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REG 216/316
Theory
Protection Functions
Protection Functions 5 1 LM 2003 - 02
© ABB University Switzerland
REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
• Reduce damages
• Selective and reliable operation
© ABB University Switzerland
an “ insurance policy”
REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
• Overtemperature
• Short- term nonsymetrical overloading
• Asynchronous operating conditions
Protection Functions 5 4 LM 2003 - 02
• Overexication
Stator
Differential Id
Overvoltage U>
Overexcitation
Allocation of Protection Functions
Uverload Ith
Theory Protection Functions
Overcurrent I>
Earth fault
Interturn
Min. Impedance Z<
Dead Machine
Rotor
NPS I2
Turbine
Earth fault
REG 216/316
Reverse power
Loss of excitation
Over- under frequency
Pole slipping
Over- under frequency
Protection Functions 5 5 LM 2003 - 02
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REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
• Overload
• Negative phase sequence
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• Loss of excitation
• Pole slip
• Overexcitation (V/Hz)
REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
• Generator, Blockdiff. no
selective trip
Protection Functions 5 7 LM 2003 - 02
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REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
G G
REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
earthing transformer
G G
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REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
•Overexcitation
•Voltage balance
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REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
Causes
• phase faults
• interturn faults excluded
• E/F on high imp. grounding not detected
Effects
Protection Functions 5 13 LM 2003 - 02
• high currents
• potential damage to machine winding
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REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
Features
• Short circuit detection in protected zone
• low impedance principle
• optimised for generator differential
– no inrush restraint
– no vector group compensation
Protection Functions 5 14 LM 2003 - 02
• suppression of harmonics
• suppression of DC-offset
REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
No Trip
g • adaptive characteristic
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b
b-setting fixed to 1.5 IN
I h /I N
REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
• It is absolutely necessary to
provide identical CT's on
both side of the generator.
Same behaviour shall be
Protection Functions 5 16 LM 2003 - 02
guaranteed.
87G
© ABB University Switzerland
G Protection
zone
REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
Differential protection 87
• Id= ¦I1+I2 ¦
• by external faults can due to
- ratio errors
- saturation
- losses in the transformer
- tapchanger position
occur diff.current, therefore
87T Protection a stabilized tripping characteristic
zone is needed
Protection Functions 5 17 LM 2003 - 02
REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
protection function
300MVA
© ABB University Switzerland
G 18 KV
10'000/5
REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
No Trip
g
– detection of energised
b transformer using load
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Ih/ IN
current
• adaptive characteristic (b-line)
REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
Differential Algorithm
I1 I2
Protected unit
I Operation for
IN Differential current
I1 − −
<b
IN I∆ = I1+ I2
or
I2 Restraint- (or bias-) current
<b
Trip IN for cosα ≥0
IH = I1 • I2 • cos α
= external fault
Protection Functions 5 21 LM 2003 - 02
g
IH α = ∠I1;−I2
1 b 2 3 IN
REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
Differential function
I1 I2 ∆I
4
Protection Functions 5 22 LM 2003 - 02
2
cos α < 0
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1
IH = 0
g
1 2 3 4 5 IH
REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
Differential function
Fault outside protected zone
Low short circuit current
Load I < (1.5...3) * Irated
I1 I2 ∆I
4
cos α = 1
Protection Functions 5 23 LM 2003 - 02
3 Relay trip
IH = I1 • I2 • cos α 2
v=50%
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1
IH = I1 = I2 = Relay restrain
ILoad < (1.5...3)*Irated g IH
1 2 3 4 5
REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
Differential function
Fault outside protected zone
High short circuit current
Isc I > (1.5....3) * Irated
I1 I2 ∆I
v= infinite
cos α = 1 4
Protection Functions 5 24 LM 2003 - 02
IH = I1 • I2 • cos α 2
© ABB University Switzerland
1 v=50%
IH = I1 = I2
g IH
1 2 3 4 5
b
REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
• Iron burned
• it may develop into a phase-to-phase fault
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REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
still working
U0>
95%
REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
Grounding transformer
REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
I0>
ground fault at the terminal
• by broken resistor protection not
working
REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
Third-harmonic Features
• level of 3.harmonic
depends on generator
+V3rd Full Load
design
Normal
No Load operation • level of 3.harmonic
depends on the operating
conditions
-V3rd
• there is a point depending
at load where 3.harm. is 0
Full Load Fault at
• by ground fault at neutral,
Protection Functions 5 32 LM 2003 - 02
Neutral
Neutral No Load
3.harm. at neutral
Terminal
becomes 0
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Neutral Fault at
Terminal
Terminal
• by ground fault at
terminal, 3.harm. at
terminal becomes 0
REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
3.Harm.
