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Technology and Solutions

Protection and Substation Automation

REG 216/316

Theory
Protection Functions
Protection Functions 5 1 LM 2003 - 02
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REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

Structure of the presentation

• Faults and abnormal conditions


• Type of faults
• Consequences
• Protection functions / Characteristic
• Setting parameters
Protection Functions 5 2 LM 2003 - 02

• Tripping matrix / typical actions


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REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

Generator and transformer protection tasks


• Maintain operation during:
- faults
- abnormal service conditions
- protect the plant
- protect the humans
Protection Functions 5 3 LM 2003 - 02

• Reduce damages
• Selective and reliable operation
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an “ insurance policy”

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REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

Faults and Abnormal Conditions


• Short-circuits (stator and rotor)
• Interturn faults
• Ground faults

• Overtemperature
• Short- term nonsymetrical overloading
• Asynchronous operating conditions
Protection Functions 5 4 LM 2003 - 02

• Reactive power absorption condition


• Faulty synchronisation
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• Overexication


Stator


Differential Id
Overvoltage U>
Overexcitation
Allocation of Protection Functions

Uverload Ith
Theory Protection Functions

Overcurrent I>
Earth fault
Interturn
Min. Impedance Z<
Dead Machine
Rotor
NPS I2
Turbine
Earth fault
REG 216/316

Reverse power
Loss of excitation
Over- under frequency
Pole slipping
Over- under frequency
Protection Functions 5 5 LM 2003 - 02
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REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

Main and backup protection


Main protection Backup protection
• Generator differential • Block.differential
• Transformer differential • Overcurrent/ Undervoltage
• 95%-earth fault protection • Min. impedance
100%- earth fault protection • Overcurrent
• Rotor earth fault protection • Underfrequency
• Restricted earth fault (REF) • Undervoltage
• Reverse power
Protection Functions 5 6 LM 2003 - 02

• Overload
• Negative phase sequence
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• Loss of excitation
• Pole slip
• Overexcitation (V/Hz)
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REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

Power plant layout

Generator- transformer block


without generator breaker

• Generator, Blockdiff. no
selective trip
Protection Functions 5 7 LM 2003 - 02
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REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

Power plant layout


With generator breaker
• Generator-, Transformer
differential selective trip
• Open-delta E/F between
Gen.breaker and main
transformer necessary
Protection Functions 5 8 LM 2003 - 02
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REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

Power plant layout

With 3-winding transformer

• separate protection for


transformer
• separate protection for
each generator
Protection Functions 5 9 LM 2003 - 02
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G G

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REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

Power plant layout

Generators without unit


transformer

• Normally small machines


• To get selectivity for ground
fault protection needs
Protection Functions 5 10 LM 2003 - 02

earthing transformer
G G
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REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

List of important functions for internal faults

• Differential function for generator and transformer

• Restricted earth fault (REF)

• Earth fault protection stator and rotor( 95% & 100%)


Protection Functions 5 11 LM 2003 - 02
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REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

List of important functions for other faults


•Overcurrent
•Voltage controlled overcurrent
•Over/under voltage
•Over/under Frequency
•Negative phase sequence
•Minimal impedance
•Reverse power
•Loss of excitation
•Out-of-step
Protection Functions 5 12 LM 2003 - 02

•Overexcitation
•Voltage balance
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•Breaker back up protection


•Stator/rotor overload

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REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

Generator differential (87G)

Causes
• phase faults
• interturn faults excluded
• E/F on high imp. grounding not detected

Effects
Protection Functions 5 13 LM 2003 - 02

• high currents
• potential damage to machine winding
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• expensive outage and repair due to damage

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REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

Generator differential (87G)

Features
• Short circuit detection in protected zone
• low impedance principle
• optimised for generator differential
– no inrush restraint
– no vector group compensation
Protection Functions 5 14 LM 2003 - 02

– two groups of measurement inputs


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• suppression of harmonics
• suppression of DC-offset

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REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

Generator differential (87G)


Features
I d /I N • non-linear current-
Trip for
dependant tripping
Trip
I1 / IN < b or
I2 / IN < b
characteristic
v • high stability during
through-fault and CT-
saturation
Protection Functions 5 15 LM 2003 - 02

No Trip
g • adaptive characteristic
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b
b-setting fixed to 1.5 IN
I h /I N

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REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

Generator differential (87G)

• It is absolutely necessary to
provide identical CT's on
both side of the generator.
Same behaviour shall be
Protection Functions 5 16 LM 2003 - 02

guaranteed.
87G
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G Protection
zone

