables in use
• Whos – shows variables in use with details
• Clear – clears all variables in the work space.
• Clear(A) – clears only the variable A
• Size(B) – gives the size of B.
• [m,n] = size(B) – gives the size assigning m for the size of rows and n for
co u
column.
• A.’ – transpose of matrix A with out conjugate complex transformation
• A’ – transpose of matrix including conjugate complex transpose
• Conj(A) – complex conjugate of A
• flipup(A) – flip upside down
• Fliplr(A) – flip left right
56
28
• Format long – will write longer precision up to 12 digits
• Format short
Format short – gives
gives shorter precision digits
shorter precision digits
• Look for ‐ searches for the string topic in the first comment
line (the H1 line) of the help text in all M‐files.
• Matlab indices starts at 1. so A(0) gives error.
• Which ‐ Locate functions and files
• fopen(filename) ‐ opens the file filename for read access
example
fid = fopen(‘FEM‐results.txt’)
st = fgetl(fid) – returns the next line of the file associated
with the file identifier fid.
fclose(fid) – to close the file.
57

• edit filename – to edit M‐file.
• axis([xmin
([ xmax yymin yymax]) ]) ‐ to change the axis of graph
g g p
• grid on – makes grid on
• Clf – clear figure
• Pwd – print working directory
• ginput ‐ enables you to select points from the figure using the
mouse for cursor positioning.
• [x y] =ginput – gives the x and y coordinates of the selected point
• text(2,3, ‘text’) –
( ‘ ’) the word text will be written on the figure at the
h d ll b h f h
specified coordinates
• text(2,3,’text’, ‘fontsize’,20) – to specify the size of the text.
• max(A) – the maximum value among the vector A
• Min(A) – minimum value
58
29
• [m, I] = max(A) – where m gives the max value and I gives
element number of the vector of the max value.
element number of the vector of the max value.
>> text(I, m, ’text’)
• num2str(m) – coverts number to string
• Str2num(m) – converts string to number.
• Colormap (A) – to get the colormap
59
30

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Numerical Methods For Engineers

Introduction to technical programming in

Numerical Methods For Engineers

MATLAB Desktop, when you start!

MATLAB stands for MATrix LABoratory

All items in MATLAB are matrices

Numerical Methods For Engineers

How to enter matrices?

Numerical Methods For Engineers

Numerical Methods For Engineers

Numerical Methods For Engineers

And so is the sum of the diagonal!

THIS IS A MAGIC SQUARE!

The colon operator

Numerical Methods For Engineers

Variable names consist of a letter, followed by

Numerical Methods For Engineers

Numerical Methods For Engineers

Some useful constants

Numerical Methods For Engineers

Numerical Methods For Engineers

Numerical Methods For Engineers

Numerical Methods For Engineers

Numerical Methods For Engineers

Numerical Methods For Engineers

Using the graphic tools is good for one of a kind figures.

Using the graphic functions enables you to do the same

"Generated Code. You can use the MATLAB M-code

Numerical Methods For Engineers

Numerical Methods For Engineers

Several Curves in One Graph

The legend command provides an easy way to

Numerical Methods For Engineers

Different colors and markers

Numerical Methods For Engineers

Numerical Methods For Engineers

Adding plots to an existing graph

Numerical Methods For Engineers

Numerical Methods For Engineers

Numerical Methods For Engineers

You may then insert your figure file into a word

Numerical Methods For Engineers

Numerical Methods For Engineers

Characters and Text

Numerical Methods For Engineers

Scripts and Functions

Numerical Methods For Engineers

Create a file called magicrank.m

Numerical Methods For Engineers

>> help rank

RANK Matrix rank.

Numerical Methods For Engineers

Numerical Methods For Engineers

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