• must be combined with a
fundamental frequency
overvoltage relay
REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
Features
• undervoltage relay with
U>
3.Harm. filter tuned to 3. harmonic
• detect the faults near the
0-
30 neutral
%
• can not detect faults near
terminal
• must be combined with an
Protection Functions 5 34 LM 2003 - 02
mental
part of the winding
REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
• by modern generators
3.harm. is more and more
reduced
REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
• Running up or down
• Normal operation
Protection Functions 5 36 LM 2003 - 02
- grounding transformer
- earthing transformers on
generator terminals
REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
Generator
N12 N11
REs Us
Protection Functions 5 37 LM 2003 - 02
Voltage transformer
Uis RPs
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Injection voltage
REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
Features
• injection and evaluation of
a coded signal
• detect the faults over the
whole winding including
the neutral point
Relay • protection is also working
during start up, shut down
Protection Functions 5 38 LM 2003 - 02
REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
R S T
Generator
Voltage
transformer
N1 N2 N'12 N'11
R'Es Us
Protection Functions 5 39 LM 2003 - 02
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R'Ps Uis
Grounding
transformer Injection voltage
REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
-110
A
• Continuous supervision of
Inj ecti on
[ms]
D
the injection voltage and the
U DC CPU
95% StEF 100% StEF100% RoEF
primary earthing system
110V REX 010 REG 216
REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
function decreases
100% Function
Standstill machine
REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
C1 C2
C = C1 + C2
REr Ur
Protection Functions 5 43 LM 2003 - 02
Uir
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RPr
Injection voltage
REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
Rotor shaft -
C1 C2
Protection Functions 5 44 LM 2003 - 02
100 VAC
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R R
U>
REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
C2 must be adjusted on
R R
site according to rotor
grounding capacity
C1
Protection Functions 5 45 LM 2003 - 02
C2
C
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REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
Causes Features
• AVR failure • Max. min. function
• Over/under voltage of system •1- and 3-phase
Effects
• Insulation damage
• Overexcitation by overvoltage
• Current rise by undervoltage
Protection Functions 5 90 LM 2003 - 02
REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
auxiliaries
• temperature rise
• overfluxing of the block transformer
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REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
Overcurrent function
Causes Features
• Short- circuits • Max. min. function
• Overcurrent of system due to • 1- and 3-phase
faults and overload • Back up protection
for 2- and 3 phase
Effects short circuit
• Insulation damage • Earth fault
Protection Functions 5 76 LM 2003 - 02
inverse time
characteristic
REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
Features
• two function available
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REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
ANSI C50.13
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REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
– 961-1200MVA 6 10
– 1201-1500MVA 5 see spec. curve
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REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
component
t • k1= permis. energy I22 t
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t-min t-max
REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
Features
I2 / IN • for small and medium
generators
• NPS constant
• needs two steps
– Alarm (e.g. 80% of I2 )
I2 trip
I2 – Trip 50%-100% higher than
Protection Functions 5 73 LM 2003 - 02
t1 t2 t
REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
Unbalanced Load
I2
2 I
2
∗ t ≤ 2 * t
IN IN
max
I2 negative sequence current
IN rated current
t duration of unbalanced load
REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
Features
• abnormal conditions
- supply of energy to turbine
(steam, gas, water) fails
- long time or integration step
• shut-down conditions
Protection Functions 5 62 LM 2003 - 02
turbine problems
- sequential tripping
REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
Features
P • Tripping characteristic
Q programmable in all 4
quadrants
• setting <2% use of
Trip measurement CT's
Protection Functions 5 64 LM 2003 - 02
• Phi-compensation for
CT angle error
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REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
Steam valves
closed
Trip field and
sequential
generator
AND breaker
tripping
Reverse
power (32) 1.