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REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

Differential protection 87
• Id= ¦I1+I2 ¦
• by external faults can due to
- ratio errors
- saturation
- losses in the transformer
- tapchanger position
occur diff.current, therefore
87T Protection a stabilized tripping characteristic
zone is needed
Protection Functions 5 17 LM 2003 - 02

• Inrush provokes differential current


2nd harmonic restrain
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REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

Transformer differential 87T

• CT's at the aux.trafo


must have the same
800/5
30MVA ratio as the generator
300MVA 18/ 6 KV CT.
220/18kV • Correction of the ratio
10'000/5 with reference value or
87GT
a-factor in the
Protection Functions 5 18 LM 2003 - 02

protection function

300MVA
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G 18 KV

10'000/5

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REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

Transformer differential 87T


Features
• Two or for three winding
Id/ IN transformer
• Instantaneous independent of
Trip for
inrush
Trip I1 / IN < b or
I2 / IN < b • Inrush restrain
v – eval.ratio 2nd.harm to
fundamental
– detection of largest phase
g-high
current
Protection Functions 5 19 LM 2003 - 02

No Trip
g
– detection of energised
b transformer using load
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Ih/ IN
current
• adaptive characteristic (b-line)

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REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

Transformer differential 87T


Features
Causes • low impedance principle
• phase faults in the • for two and three-winding
protection zone transformers
Effects • non-linear current-dependant
• high currents tripping characteristic
• potential damage to • high stability during through-
transformer winding fault and CT-saturation
Protection Functions 5 20 LM 2003 - 02

• expensive outage and • compensation for vector group


repair due to damage • compensation for current
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• Stability of the system in amplitude (CT-ratio)


danger, if the fault last to • inrush restraint
long

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REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

Differential Algorithm
I1 I2
Protected unit
I Operation for
IN Differential current
I1 − −
<b
IN I∆ = I1+ I2
or
I2 Restraint- (or bias-) current
<b
Trip IN for cosα ≥0
IH = I1 • I2 • cos α
= external fault
Protection Functions 5 21 LM 2003 - 02

IH = 0 for cosα <0


= internal fault
Restraint
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g
IH α = ∠I1;−I2
1 b 2 3 IN

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REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

Differential function

Fault inside protected zone

I1 I2 ∆I
4
Protection Functions 5 22 LM 2003 - 02

2
cos α < 0
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1
IH = 0
g
1 2 3 4 5 IH

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REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

Differential function
Fault outside protected zone
Low short circuit current
Load I < (1.5...3) * Irated

I1 I2 ∆I
4

cos α = 1
Protection Functions 5 23 LM 2003 - 02

3 Relay trip

IH = I1 • I2 • cos α 2
v=50%
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1
IH = I1 = I2 = Relay restrain
ILoad < (1.5...3)*Irated g IH
1 2 3 4 5

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REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

Differential function
Fault outside protected zone
High short circuit current
Isc I > (1.5....3) * Irated

I1 I2 ∆I
v= infinite
cos α = 1 4
Protection Functions 5 24 LM 2003 - 02

IH = I1 • I2 • cos α 2
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1 v=50%
IH = I1 = I2
g IH
1 2 3 4 5
b
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REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

Stator Ground Fault 64S


One of the most frequent internal generator failure
Causes
• due to
- mechanical damages
- Isolation age
Effects
• mostly star point not directly earthed, short-
circuit currents relatively small
Protection Functions 5 26 LM 2003 - 02

• Iron burned
• it may develop into a phase-to-phase fault
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• if a second earth fault occurs the current is no


longer limited by the earthing resistor

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REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

Stator Ground Fault 64S


Depending on the power plant layout
• different approaches acc. grounding methods
• E/F current relay
• E/F voltage relay
• E/F 3.harm. principle relay
• E/F injection principle
• combination
Protection Functions 5 27 LM 2003 - 02
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REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

High impedance grounding

• used on unit connected generators


• fault current limited to 5-20A
• normally used in Europe and Asia
• high costs and size of resistors
• protection with U0 (95%) also by defected resistor
Protection Functions 5 28 LM 2003 - 02

• protection 100% injection or 3.harm. principle


• I0 measurement possible
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REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

