- LOGIC AND LANGUAGE + Reasons ure the. coin-we.pay for the beliefs we hold. ©: SEdith Watson Schipper “Come rite, and let us reason together. % Isai 118Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Copi, Irving M. Introduction to logic / Irving M. Copi, Carl Cohen. p.m. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-13-033735-8 J.Logie I. Cohen, Carl (date) - IL Title BC108.C69 2001 160—de21 Fditorial Director: Charlyce Jones Owent Acquisitions Editor: Ross Miller Editor-in-Chief of Development: Susanna Lesa Development Editor: Carolyn Smith Media Editor: Deborah O'Connell Media Development Editor: David Chodoff Website Editor: Matthew Krack Marketing Manager: Christopher Ruel Creative Design Director: Leslie Osher Art Director: Nantcy Wells Interior & Cover Designer: Lisa A. Jones Cover Art: Conceptual colorful quarter cylinder shapes. Natural Selection Stock Photography, LLC. Interior Art: Part One and Chapters 1-4: Colorful nautilus shell. Orion Press/Natural Selection, Stock Photography, LLC. — Ith ed 2001021441 ap. Part Two and Chapters 5-10: Fossilized spiral shell of an ammonite, an extinct squid-like cephalopod animal related to the living. nautilus. Photographer: Martin Bond/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc. Part Three and Chapters 11-14: Spiral pattern in sand. Source: Pictor. AVP, Director of Production and Manufacturing: Barbara Kittle ‘Manufacturing Manager: Nick Sklitsis Prepress and Manufacturing Buyers: Sherry Lewis & Mary Ann Gloriande Production Editor: Jean Lapidus Copy Editor: Stephen C. Hopkins Indexer: Murray Fisher Formatting & Art Manager: Guy Ruggiero Artist: Mirella Signoretto ‘This book was set in 10.5/12.5 Palatino by Carlisle Communications, LTD. and was printed and bound by Courier Companies, Inc. ‘The cover was printed by Phoenix Color Corp, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 [All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher Printed in the United States of America 98765432 Student ISBN O-23-033735-8 Professional Copy ISBN 0-23-09b8b4-2 PRENTICE-HALL INTERNATIONAL (UK) Limited, London Prensrice-HALL of Australia Pty Limited, Sydney Prentice-HALL Canada Ine. Toronto PRENTICE HALL Hispanoamericana, S.A., Mexico PRENTICE-HALL of India Private Limited, New Delhi Paswrice-HALt of Japan, Inc, Tokyo Peqsson EDUCATION Asia Pte. Ltd, Singapore Eprrora PRENTICE-HALL. do Brasil, Ltda., Rio de Janeiro © 2002, 1998, and 1994 by Pearson Education, Inc.‘his we do affirm-—that if truth is to be sought in every division of Philosophy, we must, before all else, possess uustworihy principles and methods for the discerninent of inith. Now the Logical branch is that whitch includes the theory of criteria und of proofs; so it is with this that we © ought to niake our beginnings. —Sexbis Empiricus everyore kinoibs the distinction of cogent reasoninig te stldy of logic appeals to no criterion not “already present it the learners it. —G ILeuiis