oscillations
REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
main exciter
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REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
Power chart
[MW]
P
δmax Rotor
Turbine
Pmax
Stator
Ie = E/XD
IN
Protection Functions 5 49 LM 2003 - 02
ϕ
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O
Q [MVAR]
Underexcited Overexcited
REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
Xd
• detection of the lowest
impedance
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• enabled measurement by
>0.1*In
REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
chart
½ X’d
R 1/Xd
© ABB University Switzerland
Xd
Trip
UN²/XB Trip Q
XA
UN²/XA
REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
XB Trip
Protection Functions 5 52 LM 2003 - 02
XT Power
chart
B
R Q
UN²/XA
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Xd
~1/XT
~1/Xd
XA
REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
Minimum impedance 21
Features
• Backup protection for two and
three phase-faults
• Protection zone shorter than
main protection
Protection • To be selective, prot. zone
87GT zone reduced to 70% of transformer
impedance
• The factor of 0.7 avoids any
Protection Functions 5 66 LM 2003 - 02
21
REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
Minimum impedance 21
Features
X • circle tripping characteristic
• 1 or 3-phase measurement
• detection of lowest
impedance value for three
phase measurement
R
• measurement enabled by
Protection Functions 5 67 LM 2003 - 02
current >0.1 IN
• Zsetting= 0.7*xT
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REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
generators Xd
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REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
Features
• Maximum current value memorized
• Overcurrent function which latches
when undervoltage unit responds
• Stores max. current after pick-up
• Processes positive sequence of the
Protection Functions 5 78 LM 2003 - 02
voltage
• Mostly three phase measurement
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REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
UN excitation
Min short-time
load voltage • Voltage setting well below
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REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
Overexcitation 24
Causes
• Higher voltage at Features
rated frequency or • Protection specially for
• Rated voltage at under block transformer
frequency • V/Hz = B measurement
Effects • Minimum voltage blocking
Protection Functions 5 46 LM 2003 - 02
• Higher flux-eddy
current losses
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• Insulation thermal
damage
REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
Features
•Highimpedance principle
•Very sensitive for internal
Protection Functions 5 25 LM 2003 - 02
RS
∆Ui faults
VDR
•Very stable for outside
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I> faults
•Holmgreen connection
REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
t-min t-max
REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
Istart
• k1= τ(∆m-∆n)/∆n
– τ = thermal time constant
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t-min tg t-max t
– ∆m = max. perm. temp rise
– ∆n = rated temp. rise
REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
Rotoroverload 49R
49R
• Current measurement at AC-side,
3-phase
• Evaluation with the sum of the
phase currents (instantaneous
values without dig. filtering)
G • by measurement on the other
side of the transformer different
waveform --> Attention!