Stator Ground Fault 64S Voltage U>


Features
UN
• applicable by unit connected
generators
• protection zone: generator and
LV-transformer winding
• insensitive to 3.harmonic
95
% • PT ratio is selected to give
approx. relay rated voltage for a
Protection Functions 5 29 LM 2003 - 02

ground fault at terminal


• by broken resistor protection
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still working
U0>
95%

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REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

Grounding transformer

• high res. grounding with secondary resistors


• fault current limited to 5-20A
• normally used in USA and UK
• high costs and size of grounding transformer
• protection with U0 (95%)
Protection Functions 5 30 LM 2003 - 02

• protection 100% inject. or 3.harm. principle


• I0 measurement possible
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REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

Stator Ground Fault 64S Current I>


Features
UN • overcurrent relay provides less
sensitive protection than the
overvoltage relay
• by setting, normal unbalance
current must be taken in account
95 • current relay may be located
%
either in the primary or in the
secondary circuit
Protection Functions 5 31 LM 2003 - 02

• CT ratio is selected to give


approx. relay rated current for a
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I0>
ground fault at the terminal
• by broken resistor protection not
working

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REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

Third-harmonic Features
• level of 3.harmonic
depends on generator
+V3rd Full Load
design
Normal
No Load operation • level of 3.harmonic
depends on the operating
conditions
-V3rd
• there is a point depending
at load where 3.harm. is 0
Full Load Fault at
• by ground fault at neutral,
Protection Functions 5 32 LM 2003 - 02

Neutral
Neutral No Load
3.harm. at neutral
Terminal
becomes 0
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Neutral Fault at
Terminal
Terminal
• by ground fault at
terminal, 3.harm. at
terminal becomes 0

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REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

Stator Ground Fault 64S 3.harmonic U<


Features
UN • undervoltage relay with
filter tuned to 3. harmonic
• detect the faults near the
neutral
0- • provides protection for 30%
30
%
of winding from neutral to
terminal
• must be blocked during
Protection Functions 5 33 LM 2003 - 02

start-up, shut down and


U<
stand still
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3.Harm.
• must be combined with a
fundamental frequency
overvoltage relay

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REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

Stator Ground Fault 64S 3.harmonic U>

Features
• undervoltage relay with
U>
3.Harm. filter tuned to 3. harmonic
• detect the faults near the
0-
30 neutral
%
• can not detect faults near
terminal
• must be combined with an
Protection Functions 5 34 LM 2003 - 02

U> overvoltage relay in the


funda- neutral for the remaining
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mental
part of the winding

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REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

Stator Ground Fault 64S


Evaluation
Third Harmonic Element • 95% E/F protects 95% of the
winding from terminals
• 3.harm. principle can not
detect failures over the whole
Fundamental Frequency Element winding dependent of the 3.
harm. voltage gap
0% 100% • injection principle covers the
total winding for E/F
Earth fault position in % of winding
Protection Functions 5 35 LM 2003 - 02

• combination of a 95% and a


100% approach is needed
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• by modern generators
3.harm. is more and more
reduced

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REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

100% stator and rotor earth fault


Detecting ground faults at:
• Standstill

• Running up or down

• Normal operation
Protection Functions 5 36 LM 2003 - 02

• Used for star point earthing with:


- resistor
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- grounding transformer
- earthing transformers on
generator terminals
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REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

Stator ground fault 64S injection principle


R S T

Generator

N12 N11

REs Us
Protection Functions 5 37 LM 2003 - 02

Voltage transformer
Uis RPs
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Injection voltage

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REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

Stator ground fault 64S injection principle

Features
• injection and evaluation of
a coded signal
• detect the faults over the
whole winding including
the neutral point
Relay • protection is also working
during start up, shut down
Protection Functions 5 38 LM 2003 - 02

and stand still


injection
unit • sensitivity is independent
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of system voltage, load


current and frequency

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REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

R S T

Generator

Voltage
transformer
N1 N2 N'12 N'11

R'Es Us
Protection Functions 5 39 LM 2003 - 02
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R'Ps Uis
Grounding
transformer Injection voltage

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REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

100% Stator and rotor ground fault 64S REX010


Features
• Used for generators with
step-up transformer
RP RE • Can be used for stator as well
as for rotor ground fault
RE RP protection
• Suitable for two earthing
points in the protection zone
REX 011
WU30Z • Continuous supervision of
P8
insulation resistance and
Protection Functions 5 40 LM 2003 - 02

95%-E/F Stator Rotor Ui


calculation of earth fault
110
[V] resistance
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-110
A
• Continuous supervision of
Inj ecti on