Protection Functions 5 83 LM 2003 - 02
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REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
Importance
not having it
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REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
Current Back-up
Detector OR AND ∆t
Trip
Protection Functions 5 93 LM 2003 - 02
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Protection
Function
REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
Generator CB
• Many years of
experience
• Pole - Discrepancy
resp. Stuck Pole
Protection Functions 5 94 LM 2003 - 02
detection required
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REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
Detection of a single
pole closed, at common
CB drive
• Increased voltage
to earth
• Measurement of Uo Uo
Protection Functions 5 95 LM 2003 - 02
at transformer side
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REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
R S T Voltage Feeder 1
transformer 1
Protection &
Metering
equipment 1
Voltage Balance
Function <U> TRIP
Protection &
Metering
equipment 2
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Feeder 2
REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
U2
UN Trip
Feeder 1 No
Features
(U1 < U2) Trip • Comparison of the voltage
amplitudes of two line voltages
Trip • 1- and 3-phase voltage
0,2 Feeder 2
(U2 < U1)
measurement
• Signalling of the group with lower
Protection Functions 5 98 LM 2003 - 02
0,2 UN U1
voltage
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REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
Out-of-Step Protection
Causes
- to long power system fault
- tie line between two systems opened
Features
Protection Functions 5 53 LM 2003 - 02
REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
Out-of-Step Protection
REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
Out-of-Step Protection
Basic requirements
REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
Out-of-Step Protection
X'B XL X'A
Representation of ∼ ∼
EB U EA
Power Swings
• Two-machine model EB U EA
• Phasor diagrams U, I I
ϕ
Protection Functions 5 56 LM 2003 - 02
δ1
• Trajectory in δ2
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R / X Diagram
REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
Out-of-Step Protection
Detection of a Power swing
X'B XL X'A
∼ ∼
• Rate of Change
of U*cos ϕ EB U EA
EB U EA
∆U*cos ϕ
Protection Functions 5 57 LM 2003 - 02
I
ϕ
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δ1
δ2
REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
Out-of-Step Protection
Trajectory in R / X Diagram jX
ZA
U EB > EA
EB EA
I
EB/EA = 1 nB > nA
δ1
nB < nA
δ1 EA > EB
Z
0
Protection Functions 5 58 LM 2003 - 02
R
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U/I=Z
REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
ZC
Out-of-Step Protection X'B
Operation on a Slip
∼ ∼
ZB Relay ZA
Continuous measurement
jX
of U*cosϕ ZA
• Measurement of δ
• Possibility of warning
• Slip identified by change Zone2
ZC
of sign of U*cosϕ δtrip
Zone1
Out-of-step
within ZB-ZA δ
Protection Functions 5 59 LM 2003 - 02
at preset δtrip R
• Zone1 - Zone2
-ZB
discrimination by ZC
REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
Out-of-Step Protection
Controlling Inputs
• Elimination of Zone2
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REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
Inter-turn protection
U>
Causes
G • Rather seldom, only for machines
with more windings of the same
phase in the same slot
Protection Functions 5 84 LM 2003 - 02
Effects
• High internal current which will
© ABB University Switzerland
REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
Inter-turn protection
Example for unit with splited phase
R S T winding
• Overcurrent measurement in
differential circuit of the two star
points
I>
Protection Functions 5 85 LM 2003 - 02
© ABB University Switzerland
REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
Inter-turn protection
Example for unit with split phase
R S T winding
• Overcurrent measurement in
the summated circuit of the two
star points
I>
Protection Functions 5 86 LM 2003 - 02
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REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
Inter-turn protection
R S T
30000 / 1A
87G 87
Protection Functions 5 87 LM 2003 - 02
18000 / 1A
30000 / 1A 30000 / 1A
© ABB University Switzerland
500 / 1A 51
REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
Inter-turn protection
R S T
30000 / 1A
87G
30000 / 1A 30000 / 1A
Protection Functions 5 88 LM 2003 - 02
12000 / 1A 18000 / 1A
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500 / 1A 51
87
R R
S S
T T
REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
Inter-turn protection R
87G 87
Protection Functions 5 89 LM 2003 - 02
87
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REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions
ANSI DESIGNATION A B
87G Generator Differential
87T Transformer Differential
87B Overall Differential
51/27 Voltage Controlled Overcurrent
51G Overcurrent (stator)
21 Minimum Impedance
64REF Transformer Restricted Earth Fault
51N Transformer Standby Earth Fault
64R Rotor Ground Fault
64S1 Stator Ground Fault (95%)
64S1 Stator Ground Fault (100%)
64S2 Generator Busduct Ground Fault
46 Negative Phase Sequence
49R Rotor Overload
51E Overcurrent (excitation)
49S Stator Overload
Protection Functions 5 99 LM 2003 - 02
59 Overvoltage
81 Overfrequency
81 Underfrequency
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27 Undervoltage
24 Overexcitation
40 Loss Of Excitation
78 Poleslip (zone 1)
32 Reverse Power (protection)