Coded 12.5H z i njec tion Signal


Test

[ms]
D
the injection voltage and the
U DC CPU
95% StEF 100% StEF100% RoEF
primary earthing system
110V REX 010 REG 216

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REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

Stator Ground Fault 64S REX010


Features
• I0 < 20A recommended 5A
Injection signal • Supply by station battery
V
• Setting and measurement
values in kΩ
t

Injection Test • Self-calibrating mode


• Injection of a coded signal
320ms 640ms
with a quiescent period to
Protection Functions 5 41 LM 2003 - 02

evaluate and eliminate


interferences
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• injection frequency 12.5Hz


(15 Hz)
• Protection of entire winding

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REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

Stator Ground Fault 64S REX010

overlap running machine • Together with 95% - step, full


95% Stator earth fault winding is covered and
portection overlap as redundancy
• At standstill the whole
100%
Function winding is protected by
Rf > 0
Rf = 0 100%-function
• Due to earth fault current and
Protection Functions 5 42 LM 2003 - 02

Winding the resulting voltage, the


Neutral Terminal
protection zone for 100%-
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function decreases
100% Function

Standstill machine

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REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

Rotor earth fault 100 % scheme


+
Rotor

C1 C2

C = C1 + C2

REr Ur
Protection Functions 5 43 LM 2003 - 02

Uir
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RPr

Injection voltage


REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

Rotor earth fault measuring bridge principle


+

Rotor shaft -

C1 C2
Protection Functions 5 44 LM 2003 - 02

100 VAC
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R R

U> 
REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

Whitston bridge principle

C2 must be adjusted on
R R
site according to rotor
grounding capacity

C1
Protection Functions 5 45 LM 2003 - 02

C2
C
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REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

Over/ under voltage function

Causes Features
• AVR failure • Max. min. function
• Over/under voltage of system •1- and 3-phase

Effects
• Insulation damage
• Overexcitation by overvoltage
• Current rise by undervoltage
Protection Functions 5 90 LM 2003 - 02

• Out of step by synchronous motors


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REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

Over/under frequency function


Causes Features
• Deficit of power production to power • Turbine protection
system load • Min. or max function
• Turbine governor fault • Several steps
• Min. voltage blocking
Effects
• damage to steam turbine blades due to
vibration
• reduced power capacity to the
Protection Functions 5 91 LM 2003 - 02

auxiliaries
• temperature rise
• overfluxing of the block transformer
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
REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

Overcurrent function

Causes Features
• Short- circuits • Max. min. function
• Overcurrent of system due to • 1- and 3-phase
faults and overload • Back up protection
for 2- and 3 phase
Effects short circuit
• Insulation damage • Earth fault
Protection Functions 5 76 LM 2003 - 02

• Current rise by undervoltage protection


• Definitive time and
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inverse time
characteristic

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REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

Negative phase sequence (46)


Causes
• unbalanced loads
• unbalanced system faults
• open circuits
• one pole of CB or isolator not
closed
Protection Functions 5 68 LM 2003 - 02

Features
• two function available
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• definite time characteristic


• characteristic adjustable to I22 t


REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

Negative phase sequence (46)


Effects
• produces negative phase sequence
component of current which induces
a double frequency current in the
surface of the rotor
• these rotor currents causes high and
dangerous temperature in a very
short time
Protection Functions 5 69 LM 2003 - 02
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REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

Negative phase sequence (46)


• The energy input to the rotor and rotor temperature rise
over an interval of time is proportional to I22 t
• The limit below damage level for rotor components is based
on equation: K= I22 t
– K=constant depending on generator design and size
– t= time in seconds
– I2= RMS value of NPS-current
• K is provided by gen.manufacturer in accordance with
Protection Functions 5 70 LM 2003 - 02

ANSI C50.13
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
REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

Negative phase sequence (46)


• Type of generator permissible I2 K
(in percent of stator rating) perm. I22 t
• salient pole 40
– with amortisseur winding 10
– no amortisseur winding 5
• cylindrical rotor
– indirectly cooled 10 30
– dir.cooled to 960MVA 8 20
Protection Functions 5 71 LM 2003 - 02

– 961-1200MVA 6 10
– 1201-1500MVA 5 see spec. curve
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
REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

Negative phase sequence (46) inverse


Features
I2 / IB • for large generators
k1
t= 2
 I2  • for variable levels of NPS
  − K2
2

 Ib  • higher level of NPS


permissible for short
periods
• k2 = continuous
k2
permissible NPS I2
Protection Functions 5 72 LM 2003 - 02

component
t • k1= permis. energy I22 t
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t-min t-max

• adjustable cooling rate of


thermal image (tReset)


REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

Negative phase sequence (46) definite time

Features
I2 / IN • for small and medium
generators
• NPS constant
• needs two steps
– Alarm (e.g. 80% of I2 )
I2 trip
I2 – Trip 50%-100% higher than
Protection Functions 5 73 LM 2003 - 02

I2 alarm the Alarm


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t1 t2 t


REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

Unbalanced Load
 I2 
2  I 
2 
  ∗ t ≤   2  * t 
 IN    IN  
  max
I2 negative sequence current
IN rated current
t duration of unbalanced load

For a 670 MVA turbo generator (IEC 34-1) :


 I  2 
 2  * t  = 6 . 25 s

  IN  
  max
Protection Functions 5 74 LM 2003 - 02

This value will be attained after e.g. :


© ABB University Switzerland

- approx. 3s in case of a stuck pole of the HV circuit-breaker


- approx. 2s in case of a phase-to-ground or phase-to-phase
fault in the main transformer


REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

Short Time Unbalanced Load Conditions


- single and two-phase faults represent short time unbalanced
load conditions which lead to critical mechanical and
thermal stresses of the generator
- thermal stresses result from the inverse sequence
component of the fault current interacting with the generator
damper windings (high temperatures in a few seconds)
- possible jamming of the rotor
- deexcitation may take several seconds i.e. damage of
Protection Functions 5 75 LM 2003 - 02

the generator cannot be prevented


- with GCB the generator will be separated from the fault
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within a few cycles


REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

Reverse Power (32)


Causes
• loss of prime-mover
• low water flow (hydro)
• load variations / problems
Effects
• steam units: overheating of turbine
and turbines blades
• hydro units :cavitation of the blades
Protection Functions 5 61 LM 2003 - 02

• gas turbines: detection of emergency


trip of turbine (flame off situation)
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
REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

Reverse Power (32)


Used for protection of prime mover

Features
• abnormal conditions
- supply of energy to turbine
(steam, gas, water) fails
- long time or integration step
• shut-down conditions
Protection Functions 5 62 LM 2003 - 02

- used on steam units to prevent overspeed


- used for boiler/ reactor or mechanical
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turbine problems
- sequential tripping


REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

Reverse Power (32) sequential tripping

Shut-down / overspeed protection


1) Abnormal turbine boiler/reactor condition is
detected
2) Turbine valves are closed; generator allowed to
briefly "motor"
3) A reverse power function in series with turbine
Protection Functions 5 63 LM 2003 - 02

valves position switches confirms all valves


have closed
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4) Generator is taken off the power system


REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

Reverse Power (32)

Features
P • Tripping characteristic
Q programmable in all 4
quadrants
• setting <2% use of
Trip measurement CT's
Protection Functions 5 64 LM 2003 - 02

• Phi-compensation for
CT angle error
© ABB University Switzerland


REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

Reverse Power (32)

Steam valves
closed
Trip field and
sequential
generator
AND breaker
tripping
Reverse
power (32) 1.

Reverse Trip field and rev. power


Protection Functions 5 65 LM 2003 - 02

power (32) 2. generator tripping


breaker
power
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oscillations


REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

Loss of field (40)


Causes
MW
G normal
• open field circuit
MVARS
• field short circuit
MW
G abnormal • accidental tripping of
MVARS
the field breaker
• A.V.R failure
• loss of field at the
Protection Functions 5 47 LM 2003 - 02

main exciter
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
REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

Loss of field (40) Effects on generators


• synchr. generator
MW becomes inductive
G normal
MVARS • high reactive current in
MW
generator overloads the
G abnormal stator
MVARS
• slip induces eddy current
and overheats the rotor
surface's
Effects on power system
Protection Functions 5 48 LM 2003 - 02

• loss of reactive support


• creates a reactive drain
© ABB University Switzerland

• can trigger system voltage


collapse


REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

Power chart
[MW]

P
δmax Rotor
Turbine
Pmax

Stator
Ie = E/XD
IN
Protection Functions 5 49 LM 2003 - 02

ϕ
© ABB University Switzerland

O
Q [MVAR]
Underexcited Overexcited


REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

Loss of field (40)


Features
X • offset mho-circle
• adjustable size and position
R of the circle (customized
0.5*X'd character.)
• tripping inside of circle,
outside of the circle under
special condition
• 1- or 3-phase measurement
Protection Functions 5 50 LM 2003 - 02

Xd
• detection of the lowest
impedance
© ABB University Switzerland

• enabled measurement by
>0.1*In


REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

Loss of field (40)


Setting example XB < 0
• Compensation angle in function must be set to 30º or -150º
(Reason: ph to ph voltage measurement and ph current
measurement and CT polarity )

Conversion R-X diagram


R-X diagram in to power chart Power chart
P
X
2/X’d
XB Power
Protection Functions 5 51 LM 2003 - 02

chart
½ X’d
R 1/Xd
© ABB University Switzerland

Xd
Trip
UN²/XB Trip Q

XA
UN²/XA

REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

Loss of field (40)


Setting example XB = 0
• Compensation angle in function must be set to 30º or -150º
(Reason: ph to ph voltage measurement and ph current
measurement and CT polarity)
Conversion R-X diagram
R-X diagram in to power chart Power chart
X B XB = 0
P
XB > 0

XB Trip
Protection Functions 5 52 LM 2003 - 02

XT Power
chart
B
R Q
UN²/XA
© ABB University Switzerland

Xd

~1/XT

~1/Xd


XA
REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

Minimum impedance 21
Features
• Backup protection for two and
three phase-faults
• Protection zone shorter than
main protection
Protection • To be selective, prot. zone
87GT zone reduced to 70% of transformer
impedance
• The factor of 0.7 avoids any
Protection Functions 5 66 LM 2003 - 02

risk of false tripping for a fault


G on the HV-system
© ABB University Switzerland

21


REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

Minimum impedance 21

Features
X • circle tripping characteristic
• 1 or 3-phase measurement
• detection of lowest
impedance value for three
phase measurement
R
• measurement enabled by
Protection Functions 5 67 LM 2003 - 02

current >0.1 IN
• Zsetting= 0.7*xT
© ABB University Switzerland


REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

Voltage controlled overcurrent 51/27


Cause
• phase faults near generator terminals
Effects
• Static excitation system connected to
generator terminals provokes rapidly
decaying fault current
• steady-state fault current is very low,
because of large synchr. reactance of
Protection Functions 5 77 LM 2003 - 02

generators Xd
© ABB University Switzerland

• fault currents decay under overcurrent


settings


REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

Voltage controlled overcurrent 51/27

Features
• Maximum current value memorized
• Overcurrent function which latches
when undervoltage unit responds
• Stores max. current after pick-up
• Processes positive sequence of the
Protection Functions 5 78 LM 2003 - 02

voltage
• Mostly three phase measurement
© ABB University Switzerland


REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

Voltage controlled overcurrent 51/27


Setting recommendation
I
min.fault current • Current setting must be
current sett.
between max. short-time
load current and min. fault
Max. short-time
IN load current current
• max. short-time load current
t
must take account of
switching operations, load
U surges and fast response of
Protection Functions 5 79 LM 2003 - 02

UN excitation
Min short-time
load voltage • Voltage setting well below
© ABB University Switzerland

Latched voltage setting


lowest voltage during normal
load conditions (e.g. 0.7UN)
t


REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

Overexcitation 24
Causes
• Higher voltage at Features
rated frequency or • Protection specially for
• Rated voltage at under block transformer
frequency • V/Hz = B measurement
Effects • Minimum voltage blocking
Protection Functions 5 46 LM 2003 - 02

• Higher flux-eddy
current losses
© ABB University Switzerland

• Insulation thermal
damage


REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

Restricted earth fault function

Features
•Highimpedance principle
•Very sensitive for internal
Protection Functions 5 25 LM 2003 - 02

RS
∆Ui faults
VDR
•Very stable for outside
© ABB University Switzerland

I> faults
•Holmgreen connection


REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

Stator overload 49S / Rotor overload 49R


Cause Features
• Overloads in terms of current or • Thermal replicas
disproportionate MVAR versus according ANSI C50.13
MW, are possible. • Including extended setting
• Primary overload protection is range
normally provided by temperature • For rotor and stator
sensors acc.the ANSI standard or
similar standard
Protection Functions 5 80 LM 2003 - 02

• Stator current and AC


excitation current
© ABB University Switzerland


REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

Stator overload 49S Features


• delay inversely proportional to
overload capability
I
k1 • k1= 41.4s acc. ANSI C50.13
t= 2
 I short-time thermal capability
  −1
 Ib 
• cooling rate of thermal image
(tReset)
• Istart = permissible continuous
overload current
• k1= τ(∆m-∆n)/∆n
Istart
Protection Functions 5 81 LM 2003 - 02

– τ = thermal time constant


– ∆m = max. perm. temp rise
tg t
© ABB University Switzerland

t-min t-max

– ∆n = rated temp. rise


REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

Rotor overload 49R


Features
• delay inversely proportional to
I overload capability
t=
k1
2
• k1= 33.8s acc. ANSI C50.13
 I
  −1 short-time thermal capability
 Ib 
• cooling rate of thermal image
(tReset)
• Istart = permissible continuous
overload current
Protection Functions 5 82 LM 2003 - 02

Istart
• k1= τ(∆m-∆n)/∆n
– τ = thermal time constant
© ABB University Switzerland

t-min tg t-max t
– ∆m = max. perm. temp rise
– ∆n = rated temp. rise


REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

Rotoroverload 49R

49R
• Current measurement at AC-side,
3-phase
• Evaluation with the sum of the
phase currents (instantaneous
values without dig. filtering)
G • by measurement on the other
side of the transformer different
waveform --> Attention!
Protection Functions 5 83 LM 2003 - 02
© ABB University Switzerland


REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

Breaker Back-up and Breaker Failure Protection

Importance

• Each and every


circuit breaker
needs Back-up
• Power plants
been destroyed,
Protection Functions 5 92 LM 2003 - 02

not having it
© ABB University Switzerland


REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

Breaker Back-up and Breaker Failure Protection

Basic Functional Diagram


CB

Current Back-up
Detector OR AND ∆t
Trip
Protection Functions 5 93 LM 2003 - 02
© ABB University Switzerland

Protection
Function


REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

Breaker Back-up and Breaker Failure Protection

Generator CB

• Many years of
experience

• Pole - Discrepancy
resp. Stuck Pole
Protection Functions 5 94 LM 2003 - 02

detection required
© ABB University Switzerland


REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

Breaker Back-up and Breaker Failure Protection

Detection of a single
pole closed, at common
CB drive
• Increased voltage
to earth
• Measurement of Uo Uo
Protection Functions 5 95 LM 2003 - 02

at transformer side
© ABB University Switzerland


REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

Dead machine protection

Func No.1 Voltage


*machine not dead* Func No.2 Delay
---------------------------- *Reset delay*
U-RS Delay = 1.00 s -------------------------
V-Setting = 0.85 UN Trip-Delay = 0.00 s
U-ST MaxMin = MAX (1ph) Trip sign. Reset-Delay = 20.00 s Trip signal
NoOfPhases = 1 (3)
U-TR

Func No.3 Current


Protection Functions 5 96 LM 2003 - 02

BlockInp * I>, "V-controlled" *


---------------------------- Trip from the matrix
I-R Delay = 0.02 s
Standstill Protection
I-setting = 1.50 IN
© ABB University Switzerland

I-S MaxMin = Max (1ph)


NoOfPhases = 1 (3)
I-T


REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

R S T Voltage Feeder 1
transformer 1
Protection &

Metering
equipment 1

Trip Feeder 1 Blocking

Voltage Balance
Function <U> TRIP

Trip Feeder 2 Blocking


Voltage
transformer 2
Protection Functions 5 97 LM 2003 - 02

Protection &

Metering
equipment 2
© ABB University Switzerland

Feeder 2


REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

U2

UN Trip
Feeder 1 No
Features
(U1 < U2) Trip • Comparison of the voltage
amplitudes of two line voltages
Trip • 1- and 3-phase voltage
0,2 Feeder 2
(U2 < U1)
measurement
• Signalling of the group with lower
Protection Functions 5 98 LM 2003 - 02

0,2 UN U1
voltage
© ABB University Switzerland


REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

Out-of-Step Protection

Causes
- to long power system fault
- tie line between two systems opened

Features
Protection Functions 5 53 LM 2003 - 02

- detection of power swing 0.2 Hz to 8 Hz


© ABB University Switzerland

- two independent tripping stages depending


- number of slips adjustable


REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

Out-of-Step Protection

Effects of an excited slipping Generator

• Collapses of the network-voltage

• Possible non-selective operation of


different protections,
e.g. undervoltage, overcurrent, distance, . . .
Protection Functions 5 54 LM 2003 - 02

• Risk for a black out

• Mechanical and thermal stresses of


© ABB University Switzerland

the power unit


REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

Out-of-Step Protection

Basic requirements

• Detection of the first out-of-step

• Non-operation for other faults / disturbances

• Identification of the unit slipping


Protection Functions 5 55 LM 2003 - 02

• Tripping in phase opposition to be avoided


© ABB University Switzerland

• Applicable with generators and with motors


(Pump storage plants)


REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

Out-of-Step Protection
X'B XL X'A

Representation of ∼ ∼
EB U EA
Power Swings

• Two-machine model EB U EA

• Phasor diagrams U, I I
ϕ
Protection Functions 5 56 LM 2003 - 02

δ1
• Trajectory in δ2
© ABB University Switzerland

R / X Diagram


REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

Out-of-Step Protection
Detection of a Power swing
X'B XL X'A
∼ ∼
• Rate of Change
of U*cos ϕ EB U EA

EB U EA
∆U*cos ϕ
Protection Functions 5 57 LM 2003 - 02

I
ϕ
© ABB University Switzerland

δ1
δ2


REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

Out-of-Step Protection
Trajectory in R / X Diagram jX
ZA
U EB > EA
EB EA

I
EB/EA = 1 nB > nA
δ1
nB < nA
δ1 EA > EB
Z

0
Protection Functions 5 58 LM 2003 - 02

R
© ABB University Switzerland

(EB-EA) / I = ZB+ZA -ZB

U/I=Z


REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

ZC
Out-of-Step Protection X'B

Operation on a Slip
∼ ∼
ZB Relay ZA
Continuous measurement
jX
of U*cosϕ ZA
• Measurement of δ
• Possibility of warning
• Slip identified by change Zone2
ZC
of sign of U*cosϕ δtrip
Zone1
Out-of-step
within ZB-ZA δ
Protection Functions 5 59 LM 2003 - 02

• Tripping order at preset Z

number of slips and 0


Phi
© ABB University Switzerland

at preset δtrip R
• Zone1 - Zone2
-ZB
discrimination by ZC

REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

Out-of-Step Protection

Controlling Inputs

• Generator or Motor operation


• Blocking resp. Release of
operation
Protection Functions 5 60 LM 2003 - 02

• Elimination of Zone2
© ABB University Switzerland


REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

Inter-turn protection

U>

Causes
G • Rather seldom, only for machines
with more windings of the same
phase in the same slot
Protection Functions 5 84 LM 2003 - 02

Effects
• High internal current which will
© ABB University Switzerland

not be detected by differential


function


REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

Inter-turn protection
Example for unit with splited phase
R S T winding

• Overcurrent measurement in
differential circuit of the two star
points

I>
Protection Functions 5 85 LM 2003 - 02
© ABB University Switzerland


REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

Inter-turn protection
Example for unit with split phase
R S T winding

• Overcurrent measurement in
the summated circuit of the two
star points

I>
Protection Functions 5 86 LM 2003 - 02
© ABB University Switzerland


REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

Inter-turn protection
R S T

30000 / 1A

87G 87
Protection Functions 5 87 LM 2003 - 02

18000 / 1A

30000 / 1A 30000 / 1A
© ABB University Switzerland

500 / 1A 51


REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

Inter-turn protection
R S T

30000 / 1A

87G

30000 / 1A 30000 / 1A
Protection Functions 5 88 LM 2003 - 02

12000 / 1A 18000 / 1A
© ABB University Switzerland

500 / 1A 51

87
R R
S S
T T


REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

Inter-turn protection R

87G 87
Protection Functions 5 89 LM 2003 - 02

87
© ABB University Switzerland


REG 216/316 Theory Protection Functions

ANSI DESIGNATION A B
87G Generator Differential
87T Transformer Differential
87B Overall Differential
51/27 Voltage Controlled Overcurrent
51G Overcurrent (stator)
21 Minimum Impedance
64REF Transformer Restricted Earth Fault
51N Transformer Standby Earth Fault
64R Rotor Ground Fault
64S1 Stator Ground Fault (95%)
64S1 Stator Ground Fault (100%)
64S2 Generator Busduct Ground Fault
46 Negative Phase Sequence
49R Rotor Overload
51E Overcurrent (excitation)
49S Stator Overload
Protection Functions 5 99 LM 2003 - 02

59 Overvoltage
81 Overfrequency
81 Underfrequency
© ABB University Switzerland

27 Undervoltage
24 Overexcitation
40 Loss Of Excitation
78 Poleslip (zone 1)
32 Reverse Power (protection)



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